China under Xi Jinping

"Xi Jinping administration" redirects here. Not to be confused with Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration.

Xi Jinping Administration 以习近平同志为核心的党中央
5th generation Communist leadership of the People's Republic of China
Incumbent
Paramount leader Xi Jinping
Date formed	15 November 2012
People and organisations
Head of state	Xi Jinping
Head of government	Li Keqiang Li Qiang
No. of ministers	31
Member party	Chinese Communist Party Eight minor parties
History
Elections	November 2012 October 2017 October 2022
Legislature terms	12th National People's Congress 13th National People's Congress 14th National People's Congress
Predecessor	Hu Jintao Administration/ Xi–Li Administration

China under Xi Jinping
Simplified Chinese	习近平 体制
Traditional Chinese	習近平體制
Literal meaning	Xi Jinping System
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xí Jìnpíng tǐzhì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zaap6 gan6ping4 tai2zai3

Xi Jinping succeeded Hu Jintao as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, and later in 2016 was proclaimed the CCP's 4th leadership core, following Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Zemin. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

The name Xi Jinping administration is officially called the "Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary" (以习近平同志为总书记的党中央) from 2012 to 2016, and "Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the Core" (以习近平同志为核心的党中央) since 2016.

Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions. As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including new CCP committees on national security, economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. He and the CCP Central Committee passed a historical resolution in November 2021.

His rule is often described as an authoritarian leader by political and academic observers, while his tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, including the internment of a million Uyghurs in Xinjiang (which some observers have described as part of a genocide), a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for the presidency in 2018.

In economic policy, Xi has prioritized poverty alleviation and creating common prosperity to reduce disparities in wealth. Xi's administration seeks to implement common prosperity in part through its education policy, including through drastically curtailing the tutoring industry and reducing homework burdens. Xi continues to emphasize the need for global development, including through the Belt and Road Initiative.

In foreign policy, Xi emphasizes the Community of Common Destiny. He seeks to increase China's ability to shape international norms in emerging policy areas (described as "new frontiers") like space and the internet, where China can position itself as an early entrant. Xi also seeks to increase China's discourse power, which he frames as China's "right to speak."

Economic policies

See also: Economic history of China (1949–present) and Targeted Poverty Alleviation

Xi Jinping has set three overarching goals for China's economy. ^{[4] : 10} First, to increase China's capacity for innovation so that it will be able to more actively shape global economic rules. ^{[4] : 10} Second, to enhance order and security in China's domestic market. ^{[4] : 10} Third, creating common prosperity and increasing wealth distribution to the poor. ^{[4] : 10}

During the Xi Jinping era, the Chinese government continues to use SOEs to serve non-market objectives and CCP control of SOEs has increased ^{[5] : 138} while taking some limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed ownership of SOEs. ^{[5] : 141} Although China has promoted its national champion companies since the Jiang Zemin administration, ^{[6] : 158} it has done so particularly strongly since 2017, especially in the technology sector. ^{[7] : 91}

Since 2015, the CCP has issued several industrial plans designed to emphasize high-tech innovation and digital development. ^{[8] : 135} These industrial plans include Made in China 2025, the "Action Outline for Promoting the Development of Big Data", and the "Three-Year Action Plan to Promote the Development of a New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Industry". ^{[8] : 135} China's Thirteenth and Fourteenth Five-Year Plans have also emphasized high-tech and innovative development. ^{[8] : 135}

During the Xi Jinping administration, China has emphasized an economic strategy of dual circulation. ^{[9] : 170} First, it seeks to rely more on China's domestic consumers. ^{[9] : 160} Second, it seeks to innovate more domestically developed technology and thereby reduce China's reliance on western technology. ^{[9] : 160}

By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries. ^{[10] : 228} At the end of that year, China signed major free trade agreements with the European Union as well as fifteen different Asia-Pacific countries. ^{[7] : 259} As of at least 2023, China is the world's largest exporter, a status it has maintained continuously since 2010. ^{[9] : 88}

China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%. ^[7] In 2021, China's GDP growth reached 8.1% (its highest in a decade) and its trade surplus reached an all-time high $687.5 billion. ^[7]

Education reform

See also: Education in China

Xi has implemented a number of education reforms. ^{[4] : 155} Schools are required to adjust their opening hours to be consistent with work hours in their area so that parents can pick-up their children directly after work (in order to reduce reliance on private classes for adult supervision after school hours). ^{[4] : 155} Schools must also promote health by requiring outdoor physical education classes daily and providing eye examinations twice per term. ^{[4] : 155} Educational reforms have also limited the amount of homework students can be assigned. ^{[4] : 156}

As part of Xi's 2021 directive on "double lessening" (reducing excessive off-campus tutoring and reducing homework burdens), schools may not assign homework to children to grades one and two, homework is limited to no more than 60 minutes for children in grades three to six, and no more than 90 minutes for middle school children. ^{[4] : 156} In July 2021, China enacted a series of rules designed to shutdown the private tutoring sector. ^{[4] : 156}

The government's rationale was that rising educational costs were antithetical to the goals of common prosperity. ^{[10] : 67} Shutting down private tutoring was intended to narrow the education gap between rich and poor. ^{[11] : 5} Rules issued in July 2021 prohibits new registration of private tuition tutoring centers and required existing centers to re-organize as non-profits. ^{[4] : 156} Tuition centers are prohibited from being listed on the stock market or receiving "excessive capital." ^{[4] : 156} They are no longer permitted to offer tutoring on the weekends or during public holidays. ^{[4] : 156}

Since September 2021, private schools providing compulsory education can no longer be controlled by foreign entities or individuals. ^{[4] : 57} Only Chinese nationals may serve on their boards of directors. ^{[4] : 157}

Foreign policy

Main articles: Foreign policy of Xi Jinping, Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, and Belt and Road Initiative

During the Xi Jinping administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant. ^{[4] : 188} Xi describes such areas as "new frontiers," and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions, the Internet, nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change. ^{[4] : 188}

In his effort to build additional institutional capacity for foreign policy coordination, Xi Jinping created the National Security Commission (NSC), which absorbed the NSLG. ^{[12] : 180} The NSC's focus is holistic national security and it addresses both external and internal security matters. ^{[12] : 180} Xi introduced the holistic security concept in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security." ^{[13] : 3}

During the Xi Jinping era, the Community of Common Destiny has become China's most important foreign relations formulation. ^{[13] : 6} In his foreign policy discourse, Xi cites the examples of "foreign friends of China" to acknowledge other countries' sacrifices to assist in China's national liberation, particularly with regard to the Second Sino-Japanese war. ^{[14] : 42} For example, during diplomatic visits to other countries, Xi has praised the contributions of people like Claire Lee Chennault, Norman Bethune, Dawarkanath Kotnis, and Soviet pilots. ^{[14] : 42}

Xi emphasizes his desire to increase China's discourse power in international matters, often characterizing this in terms of China's "right to speak". ^{[15] : 103}

During Xi's administration, China has often extended state-backed loans for energy and infrastructure-building in exchange for natural resources in regions like Central Asia and Africa. ^{[16] : 87}

Political thought

Main article: Xi Jinping Thought

"Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era" was formally launched at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party having gradually been developed since 2012, when Xi became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. ^{[4] : 21–26}

In his political discourse, Xi incorporates historical examples and themes. ^{[14] : 32} He describes history as "the best teacher" and "the best textbook". ^{[14] : 32} Especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, Xi encourages the Chinese people to develop "historical self-confidence". ^{[14] : 32} Xi includes ancient history in his political discourse, characterizing China as a "splendid civilization" and highlighting its five thousand years of history. ^{[14] : 33} He often cites the Four Great Inventions as a source of national pride and China's contribution to humanity. ^{[14] : 33} In his discourse for foreign audiences regarding China's peaceful rise, Xi quotes the Confucian saying, "If you do not want to have it yourself, you should not want to impose it on others." ^{[14] : 64} In his discourse on the community of shared future, Xi cites the third century scholar Chen Shou's saying that "delicious soup is made by combining different ingredients." ^{[14] : 64}

Current members

Standing Committee

These tables are an excerpt from 20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party § Composition.[ edit ]

Members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
^[17]

Rank	Officeholder		Hanzi	19th PSC	Birth	PM	Birthplace	Academic attainment	No. of offices	Ref.
1		Xi Jinping	习近平	Old	1953	1974	Beijing	Graduate Doctoral degree in Marxist legal studies Undergraduate degree in chemical engineering	Twelve Party offices General Secretary, Central Committee Chairman, National Security Commission of the Central Committee Chairman, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission of the Central Committee Head, Central Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Commission Head, Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission Head, Central Foreign Affairs Commission Head, Central Auditing Committee Head, Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs of the Central Committee Military offices Chairman, Central Military Commission Commander-in-chief, Joint Operations Command Center of the Central Military Commission of the People's Liberation Army Head, Leading Group for National Defence and Military Reform of the Central Military Commission State offices President of the People's Republic of China	[18]
2		Li Qiang	李强	New	1959	1983	Zhejiang	Graduate Master's degree in business administration Graduate programme in world economics Graduate programme in engineering management Undergraduate degree in agricultural mechanisation	Fifteen Party offices Director, Central Financial Commission Director, Central Institutional Organisation Commission Deputy Chairman, National Security Commission of the Central Committee Deputy Chairman, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Deputy Head, Central Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Commission Deputy Director, Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission Deputy Director, Central Foreign Affairs Commission Deputy Director, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Deputy Head, Central Integrated Military-Civilian Development Committee Deputy Head, Central Auditing Committee Leader, Central Leading Group for Climate Change and Emissions Reduction Leader, State Council Leading Party Members Group State offices Premier, State Council of the People's Republic of China Director, National Defense Mobilization Commission Director, National Energy Commission	[19]
3		Zhao Leji	赵乐际	Old	1957	1975	Qinghai	Graduate Graduate programme in currency and banking Undergraduate degree in philosophy	Four Party offices Leader, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Party Group Deputy Chairman, National Security Commission of the Central Committee Deputy Head, Central Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Commission State office Chairman, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress	[20]
4		Wang Huning	王沪宁	Old	1955	1984	Shanghai	Graduate Master's degree in Marxist legal studies Graduate programme in international politics Undergraduate degree in French	Eight Organisational office Chairman, National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chairman, China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification Party office Leader, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Party Group Head, Central Coordination Group for Tibet Affairs Head, Central Coordination Group for Xinjiang Affairs Director, Office of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Deputy Director, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Deputy Head, Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs	[21]
5		Cai Qi	蔡奇	New	1955	1975	Fujian	Graduate Doctoral degree in political economy Post-graduate degree in economic law Undergraduate degree in political education	Fifteen Party offices First-ranked secretary, Secretariat of the Central Committee Director, General Office of the Central Committee Director, Office of the General Secretary of the Central Committee Head, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Chairman, Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Leader, Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture of the Central Committee Leader, Central Leading Group for Party Building of the Central Committee Director, Capital Planning and Construction Commission Director, Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation Working Committee Director, Central Leading Group for Studying and Implementing "Xi Jinping Thought" Theme Education Deputy Chairman, National Security Commission of the Central Committee Deputy Director, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Deputy Director, Central Institutional Organisation Commission Deputy Director, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Deputy Head, Central Integrated Military-Civilian Development Committee	[22]
6		Ding Xuexiang	丁薛祥	New	1962	1984	Jiangsu	Graduate Master's degree in science and management Bachelor's degree in engineering	Thirteen Party offices Deputy Leader, State Council Leading Party Members Group Leader, Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Head, Air Traffic Control Committee Deputy Head, Central Integrated Military-Civilian Development Committee Director, Office of the Central Integrated Military-Civilian Development Committee State offices First-Ranked Vice Premier of the State Council Head, Food Safety Committee Head, National Greening Committee Head, Central Leading Group for Belt and Road Initiative Construction Head, Central Leading Group for the Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Head, Central Leading Group for the 3rd Geography Conditions Survey Head, Coordination Group for Promoting Transformation of Government Functions and "Delegation, Regulation, Service" Reform Deputy Director, National Energy Commission	[23]
7		Li Xi	李希	New	1956	1982	Gansu	Graduate Master's degree in economics and management Undergraduate degree in literature	Four Party offices Secretary, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Director, Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Director, Central Leading Group for Deepening the Pilot Work on Reform of the National Supervision System Deputy Head, Central Auditing Committee	[24]

Politburo

These tables are an excerpt from 20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party § Composition.[ edit ]

Members of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
^[25]

Officeholder		Hanzi	19th POL	PSC?	Birth	PM	Birthplace	Education	No. of offices	Ref.
	Cai Qi	蔡奇	Old	New	1955	1975	Fujian	Graduate	Three Party offices First Secretary, Secretariat of the Central Committee Director, General Office of the Central Committee Director, Office of the General Secretary of the Central Committee	[26]
	Chen Jining	陈吉宁	New	No	1964	1984	Liaoning	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Shanghai Municipal Party Committee	[27]
	Chen Min'er	陈敏尔	Old	No	1960	1982	Zhejiang	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Tianjin Municipal Party Committee	[28]
	Chen Wenqing	陈文清	New	No	1960	1983	Sichuan	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission	[29]
	Ding Xuexiang	丁薛祥	Old	New	1962	1984	Jiangsu	Graduate	One State office First-Ranked Vice Premier of the State Council	[30]
	He Lifeng	何立峰	New	No	1955	1981	Guangdong	Graduate	Two Party office Director, Office of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission State office Second-Ranked Vice Premier of the State Council	[31]
	He Weidong	何卫东	New	No	1957	1978	Fujian	Undergraduate	Two Party office Second Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission State office Second Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission	[32]
	Huang Kunming	黄坤明	Old	No	1956	1976	Fujian	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Guangdong Provincial Party Committee	[33]
	Li Ganjie	李干杰	New	No	1964	1984	Hunan	Graduate	One Party office Head, Organization Department of the Central Committee	[34]
	Li Hongzhong	李鸿忠	Old	No	1956	1976	Shenyang	Graduate	One State office First Vice Chairman, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress	[35]
	Li Qiang	李强	Old	New	1959	1983	Zhejiang	Graduate	Eight Party offices Director, Central Institutional Organisation Commission Deputy Director, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Deputy Director, Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission Deputy Director, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Deputy Director, Central Foreign Affairs Commission Leader, Central Leading Group for Climate Change and Emissions Reduction Leader, State Council Leading Party Members Group State offices Premier, State Council of the People's Republic of China	[36]
	Li Shulei	李书磊	New	No	1964	1986	Henan	Graduate	One Party office Head, Publicity Department of the Central Committee	[37]
	Li Xi	李希	Old	New	1956	1982	Gansu	Graduate	Two Party office Secretary, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Director, Central Leading Group for Inspection Work	[38]
	Liu Guozhong	刘国中	New	No	1962	1986	Heilongjiang	Graduate	One State office Fourth-Ranked Vice Premier of the State Council	[39]
	Ma Xingrui	马兴瑞	New	No	1959	1988	Heilongjiang	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Xinjiang Provincial Party Committee	[40]
	Shi Taifeng	石泰峰	New	No	1956	1982	Shanxi	Graduate	Two Party office Head, United Front Work Department of the Central Committee Organisational office Vice Chairman, National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference	[41]
	Wang Huning	王沪宁	Old	Old	1955	1984	Shanghai	Graduate	One Organisational office Chairman, National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference	[42]
	Wang Yi	王毅	New	No	1953	1981	Beijing	Graduate	Two Party office Director, Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission State office Minister of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China	[43]
	Xi Jinping	习近平	Old	Old	1953	1974	Beijing	Graduate	Eleven Party offices General Secretary, Central Committee Chairman, National Security Commission of the Central Committee Chairman, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission of the Central Committee Head, Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs of the Central Committee Head, Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work of the Central Committee Head, Central Leading Group for Network Security and Information Technology of the Central Committee Military offices Chairman, Central Military Commission Commander-in-chief, Joint Operations Command Center of the Central Military Commission of the People's Liberation Army Head, Leading Group for National Defence and Military Reform of the Central Military Commission Head, Office of the Central Integrated Military-Civilian Development Committee State offices President of the People's Republic of China	[44]
	Yin Li	尹力	New	No	1962	1980	Shandong	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Beijing City Party Committee	[45]
	Yuan Jiajun	袁家军	New	No	1962	1992	Jilin	Graduate	One Party office Secretary, Chongqing Municipal Party Committee	[46]
	Zhang Guoqing	张国清	New	No	1964	1984	Henan	Graduate	One State office Third-Ranked Vice Premier of the State Council	[47]
	Zhang Youxia	张又侠	Old	No	1950	1969	Beijing	Graduate	Two Party office First Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission State office First Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission	[48]
	Zhao Leji	赵乐际	Old	Old	1957	1975	Shandong	Graduate	One State office Chairman, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress	[49]

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