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The grammar of the Belarusian language is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and norms of the modern language were adopted in 1959. Belarusian orthography is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of the Minsk-Vilnius region, such as they were at the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, Belarusian grammar was formalised by notable Belarusian linguist Branislaw Tarashkyevich and first printed in Vil'nya (1918). Historically, there had existed several other alternative Belarusian grammars.
Historically, there also existed a vocative case (Belarusian: клічны, BGN/PCGN:klichny), but it is used only sparingly in modern Belarusian, like Slovene, Slovak and the closely related Russian, generally in literature, and usually is not mentioned in textbooks.
For nouns (Belarusian: назоўнікі, BGN/PCGN:nazowniki) there are several types of declension:
i-stem – feminine (feminine nouns ending in a hard consonant, soft consonant or ў: печ "stove", косць "bone", кроў "blood")
Case
печ SG
пе́чы PL
косць SG
ко́сці PL
кроў SG
Nominative
печ
пе́чы
косць
ко́сці
кроў
Genitive
пе́чы
пячэ́й
ко́сці
касце́й
крыві́
Dative
пе́чы
пе́чам
ко́сці
касця́м
крыві́
Accusative
печ
пе́чы
косць
ко́сці
кроў
Instrumental
пе́ччу
пе́чамі
ко́сцю
касця́мі
крывёй
Locative
пе́чы
пе́чах
ко́сці
касця́х
крыві́
a-stem – mostly feminine (subdivided into four subgroups: hard stems, guttural stems, soft stems, hardened stems)
o-stem – masculine (subdivided into hard stem and soft stem) and neuter (вясло "oar", мора "sea")
Negative (адмоўныя): ніхто (nobody), нішто (nothing), нічый (nobody's), ніякі (not of any kind), ніводзін, ніводны (no one);
Definitive (азначальныя): сам (-self); самы (the very, – self); увесь (all, whole); усё (all, everything); усе (all, every, everybody); усякі, усялякі (every, any); кожны (each); іншы (other).
Interrogative-comparative (пытальныя): хто (who), што (what), які (which), каторы (which), чый (whose), колькі (how much);
Note: proper names and places' names are rendered in BGN/PCGN
Sources
Білоруське мовне та граматичне явище: Мовознавство. — Т. Клименко, О. Ткаченко, В. Марченко, М. Хоменко та ін. — Суми, 2004.
Білоруська граматика. У 2-х ч. / АН БРСР, Ін-т мовознавства імені Я. Коласа; [Ред. М. В. Бірило, П. П. Шуба]. — Мн.: Наука і техніка, 1985.
Сучасна білоруська мова: Вступ. Фонетика. Фонологія. Абетка. Графіка. Правопис. Лексикологія. Лексикографія. Фразеологія. Фразеографія: Навч. помічник / Я. М. Комаровський, В. П. Красній, У. М. Лазовський та ін. — 2-е вид., перероб. і дод. — Мн.: Вища школа, 1995. — 334 с. ISBN 985-06-0075-6.
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