Masbateño | |
---|---|
Masbatenyo | |
Minasbate | |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Masbate province (almost whole portion of Masbate island proper, entire Ticao island and southern half of Burias island) |
Ethnicity | Masbateño people |
Native speakers | 680,000 (2010) [1] |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | msb |
Glottolog | masb1238 |
Areas where Masbateño is spoken | |
Masbateño or Minasbate is a member of Central Philippine languages and of the Bisayan subgroup of the Austronesian language family spoken by more than 724,000 people [2] in the province of Masbate and some parts of Sorsogon in the Philippines. Masbatenyo (sometimes written as Masbateño) is the name used by the speakers of the language and for themselves, although the term Minásbate is sometimes also used to distinguish the language from the people. [3] It has 350,000 speakers as of 2002 [update] , with 50,000 who speak it as their first language. About 250,000 speakers use it as their second language. [2]
Masbatenyo is closely related to Capiznon, with 79% lexical similarity, and Hiligaynon, with 76% lexical similarity. [2] Waray language is closely related and significantly similar to Masbatenyo as well. It is also closely related to Waray Sorsogon language, the language of Sorsogon. This is because Masbate was once part of Sorsogon Province and was governed from Sorsogon City until the 1920s. It has three major dialects: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast which is close to Capiz, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingan in the southeastern part of Masbate, and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate and centered on Masbate City.
There are several accounts on the origins of the word Masbate. One account says that it came from the words masa 'to mix' and batî 'to beat'. The other account says it came from mas batî 'heard better' as in Lumúsad kamó kag umapíke agúd mas batî an íyo ginasábi 'Get down here and get closer so that we can hear better whatever you're saying.' Another account further says that it came from the term that Cebuano migrants used to describe the place, mas batí, which means 'a place where living condition is worse'. [4]
According to a certain Fray Martin de Rada, [5] Masbate took its name from Masbat or Basbat which means 'having many gold mines'. Another claims that the name Masbate came from Masbad. The term Masbad possibly originated from Masbaranon, a barrio that used to be part of the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Placer but is now under the Municipality of Esperanza. This barrio used to be called Surosimbahan because it looks like a church. Its name was then changed Agoho from the tree called agoho. Then, for the third time, its name was changed to Masbaranon because of the supposed abundance of small fish called masbad. [6] [5]
Wolfenden [7] identified three major dialects of Masbatenyo: the western dialect centered around the town of Balud on the western coast which is close to Capiz, the southern dialect centered about the town of Cataingan in the southeastern part of Masbate and the northern dialect covering the whole northern half of Masbate and centered on Masbate City, the capital.
Municipality | Language and/or Dialect Used |
---|---|
Burias Island, First Congressional District | |
Claveria | Masbatenyo |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Masbatenyo with Bikol influence | |
San Pascual | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Bikol with Masbatenyo influence | |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Ticao Island, Second Congressional District | |
Batuan | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
Monreal | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
San Fernando | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
San Jacinto | Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence |
Second Congressional District | |
Aroroy | Masbatenyo |
Baleno | Masbatenyo |
Balud | Hiligaynon with Masbatenyo influence |
Mandaon | Masbatenyo with strong Hiligaynon influence |
Hiligaynon with Masbatenyo influence | |
Masbate City | Masbatenyo |
Milagros | Masbatenyo |
Mobo | Masbatenyo |
Third Congressional District | |
Cawayan | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Cataingan | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Dimasalang | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Masbatenyo | |
Esperanza | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Palanas | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Masbatenyo with strong Waray influence | |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Masbatenyo | |
Pio V. Corpuz | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Placer | Cebuano |
Uson | Cebuano with Masbatenyo influence |
Masbatenyo with strong Cebuano influence | |
Masbatenyo |
Wolfenden [7] reported that although Sorsogon (the southernmost province of Bicol) and Masbate are very much closer to Bicol Peninsula, Sorsoganon and Masbatenyo shared the same grammatical systems which are rather closer to those of Waray and Hiligaynon, the trade languages in the Visayas, rather than that of Bicol.
The presence of competing grammatical and lexical subsystems in the language is the most striking characteristic of Masbatenyo. This has probably been brought on by the influx of settlers from surrounding major language groups who mixed in elements of their language with and alongside of the Masbatenyo. This results to a number of semantic concepts that can be expressed by two to five alternate different words for a single concept. [7]
This led Wolfenden [7] to think that Masbatenyo is unique in the sense of its being a mixed-up language. Speakers of the language often thought that their language is just a mixture of its neighboring languages which are Bikol, Waray-Waray, Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. There are still who refer to their own speech as 'Bisaya'.
Masbatenyo shares different types of mutual intelligibility with its neighboring languages. Speakers of Masbatenyo can easily and conveniently converse with speakers of the neighboring languages using their own language. However, speakers of Cebuano, Waray or Hiligaynon would sometimes find it difficult to understand Masbatenyo because of its lexicon. Furthermore, Zorc [9] considered Masbatenyo, together with Kinaray-a, Bulalakaw, Hiligayon, Waray, and Surigaonon, as "linking dialects" because they serve as "centers of dialect complexes".
McFarland [10] presented different views on the classification of the language spoken in Masbate. One view excluded Masbate and the southern part of Sorsogon from the Bikol area on the grounds that the language spoken in these areas was not Bikol. The other view considered the language as dialect of Bikol.
Other claim on the language of Masbate was that 'the language and dialects of Masbate are basically Visayan, with the major influence being Cebuano.' Zorc [9] made a subgrouping and reconstruction of the Bisayan dialects and included Masbatenyo in his work. He stated that while it is true that there are immigrants from the areas that speak Bikol, Cebuano and Hiligaynon languages, the "native dialect" throughout the island is Masbatenyo.
Zorc [9] presented four types of intelligibility among the Bisayan languages and dialects: a) natural or primary intelligibility, where speakers of different dialects can communicate freely, even they never hear the other dialect before (e.g. Bulalakawnon and Ratagnon, Capiznon and Hiligaynon); b) learned or secondary intelligibility, where speakers can adjust to another dialect in a matter of time (e.g. Bulalakawnon and Aklanon); c) sesquilingualism, whereby a speaker is fluent in his native language (dialect), but can only understand (not speak) another (Waray and Cebuano, where speakers of both languages can understand both perfectly but speakers of Cebuano understand Waray poorly); and d) one-way intelligibility, whereby A understands B but B does not understand A.
Masbatenyo speakers in the town of Masbate belong to the fourth kind. The residents of the town can readily understand the speech of the outsiders but the outsiders cannot understand the speech of the local residents. Speakers can understand Sorsoganon, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, and Cebuano but the latter experience varying degrees of difficulty in understanding Masbatenyo. [9]
Regarding the duration of the Bisayan occupancy of the Central Philippines, Zorc reported that there are no pre-Hispanic writings that would account for their existence in the area. Zorc [9] stipulated that current speakers of many of the Bisayan languages and dialects could have given up their original languages long ago in favor of an intrusive or more prestigious language, or in favor of the language already spoken in the region that they invaded and conquered.
In 2016, researchers from the Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology (DEBESMSCAT) together with the members of newly established Minasbate Language Society, composed of various stakeholders from Masbate, developed a working orthography on the language based on the discussions in the 1st Minasbate Orthography Congress.
The Minasbate Working Orthography [11] distinguishes between the native Minasbate orthography and the extended working orthography.
The inclusion of borrowed terms in native Minasbaté vocabulary has resulted in the change in the structure of the language. There is a need to develop an extended orthography to accommodate these words.
Borrowed letters | Minasbaté letters | Examples |
---|---|---|
c when followed by o, u, or a | k | kwarto for cuarto |
c when followed by i or e | s | sentimo for centimo |
ch | ts | tsokolate for chocolate |
f | p | pyesta for fiesta |
j | h | Hulyo for Julio |
ll | y or ly | lyabe for llave |
ñ | ny | Hunyo for Juño |
q | k | kwestyon vs question |
v | b | lyabe for llave |
x | ks | taksi for taxi |
z | S | sigsag for zigzag |
8. Consonant clusters exist in both native and borrowed words in Minasbaté.
Consonant Clusters | Examples |
---|---|
pl | plato |
pr | prito |
pw | pwerta |
py | pyano |
tr | trapo |
tw | twerka |
ty | tyán |
kl | klaro |
kr | krus |
kw | kwento |
bl | blangko |
br | braso |
bw | bweno |
by | Byernes |
dr | drama |
dw | dwende |
dy | dyis |
gl | glorya |
gr | grasya |
gw | gwapo |
my | myintras |
sw | swerte |
sy | sya |
hw | hwebes |
9. The apostrophe symbol ( ' ) is used in contracted words. The particles san and sin are often contracted to the immediately preceding word if it ends in either a glottal or vowel sound. The unstressed vowel can also be deleted in fast speech.
damó` sin kwarta | damo'n kwarta |
wara` sin tawo | wara'n tawo |
darahán | dar'hán |
nano man | na'man |
`idto `an | `idto'n |
sadto san | sadto'n |
`ina` `an | `ina'n |
Masbatenyo has 19 segmental phonemes: 16 consonant sounds /p,t,k,b,d,g,m,n,ŋ,l,r,w,j,s,h,ʔ/ and three vowel sounds /a,ɪ,ʊ/. Post-alveolar sounds /ʃ,tʃ,dʒ/ are also present as a result of loanwords. /ɪ/ has the mid front unrounded, lax vowel [ɛ] (written orthographically as e) as its variant; /ʊ/ has the mid back rounded lax [ɔ] (written orthographically as o) as its variant. The sound [ɛ] only appears in loan words from English and Spanish and occurs in free variation with [ɪ]. Similarly, the sound [ɔ] is a variant of [ʊ] and its occurrence might have been brought by the interaction with the Tagalog language and the incorporation of Spanish and English loan words in Masbatenyo language. [3]
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is the conventional onset of the orthographically vowel-initial words, thus vowels cannot occur in initial position. They only occur in medial and final position. [7] [3]
There are two major syllable patterns in Masbatenyo, namely, open syllable /C(C)V, (C(C)VC)/ and closed syllable /CVC/. Most root words in Masbatenyo are disyllabic (they are composed of two syllables) and follows the CV(C).CV(C) pattern. There are monosyllabic words; however, most of them are functors that have no lexical meaning. Most of the disyllabic words contain an affix, reduplicated or compound.
Masbatenyo also has a suprasegmental phoneme, the stress, which is characterized by vowel length. The acoustic analysis of stress correlates using Praat showed that duration is the most consistent factor that characterizes stress. Stressed syllables are longer than their unstressed counterparts. [3]
The diphthongs in Masbatenyo are: [aw] in sabaw 'soup', [ɪw] in agiw 'soot', [aj] in balay 'house', and [ʊj] or [ɔj] in baboy 'pig'.
Consonant clusters are non-native to Masbatenyo phonology. Their occurrence in the language is brought by the entry of borrowed words from Spanish and English.
The form of a morpheme can change when they are combined to form words or phrases. Such changes are called mophophonemic changes. Among these changes are: vowel deletion; contraction of particles san and sin, assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis and degemination. [3] [7]
Masbatenyo provides support for the claim that root words are pre-categorial or neutral by themselves. [12] [13] Take the following examples: Dakó 'big (size, abstract)' is a root which can express a property or state, as seen in: Dakó an baláy niya 'His house is big'. But it can also be combined with certain affixes to form a process verb in: Nagdaragkó na an atáman 'His pet has grown already.' It can also combine with a determiner, an, to form a noun in the context: Dilí ko nakita an pagdakó san báta niya 'I didn't see his child growing up.'
Dalágan is considered a verb when used in command form: Dalágan! 'Run!' But it can be analyzed as a noun in forms such as Malúya an dalágan san trak niya. 'His truck runs slowly.'
Masbatenyo employs the following operations in deriving new words:
However, the existence of bare root forms of modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) in Masbatenyo can also provide evidence that root forms also have lexical properties. Examples of this are lab`as 'fresh (fish)' versus lúb`ok 'rotten', hilaw 'raw' versus lutô 'cooked'. [3]
Proper and common nouns are distinguishable from each other because they have their respective determiners; proper nouns are marked by si/sinda, ni/ninda, and kan/kanda while common nouns are accompanied by an, san/sin, and sa.
In Masbatenyo, there is a subgroup of common nouns that can be inflected as imitative. The imitative affix can be the reduplicative or the Curu- 'imitative/diminutive'. The reduplicative affix – the reduplication of the whole word – is applicable to a stem that is disyllabic and has open penult (CV). Regardless of the original position of the stress, the stress of the reduplicated form is always in the penult, such as in táwu 'man' > tawu-táwu 'toy'
The Curu- is attached to a stem that has more than two syllables. It also attaches to a stem that has a close penult (CVC). The stress does not shift after reduplication. An example of this is barúto 'boat' > burubarúto 'mini-boat'
Temporal nouns can also be reduplicated and affixed with Curu-. The meaning, however, is no longer imitative. It means 'every …' as illustrated in adláw 'day' > uru`adláw 'everyday'.
Nouns can also be derived from other word classes by adding nominalizing morphemes or voice affixes.
Affix | Base | Meaning of Derivation | Examples | Root/Stem |
---|---|---|---|---|
-ero | N, V | occupation/profession | tindéro 'vendor' | tindá 'to sell' |
ka- | V | reciprocal action | kaúpod 'companion' | upód 'accompany' |
N | result of the action | kautód 'piece' | utód 'cut' | |
para- | N, V | one who regularly does the action occupation/profession | paralába 'laundry washer' paratukdó 'teacher' | labá 'wash (laundry)' tukdó 'teach' |
pagka- | N, V | nature, essence of ... | pagkatáwo 'human-ness | tawó 'human' |
pag- | V | abstract entity/concept | pagkáon 'food' | káon 'to eat' |
paN- | V | abstract entity/concept | pamatyág 'feeling' | batyág 'to feel' |
taga-/tiga- | N | native of a certain place | taga-Manila 'native of Manila' | Manila 'Manila |
V | doer of a definite action | tagapudó 'harvester' | pudó 'harvest' | |
tika- | V | almost happening | tikaúran 'will rain' | urán 'rain' |
tag-/ tig- | N | season/time of | tag`urán 'rainy season | urán 'rain' |
tag- | N | owner of | tagbaláy 'owner of the house' | baláy 'house' |
tig- | N | distributive | tig`urúsad 'one each' | usád 'one' |
Affix | Base | Gloss | Example | Root/Stem |
---|---|---|---|---|
-(h)an | N, V | location of a thing, action or process | atubángan 'in front of' | atúbang 'front' |
V | Instrument | kanáman 'toy' | kánam 'play | |
V | someone addicted to a particular action | kawatán 'thief' | káwat 'to steal' | |
ka-STEM + -an | V | degree, quantity | karaútan 'ugliness' | raút 'ugly' |
N | collection or group | ka`igmanghúdan 'brothers' | igmanghúd 'relative/brother' | |
N | place for N | kahadían 'kingdom' | hádi 'king' | |
-in- | V | resultant state | pinaláypay sinugbá 'smoked fish/meat' | palaypáy sugbá 'to smoke fish/meat' |
N | in the manner of | Minásbate 'Masbate style' | Masbáte 'Masbate' | |
-(h)un | N, V | made of/ has the quality of | langitnón 'heavenly' | lángit 'heaven' |
N, V | something to be V-ed | anihún '(crop) to be harvested' | áni 'harvest' | |
-Vr- + -on | V | inherently V | sarawáyon 'mischievous' | sawáy 'mischief' |
Masbatenyo employs three types of possession strategies:
Masbatenyo verbs, like verbs in other Philippine languages, are marked for their voice, aspect and modality. Further, as Nolasco [12] observed in Philippine languages, voice and tense/aspect/mode often interact and it is sometimes difficult to tease them apart.
Masbatenyo is marked for aspect to show the condition of the action; whether it has begun or not, and whether it is viewed as a process or in a static state. What is important to the speakers is not a temporal relation of the activity to the moment of speaking, but the internal stages of the activity. It is not marked for tense since its action is not correlated with time.
Masbatenyo has the five aspects: infinitive or neutral, perfective, imperfective, prospective and recent perfective.
Mode describes the speakers' attitude toward a situation, including the speakers' belief in its reality, or likelihood (Payne 1997). It describes the view of the speaker as to how the action is done. The term mode, mood and modality are often used interchangeably. There are at least six types of mode that occur in Masbatenyo:
Mode | Affix | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Indicative | um, m-, -an, -on, i- | action is performed |
Imperative | -on, -an, -a, -i | request or command |
Aptative | paka- | possibility/ accidental |
Reciprocal | paki(g) | action is done together by the actor and the goal of the action; exchange of actions between two or more actors |
Causative | pa- | the actor is the reason why the action is done but the actor is not doing the action |
Distributive | pang- | plurality of an action or that an action is done repeatedly |
In Masbatenyo, the so-called "adjectives" and "adverbs" are similar morphologically; hence, there exists no persuasive reasons for separating the modifiers of verbs and non-verbs.
Modifiers can either occur in their root forms or they can be inflected by affixes. The first type belongs to a class of unaffixed form of statives. These forms denote that the properties they exhibit are not derived from a process or those that are possessed innately by the thing being described. Examples are lab`as 'fresh (fish)' versus lúb`ok 'rotten', hilaw 'raw' versus lutô 'cooked'.
Affixed forms of the statives are classified according to the affix that attaches to their root forms. There are three types of affixed forms in Masbaenyo:
Affix | Lexical Base | Gloss | Examples | Stem/Root |
---|---|---|---|---|
-an | N, V | personal character | talawán 'coward' | tálaw 'cowardice' |
V | person performing action | kawatán 'thief' | káwat 'to steal' | |
<in> | N | manner | Minásbaté 'Masbatenyo style' | Masbáte 'Masbate' |
ma- + -on | V | mental or physical qualities | malangáson 'joker' | langás 'joke' |
maka-V1r | Stative | making one become | makaarálo 'embarrassing' | álo 'shame' |
-(a)-n-on | N | state /human modifier | langitnón 'heavenly' | lángit 'heaven' |
-on | N, V | quality; description of a person | buwáon 'liar' tibíhon 'person suffering from tuberculosis' | búwà 'lie' tíbi 'tuberculosis' |
para- | V | fond of habitual action | paralángas 'joker' | langás 'to joke' |
Masbatenyo modifiers are inflected by means of affixes for four degrees of intensity: basic, comparative, superlative, and intensive.
In Masbatenyo, intensive degree is expressed by the affix ka- accompanied by the non-obligatory particle man attached to bare forms (roots), e.g. Kaganda san boses ni Tinne. 'Tinne's voice is so beautiful.'
Intensive degree may also be expressed by Curu reduplication. ka- intensification also co-occurs with the Curu intensification. Katurutam`is saní na biko. 'This rice cake is very sweet.'
Adverbial properties in Masbatenyo are rather expressed by clitic particles such as na 'already', pa 'still', ngáni 'really', kunó 'reportedly', etc.
In Philippine-type languages, pronouns replace the full noun phrases in a clause. Pronouns, however, do not take the place of nouns in most expressions (e.g. an bata > siya, not an siya), but do so in oblique phrases (e.g. sa batà 'to the child' > sa iya 'to him/her').
There are five important types of pronouns in Philippine languages: personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns and indefinite pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to entities already mentioned in the discourse or known to the hearer. They are classified according to person, case and number.
Gloss | Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive/ Oblique | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
free | clitic | free | clitic | free | ||||
1st person | singular | 1SG | ako | =ako | ákon | =ko | ákon | |
plural | excl | 1+2 | kami | =kami | ámon | =námon | ámon | |
incl | 1+2PL | kita | =kita | áton | =náton | áton | ||
2nd person | singular | 2SG | ikaw | =ka/ikaw | ímo | =mo/nímo | ímo | |
plural | 2PL | kamo | =kamo | íyo | =níyo | íyo | ||
3rd person | singular | 3SG | siya | =siya | íya | =níya | íya | |
plural | 3PL | sinda | =sinda | índa | =nínda | índa |
Demonstrative pronouns or deictics refer to entities in relation to distance, and space and also refer to their location on a timeline. In discourse, demonstratives are also used to track reference across clauses. They sometimes take the place of third personal pronouns.
Spatial orientation | Absolutive (S/O) | Ergative (A) | Oblique | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-specific | Specific | |||
near speaker | iní | siní | saní | didî |
near hearer | inâ | sinâ | sanâ | didâ |
far from both | idtó | sidtó | sadtó | didtó |
Interrogative pronouns are those that take place of the nouns in questions. Interrogatives are used when a concept is being questioned and to elicit information so that an item can be identified. The interrogative pronouns are sin`o 'who', náno 'what', pan`o 'how', san`o 'when', pirá 'how much', háin 'where', and diín 'where'.
Nano kay 'why' differs from the rest of interrogative words since it does not replace a noun phrase but an entire clause. It consists of the interrogative pronoun náno and the reason particle kay.
Reflexive pronouns are special words which refer to the same referent in a construction. It is made up of the word sadíri plus the relevant pronoun, as in the phrase sa sadíri niya or sa iya sadíri.
Indefinite pronouns refer to entities, persons, places or times which cannot be clearly established. The indefinite pronouns can either be expressed in two ways:
Amó is a general pro-form that can be used to replace any noun, verb, modifier, or even whole clauses. Wolfenden [7] refers to amó as the universal substitute. Amo is also used to track an antecedent in a previous sentence.
Masbatenyo has native terms for numbers. However, in the domain of money and time, Spanish terms are used. Numerals typically go with nouns to specify the number of items talked about. They can also modify verbs and other predicates to indicate degree and quantity of action.
Numeral | Cardinal | Ordinal | Distributive | Time expression |
---|---|---|---|---|
one | isád/uno | primiro | tig-isád | ala-úna |
two | duwá/duhá/dos | ikaduwá | tigduwá | alas-dos |
three | tuló/tres | ikatuló | tigtuló | alas-tres |
four | upát/kwatro | ikaupát | tig-upát | alas-kwatro |
five | lima/singko | ikalimá | tiglimá | alas-singko |
six | unóm/sais | ikaunóm | tig-unóm | alas-sais |
seven | pitó/syete | ikapitó | tigpitó | alas-syete |
eight | waló/otso | ikawaló | tigwaló | alas-otso |
nine | siyám/nwebe | ikasiyám | tigsyám | alas-nwebe |
ten | napúlo/dyis | pangnapúlò | tignapúlò | alas-dyis |
eleven | ónse | pang-ónse | tig-ónse | alas-ónse |
twelve | dose | pandóse | tigdóse | alas-dóse |
thirteen | trese | pantrese | tigtrese | |
twenty | beynte | pambeynte | tigbeynte | |
thirty | treynta | pantreynta | tigtreynta | |
one-hundred | syin/isád ka gatús | tigsyin | ||
one thousand | mil/isád ka líbo | tig`isád ka líbo |
The following are basic mathematical operations in Masbateño: [14]
The following are advanced algebraic operations in Masbateño: [14]
English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription |
---|---|---|---|
ankle | bukung-bukong, sakong | tikód | [tɪ'kɔd] |
arm | bisig | butkún | [bʊt'kʊn] |
armpit | kili-kili | kilikili | [kɪlɪˈkɪlɪ] |
back | likod | likod | [lɪ'kɔd] |
beard | balbas | barbas | [bar'bas] |
belly | tiyan | tiyan | [tɪ'jan] |
bile | apdu | apdû | [ʔapˈdʊʔ] |
blood | dugo | dugô | [dʊ'gɔʔ] |
body | katawan | lawas | ['lawas] |
breast | suso | dudu | ['dʊdʊ] |
buttocks | puwit, puwitan | bubót | [bʊˈbɔt] |
cheek | pisngi | pisngi | [pɪs'ŋɪ] |
chest | dibdib | dughán | [dʊg'han] |
chin | baba | babà, sulan, sulay | ['babaʔ], [sʊˈlan], ['sʊˈlaɪ̯] |
curly hair | kurong | kurung | [kʊˈrʊŋ] |
ear | tainga | talinga | [ta'lɪŋa] |
elbow | siko | siko | ['sɪkɔ] |
eye | mata | mata | [maˈta] |
eyebrow | kilay | kíray | ['kɪɾaɪ̯] |
face | mukha | bayhón | [bajˈhɔn] |
finger | daliri | tudlo | [tʊd'lʊʔ] |
fingernail | kuko | kuko | [kʊ'kɔ] |
forehead | noo | agtang | [ʔagˈtaŋ] |
foot | paa | tiíl | [tɪˈʔɪl] |
gray hair | uban | uban | ['ʔʊban] |
hair | buhok | buhok | [bʊ'hɔk] |
hand | kamay | kamút | [kaˈmʊt] |
head | ulo | úlo | ['ʔʊlɔ] |
heart | puso | puso | [pʊsɔʔ] |
intestines | bituka | tinái | [tɪ'naʔɪ] |
jaw | panga | pangá | [pa'ŋa] |
knee | tuhod | tuhod | ['tʊhɔd] |
left (hand) | kaliwa | walá | [wa'la] |
lip | labi | ngawít | [ŋa'wɪt] |
liver | atay | atáy | [ʔa'taɪ̯] |
lungs | baga | bagà | ['bagaʔ] |
mouth | bibig | bibíg | [bɪˈbɪg] |
nail (finger or toe) | kuko | kukó | [kʊ'kɔ] |
nape | batok | lùong | [lʊ'ʔɔŋ] |
navel | pusod | pusod | ['pʊsɔd] |
neck | leeg | líog | ['lɪʔʊg] |
nose | ilong | iróng | [ʔɪ'rʊŋ] |
palm (hand) | palad | pálad | ['palad] |
penis | ari ng lalaki, utin, titi, buto | butò | ['bʊtʊʔ] |
rib | tadyang | gúsok | ['gʊsɔk] |
right (hand) | kanan | tuó | [tʊ'ʔɔ] |
shoulder | balikat | abága | [ʔa'baga] |
skull | bungo | bungô, alimpatakan | [bʊ'ŋɔʔ], [ʔalɪmpaˈtakan] |
stomach | tiyan | tiyan | [tɪ'jan] |
thigh | hita | híta | ['hɪtaʔ] |
throat | lalamunan | tutunlán | [tʊtʊnˈlan] |
toe | daliri sa paa | tudlô | ['tʊdlɔʔ] |
tooth | ngipin | ngípon | ['ŋɪpɔn] |
vagina | pekpek, puki | putáy | [pʊ'taɪ̯] |
English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription |
---|---|---|---|
ant | langgam | guyom, hurmigas | ['gʊjɔm]; [hʊr'mɪgas] |
bird | ibon | sapát | [sa'pat] |
butterfly | paruparo | alibangbang | [ʔalɪˈbaŋbaŋ] |
cat | pusa | miyà | [mɪjaʔ] |
chick | sisiw | pisû | [pɪ'sʊʔ] |
chicken | manok | manok | [ma'nɔk] |
cockroach | ipis | kuratsa | [kʊ'ratsa] |
carabao | kalabaw | karabáw | [karaˈbaʊ̯] |
crocodile | buwaya | buwáya | [bʊ'waja] |
crow | uwak | uwák | [ʔʊ'wak] |
deer | usa | usa | ['ʔʊsa] |
dog | aso | ido, ayam | [ʔɪdʊʔ], ['ʔajam] |
eel | igat (freshwater) palos (saltwater) | palós | [pa'lɔs] |
fish | isda | isdâ | [ʔɪs'daʔ] |
fly (the insect) | langaw (small), bangaw (big) | lángaw | ['laŋaʊ̯] |
frog | palaka | pakâ | [pa'kaʔ] |
mosquito | lamok | lamúk | [la'mʊk] |
octopus | pugita | pugíta | [pʊˈgɪta] |
pig | baboy | baboy | ['babɔɪ̯] |
snake | ahas | sawá | [sa'wa] |
spider | gagamba | lawà | ['lawaʔ] |
English | Tagalog | Masbatenyo | IPA Transcription |
---|---|---|---|
alive | buhay | buháy | [bʊˈhaɪ̯] |
all | lahat | tanán | [ta'nan] |
awake | gising | matá | [ma'ta] |
bald | kalbo | kalbo | [kalbɔ] |
beautiful | maganda | magandá | [maganˈda] |
big | malaki | dakû | [daˈkʊʔ] |
bitter | mapait | mapaít | [mapaʔɪt] |
black | itim, maitim | itúm, maitúm | [ʔɪ'tʊm], [maʔɪ'tʊm] |
clean | malinis | malínis, limpio | [ma'lɪnɪs], ['lɪmpjɔ] |
cold (objects) | malamig | matúgnaw | [maˈtʊgnaʊ̯] |
cold (weather) | maginaw, malamig | mahágkot | [ma'hagkɔt] |
curly hair | kulot | kurúng | [kʊˈrʊŋ] |
dark, dim | madilim | madulúm | [madʊ'lʊm] |
deaf | bingi | bungól | [bʊˈŋɔl] |
deep | malalim | madalúm / hidarúm | [mada'lʊm] |
dumb (mute) | pipi | apâ | [ʔa'paʔ] |
far | malayo | harayû | [hara'jʊʔ] |
fast | mabilis | madagmít / matulin | [madag'mɪt] |
few | kaunti, iilan | dyútay / diyút | [djʊ'taɪ̯] |
first | una | úna, primero | ['ʔʊna], [prɪ'merɔ] |
foul-smelling | mabaho | mabahò | [ma'bahʊʔ] |
fragrant | mabango | mahumot | [maˈhʊmɔt] |
full (after eating) | busog | busóg | [bʊˈsɔg] |
full (not empty) | puno | punô | [pʊ'nʊʔ] |
good | mabuti | mabúot, maayo | [ma'bʊʔɔt], [maˈʔajʊ] |
healthy | malusog | mabaskog | [ma'baskog] |
heavy | mabigat | mabug-at | [mabʊgˈʔat] |
hungry | gutom | gutóm | [gʊ'tɔm] |
last | huli | urhí | [ʔʊrˈhɪ] |
light | magaan(g) | magaán | [maga'ʔan] |
many | marami | damû | [daˈmʊʔ] |
narrow | makitid | mapiot | [mapiot] |
rotten (as fruit) | sira | lupâ | [lu'pâ] |
rotten (log) | bulok | lub-ok | [lʊb'ʔɔk] |
shallow | mababaw | hamábaw | [haˈmabaʊ̯] |
sharp (knife) | matalim, matalas | matarúm | [mata'rʊm] |
short | maliit (size), maikli, maiksi (length), pandak (height) | dyutáy, putót | [djʊ'taɪ̯], [pʊ'tɔt] |
sleepy | inaantok | ginapiráw | [gɪnapɪˈraʊ̯] |
slow | mabagal | mahínay | [maˈhɪnaɪ̯] |
small | maliit | dyutáy | [djʊˈtaɪ̯] |
sweet | matamis | matam-is | [matam'ʔɪs] |
thick | makapal | dakmól | [dakˈmɔl] |
thin | manipis | manipís | [manɪ'pɪs] |
thin (human) | payat | maníwang | [ma'nɪwaŋ] |
thirsty | uhaw | uháw | [ʔʊ'haʊ̯] |
tight | masikip | gutók | [gʊ'tɔk] |
ugly | pangit | maraót | [mara'ʔɔt] |
warm (weather), warm (humid) | mainit, maalinsangan | maínit | [ma'ʔɪnɪt] |
weak | mahina | maluya | [maˈlʊja] |
wet | basa | basâ | [ba'saʔ] |
wide | malawak | halápad | [haˈlapad] |
wrong | mali | malî | [ma'lɪʔ] |
Pulong Ko Yadto [15]
Pulong ko yadto mato-od kag tunay
An imo sa akon tuga na pagmahal
Nano an nangyari kay imo guin bayaan
Mga pangako mo san nag-agi na adlaw
Mili kay sugad an akon kamotangan
Imo guin bayaan, imo guin bayaan
Nagtios sin labi na kasakitan
Kay gusto mo ada na ako mamatay
Kon dili pa lamang an akon paglaom
Sa imo binilin na mga surmaton
Di kunta nagios inin tagipusu-on
Di kunta nasayang inin lawas nakon.
Unless otherwise noted, statements in this article refer to Standard Finnish, which is based on the dialect spoken in the former Häme Province in central south Finland. Standard Finnish is used by professional speakers, such as reporters and news presenters on television.
Madí—also known as Jamamadí after one of its dialects, and also Kapaná or Kanamanti (Canamanti)—is an Arawan language spoken by about 1,000 Jamamadi, Banawá, and Jarawara people scattered over Amazonas, Brazil.
Cebuano is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is natively, though informally, called by its generic term Bisayâ or Binisayâ and sometimes referred to in English sources as Cebuan. It is spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte, and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and the eastern part of Zamboanga del Norte due to Spanish settlements during the 18th century. In modern times, it has also spread to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the lowland regions of Caraga, often displacing native languages in those areas.
Makassarese, sometimes called Makasar, Makassar, or Macassar, is a language of the Makassarese people, spoken in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It is a member of the South Sulawesi group of the Austronesian language family, and thus closely related to, among others, Buginese, also known as Bugis. The areas where Makassarese is spoken include the Gowa, Sinjai, Maros, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Pangkajene and Islands, Bulukumba, and Selayar Islands Regencies, and Makassar. Within the Austronesian language family, Makassarese is part of the South Sulawesi language group, although its vocabulary is considered divergent compared to its closest relatives. In 2000, Makassarese had approximately 2.1 million native speakers.
Niuean is a Polynesian language, belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian languages. It is most closely related to Tongan and slightly more distantly to other Polynesian languages such as Māori, Samoan, and Hawaiian. Together, Tongan and Niuean form the Tongic subgroup of the Polynesian languages. Niuean also has a number of influences from Samoan and Eastern Polynesian languages.
Tagalog grammar are the rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Tagalog language, one of the languages in the Philippines.
Halkomelem is a language of various First Nations peoples of the British Columbia Coast. It is spoken in what is now British Columbia, ranging from southeastern Vancouver Island from the west shore of Saanich Inlet northward beyond Gabriola Island and Nanaimo to Nanoose Bay and including the Lower Mainland from the Fraser River Delta upriver to Harrison Lake and the lower boundary of the Fraser Canyon.
The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. A language isolate, with no known related languages, Tonkawa has not had L1 speakers since the mid 20th centiury. Most Tonkawa people now only speak English, but revitalization is underway.
Wintu is a Wintu language which was spoken by the Wintu people of Northern California. It was the northernmost member of the Wintun family of languages. The Wintun family of languages was spoken in the Shasta County, Trinity County, Sacramento River Valley and in adjacent areas up to the Carquinez Strait of San Francisco Bay. Wintun is a branch of the hypothetical Penutian language phylum or stock of languages of western North America, more closely related to four other families of Penutian languages spoken in California: Maiduan, Miwokan, Yokuts, and Costanoan.
Kwakʼwala, or Kwak̓wala, previously known as Kwakiutl, is a Wakashan language spoken by about 450 Kwakwakaʼwakw people around Queen Charlotte Strait in Western Canada. It has shared considerable influence with other languages of the Pacific Northwest, especially those of the unrelated Salishan family. While Kwakʼwala is severely endangered, revitalization efforts are underway to preserve the language.
The Ojibwe language is an Algonquian North American indigenous language spoken throughout the Great Lakes region and westward onto the northern plains. It is one of the largest indigenous language north of Mexico in terms of number of speakers, and exhibits a large number of divergent dialects. For the most part, this article describes the Minnesota variety of the Southwestern dialect. The orthography used is the Fiero Double-Vowel System.
Tübatulabal is an Uto-Aztecan language, traditionally spoken in Kern County, California, United States. It is the traditional language of the Tübatulabal, who still speak the traditional language in addition to English. The language originally had three main dialects: Bakalanchi, Pakanapul and Palegawan.
Tsimshian, known by its speakers as Sm'algya̱x, is a dialect of the Tsimshian language spoken in northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Sm'algya̱x means literally "real or true language."
Tiriyó is the Cariban language used in everyday life by the Tiriyó people, the majority of whom are monolingual. Although Tiriyó is the preferred spelling, the Tiriyó refer to themselves as tarëno; other variations, including tarano, tirió, and trio, exist. The Tiriyó are located on both sides of the Brazil-Suriname border in Lowland South America. Because Tiriyó is spoken by the entire Tiriyó population, its level of endangerment is low. However, it may be threatened by the presence of a newly installed radar station staffed by a considerable number of non-Indigenous people close to the main village.
The Kwaio language, or Koio, is spoken in the centre of Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands. It is spoken by about 13,000 people.
Ute is a dialect of the Colorado River Numic language, spoken by the Ute people. Speakers primarily live on three reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah, Southern Ute in southwestern Colorado, and Ute Mountain in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. Ute is part of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Other dialects in this dialect chain are Chemehuevi and Southern Paiute. As of 2010, there were 1,640 speakers combined of all three dialects Colorado River Numic. Ute's parent language, Colorado River Numic, is classified as a threatened language, although there are tribally-sponsored language revitalization programs for the dialect.
Pendau, or Umalasa, is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia spoken by the approximately 4000 Pendau people who live in Central Sulawesi. Classified as an endangered language, Pendau is primarily spoken inside of Pendau villages whereas Indonesian is used to speak with neighboring communities and is the language of children's education and outside officials. The highest concentration of speakers is in and around Kecamatan Balaesang. There are no known dialects within the Pendau region, although speakers from the mainland can identify whether a speaker is from the Balaesang peninsula through their 'rhythm' or intonation pattern. In recent years, some Pendau leaders have worked with local government to preserve their language alongside Indonesian.
Nuaulu is a language indigenous to the island of Seram Island in Indonesia, and it is spoken by the Nuaulu people. The language is split into two dialects, a northern and a southern dialect, between which there a communication barrier. The dialect of Nuaulu referred to on this page is the southern dialect, as described in Bolton 1991.
Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.
The Mukomuko language is a language in the Minangkabau language family spoken by the Mukomuko people, a subgroup of the Minangkabau people living in Mukomuko Regency in northern Bengkulu that borders West Sumatra. In 1993, there were an estimated 26,000 Mukomuko speakers. Mukomuko is closely related to the Minangkabau language and shares similarities with the Pancung Soal dialect, spoken in the southern part of Pesisir Selatan Regency in West Sumatra. The distribution area of this dialect also extends to the northern part of Mukomuko Regency. Geographically, Mukomuko is situated on the border between Bengkulu and West Sumatra, which fosters interaction between the people of Mukomuko and the Minangkabau. This proximity results in a culturally rich environment, representing the convergence of two or more cultures.
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