The grammar of the Belarusian language is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and norms of the modern language were adopted in 1959. Belarusian orthography is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of the Minsk-Vilnius region, such as they were at the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, Belarusian grammar was formalised by notable Belarusian linguist Branislaw Tarashkyevich and first printed in Vil'nya (1918). Historically, there had existed several other alternative Belarusian grammars.
See also: Belarusian alphabet, Belarusian phonology, History of the Belarusian language.
The main means of representation of the grammatical meanings in the Belarusian language are:
Methods of analytical construction are also present. E.g., the word "лесам", which is the instrumental of "лес" — forest, may grammatically mean:
There are six cases in Belarusian:
Historically, there also existed a vocative case (Belarusian : клічны, BGN/PCGN: klichny), but it is used only sparingly in modern Belarusian, like Slovene, Slovak and the closely related Russian, generally in literature, and usually is not mentioned in textbooks.
For nouns (Belarusian : назоўнікі, BGN/PCGN: nazowniki) there are several types of declension:
Case | печ SG | пе́чы PL | косць SG | ко́сці PL | кроў SG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | печ | пе́чы | косць | ко́сці | кроў |
Genitive | пе́чы | пячэ́й | ко́сці | касце́й | крыві́ |
Dative | пе́чы | пе́чам | ко́сці | касця́м | крыві́ |
Accusative | печ | пе́чы | косць | ко́сці | кроў |
Instrumental | пе́ччу | пе́чамі | ко́сцю | касця́мі | крывёй |
Locative | пе́чы | пе́чах | ко́сці | касця́х | крыві́ |
There are eight types of pronouns (Belarusian : займеннікі, BGN/PCGN: zaymyenniki) in Belarusian:
Singular | Plural | Reflexive (зваротны) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |||||||||||
(English) | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they | ___self | ||||
Nominative | я | ты | ён | яна́ | яно́ | мы | вы | яны́ | |||||
Genitive | мяне́ | цябе́ | яго́ | яе́ | яго́ | нас | вас | іх | сябе́ | ||||
Dative | мне | табе́ | яму́ | ёй | яму́ | нам | вам | ім | сабе́ | ||||
Accusative | мяне́ | цябе́ | яго́ | яе́ | яго́ | нас | вас | іх | сябе́ | ||||
Instrumental | мной (мно́ю) | табо́й (табо́ю) | ім | ёю | ім | на́мі | ва́мі | і́мі | сабо́й (сабо́ю) | ||||
Prepositional | аба мне | аб табе́ | аб ім | аб ёй | аб ім | аб наc | аб вас | аб іх | аб сабе́ |
хто | што | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | хто | што | |
Genitive | каго́ | чаго́ | |
Dative | каму́ | чаму́ | |
Accusative | каго́ | што | |
Instrumental | кім | чым | |
Prepositional | аб кім | аб чым |
які (which), каторы (which), чый (whose), колькі (how much)
Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | гэ́ты | гэ́та | гэ́тая | гэ́тыя | той | то́е | та́я | ты́я | ||
Genitive | гэ́тага | гэ́тага | гэ́тай (гэ́тае) | гэ́тых | тага́ | таго́ | той | тых | ||
Dative | гэ́таму | гэ́таму | гэ́тай | гэ́тым | таму́ | таму́ | той | тым | ||
Accusative | N or G | гэ́та | гэ́тую | N or G | N or G | то́е | ту́ю | N or G | ||
Instrumental | гэ́тым | гэ́тым | гэ́тай | гэ́тымі | тым | тым | тою | ты́мі | ||
Prepositional | аб гэ́тым | аб гэ́тым | аб гэ́тай | аб гэ́тых | аб тым | аб тым | аб той | аб тых |
той (that); такі, гэтакі (such, of this kind); столькі, гэтулькі (that much)
Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | мой | маё | мая́ | мае́ | твой | тваё | твая́ | твае́ | свой | сваё | свая́ | свае́ | |||
Genitive | майго́ | майго́ | маёй | маі́х | твайго́ | твайго́ | тваёй | тваі́х | свайго́ | свайго́ | сваёй | сваі́х | |||
Dative | майму́ | майму́ | маёй | маі́м | твайму́ | твайму́ | тваёй | тваі́м | свайму́ | свайму́ | сваёй | сваі́м | |||
Accusative | N or G | маё | маю́ | N or G | N or G | тваё | тваю́ | N or G | N or G | сваё | сваю́ | N or G | |||
Instrumental | маі́м | маі́м | маёй | маі́мі | тваі́м | тваі́м | тваёй | тваі́мі | сваі́м | сваі́м | сваёй | сваі́мі | |||
Prepositional | аб маі́м | аб маі́м | аб маёй | аб маі́х | аб тваі́м | аб тваім | аб тваёй | аб тваі́х | аб сваі́м | аб сваі́м | аб сваёй | аб сваі́х |
Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | наш | на́ша | на́ша | на́шы | ваш | ва́ша | ва́ша | ва́шы | ||
Genitive | на́шага | на́шага | на́шай (на́шае) | на́шых | ва́шага | ва́шага | ва́шай (ва́шае) | ва́шых | ||
Dative | на́шаму | на́шаму | на́шай | на́шым | ва́шаму | ва́шаму | ва́шай | ва́шым | ||
Accusative | N or G | на́ша | на́шу | N or G | N or G | ва́ше | ва́шу | N or G | ||
Instrumental | на́шым | на́шым | на́шай | на́шымі | ва́шым | ва́шым | ва́шай | ва́шымі | ||
Prepositional | аб на́шым | аб на́шым | аб на́шай | аб на́шых | аб ва́шым | аб ва́шым | аб ва́шай | аб ва́шых |
Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | яго́ны | яго́нае | яго́ная | яго́ныя | е́йны | е́йнае | е́йная | е́йныя | і́хні | і́хняе | і́хняя | і́хнія | |||
Genitive | яго́нага | яго́нага | яго́най (яго́нае) | яго́ных | е́йнага | е́йнага | е́йнай (е́йнае) | е́йных | і́хняга | і́хняга | і́хняй (і́хняе) | і́хніх | |||
Dative | яго́наму | яго́наму | яго́най | яго́ным | е́йнаму | е́йнаму | е́йнай | е́йны́м | і́хняму | і́хняму | і́хняй | і́хнім | |||
Accusative | N or G | яго́нае | яго́ную | N or G | N or G | е́йнае | е́йную | N or G | N or G | і́хняе | і́хнюю | N or G | |||
Instrumental | яго́ным | яго́ным | яго́най | яго́нымі | е́йным | е́йны́м | е́йнай | е́йнымі | і́хнім | і́хнім | і́хняй | і́хнімі | |||
Prepositional | аб яго́ным | аб яго́ным | аб яго́най | аб яго́ных | аб е́йным | аб е́йным | аб е́йнай | аб е́йных | аб і́хнім | аб і́хнім | аб і́хняй | аб і́хніх |
Note: proper names and places' names are rendered in BGN/PCGN
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