Brown County, Indiana

Brown County
County
Brown County Courthouse in Nashville
Location within the U.S. state of Indiana
Indiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 39°12′N86°14′W / 39.2°N 86.23°W / 39.2; -86.23
Country	United States
State	Indiana
Founded	February 4, 1836 (created) August 1836 (organized)
Named for	Jacob Brown
Seat	Nashville
Largest city	Nashville
Area
• Total	316.22 sq mi (819.0 km2)
• Land	311.58 sq mi (807.0 km2)
• Water	4.65 sq mi (12.0 km2)  1.47%
Population  (2020)
• Total	15,475
• Estimate  (2023)	15,653
• Density	49/sq mi (19/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district	9th
Website	https://browncounty-in.gov/
Indiana county number 7 Most Forested County in Indiana

Brown County is a county in Indiana which in 2020 had a population of 15,475. ^[1] The county seat (and only incorporated town) is Nashville. ^[2]

History

View from Brown County State Park

The United States acquired the land from the Native Americans, part of which forms the southwest section of what is now Brown County, in the 1809 treaty of Fort Wayne. By the treaty of St. Mary's in 1818 considerably more territory became property of the government and this included the future Brown County area. No settler was allowed in the area until the government survey was completed in 1820. The first white man known to arrive was a German, Johann Schoonover, who lived for a short time on the creek later named for him to trade with the Native Americans, about 1820. In that same year William Elkins, the first pioneer, built a log cabin and cleared land in the area. ^[3] In the 1850s Elkins was recorded as having settled in the future Van Buren Township, and the settlement that grew up around him was known as Elkinsville. ^[4]

The earliest pioneers came from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas. They crossed the Ohio River and traveled north on narrow Indian trails through dense hardwood forest with wagons drawn by oxen. Many made their way to Bloomington, then east to hilly country, or they reached Jackson County and came north into future Brown County on the Sparks Ferry Road, or west from Columbus in Bartholomew County. Pioneers who had settled on lowland near Columbus came to the hills to escape malaria. Others deliberately chose the hills having lived in mountains before they made the trip to Indiana in search of new land. By 1830 an estimated 150 settlers had arrived; the United States census of 1840 reported 2,364 people.

Covered bridge in Brown County, Indiana

By 1828 the Indiana State Legislature had divided the land of present-day Brown County between Monroe, Jackson, and Bartholomew counties. In 1835 settlers presented a petition to the Legislature requesting a new county. On February 4, 1836, both the House and Senate passed a bill providing for the formation from western Bartholomew, eastern Monroe, and northern Jackson counties of a county to be named for Gen. Jacob Brown, who defeated the British at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor in the War of 1812. ^[5] The county covers a nominal 320 square miles (830 km²), measuring a surveyed 16 miles (26 km) from east to west and 20 miles (32 km) from north to south.

In August 1836, the land was divided into five townships of Jackson, Hamblen, Washington, Johnson, and Van Buren. Nashville, then known as Jacksonburg, was chosen as the county seat. Banner C. Brummett was appointed County Agent to lay out Nashville in lots to be sold at auction. ^[3] It was expected that money from the sale would help pay expenses of the county government. The lots sold very slowly, for pioneers had little money, and funds were short for a number of years. In 1837 a log court house and jail were built. They were built on the same lots on which the present court house and log jail stand. Nashville, at that time, consisted of a cluster of log cabins and 75 people.

The country was wild in 1836; bears, panthers, and wolves were plentiful. The wolves were so numerous that the Commissioners paid $1 for every wolf pelt brought to them. ^[3] Settlers lived a rugged pioneer type of life for many years. Their cabins and small settlements were mere niches in the great forest that covered hills and valleys.

By the time Nashville was incorporated in 1872, water-powered grist mills and sawmills were scattered over the county. Each village served its own locality with at least one general store, a blacksmith shop, a church and a post office. A doctor, sometimes more than one, lived in almost every village. In 1881 there were 20 doctors in the county, and 37 churches - Methodist, United Brethren, Baptist, Presbyterian, and New Light. There were many immigrants in Brown County at this time, including immigrants from England, Wales, Germany, and elsewhere. Two of the Presbyterian churches in the county had congregations that consisted entirely of Presbyterians of Scottish descent who came to America from County Down and County Antrim in the northeastern part of Ireland, in what has since become Northern Ireland. These immigrants were referred to by the rest of the community as being "Scots-Irish", however they referred to themselves as "Ulstermen" and "Irish Presbyterians." ^[6] Money continued to be scarce and much business was conducted by the barter system. The first schools were built of logs, but by 1872 one-room frame school houses dotted the county; in 1900 there were 73.

People farmed but they depended on forest products for cash. Lumber was taken to Indianapolis, also tan bark, cross ties, hoop poles, and barrel staves. The trees were cut recklessly and this led to deep trouble. Since there was not enough farmland on the ridge tops and in the creek bottoms, trees were eliminated on the sides of hills. Wheat and other crops were planted, and erosion became a significant problem. By 1900, soil was so completely washed from hillsides and creek bottoms that crops could not be grown. Poverty was widespread and people began to leave the county in droves. Cabins all over the hills and valleys stood empty. In 1890, 10,308 people lived in Brown County. By 1930 only 5,168 remained. Not until 1980 did the population exceed the 1890 figure.

In 1900, villages were still the centers of Brown County life. Travel by horseback, wagon, or carriage was exceedingly limited due to deeply rutted, rocky roads. There were people in remote areas who never made a trip to Nashville during their lives. Many a family's only contact with the outside world was a salesman's weekly visit with his horse and wagon. As a result, the pioneer way of life continued long after other counties had adopted a new pattern of living.

In 1905 the Illinois Central Railroad built a line from Indianapolis to Effingham, Illinois. The line ran from Morgantown across the southwest corner of Jackson Township. Helmsburg was the main station. Two trains a day from Indianapolis, and two from Effingham, brought freight, mail, and passengers. Horse drawn hacks took people and wagons transported mail and freight from the station to Nashville.

The first cars appeared in Nashville in 1913. Their use was strictly limited because of the poor roads and because of the widespread belief, peculiar to Brown County, that cars were both autonomous and maleficent. By necessity as the number of cars increased, county roads were gradually improved. By 1934 State Road 135 north from Nashville to Morgantown had been built and in that year was hard surfaced. State Road 46 between Bloomington and Nashville was worked on extensively until it was considered one of the best gravel roads in the state. Some years later it was hard surfaced.

In 1907, artist T. C. Steele built a studio near Belmont in rural Brown County and Adolph Shulz came to Nashville and thus began the Brown County Art Colony. Will Vawter, V.J. Cariani, Marie Goth, C. Curry Bohn, Dale Bessire and others moved to Nashville. The Brown County Art Gallery was opened in 1926. In 1954 a larger gallery was built on East Main Street, and an Art Guild established a gallery in the old Minor House on Van Buren Street. Nashville continues to be an art center and tourist attraction.

Brown County State Park opened in 1931 offering many advantages: a lodge, cabins for rent, picnic areas, a swimming pool, and miles of trails. And at present there is Yellowwood State Forest, the Hoosier National Forest, Lake Monroe and Lake Lemon.

Geography

Unlike much of Indiana with its low rolling hills, the terrain of Brown County is rugged and hilly, with the drainage areas filled with brush, undergrowth, or trees. ^[7] The county's highest point (1,058 feet/322 meters ASL) is Weed Patch Hill, the third-highest prominence in the state. ^[8]

According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 316.63 square miles (820.1 km²), of which 311.98 square miles (808.0 km²) (or 98.53%) is land and 4.65 square miles (12.0 km²) (or 1.47%) is water. ^[9] Brown County is tied with Benton County as the least densely populated county in Indiana. Brown County has by far the highest concentration of forested land of any of Indiana's 92 counties with nearly 90% coverage and almost no large farms at all.

Adjacent counties

• Johnson County - northeast
• Bartholomew County - east
• Jackson County - south
• Monroe County - west
• Morgan County - northwest

Incorporated community

• Nashville (county seat)

Unincorporated communities

• Bean Blossom
• Belmont
• Christiansburg
• Cornelius
• Elkinsville ^[4]
• Fruitdale
• Gatesville
• Gnaw Bone
• Helmsburg
• Mount Liberty
• Needmore
• Pikes Peak
• Spearsville
• Stone Head
• Story
• Taggart
• Trevlac

Former communities

Oak Grove

Dollsberry

• Beck
• Beveridge
• Buffalo
• Cleona
• Cooper
• Gent
• Kelp
• Lock
• Marble
• Marshall
• Ramelton
• Sherman
• Youno

Sources: ^{[10] [11]}

Townships

• Hamblen
• Jackson
• Van Buren
• Washington

Census-designated place

• Cordry Sweetwater Lakes

Major highways

• Indiana State Road 45
• Indiana State Road 46
• Indiana State Road 135

Protected areas

• Brown County State Park Brown County State Park
• Cordry Sweetwater Conservancy District
• Hoosier National Forest (part)
• T. C. Steele State Historic Site
• Yellowwood State Forest

Lakes

• Lake Lemon
• Monroe Lake

Climate and weather

Nashville, Indiana
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.7     36 19     2.7     42 23     3.7     52 32     4.3     64 41     5.1     74 52     4.1     82 61     4.3     86 65     4     84 62     3.6     78 55     3.1     67 44     4     54 35     3.4     41 24 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches Source: The Weather Channel [12]
Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     68     2 −7     69     6 −5     93     11 0     109     18 5     130     23 11     103     28 16     110     30 18     101     29 17     92     26 13     80     19 7     100     12 2     86     5 −4 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm

In recent years, average temperatures in Nashville have ranged from a low of 19 °F (−7 °C) in January to a high of 86 °F (30 °C) in July, although a record low of −21 °F (−29 °C) was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of 110 °F (43 °C) was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.66 inches (68 mm) in January to 5.12 inches (130 mm) in May. ^[12]

Government

See also: Government of Indiana

The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.

County Council: The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes. ^{[13] [14]}

Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county. Commissioners are elected county-wide to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government. ^{[13] [14]}

Court: The county maintains a circuit court with jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of six years and must be an attorney licensed to practice in Indiana. The judge is assisted by a magistrate who is hired by the circuit court judge, not elected.

County Officials: The county has other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk. These officers are elected to four-year terms.

Brown County is part of Indiana's 9th congressional district, Indiana Senate district 40 ^[15] and Indiana House of Representatives districts 60 and 65. ^[16]

United States presidential election results for Brown County, Indiana ^[17]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2024	5,647	65.46%	2,832	32.83%	148	1.72%
2020	5,777	64.32%	3,036	33.80%	168	1.87%
2016	5,016	62.69%	2,518	31.47%	467	5.84%
2012	4,332	56.75%	3,060	40.08%	242	3.17%
2008	4,060	50.40%	3,854	47.85%	141	1.75%
2004	4,512	61.56%	2,730	37.24%	88	1.20%
2000	3,871	56.78%	2,608	38.26%	338	4.96%
1996	2,988	47.36%	2,413	38.25%	908	14.39%
1992	2,633	41.63%	2,029	32.08%	1,663	26.29%
1988	3,348	60.86%	2,115	38.45%	38	0.69%
1984	3,517	56.74%	2,657	42.87%	24	0.39%
1980	2,884	54.51%	2,014	38.06%	393	7.43%
1976	2,466	50.29%	2,381	48.55%	57	1.16%
1972	2,737	65.06%	1,443	34.30%	27	0.64%
1968	1,881	49.41%	1,327	34.86%	599	15.73%
1964	1,390	39.22%	2,135	60.24%	19	0.54%
1960	1,679	51.76%	1,533	47.26%	32	0.99%
1956	1,649	51.23%	1,555	48.31%	15	0.47%
1952	1,517	51.18%	1,414	47.71%	33	1.11%
1948	1,092	41.54%	1,459	55.50%	78	2.97%
1944	1,174	45.66%	1,352	52.59%	45	1.75%
1940	1,477	46.74%	1,662	52.59%	21	0.66%
1936	1,244	43.74%	1,585	55.73%	15	0.53%
1932	790	31.26%	1,676	66.32%	61	2.41%
1928	959	48.51%	999	50.53%	19	0.96%
1924	756	36.93%	1,229	60.04%	62	3.03%
1920	788	36.75%	1,316	61.38%	40	1.87%
1916	506	31.72%	1,046	65.58%	43	2.70%
1912	305	19.74%	909	58.83%	331	21.42%
1908	663	34.60%	1,177	61.43%	76	3.97%
1904	760	37.36%	1,157	56.88%	117	5.75%
1900	707	32.09%	1,450	65.82%	46	2.09%
1896	726	32.63%	1,480	66.52%	19	0.85%
1892	656	30.27%	1,378	63.59%	133	6.14%
1888	661	29.08%	1,538	67.66%	74	3.26%

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1840	2,364		—
1850	4,846		105.0%
1860	6,507		34.3%
1870	8,681		33.4%
1880	10,264		18.2%
1890	10,308		0.4%
1900	9,727		−5.6%
1910	7,975		−18.0%
1920	7,019		−12.0%
1930	5,168		−26.4%
1940	6,189		19.8%
1950	6,209		0.3%
1960	7,024		13.1%
1970	9,057		28.9%
1980	12,377		36.7%
1990	14,080		13.8%
2000	14,957		6.2%
2010	15,242		1.9%
2020	15,475		1.5%
2023 (est.)	15,653	[18]	1.2%
US Decennial Census [19] 1790-1960 [20] 1900-1990 [21] 1990-2000 [22] 2010 [23]

2010 Census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,242 people, 6,199 households, and 4,444 families in the county. ^[24] The population density was 48.9 inhabitants per square mile (18.9/km²). There were 8,285 housing units at an average density of 26.6 per square mile (10.3/km²). ^[9] The racial makeup of the county was 97.6% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.2% of the population. ^[24] In terms of ancestry, 27.2% were German, 13.1% were Irish, 11.6% were English, and 11.3% were American. ^[25] Those citing "American" ancestry in Brown County are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. ^{[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]}

Of the 6,199 households, 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.3% were non-families, and 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age was 46.7 years. ^[24]

The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $56,911. Males had a median income of $42,269 versus $30,175 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,312. About 9.0% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over. ^[31]

2020 census

Brown County Racial Composition ^[32]

Race	Num.	Perc.
White (NH)	14,463	93.5%
Black or African American (NH)	55	0.4%
Native American (NH)	30	0.2%
Asian (NH)	65	0.4%
Pacific Islander (NH)	5	0.03%
Other/Mixed (NH)	587	3.8%
Hispanic or Latino	270	1.7%

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Brown County, Indiana

References

1. "Brown County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
3. Blanchard, Charles (1884). Counties of Morgan, Monroe and Brown, Indiana: Historical and Biographical. Chicago: F.A. Battey & Co. p.  3.
4. "SALT CREEK VALLEY". July 21, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
5. De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & Co. p.  552.
6. Dorothy Birney Bailey. Brown County, Indiana: History and Families, 1836-1990, Vol. 1 (1991), p. 92; Brown County Historical Society - Turner Publishing Co. ISBN   9781563110252
7. "Brown County · Indiana". Brown County · Indiana.
8. "Weed Patch Hill - Peakbagger.com". peakbagger.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
9. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
10. Drainage Map of Brown County, Department of Conservation, State of Indiana, Engineering Dept 1933 Official Map
11. General Highway and Transportation Map Brown County Prepared by State Highway Commission of Indiana and USDA 1937
12. "Monthly Averages for Nashville IN". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
13. Indiana Code. "Title 36, Article 2, Section 3". IN.gov. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
14. Indiana Code. "Title 2, Article 10, Section 2" (PDF). IN.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
15. "Indiana Senate Districts". State of Indiana. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
16. "Indiana House Districts". State of Indiana. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
17. Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
18. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
19. "US Decennial Census". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
20. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
21. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 4, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
22. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
23. "Brown County QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
24. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
25. "Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
26. "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
27. Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
28. Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
29. Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
30. Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
31. "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
32. "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Brown County, Indiana". Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
    
    The abbreviation "(NH)" indicates "Non-Hispanic".

• Bailey, Dorothy B. (1985). History of Brown County. Brown County Historical Society.
• Inman, N. Carol (1991). The Origins of 1001 Towns In Indiana. Indiana State Historical Association.
• Forstall, Richard L., ed. (1996). Population of states and counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990 : from the twenty-one decennial censuses. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Population Division. ISBN   0-934213-48-8.

External links

• Annual Brown County Studio Tour 2012
• Brown County Democrat newspaper
• Brown County Convention & Visitors Bureau
• Brown County Chamber of Commerce
• Brown County, Indiana: A Beautiful Place to Live, Work or Visit, an Ebook by Brown Countian Brown County, Indiana: A Beautiful Place
• Foxfire Park Foxfire Park in Nashville hosts annual Fall Fine Arts Festival.
• Town of Nashville
• The Artists of Brown County Archived May 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
• The Hohenberger Photograph Collection consists of about 15,000 photographs and negatives of Brown County, Indiana, by photographer Frank Michael Hohenberger, 1876–1963.

39°12′N86°14′W / 39.20°N 86.23°W / 39.20; -86.23