This is the list of universities in Italy , [1] sorted in ascending order by the name of the city where they are situated.
Classification by number of students | |
---|---|
major (>40,000) | |
large (>20,000) | |
medium (>10,000) | |
small (<10,000) or unknown |
Name | Original name | Headquarters | Public/private | Students | Est. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polytechnic University of the Marches | Università Politecnica delle Marche [2] | Ancona | public | 15,861 | 1959 |
University of Aosta Valley | Università della Valle D'Aosta [3] | Aosta | public | 1,239 | 2000 |
University of Bari | Università degli Studi di Bari [4] | Bari | public | 51,167 | 1925 |
Polytechnic University of Bari | Politecnico di Bari [5] | Bari | public | 10,101 | 1990 |
Libera Università Mediterranea | Libera Università Mediterranea Jean Monnet di Casamassima (LUM) — Università Lum [6] | Bari | private | 1,315 | 1995 |
University of Sannio | Università del Sannio di Benevento [7] | Benevento | public | 6,320 | 1998 |
Giustino Fortunato University | Università degli Studi Giustino Fortunato [8] | Benevento | private, online | 700 | 2006 |
University of Bergamo | Università degli Studi di Bergamo [9] | Bergamo | public | 15,198 | 1968 |
University of Bologna | Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna [10] | Bologna | public | 77,691 | 1088 |
Free University of Bozen-Bolzano | Libera Università di Bolzano/Freie Universität Bozen [11] | Bolzano | public/private | 2,812 | 1997 |
University of Gastronomic Sciences | Università degli Studi di Scienze Gastronomiche [12] | Bra (CN) | private | 260 | 2004 |
University of Brescia | Università degli Studi di Brescia [13] | Brescia | public | 14,466 | 1982 |
University of Cagliari | Università degli Studi di Cagliari [14] | Cagliari | public | 28,415 | 1606 |
University of Camerino | Università di Camerino [15] | Camerino | public | 6,876 | 1336 |
University of Molise | Università degli Studi del Molise [16] | Campobasso | public | 7,735 | 1982 |
University of Cassino | Università degli Studi di Cassino [17] | Cassino | public | 8,990 | 1979 |
University Carlo Cattaneo | Libera Università "Carlo Cattaneo" - LIUC [18] | Castellanza (VA) | private | 1,786 | 1991 |
University of Catania | Università degli Studi di Catania [19] | Catania | public | 50,080 | 1434 |
Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro | Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro [20] | Catanzaro | public | 9,484 | 1998 |
D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara | Università degli Studi "Gabriele D'Annunzio" [21] | Chieti, Pescara | public | 29,980 | 1960 |
Kore University of Enna | Università Kore di Enna [22] | Enna | public | 6,184 | 1995 |
Faenza ISIA | Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche - ISIA di Faenza [23] | Faenza | public | 150 | 1973 |
University of Ferrara | Università degli Studi di Ferrara [24] | Ferrara | public | 15,803 | 1391 |
University of Florence | Università degli Studi di Firenze [25] | Florence | public | 50,173 | 1321 |
Italian Institute of Human Sciences (SUM) | SUM - Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane di Firenze [26] | Florence | public | 2002 | |
Florence ISIA | Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche - ISIA di Firenze [27] | Florence | public | 150 | 1973 |
University of Foggia | Università degli Studi di Foggia [28] | Foggia | public | 9,683 | 1999 |
University of Genoa | Università degli Studi di Genova [29] | Genoa | public | 33,659 | 1481 |
University of L'Aquila | Università degli Studi dell'Aquila [30] | L'Aquila | public | 24,276 | 1952 |
University of Salento | Università degli Studi del Salento [31] | Lecce | public | 20,110 | 1955 |
IMT School for Advanced Studies | Scuola IMT - Istituzioni, Mercati, Tecnologie - Alti Studi - Lucca [32] | Lucca | public | 2005 | |
University of Macerata | Università degli Studi di Macerata [33] | Macerata | public | 9,837 | 1290 |
University of Messina | Università degli Studi di Messina [34] | Messina | public | 28,143 | 1548 |
University of Milan | Università degli Studi di Milano [35] | Milan | public | 60,047 | 1924 |
University of Milan - Bicocca | Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [36] | Milan | public | 33,446 | 1998 |
Polytechnic University of Milan | Politecnico di Milano [37] | Milan | public | 40,833 | 1863 |
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore | Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore [38] | Milan | private | 37,560 | 1921 |
Bocconi University | Università Commerciale Bocconi Milano [39] | Milan | private | 13,268 | 1902 |
IULM University of Milan | Libera Università di lingue e comunicazione IULM [40] | Milan | private | 4,258 | 1968 |
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University | Libera Università "Vita Salute S.Raffaele" Milano [41] | Milan | private | 2,082 | 1996 |
Humanitas University | Università Humanitas [42] | Milan | private | 140 | 2014 |
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia | Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia [43] | Modena, Reggio Emilia | public | 19,931 | 1175 |
University of Naples Federico II | Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" [44] | Naples | public | 83,542 | 1224 |
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli | Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli [45] | Caserta | public | 27,644 | 1991 |
Parthenope University of Naples | Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope" [46] | Naples | public | 15,895 | 1920 |
University of Naples L'Orientale | Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" [47] | Naples | public | 10,163 | 1732 |
Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples | Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli [48] | Naples | private | 8,898 | 1864 |
Pegaso University of Naples | Università degli Studi Pegaso [49] | Naples | private, online | 27,887 [50] | 2006 |
University of Padua | Università degli Studi di Padova [51] | Padua | public | 60,317 | 1222 |
University of Palermo | Università degli Studi di Palermo [52] | Palermo | public | 46,074 | 1806 |
University of Parma | Università degli Studi di Parma [53] | Parma | public | 26,540 | 1117 |
University of Pavia | Università degli Studi di Pavia [54] | Pavia | public | 21,965 | 1361 |
Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia | Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia [55] | Pavia | public | 350 | 1997 |
University of Perugia | Università degli Studi di Perugia [56] | Perugia | public | 24,962 | 1308 |
University for Foreigners Perugia | Università per Stranieri di Perugia [57] | Perugia | public | 1,225 | 1921 |
University of Pisa | Università degli Studi di Pisa [58] | Pisa | public | 50,114 | 1343 |
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies | Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna di Pisa [59] | Pisa | public | 1987 | |
Scuola Normale Superiore | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa [60] | Pisa | public | 1810 | |
Basilicata University | Università degli Studi della Basilicata [61] | Potenza | public | 7,716 | 1982 |
University of Reggio Calabria | Università degli Studi "Mediterranea" di Reggio [62] | Reggio Calabria | public | 5,651 | 1968 |
University for Foreigners "Dante Alighieri" of Reggio Calabria | Università per Stranieri "Dante Alighieri" di Reggio Calabria [63] | Reggio Calabria | public | 691 | 1984 |
University of Calabria | Università della Calabria [64] | Rende (CS) | public | 31,724 | 1972 |
Sapienza University of Rome | Sapienza Università di Roma [65] | Rome | public | 107,507 | 1303 |
University of Rome II "Tor Vergata" | Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" [66] | Rome | public | 31,987 | 1982 |
University of Rome III | Università degli Studi di Roma Tre [67] | Rome | public | 35,915 | 1992 |
Foro Italico University of Rome | Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico" [68] | Rome | public | 2,177 | 1998 |
Rome ISIA | Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche - ISIA di Roma [69] | Rome | public | 150 | 1973 |
LUISS University of Rome | Libera Università Internazionale Studi Sociali "Guido Carli" LUISS-ROMA [70] | Rome | private | 7,853 | 1974 |
LUMSA University | Libera Università "Maria SS. Assunta" (LUMSA) [71] | Rome | private | 7,200 | 1939 |
Biomedical University of Rome | Università "Campus Bio-medico" [72] | Rome | private | 1,621 | 1991 |
European University of Rome | Università Europea di Roma [73] | Rome | private | 959 | 2005 |
University of International Studies of Rome | Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma [74] | Rome | private | 1,432 | 1996 |
Link Campus University | Università degli studi Link Campus University [75] | Rome | private | 1,946 | 1999 |
Università degli Studi di Roma "Unitelma Sapienza" | Unitelma Sapienza University [76] | Rome | private | 2004 | |
UniCamillus University | St Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences [77] | Rome | private | 2017 | |
Niccolò Cusano University | Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano [78] | Rome | private, online | 11,610 | 2006 |
Guglielmo Marconi University | Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi [79] | Rome | private | 16,000 | 2004 |
University of Salerno | Università degli Studi di Salerno [80] | Salerno | public | 34,619 | 1968 |
University of Sassari | Università degli Studi di Sassari [81] | Sassari | public | 13,561 | 1562 |
University of Siena | Università degli Studi di Siena [82] | Siena | public | 16,580 | 1240 |
Foreigners University of Siena | Università per Stranieri di Siena [83] | Siena | public | 984 | 1917 |
University of Teramo | Università degli Studi di Teramo [84] | Teramo | public | 6,825 | 1993 |
University of Trento | Università degli Studi di Trento [85] | Trento | public | 16,682 | 1962 |
University of Trieste | Università degli Studi di Trieste [86] | Trieste | public | 16,996 | 1924 |
International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) | SISSA – Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati di Trieste [87] | Trieste | public | 1978 | |
University of Turin | Università degli Studi di Torino [88] | Turin | public | 64,457 | 1404 |
Politecnico di Torino | Politecnico di Torino [89] | Turin | public | 29,255 | 1859 |
ESCP Europe Turin Campus | ESCP Europe Torino Campus [90] | Turin | private | 2004 | |
International University College of Turin | International University College of Turin [91] | Turin | public | 2006 | |
University of Udine | Università degli Studi di Udine [92] | Udine | public | 15,861 | 1978 |
University of Urbino | Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo" [93] | Urbino | public | 13,588 | 1506 |
Urbino ISIA | Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche - ISIA di Urbino [94] | Urbino | public | 150 | 1973 |
University of Insubria | Università degli Studi dell'Insubria [95] | Varese, Como | public | 8,842 | 1998 |
Ca' Foscari University of Venice | Università "Cà Foscari" di Venezia [96] | Venice | public | 18,868 | 1868 |
Iuav University of Venice | Università Iuav di Venezia [97] | Venice | public | 5,016 | 1926 |
Salesian University Institute of Venice (IUSVE) | Istituto Universitario Salesiano Venezia (IUSVE) [98] | Venice, Verona | private | 1,942 | 1990 |
University of Eastern Piedmont | Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro" - Vercelli [99] | Vercelli | public | 9,937 | 1998 |
University of Verona | Università degli Studi di Verona [100] | Verona | public | 22,645 | 1982 |
Tuscia University | Università degli Studi della Tuscia [101] | Viterbo | public | 7,336 | 1979 |
Universitas Mercatorum | Universitas Mercatorum | Rome | private, online | 3,859 | 2006 |
Source: MIUR, Anagrafe Nazionale Studenti (Academic year 2012/2013) [102]
Region | Students | % | Males | Females | Number of public universities | Population | Density (Pop. / Univ.) | Density (students per 1000 people) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abruzzo | 63591 | 3.61% | 25527 | 38064 | 3 | 1338898 | 446299 | 47.50 |
Aosta Valley | 1422 | 0.08% | 390 | 1032 | 0 | 127065 | NA | 11.19 |
Apulia | 97321 | 5.52% | 38260 | 59061 | 4 | 4084035 | 1021009 | 23.83 |
Basilicata | 9280 | 0.53% | 4175 | 5105 | 1 | 588662 | 588662 | 15.76 |
Calabria | 53362 | 3.03% | 22505 | 30857 | 4 | 2009252 | 669751 | 26.56 |
Campania | 196883 | 11.18% | 83128 | 113755 | 6 | 5820795 | 970133 | 33.82 |
Emilia-Romagna | 145745 | 8.27% | 64421 | 81324 | 4 | 4377435 | 1094359 | 33.29 |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 34301 | 1.95% | 15467 | 18834 | 3 | 1234198 | 411399 | 27.79 |
Lazio | 248039 | 14.08% | 111831 | 136208 | 6 | 5690444 | 948407 | 43.59 |
Liguria | 36303 | 2.06% | 15763 | 20540 | 1 | 1615986 | 1615986 | 22.46 |
Lombardy | 250651 | 14.23% | 114407 | 136244 | 7 | 9839177 | 1405597 | 25.47 |
Marche | 47320 | 2.69% | 20746 | 26574 | 4 | 1552968 | 388242 | 30.47 |
Molise | 9154 | 0.52% | 3951 | 5203 | 1 | 320229 | 320229 | 28.59 |
Piedmont | 99582 | 5.65% | 47013 | 52569 | 3 | 4449185 | 1483062 | 22.38 |
Sardinia | 44769 | 2.54% | 16864 | 27905 | 3 | 1672511 | 557504 | 26.77 |
Sicily | 143474 | 8.14% | 56496 | 86978 | 3 | 5042992 | 1680997 | 28.45 |
Trentino-Alto Adige | 21008 | 1.19% | 9175 | 11833 | 1 | 1021857 | 1021857 | 20.56 |
Tuscany | 121463 | 6.90% | 53409 | 68054 | 4 | 3730130 | 932533 | 32.56 |
Umbria | 29119 | 1.65% | 12681 | 16438 | 2 | 902138 | 451069 | 32.28 |
Veneto | 108786 | 6.18% | 44847 | 63939 | 4 | 4916197 | 1229049 | 22.13 |
Italy | 1761573 | 100.00% | 761056 | 1000517 | 64 | 60380912 | 928937 | 29.17 |
Source: MIUR, Anagrafe Nazionale Studenti (Academic year 2010/2011) [103]
QS World University Rankings [106] | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Institution | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 [107] | 2018 | 2019 |
1 | Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) | 200+ | 200+ | 311 | 343 | 291 | 286 | 295 | 277 | 244 | 230 | 229 | 187 | 183 | 170 | 156 |
2 | University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna) | 186 | 159 | 207 | 173 | 192 | 174 | 176 | 183 | 194 | 188 | 182 | 204 | 208 | 188 | 180 |
3 | Sapienza University of Rome (Sapienza – Università di Roma) | 162 | 125 | 197 | 183 | 205 | 205 | 190 | 210 | 216 | 196 | 202 | 213 | 223 | 215 | 217 |
4 | Polytechnic University of Turin (Politecnico di Torino) | - | - | - | 500+ | 500+ | 400+ | 450+ | 450+ | 400+ | 370 | 365 | 314 | 305 | 307 | 387 |
5 | University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova) | 200+ | 200+ | 370 | 312 | 296 | 312 | 261 | 263 | 298 | 267 | 262 | 309 | 338 | 296 | 249 |
6 | University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano) | - | - | - | - | 500+ | 500+ | 450+ | 275 | 256 | 235 | 238 | 306 | 370 | 325 | 325 |
7 | University of Pisa (Università di Pisa) | 200+ | 200+ | 326 | 325 | 333 | 322 | 300 | 322 | 314 | 259 | 245 | 367 | 431-440 | 421-430 | 422 |
9 | University of Florence (Università degli Studi di Firenze) | 200+ | 199 | 338 | 329 | 349 | 377 | 328 | 360 | 400+ | 379 | 352 | 411-420 | 451-460 | 461-470 | 501-510 |
10 | University of Rome Tor Vergata (Università degli Studi di Roma – Tor Vergata) | - | - | 423 | 416 | 400+ | 400+ | 400+ | 380 | 336 | 320 | 305 | 401-410 | 481-490 | 461-470 | 511-520 |
11 | University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli – Federico II) | - | - | - | 420 | 398 | 400+ | 400+ | 400+ | 450+ | 397 | 345 | 441-450 | 481-490 | 481-490 | 472 |
Academic Ranking of World Universities | |||
---|---|---|---|
# | Institution | World rank 2014 [108] | World rank 2017 [109] |
1-2 | Sapienza University of Rome (Sapienza – Università di Roma) | 151-200 | 151-200 |
1-2 | University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova) | 151-200 | 151-200 |
3-7 | Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) | 201-300 | 201-300 |
3-7 | University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna) | 151-200 | 201-300 |
3-7 | University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano) | 151-200 | 201-300 |
3-7 | University of Pisa (Università di Pisa) | 151-200 | 201-300 |
3-7 | University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino) | 151-200 | 201-300 |
8-12 | University of Florence (Università degli Studi di Firenze) | 201-300 | 301-400 |
8-12 | University of Milan Bicocca (Università degli Studi di Milano – Bicocca) | 301-400 | 301-400 |
8-12 | University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli – Federico II) | 301-400 | 301-400 |
8-12 | University of Pavia (Università degli Studi di Pavia) | 401-500 | 301-400 |
8-12 | University of Rome Tor Vergata (Università degli Studi di Roma – Tor Vergata) | 301-400 | 301-400 |
13-16 | University of Ferrara (Università degli Studi di Ferrara) | 401-500 | 401-500 |
13-16 | University of Palermo (Università degli Studi di Palermo) | 401-500 | 401-500 |
13-16 | University of Trieste (Università degli Studi di Trieste) | 401-500 | 401-500 |
13-16 | Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele) | - | 401-500 |
- | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa | 301-400 | 501-600 |
Ca' Foscari University of Venice, or simply Ca' Foscari, is a public research university in Venice, Italy. Since its foundation in 1868, it has been housed in the Venetian Gothic palace of Ca' Foscari, from which it takes its name. The palace stands on the Grand Canal, between the Rialto and San Marco, in the sestiere of Dorsoduro, while the rest of the University is scattered around the historical centre.
The Sapienza University of Rome, formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", abbreviated simply as Sapienza ("wisdom"), is a public research university located in Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities, and with 122.000 students, it is the largest university in Europe. Due to its size, funding, and numerous laboratories and libraries, Sapienza is a major education and research centre in Southern Europe. The University is located mainly in the Città Universitaria, which covers 44 ha near the Tiburtina Station, with different campuses, libraries and laboratories in various locations in Rome.
The Polytechnic University of Milan is the largest technical university in Italy, with about 42,000 students. The university offers undergraduate, graduate and higher education courses in engineering, architecture and design. Founded in 1863, it is the oldest university in Milan.
The University of Salerno is a university located in Fisciano and in Baronissi, Italy. Its main campus is located in Fisciano while the Faculty of Medicine is located in Baronissi. It is organized in ten faculties.
The dottorato di ricerca is the highest Italian academic degree, the equivalent of a Ph.D.
The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies is a special-statute, highly selective public research university located in Pisa, Italy.
Higher education in Italy is mainly provided by a large and international network of public and state affiliated universities. State-run universities of Italy are under the supervision of Italian's Ministry of Education. There is also a number of private universities and state-run post-secondary educational centers providing a vocational instruction.
The University of Naples Federico II is a public research university in Naples, Campania, Italy. Established in 1224 and named after its founder, Frederick II, it is the oldest public, secular, non-sectarian or state-funded university in the world, and one of the world's ten oldest universities in continuous operation.
The Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples is a private university located in Naples, Italy. It was founded in 1895, named after the venerable sister Ursula Benincasa and is organized into 8 departments.
D'Annunzio University is a public research university located in Chieti and Pescara, neighbouring cities in the region of Abruzzo, Italy. Established in 1960 as a higher education institute and named after writer and poet Gabriele D'Annunzio, it was officially recognised as an independent university in 1965 by Minister Luigi Gui.
The Consorzio ICoN is an interuniversity consortium for Italian Studies established in 1999. It consists of 21 Italian universities and focuses on philology and cultural studies. The consortium is based and administrated at the University of Pisa and is supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research. It aims at diffusing Italian language, culture and literature.
A Superior Graduate School is a completely independent institution from a legal point of view, which offers advanced training and research through university-type courses or is dedicated to teaching at graduate or post-doctoral level.
In 2000 Paolo Brescia and Tommaso Principi established the collective OBR to investigate new ways of contemporary living, creating a design network among Milan, London and New York. After working with Renzo Piano, Paolo and Tommaso have oriented the research of OBR towards the integration artifice-nature, to create sensitive architecture in perpetual change, stimulating the interaction between man and environment. The team of OBR develops its design activity through public-private social programs, promoting – through architecture – the sense of community and the individual identities. Today OBR is group open to different multidisciplinary contributors, cooperating with different universities, such as Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio, Aalto University, Academy of Architecture of Mumbai and Mimar Sinan Fine Art University. Among the best known works by OBR are the Pythagoras Museum, the New Galleria Sabauda in Turin, the Milanofiori Residential Complex, the Children Hospital in Parma, the Galliera Hospital in Genoa, the Lido of Genoa, the Ex Cinema Roma, the Triennale di Milano Terrace. The under construction projects by OBR include the Lehariya Cluster in Jaipur, the Jafza Traders Market in Dubai and the Multiuse Complex Ahmad Qasir in Teheran. OBR's projects have been featured in Venice Biennale of Architecture, Royal Institute of British Architects in London, Bienal de Arquitetura of Brasilia, MAXXI in Rome and Triennale di Milano. OBR has been awarded with the AR Award for Emerging Architecture at RIBA, the Plusform under 40, the Urbanpromo at the 11° Biennale di Venezia, the honourable mention for the Medaglia d'Oro all'Architettura Italiana, the Europe 40 Under 40 in Madrid, the Leaf Award overall winner in London, the WAN Residential Award, the Building Healthcare Award, the Inarch Award for Italian Architecture and the American Architecture Prize in New York. Since 2004 OBR has been evolving its design parameters according to the environmental and energy certification LEED and since 2009 OBR is partner of the GBC.
The Niccolò Cusano University, often simply abbreviated as UNICUSANO is a private for-profit online university founded in 2006 in Rome, Italy.
The Pegaso University, often abbreviated as "Unipegaso", is an open university founded in 2006 in Naples, Italy. The university is accredited and recognized by the Italian Ministry of Education. It is ranked among the top three online universities in Italy based on the number of students enrolled in the 2023/2024 academic year, which amounted to 3,570.
Raffaello Bellini (1874-1930) was an Italian zoologist.
The Università Popolare degli Studi di Milano is an unaccredited diploma mill using the word university in its name, located in Milan, Italy.
Chiara Frugoni was an Italian historian and academic, specialising in the Middle Ages and church history. She was awarded the Viareggio Prize in 1994 for her essay, Francesco e l'invenzione delle stimmate.
Tomaso Montanari is an Italian art historian, academic and essayist.
Maria Cristina Messa is an Italian doctor and academic, Minister of University and Research in the government of Mario Draghi.
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