Red Bluff, California

Last updated

City of Red Bluff
City
Red Bluff new clocktower.jpg
Cone & Kimball Plaza clocktower, known as the "Center of the City"
Motto: 
"A Great Place To Live"
Tehama County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Red Bluff Highlighted.svg
Location in California and Tehama County
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
City of Red Bluff
Location in the United States
Relief map of California.png
Red pog.svg
City of Red Bluff
City of Red Bluff (California)
Coordinates: 40°10′36″N122°14′17″W / 40.17667°N 122.23806°W / 40.17667; -122.23806
Country United States
State California
County Tehama
Incorporated March 31, 1876 [1]
Area
[2]
 •  City
7.67 sq mi (19.88 km2)
 • Land7.56 sq mi (19.58 km2)
 • Water0.11 sq mi (0.30 km2)  1.48%
Elevation
[3]
305 ft (93 m)
Population
 (2020) [4]
 •  City
14,710
 • Density1,900/sq mi (740/km2)
 •  Urban
[ citation needed ]
18,434
Time zone UTC−8 (Pacific (PST))
 • Summer (DST) UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP code
96080
Area code 530
FIPS code 06-59892
GNIS feature IDs 277581, 2411527
Website Official website OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

Red Bluff is a city in and the county seat of Tehama County, California, United States. [5] Its population was 14,710 at the 2020 census, up from 14,076 at the 2010 census.

Contents

It is located 131 miles (211 kilometers) north of Sacramento, 31 mi (50 km) south of Redding, and it is bisected by Interstate 5. Red Bluff is situated on the banks of the upper Sacramento River. Located in the northernmost part of California’s Central Valley, the city marks the northern end of a vast contiguously cultivated area that extends all the way to Bakersfield, 400 mi (640 km) to the south. Mildly rugged terrain, used as rangeland, separates Red Bluff from the next crop areas to the north in Cottonwood.

It was originally known as Leodocia, but was renamed to Covertsburg in 1853, then its current name in 1854. [6] Located at the head of navigation on the Sacramento River, the town flourished in the mid- to late 19th century as a landing point for miners heading to the Trinity County gold fields and later as a temporary terminus for the Southern Pacific Railroad's northward expansion.

Geography

Red Bluff is on the northern edge of the Sacramento Valley, and is the third=largest city in the Shasta Cascade region. It is about 31 mi (50 km) south of Redding, 40 mi (64 km) northwest of Chico, and 131 mi (211 km) north of Sacramento.

The city is located at 40°10′36″N122°14′17″W / 40.17667°N 122.23806°W / 40.17667; -122.23806 (40.176640, -122.237951). [7] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 sq mi (20 km2). 7.6 sq mi (20 km2) of it is land and 0.1 sq mi (0.26 km2) (1.48%) of it is covered by water.

History

Etching of Levensohn & Galland Building, 1864 RedBluff Levensohn & Galland.jpg
Etching of Levensohn & Galland Building, 1864
Odd Fellows Building in downtown Red Bluff (2020) Odd Fellows Building in Red Bluff.jpg
Odd Fellows Building in downtown Red Bluff (2020)
Main Street stores, 1987 Main Street stores, angle view, Red Bluff, California LOC 23537997938.jpg
Main Street stores, 1987

In the early 19th century, the Siskiyou Trail was the main north-south path connecting Northern California and Southern Oregon first used by the Native Americans and later fur trappers and hunters. The first European to settle the northern Sacramento Valley in what was then Alta California was Peter Lassen, who in 1844 was granted the 24,000-acre (97 km2) Rancho Bosquejo tract from the Mexican government near present-day Vina, about 20 mi (32 km) southeast of Red Bluff. There, he proposed to establish a town, but his attempts were thwarted when the California Gold Rush stole the focus of the settlers he had gathered in Missouri. Regardless, the publicity from his colonization efforts attracted new settlers to the valley. In the late 1840s, riverboat traffic began expanding northward along the Sacramento River. Lassen's initial attempt to navigate to his ranch in 1849 had failed, but the following year, a riverboat managed to make the arduous 125-mile (201 km) journey from Sacramento in 5 months before ultimately being sunk. The discovery of gold near Yreka, California, in 1851 brought a new rush northward and settlers soon flooded the area, looking for the quickest route to the gold fields. A site on the Sacramento River just north of Reeds Creek was determined to be the river's navigable head, and a small community soon sprung up around the important landing. First known as Leodocia then Covertsburg, by then time a post office was established on October 17, 1853, residents had settled on the name Red Bluff, in recognition of the titular geographical features once prominent along the banks of the Sacramento River. [9] [10] The first postmaster was Samuel Bishop.

Tehama County was created in 1856 and Red Bluff was chosen as the seat of the new county. By 1859, the first permanent courthouse was constructed.

As early as 1854, committees were brought together at Red Bluff to plan a railroad route connecting California to southern Oregon through the Siskyou Mountains via Nobles Pass. The railroad finally reached Red Bluff in 1872, and for a few years, it was the terminus, increasing the town's wealth greatly. In the 1880s, White supremacists in Red Bluff began an ethnic-cleansing campaign against the Chinese residents. In February 1886, thousands of Whites in the "Anti-Coolie League" marched on Chinatown and went from house to house, ordering the occupants to leave within 10 days. Later that year, after the Chinese population had been expelled, the Chinatown was burned. [11]

Growth slowed by the late 1880s, when the railroad was continued north towards Redding, but riverboat commerce continued well into the 20th century. Mining was largely replaced by agriculture, and Red Bluff remained a vital shipping point by rail and eventually highway.

On June 27, 2020, a local Walmart distribution center was the site of a workplace shooting, in which one employee was killed and another four were wounded. The shooter, identified as a former employee, was then killed by responding police officers. [12]

Climate

Red Bluff has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. An average of 100.1 days annually have highs of 90 °F (32.2 °C) or higher and an average of 21.5 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record highest temperature was 121 °F (49.4 °C) on August 7, 1981, and the record lowest temperature was 17 °F (−8.3 °C) on January 9, 1937. Annual precipitation averages 23.21 inches (589.5 mm) with measurable precipitation falling on an average of 71 days. The wettest "rain year" was from July 1994 to June 1995 with 45.96 in (1,167.4 mm) and the driest from July 1975 to June 1976 with 10.17 in (258.3 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 21.47 in (545.3 mm) in January 1995 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.55 in (90.2 mm) on January 8, 1995. The most snowfall in one month was 15.0 in (38 cm) in January 1937. On February 24, 2023, Red Bluff received a rare 6 in (15 cm) of snowfall. [13]

Climate data for Red Bluff, California (Red Bluff Municipal Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)80
(27)		86
(30)		92
(33)		98
(37)		108
(42)		117
(47)		119
(48)		121
(49)		118
(48)		107
(42)		93
(34)		83
(28)		121
(49)
Mean maximum °F (°C)69.8
(21.0)		74.3
(23.5)		80.7
(27.1)		87.8
(31.0)		97.7
(36.5)		106.9
(41.6)		110.2
(43.4)		107.5
(41.9)		104.7
(40.4)		94.6
(34.8)		79.8
(26.6)		68.4
(20.2)		111.9
(44.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)56.5
(13.6)		60.8
(16.0)		65.7
(18.7)		71.9
(22.2)		81.6
(27.6)		90.8
(32.7)		98.0
(36.7)		96.2
(35.7)		91.4
(33.0)		79.0
(26.1)		64.2
(17.9)		55.7
(13.2)		76.0
(24.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)47.4
(8.6)		50.8
(10.4)		54.7
(12.6)		59.6
(15.3)		68.0
(20.0)		76.4
(24.7)		82.0
(27.8)		79.9
(26.6)		75.4
(24.1)		65.1
(18.4)		53.4
(11.9)		46.8
(8.2)		63.3
(17.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)38.2
(3.4)		40.8
(4.9)		43.7
(6.5)		47.3
(8.5)		54.5
(12.5)		62.0
(16.7)		66.0
(18.9)		63.6
(17.6)		59.3
(15.2)		51.3
(10.7)		42.3
(5.7)		37.8
(3.2)		50.6
(10.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C)28.1
(−2.2)		30.6
(−0.8)		33.4
(0.8)		36.4
(2.4)		43.9
(6.6)		52.1
(11.2)		57.7
(14.3)		56.0
(13.3)		50.3
(10.2)		41.0
(5.0)		31.8
(−0.1)		27.2
(−2.7)		25.0
(−3.9)
Record low °F (°C)17
(−8)		21
(−6)		26
(−3)		28
(−2)		33
(1)		42
(6)		51
(11)		50
(10)		41
(5)		30
(−1)		24
(−4)		13
(−11)		13
(−11)
Average precipitation inches (mm)4.71
(120)		4.15
(105)		2.91
(74)		1.55
(39)		1.25
(32)		0.44
(11)		0.06
(1.5)		0.05
(1.3)		0.19
(4.8)		1.04
(26)		2.54
(65)		4.23
(107)		23.12
(587)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)10.39.59.76.65.42.40.30.61.14.07.411.068.3
Source 1: NOAA [14]
Source 2: National Weather Service [15]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870 992—
1880 2,106112.3%
1890 2,60823.8%
1900 2,7505.4%
1910 3,53028.4%
1920 3,104−12.1%
1930 3,51713.3%
1940 3,8248.7%
1950 4,90528.3%
1960 7,20246.8%
1970 7,6766.6%
1980 9,49023.6%
1990 12,36330.3%
2000 13,1476.3%
2010 14,0767.1%
2020 14,7104.5%
U.S. Decennial Census [16]
1850–1870 [17] [18] 1880-1890 [19]
1900 [20] 1910 [21] 1920 [22]
1930 [23] 1940 [24] 1950 [25]
1960 [26] 1970 [27] 1980 [28]
1990 [29] 2000 [30] 2010 [31]

2010

At the 2010 census, Red Bluff had a population of 14,076. The population density was 1,833.6/sq mi (708.0/km2). The racial makeup of Red Bluff was 11,366 (80.7%) White, 128 (0.9%) African American, 438 (3.1%) Native American, 187 (1.3%) Asian, 16 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,168 (8.3%) from other races, and 773 (5.5%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3,037 persons (21.6%). [32] The census reported that 13,637 people (96.9% of the population) lived in households, 150 (1.1%) lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 289 (2.1%) were institutionalized.

Of the 5,376 households, 2,033 (37.8%) had children under 18 living in them, 1,969 (36.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,022 (19.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 404 (7.5%) had a male householder with no wife present, 537 (10.0%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 27 (0.5%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. Also, 1,629 households (30.3%) were one person, and 678 (12.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.54. There were 3,395 families (63.2% of households); the average family size was 3.11.

The age distribution was 3,950 people (28.1%) under 18, 1,534 people (10.9%) were 18 to 24, 3,561 people (25.3%) were 25 to 44, 3,157 people (22.4%) were 45 to 64, and 1,874 people (13.3%) were 65 or older. The median age was 32.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.

The 5,872 housing units had an average density of 764.9/square mile, of the occupied units 2,277 (42.4%) were owner-occupied and 3,099 (57.6%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.3%. 5,652 people (40.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 7,985 people (56.7%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

At the 2000 census, 13,147 people, 5,109 households, and 3,239 families were in the city. The population density was 1,768.7 inhabitants per square mile (682.9/km2). The 5,567 housing units had an average density of 748.9 per square mile (289.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.7% White, 0.6% Black, 2.2% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.8% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 13.7%. [33] [34]

Of the 5,109 households 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were not families. About 30.7% of households were one person and 14.0% were one person 65 or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.07.

The age distribution was 28.7% under 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,029, and for a family was $32,799. Males had a median income of $26,807 versus $21,048 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,060. About 17.7% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.6% of those under 18 and 9.7% of those 65 or over.

Top employers

According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, [35] these are the top 10 employers:

#EmployerNumber of employees
1 County of Tehama 756
2 Saint Elizabeth Community Hospital 610
3 Walmart 340
4 Tehama County Department of Education 285
5 Red Bluff Union Elementary School District 261
6 Red Bluff High School District 213
7City of Red Bluff144
8 The Home Depot 140
9PJ Helicopters180
10 Raley's Supermarkets 85

Events

Newspapers

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tehama County, California</span> County in California, United States

Tehama County is a county located in the northern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,829. The county seat and largest city is Red Bluff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copperopolis, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Copperopolis is an unincorporated town and census-designated place (CDP) in Calaveras County, California, United States. The population was 3,671 at the 2010 census, up from 2,363 at the 2000 census. The town is located along State Route 4 and is registered as California Historical Landmark #296.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arbuckle, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Arbuckle is a census-designated place (CDP) in Colusa County, California, United States. The population was 3,028 at the 2010 census, up from 2,332 at the 2000 census. Arbuckle is situated in the southerly portion of Colusa County, approximately 20 miles (32 km) southwest of the City of Colusa, the county seat. The town is characterized by single-family residences, multiple-family units, some mobile homes, and commercial activities. Land surrounding Arbuckle is agriculture including cultivated annual crops, and both active and unmaintained orchards. Various almond hullers may be found near the area. Regional access is provided by the north–south running Interstate 5, along with Old Highway 99 West running alongside Interstate 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East San Gabriel, California</span> Place in California, United States

East San Gabriel is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 14,874 at the 2010 census, up from 14,512 at the 2000 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Habra, California</span> City in California, United States

La Habra – archaic spelling of La Abra – is a city in the northwestern corner of Orange County, California, United States. In the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,239.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chester, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Chester is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plumas County, California, United States. Chester is located on Lake Almanor, 30 miles (48.3 km) north-northwest of Quincy. The town is located along State Route 36. The US Postal Service ZIP code for the community is 96020. The population was 2,144 at the 2010 census, down from 2,316 at the 2000 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arden-Arcade, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Arden-Arcade is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. The population was 94,659 at the 2020 census, making it the second most populous census-designated place in California. It is east of the city of Sacramento and west of the community of Carmichael.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmichael, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Carmichael is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is an unincorporated suburb in the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area. The population was 79,793 at the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Country Club, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Country Club is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Joaquin County, California, United States. The population was 9,379 at the 2010 census, down from 9,462 at the 2000 census. It comprises an unincorporated "island" within the City of Stockton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottonwood, California</span> Census-designated place in the United States

Cottonwood is a census-designated place (CDP) in Shasta County, California, United States. Its population is 6,268 as of the 2020 census, up from 3,316 from the 2010 census. Cottonwood was a stagecoach town where a settlement was established in 1849. The first Post Office was opened in 1852. Cottonwood is equidistant between Redding and Red Bluff, 15 miles (24 km) in either direction. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Anderson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tehama, California</span> City in California, United States

Tehama is a city in Tehama County, California, United States. The population was 418 at the 2010 census, down from 432 at the 2000 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnelian Bay, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Carnelian Bay is an unincorporated community on the shore of Lake Tahoe in Placer County, California, United States. The Cornelian Bay post office operated from 1883 to 1887 and from 1891 to 1893. The Carnelian Bay post office opened in 1908.

Clarksburg is a census-designated place in Yolo County, California. It is located on the Sacramento River, in the extreme southeastern corner of the county. It lies at an elevation of 10 feet in ZIP code 95612 and area codes 916 and 279.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Bidwell, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Fort Bidwell is a census-designated place in Modoc County, California. It is located 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Alturas, at an elevation of 4564 feet. Its population is 180 as of the 2020 census, up from 173 from the 2010 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alto, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Alto is a census-designated place adjacent to Mill Valley in Marin County, California. It lies at an elevation of 26 feet. The population was 732 at the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Courtland, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Courtland is a census-designated place in Sacramento County, California, United States. Courtland is located along the Sacramento River 17 miles (27 km) south-southwest of Sacramento. Courtland has a post office with ZIP code 95615, which was established in 1872. Courtland was named after Courtland Sims, son of James V. Sims, a landowner who opened a steamer landing in the community in 1870.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bend, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Bend is a census-designated place in Tehama County, California, United States. Bend is located on the Sacramento River 6 miles (9.7 km) north-northeast of Red Bluff. Bend had a post office from 1897 to 1935. The community was originally known as Horsethief Bend; the name was changed to Sander's Bend and later shortened to Bend. The community was named after a nearby meander in the Sacramento River. The population was 619 at the 2010 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronita, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Coronita is a census-designated place in Riverside County, California. Coronita sits at an elevation of 630 feet (190 m). The 2010 United States census reported Coronita's population was 2,608.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clay, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Clay is a census-designated place in Sacramento County, California. Clay sits at an elevation of 135 feet (41 m). The 2010 United States census reported Clay's population was 1,195.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmet, California</span> Census-designated place in California, United States

Carmet is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California. Carmet sits at an elevation of 180 feet (55 m). The 2010 United States census reported Carmet's population was 47.

References

  1. ↑ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. ↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Red Bluff". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior . Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Red Bluff (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
  5. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. ↑ Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of California. North American Book Dist LLC. Page 386. ISBN   9780403093182.
  7. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Red Bluff Independent 11 April 1864 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Place Names" (PDF). p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Red Bluff". Tougaloo College. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  12. ↑ Gross, Jenny; Fazio, Marie (June 27, 2020). "2 Dead in Shooting at Walmart Distribution Center in California, Including Gunman". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Tehama County blanketed in snow". February 24, 2023.
  14. ↑ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Red Bluff MUNI AP, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  15. ↑ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Sacramento". National Weather Service. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Decennial Census by Decade". United States Census Bureau .
  17. ↑ "1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Almeda County to Sutter County" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  18. ↑ "1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Tehama County to Yuba County" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  19. ↑ "1890 Census of Population - Population of California by Minor Civil Divisions" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  20. ↑ "1900 Census of Population - Population of California by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  21. ↑ "1910 Census of Population - Supplement for California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  22. ↑ "1920 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  23. ↑ "1930 Census of Population - Number and Distribution of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  24. ↑ "1940 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  25. ↑ "1950 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  26. ↑ "1960 Census of Population - General population Characteristics - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  27. ↑ "1970 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  28. ↑ "1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  29. ↑ "1990 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  30. ↑ "2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  31. ↑ "2010 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California" (PDF). United States Census Bureau .
  32. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Red Bluff city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  33. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  34. ↑ "96080 Zip Code (Red Bluff, California) Profile – homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info". www.city-data.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  35. ↑ "City Of Red Bluff, California Annual Comprehensive Financial Report For The Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022" (PDF). cityofredbluff.org. June 30, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  36. ↑ Booth, William (April 4, 2005). "Murder, Incorporated?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011.
  37. ↑ "CHL No. 117 Home of Mrs. John Brown – Tehama". California Historic Landmarks . Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  38. ↑ Bowles, Samuel (1869) [1865]. Across the Continent : A stage ride over the plains to the Rocky Mountains, the Mormons and the Pacific states, in the summer of 1865, with speaker Colfax. Springfield, Massachusetts. pp. 171–172.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.