Gunung Wukir

Candi Gunung Wukir
Candi Gunung Wukir
	The ruin of the main temple of Canggal, only the base and a Yoni remain, the body and roof parts are missing.
	Location within Java Gunung Wukir (Indonesia)
General information
Architectural style	Central Javanese Candi
Town or city	Magelang Regency, Central Java.
Country	Indonesia
Coordinates	7°38′03″S110°17′48″E / 7.634266°S 110.296801°E

Last updated December 22, 2022

Gunung Wukir temple, or Canggal temple, or also known as Shivalinga is a Shivaite Hindu temple dated from the early 8th century, located in Canggal hamlet, Kadiluwih village, Salam subdistrict, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.^[1] The temple dates to the year 732, making it the first structure attributed to the ancient Mataram kingdom, which ruled Central Java from 732 to around the middle of the tenth century.^[2]

Location

Because of its relatively remote location, the temple site rarely appears on the itineraries of foreign tourists. But it possesses some historical importance owed to its links with the formation of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom.^[2] The temple is located on Wukir hill, which the locals refer to as Gunung Wukir ("Mount Wukir", or "carved hill" in Javanese), on the western slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. The hill is located approximately 4 kilometres southeast from the town of Muntilan. Gunung Wukir temple can be reached by following the direction to the Ngluwar subdistrict by turning west from the Semen intersection, on Yogyakarta-Magelang main road. The Kadiluwih hamlet in Canggal, is connected to the Ngluwar road by a small walking trail that leads up to the hill plateau, approximately 300 meters above sea level.

History

This temple is the oldest surviving temple in Southern Central Java, connected to the Canggal inscription discovered within the temple ruins in 1879.^[2] The inscription describes the erection of a lingam (the symbol of Shiva) on the country of Kunjarakunja, by Sanjaya's order. The lingam is sited on the noble island of Yava (Java), which the inscription describes as "rich in grain and gold mines".^[3]^: 87–88 According to the inscription, the temple was founded during the reign of King Sanjaya from the Mataram Kingdom, in 654 Saka (732 CE).^[1] This inscription contains a lot of information related to Mataram Kingdom or Ancient Mataram. Based on this inscription, Gunung Wukir temple might originally have been called Shivalinga or Kunjarakunja.

Architecture

The temple compound measures 50 metres x 50 metres. The temple building is made of andesite stone, and at least consist of a main temple and three perwara temples (guardian or complementary smaller temple) lined in front of the main temple. In addition to the inscription, within the temple complex were also found archaeological artifacts including yoni pedestal and the statue of the sacred cow Nandi the vehicle of Shiva. According to the inscription, the yoni once support a lingam, the symbol of the god Shiva, however it is now missing.^[1]

Related Research Articles

Central Java is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 32,800.69 km², with a population of 36,516,035 at the 2020 Census making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 36,742,501. The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south, and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea.

Prambanan is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva). The temple compound is located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.

Magelang is one of six cities in Central Java that are administratively independent of the regencies in which they lie geographically. Each of these cities is governed by a mayor rather than a bupati. Magelang city covers an area of 18.12 km² and has a population of 118,227 at the 2010 census and 121,526 at the 2020 census. It is located in the middle of the Magelang Regency, between Mount Merbabu and Mount Sumbing in Central Java Province, Indonesia, and lies 43 km north of Yogyakarta, 15 km north of Mungkid and 75 km south of Semarang, the capital of Central Java.

The Mataram Kingdom was a Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty.

The Sanjaya dynasty was an ancient Javanese dynasty that ruled the Mataram kingdom in Java during the first millennium CE. The dynasty was an active promoter of Hinduism in ancient Java.

A candi is a Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during the Zaman Hindu-Buddha or "Hindu-Buddhist period" between circa the 4th and 15th centuries.

Kedu Plain, also known as Progo River valley, is the fertile volcanic plain that lies between the volcanoes Mount Sumbing and Mount Sundoro to the west, and Mount Merbabu and Mount Merapi to the east. It roughly corresponds to present-day Magelang and Temanggung Regency of Central Java, Indonesia.

Sanjaya was the founder of Mataram Kingdom during the eighth century. His name was revealed in the Sanskrit Canggal inscription carved in a stone found at Gunung Wukir temple that stood on Wukir or Ukir hill on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java.

Prambanan Temple Compounds is the World Heritage designation of a group of Hindu temple compounds that lie on the border between Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. It comprises Prambanan, Lumbung, Bubrah and Sewu temple compounds, all are located within Prambanan Archaeological Park.

Borobudur Temple Compounds is the World Heritage designation of the area of three Buddhist temples in Central Java, Indonesia. It comprises Borobudur, Mendut, and Pawon. The temples were built during the Shailendra dynasty around the 8th and 9th centuries CE, and fall on a straight line.

The Canggal inscription is a Sanskrit inscription dated to 732, discovered in the Gunung Wukir temple complex in Kadiluwih village, Salam, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The inscription is written in the Pallava alphabet. The inscription documents an edict of Sanjaya, in which he declared himself the universal ruler of Medang.

The Mantyasih inscription is an important inscription found and kept by Li Djok Ban in Ngadireja Parakan Temanggung, then the inscription was brought by one of the princes of Surakarta to be brought to Surakarta and is now stored in the Radyapustaka Museum, Central Java, Indonesia. It is dated to 907 and was created by King Balitung from the Sanjaya dynasty, of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom. This inscription contains a genealogy of the kings of Mataram before King Balitung.

Kewu Plain, also known as Prambanan Plain or Opak River valley, is a fertile volcanic plain that lies between Merapi-Merbabu complex in the north, Bantul lowlands and Sewu karst limestone range in the south, Bengawan Solo river valley in the east, the Progo River in the west, and Kedu Plain on northwest. It is located within the Yogyakarta Special Region, Sleman Regency, Klaten Regency and Solo City, Indonesia.

The Manjusrigrha inscription is an inscription dated 714 Saka, written in Old Malay with Old Javanese script. The inscription was discovered in 1960 on the right side of stairs entrance of Sewu pervara no. 202 on west side. This inscription is linked to Sewu temple. According to this inscription, the original name of Sewu temple compound is probably Manjusrigrha. Sewu temple is located approximately 800 meters north of Prambanan temple, Central Java, Indonesia. The inscription was carved on an andesite stone block measured 71 cm x 42 cm x 29 cm.

Pari temple is a 14th-century Hindu candi (temple) located approximately 2 kilometers northwest from Sidoarjo mud flow. This red brick structure is located in Candi Pari village, Porong subdistrict, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Indonesia.

Banten Girang is an ancient settlement located in Sempu village, Serang city, Banten province, Indonesia. It is located by the Cibanten River about 10 km south of the port of Banten, on the southern outskirts of Serang town. In that place there is an archaeological site which estimated dated to the era of Sunda Kingdom between 932 and 1030 CE. The term Banten Girang, meaning "Banten-up-the-river" referring to its location.

Bubrah is a 9th-century Buddhist temple located within the complex of the Prambanan Temple Archaeological Park, in Central Java, Indonesia. Experts believe that the temple was designed as a part of the greater Sewu temple compound.

Gunung Gangsir is an 11th-century Hindu candi (temple) located approximately 5 kilometers west from the town of Bangil. This red brick structure is located in Gunung Gangsir village, Beji subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Indonesia.

Sumberawan is a Buddhist stupa located in Toyomarto village, Sumberawan subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The stupa is located in the highlands, on the southern slope of Mount Arjuno, surrounded by numerous Springs.

Badut is an 8th-century Hindu candi (temple) located in Tidar area around 5 kilometres west from the center of Malang city. This andesite stone structure is located in Karang Besuki village, Dau subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java Indonesia.

References

1 2 3 "Candi Gunung Wukir". Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Tengah (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 October 2015.
1 2 3 "Candi Gunung Wukir". Southeast Asian Kingdoms. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.

External links

Candi Gunung Wukir Archived 2016-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Tengah (in Indonesian)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[BPCB-1] 1 2 3 "Candi Gunung Wukir". Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jawa Tengah (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 October 2015.

[SEAKingdoms-2] 1 2 3 "Candi Gunung Wukir". Southeast Asian Kingdoms. Retrieved 22 October 2015.

[Coedes-3] Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.

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