North Carolina's 9th congressional district

North Carolina's 9th congressional district
From 2023 to 2025 From 2025 Interactive map of district boundaries
Representative	Richard Hudson R–Southern Pines
Population (2023)	771,994 [1]
Median household income	$64,306 [1]
Ethnicity	55.6% White 22.5% Black 12.8% Hispanic 4.8% Two or more races 1.9% Asian 1.6% Native American 0.7% other
Cook PVI	R+6 [2]

North Carolina's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in south-central North Carolina. The district's current boundaries were redrawn in February 2016 after a U.S. District Court overturned the existing boundaries because of politically directed gerrymandering that suppressed minority representation. ^{[3] [4]} The new congressional district consists of Union, Chatham, Anson, Richmond, Scotland, and Robeson counties; a southeast portion of Mecklenburg County; and parts of Cumberland, Moore and Bladen counties.

Republicans have held this district since 1963. Republican Robert Pittenger had represented the district since January 2013. In 2018, Pittenger was defeated by challenger Mark Harris in the Republican primary. The latter faced Democrat Dan McCready in the general election.

Harris was initially called as the winner by several hundred votes, but the result was not certified, pending a statewide investigation into allegations of absentee ballot fraud. ^{[5] [6]} On February 21, the bipartisan State Election Board unanimously voted to call for a new election for the 9th district, because of ballot fraud by Republican operatives. ^[7]

A special election was held September 10, 2019, with Democrat Dan McCready running against Republican Dan Bishop, a state senator who won the Republican primary. ^[8] Bishop won the 2019 special election to the U.S. House of Representatives with 50.7% of the vote to McCready's 48.7%. ^{[9] [10]}

Candidate filing began February 24, 2022 after the North Carolina Supreme Court approved a new map which changed the 9th district boundaries to include Chatham, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Randolph and Scotland Counties and parts of Cumberland, Harnett and Richmond Counties. ^[11]

The ninth district is currently represented by Richard Hudson.

Counties

Counties in the 2023–2025 district map:

• Chatham County
• Cumberland County (part)
• Harnett County (part)
• Hoke County
• Lee County
• Moore County
• Randolph County
• Richmond County (part)
• Scotland County

List of members representing the district

Member (Residence)	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history	District location
District established March 4, 1793
Thomas Blount (Tarboro)	Anti-Administration	March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1795	3rd 4th 5th	Elected in 1793. Re-elected in 1795. Re-elected in 1796. Lost re-election.	1793–1803 [ data missing ]
	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1799
Willis Alston (Butterwood)	Federalist	March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1803	6th 7th	Elected in 1798. Re-elected in 1800. Redistricted to the 2nd district .
Marmaduke Williams (Caswell County)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1809	8th 9th 10th	Elected in 1803. Re-elected in 1804. Re-elected in 1806. Retired.	1803–1813 "North Carolina congressional district map (1803–13)". [12]
James Cochran (Roxboro)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1813	11th 12th	Elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810. Retired.
Bartlett Yancey (Caswell)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817	13th 14th	Elected in 1813. Re-elected in 1815. Retired.	1813–1823 "North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43)". [12]
Thomas Settle (Lenox Castle)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1821	15th 16th	Elected in 1817. Re-elected in 1819. Retired.
Romulus M. Saunders (Milton)	Democratic-Republican [lower-alpha 1]	March 4, 1821 – March 3, 1825	17th 18th 19th	Elected in 1821. Re-elected in 1823. Re-elected in 1825. Retired.
					1823–1833 "North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43)". [12]
	Jacksonian	March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827
Augustine H. Shepperd (Bethania)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1833	20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th	Elected in 1827. Re-elected in 1829. Re-elected in 1831. Re-elected in 1833. Re-elected in 1835. Re-elected in 1837. [ data missing ]
	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837			1833–1843 "North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43)". [12]
	Whig	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839
John Hill (Germantown)	Democratic	March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1841	26th	Elected in 1839. [ data missing ]
Augustine H. Shepperd (Salem)	Whig	March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843	27th	Elected in 1841. [ data missing ]
Kenneth Rayner (Winton)	Whig	March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845	28th	Redistricted from the 1st district and re-elected in 1843. [ data missing ]	1843–1853 [ data missing ]
Asa Biggs (Williamston)	Democratic	March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847	29th	Elected in 1845. [ data missing ]
David Outlaw (Windsor)	Whig	March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1853	30th 31st 32nd	Elected in 1847. Re-elected in 1849. Re-elected in 1851. [ data missing ]
District dissolved March 3, 1853
District re-established March 4, 1885
Thomas D. Johnston (Asheville)	Democratic	March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1889	49th 50th	Elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. [ data missing ]	1885–1893 [ data missing ]
Hamilton G. Ewart (Hendersonville)	Republican	March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891	51st	Elected in 1888. [ data missing ]
William T. Crawford (Waynesville)	Democratic	March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895	52nd 53rd	Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. [ data missing ]
					1893–1903 [ data missing ]
Richmond Pearson (Asheville)	Republican	March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899	54th 55th	Elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. [ data missing ]
William T. Crawford (Waynesville)	Democratic	March 4, 1899 – May 10, 1900	56th	Lost contested election.
Richmond Pearson (Asheville)	Republican	May 10, 1900 – March 3, 1901	56th	Won contested election. [ data missing ]
James M. Moody (Waynesville)	Republican	March 4, 1901 – February 5, 1903	57th	Elected in 1900. Died.
Vacant		February 5, 1903 – March 3, 1903
Edwin Y. Webb (Shelby)	Democratic	March 4, 1903 – November 10, 1919	58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th	Elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Resigned.
					1903–1913 [ data missing ]
					1913–1933 [ data missing ]
Vacant		November 10, 1919 – December 16, 1919	66th
Clyde R. Hoey (Shelby)	Democratic	December 16, 1919 – March 3, 1921		Elected to finish Webb's term. [ data missing ]
Alfred L. Bulwinkle (Gastonia)	Democratic	March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1929	67th 68th 69th 70th	Elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Lost re-election.
Charles A. Jonas (Lincolnton)	Republican	March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931	71st	Elected in 1928. [ data missing ]
Alfred L. Bulwinkle (Gastonia)	Democratic	March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933	72nd	Elected in 1930. Redistricted to the 10th district .
Robert L. Doughton (Laurel Springs)	Democratic	March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1953	73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd	Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. [ data missing ]	1933–1943 [ data missing ]
					1943–1953 [ data missing ]
Hugh Quincy Alexander (Kannapolis)	Democratic	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963	83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Lost re-election.	1953–1963 [ data missing ]
Jim Broyhill (Lenoir)	Republican	January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1969	88th 89th 90th	Redistricted from the 10th district and re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Redistricted to the 10th district .	1963–1973 [ data missing ]
Charles R. Jonas (Lincolnton)	Republican	January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1973	91st 92nd	Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Retired.
James G. Martin (Davidson)	Republican	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1985	93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th	Elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Retired to run for governor of North Carolina.	1973–1983 [ data missing ]
					1983–1993 [ data missing ]
Alex McMillan (Charlotte)	Republican	January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1995	99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd	Elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Retired.
					1993–2003 [ data missing ]
Sue Myrick (Charlotte)	Republican	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013	104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th	Elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Retired.
					2003–2013
Robert Pittenger (Charlotte)	Republican	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	113th 114th 115th	Elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Lost renomination.	2013–2017
					2017–2021
Vacant		January 3, 2019 – September 10, 2019	116th	Election voided. [13]
Dan Bishop (Charlotte)	Republican	September 10, 2019 – January 3, 2023	116th 117th	Elected to the vacant term. Re-elected in 2020. Redistricted to the 8th district .
					2021–2023 Static map of 2021-3 congressional district
Richard Hudson (Southern Pines)	Republican	January 3, 2023 – present	118th	Redistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 2022.	2023–2025

2018 Voter Fraud

Main article: 2018 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election

In the Republican primary incumbent Robert Pittenger was defeated by former pastor Mark Harris, who had closely challenged him two years earlier. ^[14] Harris won 48.5 percent of the vote to Pittenger's 46.2 percent. ^[15]

The New York Times described the election between Harris and Democrat Dan McCready as a "top-tier contest". ^[16] In results on election day, Harris defeated McCready by 905 votes, but on November 27, 2018, the North Carolina State Board of Elections and Ethics Reform declined to certify the election results, citing voting irregularities involving absentee ballots. ^{[17] [18]} The irregularities in counting and handling of absentee ballots became the subject of a criminal investigation. ^[19]

Outlets such as the Associated Press ^[20] and FiveThirtyEight ^[21] subsequently retracted calling the race, pending the decision of the state board of elections. On December 1, the chair of the state elections board resigned, saying: "The investigation of criminal conduct and absentee voting fraud in the 2018 Republican primary and 2018 general election in congressional district 9 is a matter of vital importance to our democracy", adding that "I will not allow myself to be used as an instrument of distraction in this investigation". ^[22]

On November 30, the election board of the district decided to hear evidence about "claims of numerous irregularities and concerted fraudulent activities" at a meeting to be held by December 21. A finding of fraud could have resulted in a new election. ^[23]

On December 5, 2018, independent investigative reporting of the alleged vote thefts detailed a practice that targeted southern rural elderly black voters in the 9th district congressional race and termed the affair, "...the most serious federal election tampering case in years." Campaign workers revealed that the vote tampering went on in a pervasively chaotic atmosphere. Operatives tracked votes and field workers "...would come to your house, they would get you to fill out an absentee ballot to be sent to your house. They would go back and pick it up and then seal it and then find two witnesses," to certify their validity. Such handling of ballots and completed applications by other than board and postal workers is legally prohibited. An informant tabulated the number of ballots delivered to the county election board and said an indicted leader gave the Harris campaign updates on the operation's most recent totals. The leader was employed by Red Dome political consultants which received over $428,000 from the Harris campaign. The informant had delivered 185 absentee ballot applications and the leader personally delivered 592 more. ^[24] On December 6, Democratic candidate McCready withdrew his earlier submitted election concession. ^[25] Republican candidate Harris agreed for a new election to be held if allegations of election fraud could be proven by the election board to have affected the contest's outcome. ^[26] The leader of the North Carolina Republicans, Robin Hayes, stated on December 11 that, regardless to what extent election fraud could be proven to have altered the election, a new election would be necessary in the state's 9th congressional district if investigators can verify a local newspaper report that early voting results in Bladen County were leaked before Election Day. ^{[27] [28]}

On December 28, the state court dissolved the state election board, before it had certified election results. ^{[29] [30]} The election board's staff announced that it would continue the investigation, but delayed hearings until a new election board was seated, presumably on January 31. ^{[31] [32]} Democratic Governor Roy Cooper's attempts to fill an interim board were overridden by the Republican-controlled legislature. ^[29] Incoming United States House of Representatives Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, a Democrat, announced that the House of Representatives would not seat Harris under any circumstances until the fraud investigation is completed. ^[33] Harris announced he would seek court intervention to have him immediately certified as the winner and stated his intention to join the 116th Congress on January 3. ^{[34] [35]} However, Harris was not permitted to join the new Congress on January 3.

On February 21, the bipartisan state board of elections voted to hold a new election, because, according to board chairman Bob Cordle, "irregularities and improprieties ... tainted the results ... and cast doubt on its fairness." ^[36] A newly passed law by the North Carolina state legislature will require the parties to hold new primaries before the general election for this seat. ^{[37] [38] [39] [40]} Harris has said that he will not run again.

2019 special election

Main article: 2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election

Democrat Dan McCready, a veteran and business executive, was unopposed as his party's nominee for this seat, following his narrow initial loss to Mark Harris in the election voided because of alleged ballot fraud by Republican operatives. After the Republicans conducted their primary, they nominated Dan Bishop, a North Carolina state senator, to run in the special election to be held in September 2019. ^[8] On September 10, 2019, Bishop narrowly won the election with 50.7% of the vote to McCready's 48.7%. ^{[9] [41]} He was sworn in on September 17, 2019. ^[42]

Past election results

2012

2012 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^[43]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Robert Pittenger	194,537	51.8
	Democratic	Jennifer Roberts	171,503	45.6
	Libertarian	Curtis Campbell	9,650	2.6
Total votes			375,690	100.0
	Republican hold

2014

2014 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Robert Pittenger (incumbent)	163,080	93.9
	N/A	Write-ins	8,219	4.7
	Independent	Shawn Eckles (write-in)	2,369	1.4
Total votes			173,668	100.0
	Republican hold

2016

2016 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^[45]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Robert Pittenger (incumbent)	193,452	58.2
	Democratic	Christian Cano	139,041	41.8
Total votes			332,493	100.0
	Republican hold

2018

2018 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^{[46] [lower-alpha 2]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Mark Harris	139,246	49.25
	Democratic	Dan McCready	138,341	48.93
	Libertarian	Jeff Scott	5,130	1.81
Total votes			282,717	100.0
	Republican hold

2019 special election

2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election ^[48]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Dan Bishop	96,573	50.69
	Democratic	Dan McCready	92,785	48.70
	Libertarian	Jeff Scott	773	0.41
	Green	Allen Smith	375	0.20
Total votes			190,506	100.00
	Republican hold

2020

2020 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^[49]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Dan Bishop (incumbent)	224,661	55.6
	Democratic	Cynthia Wallace	179,463	44.4
Total votes			404,124	100.0
	Republican hold

2022

2022 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ^[50]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Hudson (incumbent)	131,453	56.50
	Democratic	Ben Clark	101,202	43.50
Total votes			232,655	100.00
	Republican hold

See also

• United States portal
• North Carolina portal

• List of United States congressional districts
• North Carolina's congressional districts

Notes

1. Supported the Crawford faction in the 1824 United States presidential election.
2. Election voided by the North Carolina State Board of Elections due to election fraud. ^[47]

References

1. "My Congressional District". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau Center for New Media and Promotion (CNMP).
2. "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
3. "Session Law 2016-1" . Retrieved May 30, 2016.
4. "Congressional Districts Relationship Files (state-based)". www.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
5. Morrill, Jim (November 27, 2018). "NC elections board refuses to certify 9th District race, leaving it in limbo". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
6. Bock Clark, Doug (December 2, 2018). "Allegations of G.O.P. Election Fraud Shake North Carolina's Ninth District". The New Yorker. New York City, N.Y. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
7. "Mark Harris calls for new election in 9th district". newsobserver. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
8. Sonmez, Felicia; Gardner, Amy (May 14, 2019). "Republican voters nominate N.C. state lawmaker who sponsored controversial 'bathroom bill' in 9th Congressional District race". Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
9. Live results: North Carolina elections, Politico , September 10, 2019.
10. Republican Dan Bishop wins special election for House seat in North Carolina special election, NBC News projects, NBC News , September 10, 2019.
11. Battaglia, Danielle (February 24, 2022). "NC member of Congress announces where he'll run, a day after floating other options". The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 21, 2022.
12. "Data Courtesy of Jeffrey B. Lewis, Brandon DeVine, and Lincoln Pritcher with Kenneth C. Martis". United States Congressional District Shapefiles.
13. "New election ordered in North Carolina House district after possible illegal activities". NBC News. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
14. Morrill, Jim (May 8, 2018). "Challenger Mark Harris stuns U.S. Rep. Pittenger of NC in GOP primary upset". Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, N.C. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
15. Weigel, David (May 8, 2018). "North Carolina GOP congressman loses primary, first House incumbent ousted". Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
16. Buchanan, Larry; Bloch, Matthew; Bowers, Jeremy; Cohn, Nate; Coote, Alastair; Daniel, Annie; Harris, Richard; Katz, Josh; Lieberman, Rebecca; Migliozzi, Blacki; Murray, Paul; Pearce, Adam; Quealy, Kevin; Weingart, Eden; White, Isaac (October 2018). "We polled voters in North Carolina's 9th Congressional District". The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2018.
17. Morrill, Jim (November 29, 2018). "'Tangled web' in Bladen County has questions swirling about votes in the 9th District". The Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
18. Gardner, Amy; Ross, Kirk (November 29, 2018). "Certification in limbo in N.C. House race as fraud investigation continues". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
19. Durkin, Erin (December 5, 2018). "North Carolina election still undecided amid absentee ballot fraud inquiry" – via www.theguardian.com.
20. "The Latest: AP Retracts call in North Carolina Congress race". AP. November 30, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
21. Rakich, Nathaniel (November 30, 2018). "What The Heck Is Happening In That North Carolina House Race?". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
22. Gardner, Amy (December 1, 2018). "North Carolina elections board chairman resigns, says he doesn't want his partisan views to hurt election fraud investigation". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
23. Bock Clark, Doug (December 2, 2018). "Allegations of G.O.P. Election Fraud Shake North Carolina's Ninth District". The New Yorker. New York. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
24. Inside The North Carolina Republican Vote Machine: Cash, Pills — And Ballots, Buzzfeed News , Brianna Sacks and Otillia Steadman, December 5, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
25. "North Carolina: Democrat withdraws concession in congressional race". The Guardian. Associated Press. December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
26. Bump, Philip (December 10, 2018). "Why fraud allegations throw the results in North Carolina's 9th District into doubt". The Washington Post. Washington D.C. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
27. Way, Dan (December 11, 2018). "NCGOP preparing to call for new election in 9th District". Carolina Journal. Raleigh, North Carolina. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
28. Nobles, Ryan (December 13, 2018). "Will Republicans abandon their candidate in North Carolina's 9th Congressional District?". CNN. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
29. Henderson, Bruce; Jarvis, Craig; Brosseau, Carli (December 28, 2018). "9th District chaos: Cooper plans interim elections board, Harris asks to be named winner". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
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31. Dalesio, Emery P. (January 2, 2019). "Hearing into North Carolina ballot fraud claims postponed". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
32. "Hearing On 9th District Investigation Delayed". WFAE. January 2, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
33. "House leader says Democrats won't seat candidate in unresolved North Carolina race". AP via NBC News. December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
34. Gardner, Amy (January 2, 2019). "GOP congressional candidate says he will ask N.C. court to certify his victory as election officials delay fraud hearing". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
35. Morrill, Jim; Murphy, Brian (January 2, 2019). "Mark Harris says he'll go to court as officials delay hearing on election fraud". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
36. Gardner, Amy (February 21, 2019). "N.C. board declares a new election in contested House race after the GOP candidate admitted misspeaking under oath". The Washington Post . Retrieved February 21, 2019.
37. "North Carolina lawmakers override veto of elections bill". TheHill. December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
38. Williams, Timothy (December 12, 2018). "North Carolina Legislature Calls for New Primary if New Election Is Held in Disputed District". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
39. Bruno, Joe (December 13, 2018). "Amid fraud probe, an election redo might require new primary for 9th District". WSOC-TV. Charlotte, N.C. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
40. Harrison, Steve (December 13, 2018). "Latest On 9th Congressional District Fraud Allegations". WFAE 90.7 Charlotte's NPR News Source. Charlotte, N.C. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
41. Taylor, Jessica (September 10, 2019). "Republican Dan Bishop Wins North Carolina Special Congressional Election". NPR. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
42. Midura, Kyle (September 17, 2019). "Dan Bishop sworn into Congress in Washington, D.C." WBTV. Gray DC Bureau. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
43. "North Carolina General Elections Results 2012". North Carolina State Board of Elections. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
44. "North Carolina Official General Election Results". North Carolina State Board of Elections. November 4, 2014. Archived from the original on January 27, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
45. "North Carolina Official General Election Results". North Carolina State Board of Elections. November 8, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
46. "District 9, North Carolina State Board of Elections & Ethics Enforcement". North Carolina State Board of Elections & Ethics Enforcement. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
47. Steinmetz, Jesse (November 16, 2021). "Reporters detail NC's infamous 2018 race for the 9th Congressional District in 'The Vote Collectors'". WFAE 90.7. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
48. "US HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DISTRICT 09 - REP (VOTE FOR 1)". NC State Board of Elections. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
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50. "NC SBE Contest Results". er.ncsbe.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2023.

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

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