SS Columbia (1902 steamboat)

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Steamer Columbia
Steamer Columbia - Detroit MI - 1905.jpg
Columbia c.1910. From Columbia's nomination to the National Register.
History
NameColumbia
Port of registryUSA
RouteDetroit–Bob-Lo Island
OrderedJanuary, 1902
BuilderDetroit Shipbuilding Co.
Yard number148
Launched1902
In serviceMay 10, 1902
Out of service1991
Statusunder restoration
General characteristics
Typeexcursion steamer
Tonnage968 (gross) 549 (net)
Length207.67 ft (63.30 m)
Beam45 ft (14 m)
Draft12.5 ft (3.8 m)
Depth17.79 ft (5.42 m)
Installed powerBunker C in Scotch boilers
PropulsionTriple-expansion reciprocating steam engine
SpeedOriginally up to 21 mph
Columbia (Excursion Steamer)
USA New York location map.svg
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Usa edcp location map.svg
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Location Buffalo, New York
Coordinates 42°51′39″N78°51′44″W / 42.860878°N 78.862312°W / 42.860878; -78.862312
Arealess than one acre
Built1902 [1]
ArchitectFrank E. Kirby [2]
NRHP reference No. 79001171 [2]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP2 November 1979 [2]
Designated NHL6 July 1992 [3]

SS Columbia is the last remaining excursion steamship from the turn of the 20th century in existence, the second to last being her running mate and sister ship SS Ste. Claire which burned in 2018. Both were designed by Frank E. Kirby and Louis O. Keil, interior designer. Columbia was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992. [2] As of 2019, the vessel is docked at Silo City in Buffalo, New York while work is being done to rehabilitate it. [4]

Contents

History

Columbia at Detroit in 1973, taken from deck of sister ship, Ste. Claire FROM THE TOP DECK OF THE SS ST. CLAIRE PASSENGERS WATCH THE SS COLUMBIA (BUILT IN 1902). BOTH VESSELS ARE BOUND FOR... - NARA - 549707.jpg
Columbia at Detroit in 1973, taken from deck of sister ship, Ste. Claire

Columbia was built in Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1902, and Ste. Claire was built in Toledo, Ohio, in 1910. The naval architect Frank Kirby designed a new steel support system for Columbia that allowed for the spans needed for a dance floor, thus Columbia was the first steamboat in the US with a proper ballroom. Columbia influenced the design of later excursion steamers including Americana, Canadiana, Ste. Claire, Put-in-bay, and Peter Stuyvesant, throughout the US. Columbia and Ste. Claire were originally joined by a third, SS Britannia, built in 1906. During their heyday, Columbia and Ste. Claire sailed down the Detroit River from downtown Detroit to Bois Blanc Island, an Ontario island that was home to an amusement park built as a destination for the steamers. During the summer, the ship's triple decks would be filled with passengers enjoying the 90-minute, 18-mile (29 km) boat ride to the Boblo Island Amusement Park. Both ships featured music and dancing, and snack bars. The ships became icons on the Detroit River and were greatly loved by the people of Detroit and Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

Columbia became the setting for an historic Civil Rights battle in 1945 when a young African American woman named Sarah Elizabeth Ray joined her classmates for a celebratory graduation cruise aboard the ship. Officers of the Boblo Excursion company then approached Ray and told her she had to leave due to her race. When they threatened her with physical removal, she agreed to leave but not before throwing the proffered fare refund back at them and getting their names. Ray enlisted the help of the NAACP in filing a complaint, and the State of Michigan charged the company with violating its civil rights law. The company claimed due to their routes crossing the Canada–US border that they were engaged in international commerce and were not subject to state regulations. Michigan won in the local courts and then in state court and ultimately in the US Supreme court. [5] [6]

Deterioration and restoration

Due to competition from nearby Cedar Point, attendance at Bob-lo Island declined. In 1990, the company then operating Bob-lo Island said the steamers were too much to handle and were becoming a burden on the company's finances. The summer of 1991 was the last for Columbia and Ste. Claire and they were sold as a pair in the federal bankruptcy court in Minneapolis in November, 1991. In 1993, Bob-lo Island was closed and sold to real estate developers. The vessels were docked near the Great Lakes Steel Company in Ecorse, Michigan, where they sat unprotected from the harsh Michigan winters. They were auctioned in foreclosure in 1996 and by 2000, both steamers were showing deterioration with chipped paint, rotting wood, and holes in the decks.

In 2004 a team led by the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy had Columbia "shrink-wrapped" to reduce further deterioration while they considered purchase and restoration. However, in early 2006, given budgetary constraints they removed themselves from consideration. Later that year, with the assistance of National Trust for Historic Preservation Columbia was awarded to a New York-based non-profit group, "The S.S. Columbia Project", for restoration to active service as an educational, cultural, and Heritage tourism resource for use on the Hudson River.

The plan for the ship's restoration and re-use was based on the European model of maritime preservation where the ship's restoration is funded through a non profit capital campaign and then the ship's operations are funded through earned revenues. Plans for the restored ship included daily excursions from the west side of Manhattan to the communities of the Hudson Valley. [7]

Temporary alterations on both steamers, Columbia and Ste. Clair, were made for the 2014 feature film Transformers: Age of Extinction . [8]

Columbia docked on the Buffalo River, September 2019 SS Columbia, Sept 2019.jpg
Columbia docked on the Buffalo River, September 2019

In September 2014, Columbia was towed from Detroit to Toledo, Ohio, for dry docking in preparation for moving to New York. In September 2015, she was moved to Buffalo, New York, [9] where she is being prepared for an eventual move to the Hudson River. [7]

The video for the 2017 single "Score The Sky" by the UK band Lost Horizons was filmed at locations including the SS Columbia. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

Columbia may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wyandotte, Michigan</span> City in Michigan, United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soo Locks</span> United States historic place

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bois Blanc Island (Ontario)</span> Island in Ontario, Canada

Boblo Island, is an island in the Detroit River on the Canadian side of the border and is part of Amherstburg, Ontario. The island is about 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, 0.80 km (0.5 mi) wide and 110 hectares in size.

<i>Virginia V</i> American commercial steamship

The steamship Virginia V is the last operational example of a Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet steamer. She was once part of a large fleet of small passenger and freight carrying ships that linked the islands and ports of Puget Sound in Washington state in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She is a Seattle landmark and a National Historic Landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Owen Sound Transportation Company</span>

The Owen Sound Transportation Company, Limited was the forerunner of the enterprise that currently operates the vehicle and passenger ferry - M.S. Chi-Cheemaun - between Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula, and South Baymouth on Manitoulin Island. For updated information, see the article on the M.S. Chi-Cheemaun.

SS <i>Milwaukee Clipper</i>

SS Milwaukee Clipper, also known as SS Clipper, and formerly as SS Juniata, is a retired passenger ship and automobile ferry that sailed under two configurations and traveled on all of the Great Lakes except Lake Ontario. The vessel is now docked in Muskegon, Michigan.

SS <i>Ste. Claire</i> Steamship

SS Ste. Claire is a steamer located in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1910, she was one of the last propeller-driven excursion steamers to be operated on the Great Lakes. She was declared a US National Historic Landmark in 1992. In 2018, a devastating fire destroyed the upper decks, leaving only the steel structure. The ship was delisted as a National Historic Landmark and from the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

SS <i>Canadiana</i>

The SS Canadiana was a passenger excursion steamer that primarily operated between Buffalo, New York, US, and the Crystal Beach Park in Crystal Beach, Ontario, Canada, from 1910 to 1956. Canadiana was the last passenger vessel built in Buffalo, New York.

PS <i>Tashmoo</i>

The Tashmoo was a sidewheeler steamboat on Lake St. Clair and Lake Huron. It was famous for being one of the fastest ships, at the time, on the Great Lakes.

Frank E. Kirby was a naval architect in the Detroit, Michigan area in the early 20th century. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval architects in American history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boblo Island Amusement Park</span> Former Canadian amusement park

Boblo Island Amusement Park is an abandoned amusement park which operated from 1898 until its closure on September 30, 1993. Its amusement rides were sold in 1994.

SS <i>Lansdowne</i>

SS Lansdowne was a railroad car ferry built in 1884 by the Wyandotte Shipyard of the Detroit Dry Dock Company. It was used as a steamer from 1884 until 1970 between Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, across the Detroit River. At the time of its construction it was the longest ship on the Great Lakes at 312 feet (95 m). It was a sidewheeler, and at the time of its retirement it was the last sidewheeler serving on the Great Lakes, although in 1975 the sidewheel ferry Trillium returned to active service at Toronto after many years in layup. Lansdowne was captained by Nick Saad from 1942 to 1969 until his retirement, when he was relieved by his son James Saad-Miller. Capt. Jim Miller was last to man her under her own power, when she blew the cylinder head of the port engine coming out of Detroit Slip on midnight watch in 1970. The engines were from an even older paddle steamer, Michigan, built in 1878. Lansdowne was thereafter used as a barge, pushed by a towboat, until her final retirement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Register of Historic Places listings in Downtown and Midtown Detroit</span>

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Due to its unique geography, being made of two peninsulas surrounded by the Great Lakes, Michigan has depended on many ferries for connections to transport people, vehicles and trade. The most famous modern ferries are those which carry people and goods across the Straits of Mackinac to the car-free Mackinac Island but before the Mackinac Bridge was built, large numbers of ferries carried people and cars between the two peninsulas. Other ferries continue to provide transportation to small islands and across the Detroit River to Canada. Ferries once provided transport to island parks for city dwellers. The state's only national park, Isle Royale cannot be reached by road and is normally accessed by ferry. The largest ferries in Michigan are the car ferries which cross Lake Michigan to Wisconsin. One of these, the SS Badger is one of the last remaining coal steamers on the Great Lakes and serves as a section of US Highway 10 (US 10). The Badger is also the largest ferry in Michigan, capable of carrying 600 passengers and 180 autos.

SS <i>Senator</i> Steel-hulled Great Lakes freighter that sank on Lake Michigan

SS Senator was a steel-hulled Great Lakes freighter that sank on Lake Michigan with the loss of nine lives and 268 Nash automobiles, on Halloween of 1929 after she was rammed in heavy fog by the bulk carrier Marquette. She lies in 450 feet (140 m) of water 16 miles northeast of Port Washington, Wisconsin. On April 12, 2016 her wreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Sarah Elizabeth Ray was an African American civil rights activist who in 1945 was denied entry on SS Columbia, a ferry operated by the Bob-Lo Excursion Company. She initiated a legal battle against the company via the NAACP which eventually ended up being processed by the United States Supreme Court. The court ruled in Ray's favor, setting her case as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education. After the Bob-Lo Co. Vs. Michigan court case, she went on to create the Action House in Detroit which helped to empower Black youth in the city and offered spaces for recreational activities.

References

  1. "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. "Columbia (Steamer)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  4. Derek Gee (March 29, 2019). "A Closer Look: SS Columbia". Buffalo News.
  5. "Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. People of State of Michigan 333 U.S. 28 (1948)". findlaw.com. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  6. "Sarah Elizabeth Ray, Detroit's Other Rosa Parks". BLAC Detroit Magazine. March 8, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  7. 1 2 "SS Columbia Project" . Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  8. "Historic Boblo boats land role in Transformers 4". CBC News . July 29, 2013.
  9. Dan Austin (September 4, 2015). "Bob-lo boat Columbia on its way to New York". Detroit Free Press.
  10. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Lost Horizons - Score The Sky". YouTube .