Germanium(IV) iodide

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Germanium(IV) iodide
GeI4.png
Germanium tetraiodide.png
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.271 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 236-613-7
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/GeI4/c2-1(3,4)5
    Key: CUDGTZJYMWAJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [Ge](I)(I)(I)I
Properties
GeI4
Molar mass 580.248 g·mol−1
Appearancered crystals [1]
(For colors at different temperatures, see this document) [2]
Density 4.32 g·cm−3
Melting point 146 °C (419 K) [1]
Solubility Soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon disulfide, chloroform and benzene [3]
Hazards
GHS labelling: [4]
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg
Danger
H314
P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Germanium(IV) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeI4.

Contents

Preparation

Germanium(IV) iodide can be obtained by the reaction of germanium and iodine [2] or the reaction of germanium dioxide and 57% hydriodic acid: [1]

GeO2 + 4 HI → GeI4 + 2 H2O

Chemical properties

Germanium(IV) iodide reacts with tetraalkyl tin at 250 °C to form R2SnI2 and R2GeI2 (R= Et, Bu, Ph). [5] It reacts with germanium and sulfur at high temperatures to produce red GeSI2 and orange Ge2S3I2. [6] It reacts with diiron nonacarbonyl in an ionic liquid ([BMIm]Cl/AlCl3) at 130 °C to obtain Ge12[Fe(CO)3]8I4. [7]

12 GeI4 + 15 Fe2(CO)9 → Ge12[Fe(CO)3]8I4 + 22 FeI2 + 111 CO↑

Physical properties

Germanium(IV) iodide is an orange-red crystalline solid that hydrolyzes in water. It is soluble in carbon disulfide and benzene, but less soluble in carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. [3] It begins to decompose into germanium(II) iodide and iodine above its melting point. [8] Germanium(IV) iodide crystallizes in the cubic crystal system, space group Pa3 (space group no. 205), with the lattice parameter a = 11.89 Å. The crystal structure consists of tetrahedral GeI4 molecules.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodine</span> Chemical element, symbol I and atomic number 53

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 °C (237 °F), and boils to a violet gas at 184 °C (363 °F). The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek Ιώδης 'violet-coloured'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen iodide</span> Chemical compound

Hydrogen iodide is a diatomic molecule and hydrogen halide. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a strong acid. Hydrogen iodide and hydroiodic acid are, however, different in that the former is a gas under standard conditions, whereas the other is an aqueous solution of the gas. They are interconvertible. HI is used in organic and inorganic synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(I) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Copper(I) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula CuI. It is also known as cuprous iodide. It is useful in a variety of applications ranging from organic synthesis to cloud seeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Titanium tetraiodide</span> Chemical compound

Titanium tetraiodide is an inorganic compound with the formula TiI4. It is a black volatile solid, first reported by Rudolph Weber in 1863. It is an intermediate in the van Arkel–de Boer process for the purification of titanium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tellurium tetraiodide</span> Chemical compound

Tellurium tetraiodide (TeI4) is an inorganic chemical compound. It has a tetrameric structure which is different from the tetrameric solid forms of TeCl4 and TeBr4. In TeI4 the Te atoms are octahedrally coordinated and edges of the octahedra are shared.

Iodine can form compounds using multiple oxidation states. Iodine is quite reactive, but it is much less reactive than the other halogens. For example, while chlorine gas will halogenate carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur dioxide, iodine will not do so. Furthermore, iodination of metals tends to result in lower oxidation states than chlorination or bromination; for example, rhenium metal reacts with chlorine to form rhenium hexachloride, but with bromine it forms only rhenium pentabromide and iodine can achieve only rhenium tetraiodide. By the same token, however, since iodine has the lowest ionisation energy among the halogens and is the most easily oxidised of them, it has a more significant cationic chemistry and its higher oxidation states are rather more stable than those of bromine and chlorine, for example in iodine heptafluoride.

Tin(IV) iodide, also known as stannic iodide, is the chemical compound with the formula SnI4. This tetrahedral molecule crystallizes as a bright orange solid that dissolves readily in nonpolar solvents such as benzene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanium iodides</span>

Germanium iodide is a chemical compound of germanium and iodine. Two such compounds exist: germanium(II) iodide, GeI2, and germanium(IV) iodide GeI4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanium(II) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Germanium(II) iodide is an iodide of germanium, with the chemical formula of GeI2.

Iron(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula FeI2. It is used as a catalyst in organic reactions.

Iron(III) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula FeI3. It is a thermodynamically unstable compound that is difficult to prepare. Nevertheless, iron(III) iodide has been synthesised in small quantities in the absence of air and water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanium tetrabromide</span> Chemical compound

Germanium tetrabromide is an inorganic compound with the formula GeBr4. It can be formed by reacting solid germanium and gaseous bromine.

Protactinium(V) iodide is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of PaI5.

Europium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound containing europium and iodine with the chemical formula EuI3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerium diiodide</span> Chemical compound

Cerium diiodide is an iodide of cerium, with the chemical formula of CeI2.

Ytterbium compounds are chemical compounds that contain the element ytterbium (Yb). The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disulfur diiodide</span> Chemical compound

Disulfur diiodide is an unstable inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula S2I2. Its empirical formula is SI. It is a red-brown solid that decomposes above −30 °C to elemental sulfur and iodine.

Rhenium tetraiodide is a binary chemical compound of rhenium and iodide with the chemical formula ReI
4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanium dibromide</span> Chemical compound

Germanium dibromide is a bromide of germanium with the chemical formula GeBr2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tantalum(IV) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Tantalum(IV) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula TaI4. It dissolves in water to give a green solution, but the color fades when left in the air and produces a white precipitate.

References

  1. 1 2 3 A. W. Laubengayer, P. L. Brandt (Feb 1932). "The Preparation of Germanium Tetrabromide and Germanium Tetraiodide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 54 (2): 621–623. doi:10.1021/ja01341a502. ISSN   0002-7863. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  2. 1 2 L. M. Dennis, F. E. Hance (Dec 1922). "GERMANIUM. IV. GERMANIUM TETRA-IODIDE1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 44 (12): 2854–2860. doi:10.1021/ja01433a020. ISSN   0002-7863 . Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  3. 1 2 Schenk, P.W. (1963). "12. Silicon and Germanium". In Brauer, Georg (ed.). Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry (Second ed.). Academic Press. p.  719. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-395590-6.50020-X. ISBN   978-0-12-395590-6.
  4. ↑ "Germanium tetraiodide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  5. ↑ Kocheshkov, K. A.; Fomina, N. V.; Sheverdina, N. I.; Zemlyanskii, N. N.; Chernoplekova, V. A. Reaction of tetraalkyltin with germanium tetrahalides. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 1973. 3: 711. ISSN: 0002-3353.
  6. ↑ A.P. Velmuzhov, M.V. Sukhanov, A.D. Plekhovich, A.I. Suchkov, V.S. Shiryaev (Mar 2015). "Thermal decomposition study of GeSI2 and Ge2S3I2 glassy alloys". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 411: 40–44. Bibcode:2015JNCS..411...40V. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.09.018 . Retrieved 2021-01-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Silke Wolf, Wim Klopper, Claus Feldmann (2018). "Ge 12 {Fe(CO) 3 } 8 (μ-I) 4 : a germanium–iron cluster with Ge 4 , Ge 2 and Ge units". Chemical Communications. 54 (10): 1217–1220. doi:10.1039/C7CC08091C. ISSN   1359-7345. PMID   29336437 . Retrieved 2021-01-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie (101., verb. und stark erw. Aufl ed.). Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-012641-9.
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