It is the second-oldest extant church and the 15th-oldest extant building in the state of New York, renovated after a 1837 fire. Some of those renovations were reversed 60 years later, and further work was done in 1960. It was listed on the Register in 1963, among the earliest properties so recognized. It had already been designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. It is the property of the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, which holds summer services there, as well as on special occasions such as Christmas Eve, Easter, and Reformation Sunday.[3]
Building
The Old Dutch Church in 1907Interior of the Old Dutch ChurchEast elevation, 2020
The building was designed and funded by Frederick Philipse I, the first lord of Philipsburg Manor. It is located on the east side of Albany Post Road, opposite the Devries Road intersection, just north of downtown Sleepy Hollow. The neighborhoods to the west are residential. A wooded area to the southeast buffers the church from residential areas in that direction. Approximately 300ft (100 m) to the south is the mill pond at Philipsburg Manor House, another National Historic Landmark. The churchyard and Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, itself listed on the Register, are to the north.
The structure is rectangular, with a three-sided projecting rear apse on the east end. It has two-foot–thick (60cm) fieldstone walls. They give way to clapboard above the roofline, within the fields of the Flemish-style gambrel roof, with its lower segments flaring outward like a bell. On the west end of the roof is an octagonal wooden open belfry. Within it is the original bell, engraved with a verse from Romans 8:31, "Si Deus Pro Nobis, Quis Contras Nos?" ("If God be for us, who can be against us")[4] and "VF", Philipse's initials. The latter monogram is also on the wrought ironweathervane atop the belfry.[5]
To the west, a stone retaining wall raises the church above grade level. A few shrubs flank the stone steps that lead up to the main entrance, paneled wooden double doors recessed within a Gothic archway. Above it is a glass transom with curved, intersecting muntins. It is set within a brick surround. The north and south side elevations have double-hung sash windows, as do the two side facets of the apse. At the roofline is a molded wooden cornice.[5]
The interior has its wooden pews, with two side aisles, arranged so that all could focus on the pulpit. The pulpit is located on a raised platform in the rear, directly opposite the main entrance. A balustrade with turned wooden posts, open at the aisles, sets the platform off from the rest of the wide-planked floor. Behind it is a table, with a lectern on the north and an enclosed pew along the south side. The ornate wooden pulpit is raised further above the table level; access is provided by a short spiral stair. A pipe organ is located at the rear.[5]
History
Frederick Philipse, first lord of Philipsburg Manor, owned the vast stretch of land spanning from Spuyten Duyvil in the Bronx to the Croton River. After swearing allegiance to and later being granted his manorship[6] from the English Crown, he chose to establish a wharf and an agricultural facility for his extensive shipping and trading operations in the northern part of the manor (later named the Upper Mills), where the Pocantico River flowed into the Hudson River. A small Dutch community had already been established there when he arrived in 1683, with several dozen graves in the small cemetery.[5]
Philipse's wife, Margaret Hardenbroeck de Vries Philipse,[7][8] died in 1691, and he soon remarried. His second wife, Catharine Van Cortlandt Derval,[8] urged him to build a more permanent stone church for the manor's tenants.[6] Later in the decade, he obliged her. Under Philipse's command, enslaved laborers erected the stone church[9] at the cemetery's southern end. Philipse was its architect, financier, and aid in its construction (a carpenter by trade,[10] he is said to have built the pulpit with his own hands).[11] A marble tablet in front of the church gives its completion date as 1699. The tablet was placed in the 19th century, however. It is more likely that the church was built between 1685 (the date on its bell, cast to order in the Netherlands[12]) and 1697, when the congregation was organized.[4]
After Frederick Philipse III was officially stripped of his lordship title in 1779,[15] the special pews for the lord of the manor were removed from the church, and the plain oak benches built for the Philipses' tenants were replaced with pine pews. Thereafter, the church continued without the manorial patronage. Washington Irving, whose Sunnyside estate was a few miles to the south, made the church famous when he gave it prominent mention in his 1820 short storyThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow as both a setting and a site connected with the Headless Horseman. (The church was already old when Irving first saw it as a teenager.[4]) Irving later gave yellow bricks from the church to outline the construction date on the wall above the door at Bolton Priory in Pelham Manor.[16]
In 1837, a fire damaged the church. During the repairs some significant changes were made to the building. The main entrance was moved from the south facade to its current location on the west, the windows and door entry were changed to the Gothic arches, then in style, and given brick surrounds. Inside, the north gallery was removed and the west one enlarged. The original ceiling beams and pulpit were replaced.[5]
The church was renovated again in 1897 for its bicentennial. That work reversed the 1837 renovations, restoring the original ceiling and the original pulpit. The Tarrytown area population had significantly grown through the 19th century, and a branch church had been built in Tarrytown to minister to the expanded congregation. Eventually, that church, the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, became the main church, and the original building was used only for special occasions, a practice that continued until the most recent renovation in the 1990s. Currently, worship services in the Old Dutch Church (which has no electricity and can only be heated with a wood stove[17]) are held from June through September. It is also a popular location for weddings.[3]
Old Dutch Burying Ground
Some of the oldest gravestones are near the northern wall of the church.Southeastern part of the Burying Ground
The three-acre (1.2 ha) historical churchyard of the Old Dutch Church is contiguous with, but separate from, the 90-acre Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.[18] It is one of America’s oldest burying grounds. Established by an early Dutch community, it predates the church.[5] The earliest legible gravestone dates to 1755, but initial interments of Dutch settlers at this site may have occurred before 1650.[12]
The earliest documented burials are those of the founding members of the church congregation, including the Acker (and variants like Ecker and Echert), De Revier, Van Tassel (Van Texel, Van Tessel), Martling (Martlings, Martelingh), de Younge (Yongs, Youngs), and Storm (Storms) families and their early descendants.[19] Family plots of Swiss, German, French Huguenot, and English[13]Puritan and Quaker settler families include, among others, those of the Odell, Pugsley, Romer, and Requa families.[19]
While Dirck Storm's 1715-1716 book, Het Notite Boeck, contains records of church members, deacons and elders, marriages, and baptisms, it does not contain any birth or death dates or burial records, as Storm was tasked with recording facts specifically related to the members' spiritual life in the church.[13] However, over 1,700 names and burial places are documented in family Bibles, the 1926 biographical index, The Old Dutch Burying Ground of Sleepy Hollow,[12] based on a survey of surviving pre-1800 gravestones,[18] and William Graves Perry’s additional survey, The old Dutch burying ground of Sleepy Hollow in North Tarrytown, New York (1953)[20].
None of the abovementioned records indicate whether the churchyard also served as the resting place for the enslaved individuals of Philipsburg Manor[9][13] or house slaves of local families.[21] Some historical sources, however, mention the preexistence of an old Wecquaesgeek burying ground on the hill where the Old Dutch Church was later built[22] and of a separate "burial ground west of the church for the Philipsburg slaves."[23] If that was the case, no traces of these graves have survived: because enslaved people were not permitted headstones, their graves were often marked with simple fieldstones or wooden markers that would have long since decayed.
The Old Dutch Burying Ground holds one of the highest concentrations of Revolutionary War veteran graves in the state of New York.[24] Many of these local residents served as crucial scouts, guides, and foragers for the Continental Army in the infamous "neutral ground," knowing the terrain well.[25][26] The graves are marked with small American flags and bronze medallions, placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Sons of the American Revolution. The Revolutionary Soldiers' Monument in the adjacent Sleepy Hollow Cemetery was built in 1894 specifically to honor those interred in the Burying Ground; invaluable historical information on the families whose names are inscribed on the monument, as well as related Revolutionary War events, was compiled in a commemorative book[19] by local newspaper publisher Marcius D. Raymond.
Notable burials
The many headstones of Revolutionary War veterans are marked with flags and bronze medallions
Memorial headstone of Hulda of Bohemia, carved in 2019 in the style of the 18th-century master carver John Zuricher
Headstone of Catriena Ecker Van Tassel whose name was borrowed by Washington Irving for his Katrina Van Tassel
Romer family headstone (historical recreation)
Headstone of Abraham Martling, one of the possible inspirations for Irving's Brom Bones
Paulding family burial vault, where two-term New York City mayor William Paulding is interred
Brush family vault (bottom left, at ground level) where Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, inspiration for Irving's Katrina Van Tassel, is buried. The family cenotaph is on the right.
In the church:
Frederick Philipse (1626-1702), first lord of Philipsburg Manor and builder of the church, his two wives, and several of his children are buried in a crypt under the floorboards of the church.[12] The exact number of those buried is not known because the crypt has never been publicly opened and formally cataloged.
Wolfert Acker (1667–1753),[19] former deacon of the church, tax collector of Philipsburg Manor, and subject of Washington Irving's Wolfert's Roost; his wife, Maretje Sibouts; and his brother, Jan Acker, the church's first deacon, are also believed to be buried beneath the church floorboards. Several members of the Acker family served with distinction in the Revolutionary War and are interred in the Burying Ground.[27][28]
In the Burying Ground:
Dirck Storm (1630–1715) – author of Het Notite Boeck der Christelyckes Kercke op de Manner of Philips Burgh, a book about the early years of the Old Dutch Church. He also served as Town Clerk in the early years of many New Amsterdam communities, as well as tax collector for Frederick Philipse. His son, David Storm, deacon and elder of the church, is also buried in the Storm family plot. This family plot is the only one on the grounds that is enclosed by a fence and has the family name displayed on the cast-iron gate, which signifies the family's prominent role in the community and its members' landowning status as yeomen.[29]
Hulda of Bohemia (c.1700-c.1777) – the semi-legendary "witch" and Revolutionary War hero of Sleepy Hollow, killed by British soldiers while protecting the local Militia.[30] An immigrant of German descent, she lived alone in a small hut near the secluded Spook Rock[31] and had extensive knowledge of medicinal herbs, which she reportedly learned from local Native Americans. All this led to her being suspected of witchcraft.[32][31] As a suspected witch, she was buried in an unmarked grave. After her long-forgotten story was published in a 2011 book,[33] that place in the Burying Ground was marked with a small orange flag.[31] A permanent headstone was finally erected in her honor in 2019, commemorating her as an herbalist, healer, and Patriot. The unveiling ceremony was presided over by the pastor of the Old Dutch Church.[30] Hulda is believed to be the inspiration for the “High German witch doctor,” who bewitched the land in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.[32][33]
Catriena Ecker Van Tassel (1736-1793) – Irving borrowed her name for his Katrina character in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[34]; she was an aunt of Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, his possible model for Katrina. Washington Irving was certainly familiar with the Catriena family’s popular local tavern; his sister boarded there.[34]
Jacob Romer (c. 1714–1807) and Frena Haerlager (c. 1725–1819) – the inscription on their headstone (erected by their great-grandchildren "in renewal of a former stone") reads, in part: THE CAPTORS OF MAJOR ANDRE BREAKFASTED AT THEIR HOME THE MORNING OF THE CAPTURE, THEIR SON JAMES ROMER, BEING ONE OF THE PARTY. AFTER THE CAPTURE, THE ENTIRE PARTY RETURNED TO THE ROMER HOME FOR DINNER. Jacob, a tailor, and his future wife fled to America from a small village in Switzerland because her parents disapproved of the match. As indentured servants, they worked for different masters but were later reunited.[35] Married for more than 52 years, both would live into their 90s. The events related to the famous capture of John André took place on September 23, 1780.[19] The historic Romer-Van Tassel House in Elmsford stands on the site of their home.
Sgt. John Dean (1755–1817) – Revolutionary War hero. A farmer, he enlisted in the Continental Army as soon as it was formed in July 1775.[36] Later, as a Westchester County Militia officer, he played an important role in Major John André's capture on September 23, 1780. While many historical sources credit only three local militia members—John Paulding, IsaacVan Wart, and David Williams— with detaining the spy, it was Sgt. Dean, commanding officer[37] of the eight-man patrol of which they were members that day,[36] who assigned them to their position on the Albany Post Road with the task of intercepting suspicious travelers.[37] When the trio stopped André and found suspicious papers on him, they brought him to the rest of the party.[38] The group decided to take André to the Continental Army's frontline headquarters for further investigation, and Sgt. Dean "took the lead in these matters."[38] Had André been let go, the consequences for the American side in the War would have been disastrous.[39] (The flintlock gun carried by Sgt. Dean is now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[40])
Abraham Martling (1742-1830) – one of the possible historical inspirations for the character Brom Bones in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.[34][41] There are several Martlings named Abraham (including father and son, one of whom was a blacksmith) in the Martling family plot,[19] which is located just several feet away from the grave of Catriena Ecker Van Tassel. Most probably, Irving's Abraham van Brunt is composed of a few real Martlings.[42]
Jacob Van Tassel (1744–1840) – Revolutionary War hero, who spent years as a prisoner of the British;[12] possible real-life inspiration for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow character Baltus Van Tassel, the wealthy farmer and father of the character Katrina Van Tassel; in real life, he was the father of Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, who may have inspired Katrina
William Paulding Jr. (1770–1854) – U.S. Representative from New York and two-term mayor of New York City (1825-1826 and 1827-1829); veteran of the War of 1812. Washington Irving was an intimate friend of the Paulding family; his brother, William Irving, married Julia Paulding, William's sister.[12]
Eleanor Van Tassel Brush (c.1764-1861) – daughter of Jacob Van Tassel;[12] a possible model for Katrina in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[34]. In the Revolutionary War, during a British raid on her father's home, Wolfert’s Roost (the model for the Van Tassel manor in Irving's story), the British soldiers attempted to kidnap the teenage Eleanor, then known as "Laney." She and the other women of the Van Tassel household—including her mother, aunt, and a slave servant—successfully fought the attackers off.[12] She died at the age of 97,[43] one of the last surviving contemporaries of the Revolutionary War.
Adam Badeau (1831-1895) – Ulysses S. Grant's military secretary, diplomat, author of the seminal three-volume Military History of Ulysses S. Grant (1881)[44]
Washington Irving's own final resting place is also just over 150 feet away from the graves of those who inspired his characters, in the oldest part of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery abutting the Burial Ground.
Irving's Headless Horseman of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow may have been inspired by the rumored discovery of a headless corpse in the area after the Revolutionary War Battle of White Plains, later allegedly buried by the Van Tassel family in an unmarked grave in the Burying Ground.[45] (There is, indeed, a record of an anonymous Hessian soldier being decapitated by a cannonball during the battle,[46] but there is no documented record of his body being found and buried.)
Soul effigy on a tombstone in Old Dutch Burying GroundWorks of different carvers are identifiable by the distinctive styles of their soul effigies
Carvings on the gravestones of the Old Dutch Burying Ground are among the earliest examples of American funerary art and American folk art in general.[23][47] Most of these intricate headstones were carved by a small group of 18th-century master stonecutters, including John Zuricher, based in New York City, and Solomon Brewer, a local carver.
The works of different carvers are identifiable by the distinctive styles of their lettering,[48] elaborate borders, and especially, the images they carved on gravestones—the so-called “soul effigies”—winged human heads representing the spirit's journey to the afterlife. Zuricher’s signature artistic touch was a figure with round cheeks and, sometimes, a subtle smile.[47] Most of his work in Sleepy Hollow is on red or brown sandstone, which was easily transported up the Hudson River from Manhattan. Solomon Brewer’s faces tend to be more "square" or flat compared to Zuricher’s "plump" faces. Among the many stones by Solomon Brewer in the graveyard (where he is also buried[20]), the most famous is the headstone of Catriena Ecker Van Tassel.[49]
Robert "Bob" Carpenter is the master carver responsible for preserving the yard today.[50] He has repaired hundreds of historic stones, and it was he who made the headstone for Hulda of Bohemia in 2019. The monument was carved by him in the Zuricher style.[50]
Stone rubbing and making impressions are forbidden in the Burying Ground due to the significant risk of damaging fragile, centuries-old stones.[51] In 2021, a visitor applied a chemical solvent to several stones to make headstone castings, severely damaging them.[52]
The site is permanently closed for future interments, even though some ground space near the Old Dutch Church remains open.[53]
It stands on a knoll, surrounded by locust-trees and lofty elms, from among which its decent, whitewashed walls shine modestly forth... To look upon this grassgrown yard, where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly, one would think that there at least the dead might rest in peace. (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)
12Zimmerman, Jean (January 1, 2006). The Women of the House: How a Colonial She-merchant Built a Mansion, a Fortune, And a Dynasty. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0151010653.
↑"Manor Mysteries". Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site. Retrieved January 12, 2026.
↑Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Famous Americans: Biography of Frederick Philipse: "...He worked at the carpenter's trade for several years, aided in building the Old Dutch church, and is said to have made the pulpit with his own hands.
↑"Diary Entry: July 1781". Founders Online, National Archives. Original source: The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 3, 1 January 1771–5 November 1781, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1978. Archived from the original on June 17, 2025. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
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