Charles W. Morgan at Mystic Seaport, Connecticut | |
History | |
---|---|
United States | |
Owner |
|
Builder | Jethro and Zachariah Hillman, New Bedford, Massachusetts |
Launched | 1841 |
Identification |
|
Status | Museum ship |
General characteristics | |
Tonnage | 351.3 (Old Tons); 313.8 (New Tons) [2] |
Length | 113 ft (34 m) LOA |
Beam | 27 ft 6 in (8.38 m) |
Depth | 17.1 feet (5.2 m) [3] |
Sail plan | Double-topsail bark rig; 13,000 sq ft (1,200 m2) of sail [4] |
Charles W. Morgan | |
Location | Mystic, Connecticut |
Coordinates | 41°21′44″N71°57′55″W / 41.36222°N 71.96518°W |
Built | 1841 |
Part of | Mystic Bridge Historic District (ID79002671) |
NRHP reference No. | 66000804 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | 13 November 1966 [5] |
Designated NHL | 13 November 1966 [6] |
Designated CP | August 31, 1979 |
Charles W. Morgan is an American whaling ship built in 1841 that was active during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ships of this type were used to harvest the blubber of whales for whale oil which was commonly used in lamps. Charles W. Morgan has served as a museum ship since the 1940s and is now an exhibit at the Mystic Seaport museum in Mystic, Connecticut. She is the world's oldest surviving (non-wrecked) merchant vessel, the only surviving wooden whaling ship from the 19th century American merchant fleet (of an estimated 2,700 built), [7] and second to USS Constitution, the oldest seaworthy vessel in the world. Charles W. Morgan was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. [1]
Charles W. Morgan (often referred to simply as "the Morgan") was a whaling ship named for owner Charles Waln Morgan (1796–1861). He was a Philadelphian by birth; he moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1818 and invested in several whalers over his career. [8] He chose Jethro and Zachariah Hillman's shipyard in New Bedford to construct a new ship. [9] : 23 The Morgan's live oak keel was laid down in February 1841 and fastened together with copper bolts. The bow and stern pieces of live oak were secured to the keel by an apron piece. The sturdy stern post was strengthened with hemlock root and white oak. Yellow pine shipped from North Carolina was used for the ship's beams, and hemlock or hackmatack was used for the hanging knees. [9] : 29
Construction proceeded until April 19, 1841, when the workers went on strike, demanding a ten-hour work day. [9] : 30 The strike gathered support until it encompassed the shipyard, the oil refineries, and the cooper shops; Morgan was appointed chairman of the employers and given the task of resolving it. [9] : 30 He opposed their demands, and a meeting with four master mechanics ended in failure. An agreement was reached on May 6 when the workers accepted a 10½ hour workday. [9] : 32 Work resumed on the ship without incident and she was launched on July 21, 1841. [9] : 32 Morgan was registered as 106+1⁄2 feet (32.5 m) in length, 27 feet 2+1⁄2 inches (8.293 m) inches in breadth, and 13 feet 7+1⁄4 inches (4.147 m) in depth. [9] : 33 She measured 314 gross register tons. [10]
Charles W. Morgan was outfitted at Rotch's Wharf for the next two months while preparations were made for her first voyage. [9] : 34–35 Captain Thomas Norton sailed her into the Atlantic alongside Adeline Gibbs and Nassau towards the Azores. [9] : 35 A stop was made at Porto Pim (Horta, Azores) on Faial Island to gather supplies before crossing the Atlantic. The ship passed Cape Horn, then charted a course to the north. [9] : 38 On December 13, the men launched in their whaleboats and took their first whale. [9] : 43 The Morgan entered the port of Callao in early February and departed again on the 10th for the Galapagos Islands. In 1844, the ship sailed to the Kodiak Grounds before sailing for home on August 18. [9] : 60 She returned to her home port in New Bedford on January 2, 1845. [9] : 60 The voyage of three years and three months resulted in 59 whales being processed for 1,600 barrels of sperm oil, 800 barrels of right whale oil, and five tons of whale bone. [9] : 61
Charles W. Morgan made most of her 37 voyages in her 80 years of service from her home port of New Bedford, Massachusetts, ranging in length from nine months to five years. She brought home a total of 54,483 barrels of sperm and whale oil and 152,934 pounds of whalebone. She sailed in the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, surviving ice and snow storms. She was based in San Francisco between 1888 and 1904.
Charles W. Morgan had more than 1,000 whalemen of all races and nationalities in her lifetime. Her crew included sailors from Cape Verde, New Zealand, the Seychelles, Guadeloupe, and Norfolk Island. The ship's crew averaged around 33 men per voyage. As with other whaleships in the 19th century, the Morgan was often home to the captain's family. She was owned and managed by the J. & W. R. Wing Company of New Bedford. [11]
Experts have calculated the lifetime financial returns from Charles W. Morgan at over $1.4 Million. [12] Voyage #6 had the highest return with a combined value of Sperm oil, Whale oil and Whalebone of over $165,000.
During her years of service, Charles W. Morgan was used in several movies, including Miss Petticoats (1916), Down to the Sea in Ships (1922), and Java Head (1923).
Voyage | Port | Captain | Departure | Arrival | Mainly operated in |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New Bedford | Thomas A. Norton | September 6, 1841 | January 2, 1845 | Pacific |
2 | New Bedford | J.D. Samson | June 10, 1845 | December 9, 1848 | Pacific |
3 | New Bedford | J.D. Samson | June 5, 1849 | May 27, 1853 | Pacific |
4 | New Bedford | Tristram P. Ripley | September 20, 1853 | April 27, 1856 | North Pacific |
5 | New Bedford | Thomas N. Fisher | September 15, 1856 | April 16, 1859 | North Pacific |
6 | New Bedford | James. A. Hamilton | October 4, 1859 | May 12, 1863 | North Pacific |
7 | New Bedford | Thomas C. Landers | December 1, 1863 | June 12, 1867 | North Pacific |
8 | New Bedford | George Athearn | July 17, 1867 | August 16, 1871 | Pacific |
9 | New Bedford | John M. Tinkham | September 26, 1871 | October 31, 1874 | Indian |
10 | New Bedford | John M. Tinkham | April 23, 1875 | May 17, 1878 | Atlantic |
11 | New Bedford | Thomas L. Ellis | July 17, 1878 | May 11, 1881 | Atlantic |
12 | New Bedford | Charles F. Keith | July 13, 1881 | Jun 17, 1886 | Pacific |
13 | New Bedford | George A. Smith | October 6, 1886 | November 4, 1887 | North Pacific |
14 | San Francisco | George A. Smith | December 3, 1887 | November 5, 1888 | North Pacific |
15 | San Francisco | John S. Layton | November 26, 1888 | October 27, 1889 | North Pacific |
16 | San Francisco | John S. Layton | December 5, 1889 | November 8, 1890 | Japan and Okhotsk |
17 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | December 2, 1890 | October 31, 1891 | Japan and Okhotsk |
18 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | November 24, 1891 | November 7, 1892 | Japan and Okhotsk |
19 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | December 8, 1892 | November 9, 1893 | Japan and Okhotsk |
20 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | December 6, 1893 | November 5, 1895 | Japan and Okhotsk |
21 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | December 2, 1895 | November 1, 1896 | Pacific |
22 | San Francisco | John S. Layton | December 3, 1896 | October 25, 1897 | Pacific |
23 | San Francisco | Thomas Scullion | November 11, 1897 | October 28, 1898 | Japan and Okhotsk |
24 | San Francisco | Thomas Scullion | November 26, 1898 | November 2, 1899 | Japan and Okhotsk |
25 | San Francisco | Thomas Scullion | December 7, 1899 | October 29, 1900 | Japan and Okhotsk |
26 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | November 22, 1900 | October 29, 1901 | Japan and Okhotsk |
27 | San Francisco | Thomas Scullion | November 27, 1901 | October 28, 1902 | Japan and Okhotsk |
28 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | November 20, 1902 | October 27, 1903 | Japan and Okhotsk |
29 | San Francisco | J. A. M. Earle | November 18, 1903 | October 31, 1904 | Japan and Okhotsk |
30 | San Francisco | Edwin J. Reed | November 25, 1904 | June 12, 1906 | South Pacific |
31 | New Bedford | J. A. M. Earle, Hiram Nye | August 11, 1906 | July 4, 1908 | Atlantic |
32 | New Bedford | A. O. Gibbons, Charles S. Church | September 2, 1908 | September 12, 1910 | Atlantic |
33 | New Bedford | Charles S. Church | May 10, 1911 | August 9, 1913 | Atlantic |
34 | New Bedford | Benjamin D. Cleveland | September 5, 1916 | October 23, 1917 | Atlantic |
35 | New Bedford | James Edwards | July 16, 1918 | September 7, 1919 | Atlantic |
36 | New Bedford | James Edwards | October 18, 1919 | July 16, 1920 | Atlantic |
37 | Provincetown | J. Gonsalves | September 9, 1920 | May 28, 1921 | Atlantic |
38* | New Bedford | George Fred Tilton | May 7, 1925 | May 7, 1925 | |
39* | Fairhaven | William H. Tripp | November 5, 1941 | November 8, 1941 | |
Charles W. Morgan was nearly destroyed in 1924 when the steamer Sankaty caught fire and broke free of her mooring lines. [9] : 5 [13] [14] [15] The burning Sankaty drifted across the river and into Morgan's port quarter, but the Fairhaven firemen managed to save her. [9] : 5 This event spurred Harry Neyland and some New Bedford citizens to restore and preserve the Morgan, but the attempts were unsuccessful. Neyland then persuaded Colonel Edward Howland Robinson Green to save the ship. [9] : 5 Neyland appealed to Green that the Morgan was of historical importance and was a family heirloom because she was once co-owned by Green's grandfather and his wife's company. [9] : 5 Green had the ship towed to his estate in Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts) and founded Whaling Enshrined, consisting of himself, Neyland, and John Bullard, the great-grandson of Charles Waln Morgan. [9] : 6
The Morgan underwent restoration by Captain George Fred Tilton and was turned into an exhibition for Green's estate in a berth constructed by Frank Taylor. [9] : 6 Green held a dedication ceremony on the 86th anniversary of the ship's launch and gave her to Whaling Enshrined on July 21, 1926. [9] : 6 The ship's fate came into question when Tilton died in 1932 and Green died in 1935, resulting in lengthy court proceedings over Green's estate. [9] : 7–9 The 1938 New England hurricane damaged Morgan's hull and tore the sails; Whaling Enshrined attempted to secure funds for the ship but were unable to do so. [9] : 9
In 1941, the Morgan was saved by the Marine Historical Association (later renamed Mystic Seaport) based on Taylor's word that the ship could be freed and towed to Mystic, Connecticut. [9] : 10 Taylor's crew dug the ship from her berth and dredged a channel for her to pass through, but the first attempt to pull her free was unsuccessful. More digging and caulking of the ship preceded her successful tugging into the channel, and the century-old hull withstood the move and floated into bay with assistance from the Coast Guard cutter General Greene. [9] : 11 [16]
She was towed to the old berth in Fairhaven for several days of preparations and repairs prior to the trip to Mystic. [9] : 11
On November 5, 1941, General Greene pulled Charles W. Morgan from the wharf only to have her be caught by the tide and swept downstream, coming to rest on a mud flat and taking two hours to be freed. [9] : 4 The journey came to an end on November 8 when she passed through the Mystic bridge and was moored in the Mystic Seaport. [9] : 17–18 The Seaport took shape around Charles W. Morgan with the restoration of its buildings and historic ships that came to reside alongside the Morgan. [9] : 18 "Over it all, the Morgan presided like Old Neptune-the centerpiece, the king seated on a throne of gravel, towering high above the scene." [9] : 19
Charles W. Morgan arrived at Mystic Seaport in December 1941, and she was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. [6] [1] In 1971, Melbourne Brindle of Bridgeport, Connecticut designed four commemorative stamps of historic landmarks including the Morgan. [17]
For the first 30 years at Mystic Seaport, she was surrounded by a bed of sand to prevent her from sinking. Even so, she was open to the public and was the centerpiece of a recreated 19th century maritime village museum inspired by Colonial Williamsburg. She is the only preserved 19th century whaling ship in the world.
The Mystic Seaport undertook a restoration and preservation project in 1968 to make her seaworthy, and the sand bed was removed. Prior to the 1968 restoration, she had a wide white stripe painted on her sides with large black squares that resembled gun ports when viewed at a distance. This "camouflage" was often employed by 19th century merchant ships to make them resemble warships so as to deter pirates and hostile navies.
In 2010, Mystic Seaport engaged in a multimillion-dollar project to restore the ship to seaworthy status. She was re-launched into the Mystic River on July 21, 2013, marking the 172nd anniversary of the vessel's initial launch. [18] [19] [20] During the summer of 2014, she sailed her 38th voyage on tour of New England seaports which included New London, Connecticut, Newport, Rhode Island, Boston, and her home town of New Bedford, Massachusetts. [21]
Other preserved 19th-century sailing ships:
Mystic is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in Groton and Stonington, Connecticut.
Mystic Seaport Museum or Mystic Seaport: The Museum of America and the Sea in Mystic, Connecticut is the largest maritime museum in the United States. It is notable for its collection of sailing ships and boats and for the re-creation of the crafts and fabric of an entire 19th-century seaport village. It consists of more than 60 historic buildings, most of them rare commercial structures moved to the 19-acre (0.077 km2) site and meticulously restored.
A whaleboat is a type of open boat that was used for catching whales, or a boat of similar design that retained the name when used for a different purpose. Some whaleboats were used from whaling ships. Other whaleboats would operate from the shore. Later whaleboats usually could operate under sail or oar - American whaling crews in particular obtained better results by making their first approach to a whale under sail, then quickly unstepping the mast and using oars thereafter.
Scrimshaw is scrollwork, engravings, and carvings done in bone or ivory. Typically it refers to the artwork created by whalers, engraved on the byproducts of whales, such as bones or cartilage. It is most commonly made out of the bones and teeth of sperm whales, the baleen of other whales, and the tusks of walruses.
Down to the Sea in Ships is a 1922 American silent romantic drama film about a 19th-century Massachusetts whaling family. Directed by Elmer Clifton, the film stars William Walcott, Marguerite Courtot, and Clara Bow. The film's title comes from Psalm 107, verses 23–24.
Commodore Charles W. Morgan was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.
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Emma C. Berry is a fishing sloop located at the Mystic Seaport Museum in Mystic, Connecticut, United States, and one of the oldest surviving commercial vessels in America. She is the last known surviving American well smack. This type of boat is also termed a sloop smack or Noank smack. The Noank design was imitated in other regions of the United States.
The A. T. Gifford was the last American schooner-rigged whaleship to cruise Hudson Bay. She caught fire and sank in late 1915. Although the captain and a few of his crew escaped the wreck, none survived the disaster.
The Joseph & William R. Wing Company was the largest whaling firm in the United States. Based in New Bedford, Massachusetts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the J. & W. R. Wing Co. was the agent for 236 whaling voyages from 1852 until 1914 and was among the last whaling companies operating in the United States.
The New Bedford Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States, west of the community's waterfront. During the 19th century, when the city was the center of the American whaling industry, this was its downtown. After its decline in the early and mid-20th century, through the efforts of local activist groups the district has since been preserved and restored to appear much as it was during that period.
Commercial whaling in the United States dates to the 17th century in New England. The industry peaked in 1846–1852, and New Bedford, Massachusetts, sent out its last whaler, the John R. Mantra, in 1927. The Whaling industry was engaged with the production of three different raw materials: whale oil, spermaceti oil, and whalebone. Whale oil was the result of "trying-out" whale blubber by heating in water. It was a primary lubricant for machinery, whose expansion through the Industrial Revolution depended upon before the development of petroleum-based lubricants in the second half of the 19th century. Once the prized blubber and spermaceti had been extracted from the whale, the remaining majority of the carcass was discarded.
Nantucket shipbuilding began in the late 1700s and culminated in the construction of notable whaling ships during the early 19th century. Shipbuilding was predominantly sited at Brant Point. Whaling ship construction concluded in 1838.
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The Mystic Bridge Historic District is a historic district in the village of Mystic, Connecticut on the Stonington side of the Mystic River. It includes the Mystic Seaport Museum, whose grounds and floating vessels represent the area's history, and the 1924 Mystic River Bascule Bridge. The district is significant as a well-preserved shipbuilding and maritime village of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Edouard A. Stackpole was an American journalist, museum curator, whaling historian and writer.
Syren was the longest lived of all the clipper ships, with a sailing life of 68 years 7 months. She sailed in the San Francisco trade, in the Far East, and transported whaling products from Hawaii and the Arctic to New Bedford.
Policy was launched at Dartmouth in 1801. She was a whaler that made seven whaling voyages between 1803 and 1823. On her second whaling voyage, in 1804, she was able to capture two Dutch vessels. On her fourth voyage the United States Navy captured her, but the British Royal Navy recaptured her. She was lost at Tahiti in 1824 on her eighth whaling voyage.
Sir Charles Price was launched in America in 1812 under another name. The British captured her c.1814 and Daniel Bennett purchased her and added her to his fleet of whalers. She made six complete whaling voyages to the southern whale fishery, and was lost in 1833 on her seventh whaling voyage.
Charles Waln Morgan was a whaling industry executive, banker and businessman. At his peak in the whaling industry, he owned fourteen whaling ships, one of which was named after him, the Charles W. Morgan. It became a National Historic Landmark. He sold the sperm oil that came from his ships, and also used it in his candle-making factory.
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