Club of Madrid

Last updated
Club de Madrid
Formation2001
Headquarters Madrid, Spain
President
Vice Presidents
Website www.clubmadrid.org

Club de Madrid is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. It is composed of 126 regular members from 73 countries, [2] including 7 Nobel Peace Prize laureates and 20 first female heads of State or Government. Club de Madrid is the world's largest forum of former heads of state and government. [3]

Contents

Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counseling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance, and response to crisis and post-crisis situations. [3]

History and actions

Club de Madrid was founded in October 2001 as a result of the Conference on Democratic Transition and Consolidation held in Madrid with the objective of creating a permanent forum for governments to consult, and "be able to access expert's opinions". The event was organized by the think tank FRIDE (Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exteriores). [4]

The Conference was attended by 32 current and former heads of state and government, who discussed their ideas and conclusions with over 100 experts. Among the attendees were former President of the USSR Mikhaíl Gorbachov, former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, former democratic Prime Ministers of Spain Adolfo Suárez, Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, Felipe González and José María Aznar, former Prime Minister of the Central African Republic Martin Ziguele, and US President Bill Clinton. [4]

Club de Madrid members at an Annual Policy Dialogue in Madrid in 2019 Club de Madrid members at an Annual Policy Dialogue.jpg
Club de Madrid members at an Annual Policy Dialogue in Madrid in 2019

The Club's first Secretary General was the co-founder of FRIDE, Antonio Álvarez-Couceiro, and its first President was former President of Brasil Fernando Henrique Cardoso, [5] who held that post until 2006. In 2004, former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell became Secretary General until 2006, [6] when the Spanish diplomat Fernando Perpiñá-Robert took the post. Former President of Chile Ricardo Lagos was elected as the organization's President in 2006, [7] until 2010, when he ceded the position to former Prime Minister of the Netherlands Wim Kok. Also in 2010, Carlos Westendorp, Spanish diplomat and politician, became Secretary General.

Former President of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga was elected President of the Club in 2014. In 2016, María Elena Agüero became Secretary General [8] and, in 2019, former President of Slovenia Danilo Türk was elected President, posts they both still hold. [9]

The Club's first General Assembly was held in Madrid in October 2002 approved the organization's first Annual Policy Dialogue, [10] year-long initiatives that involve members, other organizations, and experts in working grops to formulate policy recommendations on the decided topic. The results of some Annual Policy Dialogues and other programs have been echoed and supported in national and international legislation and pacts. [11]

List of Annual Policy Dialogues
YearTopicPlace
2002Democracy [12] Palace Hotel, Madrid
2003The Role of the IMF and its Contribution to Democratic Governance [13] Palace Hotel, Madrid
2004Democracies in Danger: Diagnoses and Prescriptions [14] Parliament, Madrid
2005Democracy in the Post Communist World: Unfinished Business [15] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague
2005International Summit on Democracy, Security and Terrorism [16] Madrid, Spain
2006Challenges of Energy and Democratic Leadership [17] Palace of the Senate, Madrid
2007Democratizing Energy: Geopolitics and Power [18] Instituto Cervantes, Madrid
2008Leadership for Shared Societies [19] Rotterdam, Netherlands
2009Political Dimensions of the World Economic Crisis [20] Palacio de Congresos, Madrid
2010Reconstruction and Democratic Development: the Case of Haiti [21] Representation of the European Commission in Spain, Madrid
2011Digital Technologies for 21st Century Democracy [22] New York, USA
2012Asia Pacific Forum: Building a More Resilient Pacific in the 21st Century World Order [23] Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
2012Harnessing 21st Century Solutions: a Focus on Women [24] Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
2013South Caucasus Forum [25] Ganja and Baku, Azerbaijan
2014Societies that Work: Jobs for Inclusive Growth [26] Coolum Beach, Queensland, Australia
2014II Global Shared Societies Forum [27] Baku, Azerbaijan
2014Democracy and Human Rights: a Call to Action [28] Florence, Italy
2015Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism [29] Madrid, Spain
2016Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient Cities in the Belt and Road Initiative [30] Guangzhou, China
2018Education for Shared Societies [31] Lisbon, Portugal
2019Digital Transformation and the Future of Democracy [32] Madrid, Spain
2020Multilateralism that Delivers [33] Online
2021Rethinking Democracy [34] Online
2022Leading in a World of Converging Crises [35] Berlin, Germany
2023Rethinking Social Development for People and Planet [36] Brazil

The Club de Madrid pushed for a constitutional reform in Haiti [37] and promoted the adoption of a National Pact in 2014 to reach a democratic consensus. [38]

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Club de Madrid called for international cooperation, solidarity, and policies such as the "creation of an international fund for assistance to the Global South to deal with the consequences of COVID-19" and supported "the IMF’s call for coordinated fiscal stimuli to mitigate against long-lasting economic damage". The organization called on the World Bank to support the coordinated purchase of pandemic response equipment. [39]

Club de Madrid members at an Annual Policy Dialogue in Portugal in 2018 Education-for-shared-societies-policy-dialogue-plenaries 45859590951 o.jpg
Club de Madrid members at an Annual Policy Dialogue in Portugal in 2018

Club de Madrid issued a statement in support of the 2020 International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples, endorsing practices of restorative justice and highlighting the cosmovision of numerous indigenous peoples towards nature. [40] Also in 2020, the organization appealed to the authorities of Belarus to "stop detentions and the use of force against unarmed demonstrators" after the presidential elections in the country. [41]

Club de Madrid also condemned the 2021 coup d'état in Myanmar and called for the "immediate and unconditional release of President Win Myint, State Counsellor Daw Aung Sang Suu Kyi, members of government, of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and of civil society activists who have been detained". [42] Also in 2021, the organization and 46 of its members publicly supported the suspension of the WTO's intellectual property rules towards COVID-19 vaccines to make vaccination more accessible. [43]

In June 2022, the Club de Madrid called on the Tunisian President Kais Saied to release the politician Hamadi Jebali. [44] Club de Madrid has also repeatedly called for the release of opposition leader Alexei Navalny and other political prisoners in Russia, and for the end of the war in Ukraine through dialogue and diplomacy. [45]

In response to the January 8th Brazilian Congress attack, Club de Madrid condemned the event. [46]

Composition and structure

As of April 2023, there are 126 full members, all of whom are previous government officials with full voting rights. The Club also has institutional members and foundations – private and public organizations that share similar democratic objectives, including FRIDE, the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA), both original sponsors of the founding conference in 2001, [47] the Madrid City Council, the Regional Government of Madrid, and the Government of Spain. [48] Additionally, there are six honorary members (e.g. Javier Solana, Aung San Suu Kyi [49] ) and several fellows, who are experts on democratic change. [50]

Full members, representatives of the constituent foundations, the Secretary General of the organization, and honorary members form the General Assembly, the highest representative and governing body of Club de Madrid. The General Assembly meets at least once a year to vote on the organization's activities and reports, the proposal of new members, and the designation of the Secretary General, Board of Directors and President, among other activities. [51]

The Board of Directors manages the interests of the organization according to the directives of the General Assembly. The body is composed of the President, currently Danilo Türk, two Vice-Presidents, currently former South Korean Prime Minister Han Seung-soo and former President of Costa Rica Laura Chinchilla, one member from each constituent foundation, the Secretary General, and up to six other members. [52]

The President represents the organization and is elected for a term of three years, renewable once. The Vice-Presidents are also elected for three years, renewable once, and they work closely with the President. [53]

Club de Madrid's Secretariat Club de Madrid Secretariat.jpg
Club de Madrid's Secretariat

Club de Madrid has two advisory bodies, the President's Circle, made up of individuals and organizations that support the Club's objectives, and the Advisory Committee, composed of fellows who are experts in their fields. The Secretariat, under the direction of the Secretary General, is responsible for the daily management of the Club de Madrid. [54]

Funding

Club de Madrid is a non-profit organization and members offer their services on a pro bono basis. It relies financially on donations which are used to support a permanent Secretariat and fund specific projects. The Club's accounts are audited annually by an external organization and publicly available. [55]

The Club of Madrid Foundation Inc. (COMFI) is a grant-making foundation that has US 501(c)(3) tax exemption status. It exists to raise funds in support of the Club's charitable and educational activities. COMFI is independent and not controlled by the Club itself, but solely by a four-person Board of Directors. [56]

Members

Club de Madrid has 126 full members of which 19 are former Heads of State and/or government from Africa and the Middle East, 29 from the Americas, 16 from Asia-Pacific, and 57 from Europe.

List of current members

List of members as of July 17th 2023. [57]

NameAgeNationPartyOffice(s) held
BDF Summit 2010.06.01 587 (4709180104) (cropped).jpg Valdas Adamkus 97Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania None President of Lithuania (1998–2003, 2004–2009)
Esko Aho 2010-05-28.jpg Esko Aho 69Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Centre Prime Minister of Finland (1991–1995)
Oscar Arias (cropped).jpg Óscar Arias 83Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)
Jose Maria Aznar 2018.jpg José María Aznar 71Flag of Spain.svg  Spain PP President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004)
Michele Bachelet (2009).jpg Michelle Bachelet 72Flag of Chile.svg  Chile Socialist President of Chile (2006–2010, 2014–2018)
Executive Director of UN Women (2010–2013)
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018–2022)
Jan Peter Balkenende 2006.jpg Jan Peter Balkenende 67Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands CDA Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010)
President of Malawi Joyce Banda (8985928177).jpg Joyce Banda 73Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi People's Party President of Malawi (2012–2014)
Rupiah Banda 2010-11-18.jpg Rupiah Banda 87Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia MMD President of Zambia (2008–2011)
Jose Manuel Barroso (cropped).jpg José Manuel Barroso 68Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal PSD Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004)
President of the European Commission (2004–2014)
Carl Bildt under den politiska Almedalsveckan 2016.jpg Carl Bildt 74Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Moderate Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994)
High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–1997)
Valdis Birkavs 2011-08-20.jpg Valdis Birkavs 81Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia LC Prime Minister of Latvia (1993–1994)
KjellMagneBondevik (edit).JPG Kjell Magne Bondevik 76Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Norway (1997–2000, 2001–2005)
Gordon Brown (2008).jpg Gordon Brown 73Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
Gro Harlem Brundtland (cropped).jpg Gro Harlem Brundtland 84Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Labour Prime Minister of Norway (1981, 1986–1989, 1990–1996)
Director-General of the World Health Organization (1998–2003)
John Bruton 2011.jpg John Bruton 76Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Fine Gael Taoiseach of Ireland (1994–1997)
EU Ambassador to the United States (2004–2009)
Jerzy Buzek, 2010.JPG Jerzy Buzek 83Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Civic Platform Prime Minister of Poland (1997–2001)
President of the European Parliament (2009–2012)
Felipe Calderon 20090130 (cropped).jpg Felipe Calderón 61Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2006–2012)
Micheline Calmy-Rey 2011.jpg Micheline Calmy-Rey 78Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Social Democratic Member of the Federal Council (2003–2011)
(President in 2007 and 2011)
Kim Campbell.jpg Kim Campbell 77Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada (1993)
FHC 2019.jpg Fernando Henrique Cardoso 92Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Social Democracy President of Brazil (1995–2003)
A. Cavaco Silva (cropped).png Aníbal Cavaco Silva 84Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Social Democratic Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
President of Portugal (2006–2016)
Laura Chinchilla Miranda with Hillary Rodham Clinton (cropped).jpg Laura Chinchilla 65Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (2010–2014)
Joaquim Chissano 2.jpg Joaquim Chissano 84Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique FRELIMO President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
Jean Chretien 2010.jpg Jean Chrétien 90Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Liberal Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003)
Helen Clark official photo (cropped).jpg Helen Clark 74Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008)
Bill Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton 77Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Democratic President of the United States (1993–2001)
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca.jpg Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca 65Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Labour President of Malta (2014–2019)
Launch Republique Solidaire 2010-06-19 n04.jpg Dominique de Villepin 70Flag of France.svg  France RS Prime Minister of France (2005–2007)
Dimitrov.JPG Philip Dimitrov 69Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria SDS Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1991–1992)
Luisa Dias Diogo - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009 crop.jpg Luísa Diogo 65Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique FRELIMO Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–2010)
Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg Leonel Fernández 70Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic PLD President of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000, 2004–2012)
Jose Maria Figueres speaking at Brookings Institution cropped (cropped).jpg José María Figueres 69Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1994–1998)
Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1985).jpg Vigdís Finnbogadóttir 93Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland None President of Iceland (1980–1996)
Vicente Fox flag.jpg Vicente Fox 81Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2000–2006)
Eduardo Frei Chiledebate.jpg Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 81Flag of Chile.svg  Chile Christian Democratic President of Chile (1994–2000)
Yasuo Fukuda 200709.jpg Yasuo Fukuda 87Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Liberal Democratic Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
Cesar Gaviria, World Economic Forum on Latin America 2009 (cropped).jpg César Gaviria 77Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Liberal President of Colombia (1990–1994)
Secretary General of the Organization of American States (1994–2004)
Amine Gemayel 2007.jpg Amine Pierre Gemayel 82Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Kata'eb President of Lebanon (1982–1988)
Felipe Gonzalez 2015 (cropped).jpg Felipe González 82Flag of Spain.svg  Spain PSOE President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
Dalia Grybauskaite 2012-06-13 (2).jpg Dalia Grybauskaitė 68Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania None President of Lithuania (2009–2019)
Alfred Gusenbauer 26.10.2008.jpg Alfred Gusenbauer 64Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Social Democratic Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008)
Antonio Guterres, 23.03.23.jpg António Guterres 74Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1995–2002)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2016)
UN Secretary-General (2016–present)
Tarja Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg Tarja Halonen 80Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Social Democratic President of Finland (2000–2012)
Han Seung-Soo - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg Han Seung-soo 87Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea Saenuri Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009)
Francois Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg François Hollande 69Flag of France.svg  France PS President of France (2012–2017)
Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (cropped).jpg Osvaldo Hurtado 84Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador Christian Democratic President of Ecuador (1981–1984)
Hamadi Jebali - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012-1.jpg Hamadi Jebali 74Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia Ennahdha (until 2014)

None (since 2014)

 Head of Government of Tunisia (2011–2013)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf February 2015.jpg Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 85Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia None President of Liberia (2006–2018)
Mehdi Jomaa 2013-06-18.jpg Mehdi Jomaa 61Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia None (until 2017)

Tunisian Alternative (since 2017)

 Head of Government of Tunisia (2014–2015)
16 obljetnica vojnoredarstvene operacije Oluja Ivo Josipovic 04082011 c 876.jpg Ivo Josipović 66Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia SDP President of Croatia (2010–2015)
Alain Juppe in Washington DC.jpg Alain Juppé 78Flag of France.svg  France UMP Prime Minister of France (1995–1997)
Koehlerhorst08032007.jpg Horst Köhler 81Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Christian Democratic President of Germany (2004–2010)
Milan Kucan.jpg Milan Kučan 83Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia 		Communist (until 1990)
None (since 1990)		 President of Slovenia (1991–2002)
John Kufuor 080915-A-8817J-090.JPG John Kufuor 85Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana NPP President of Ghana (2001–2009)
Chairman of the AU (2007–2008)
Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg Chandrika Kumaratunga 78Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka SLFP President of Sri Lanka (1994–2005)
Aleksander kwasniewski konferencja (cropped).jpg Aleksander Kwaśniewski 69Flag of Poland.svg  Poland None (since 1995) President of Poland (1995–2005)
Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera (cropped).jpg Luis Alberto Lacalle 82Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay PN President of Uruguay (1990–1995)
Ricardo Lagos (45777830295) (cropped).jpg Ricardo Lagos 86Flag of Chile.svg  Chile PPD President of Chile (2000–2006)
Zlatko Lagumdzija (2013-02-15) (cropped).jpg Zlatko Lagumdžija 68Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002)
Lee Hong Koo.png Lee Hong-koo 68Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea NKP South Korea Prime Minister of South Korea (1994–1995)
Yves Leterme.jpg Yves Leterme 57Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium CD&V Prime Minister of Belgium (2009–2011)
Enrico Letta 2013.jpg Enrico Letta 57Flag of Italy.svg  Italy PD Prime Minister of Italy (2013–2014)
Doris Leuthard (Neu).jpg Doris Leuthard 60Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD Member of the Federal Council (2006–2018)
(President in 2010 and 2017)
SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg Thabo Mbeki 81Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa ANC President of South Africa (1999–2008)
Rexhep Meidani.jpg Rexhep Meidani 79Flag of Albania.svg  Albania Socialist President of Albania (1997–2002)
Carlos Mesa, ex-President of Bolivia (cropped 2).jpg Carlos Mesa 70Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia FRI President of Bolivia (2003–2005)
James Michel Portrait.png James Michel 79Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles US President of Seychelles (2004–2016)
Festus Mogae 2009-06-23.jpg Festus Mogae 84Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1998–2008)
Mario Monti 2012.jpg Mario Monti 81Flag of Italy.svg  Italy None Prime Minister of Italy (2011–2013)
Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg Olusegun Obasanjo 87Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria PDP Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (1976–1979)
President of Nigeria (1999–2007)
Roza Otunbayeva - Kyrgyzstan - 2011 International Women of Courage awards.jpg Roza Otunbayeva 73Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Social Democratic (2007–2010) President of Kyrgyzstan (2010–2011)
Anand Panyarachun.jpg Anand Panyarachun 91Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand None Prime Minister of Thailand (1991–1992)
George Papandreou 2011-09-30.jpg George Papandreou 71Flag of Greece.svg  Greece Socialist Prime Minister of Greece (2009–2011)
Andrespastranaarango.png Andrés Pastrana 69Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1998–2002)
Pratibha Patil (cropped).jpg Pratibha Patil 89Flag of India.svg  India INC President of India (2007–2012)
PJPatterson.jpg P.J. Patterson 88Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica PNP (until 2011) Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006)
Romano Prodi in Nova Gorica (2c).jpg Romano Prodi 84Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Democratic President of the European Commission (1999–2004)
President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1996–1998, 2006–2008)
Ochirbat-Punsalmaa.jpg Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat 82Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia None President of Mongolia (1990–1997)
Jorge Quiroga Inter-American 2019 cropped.jpg Jorge Quiroga 63Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia PODEMOS President of Bolivia (2001–2002)
EPP Summit March 2011 (53).jpg Iveta Radičová 67Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia SDKÚ-DS
(2006–2012)		 Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010–2012)
Mariano Rajoy in 2018.jpg Mariano Rajoy 69Flag of Spain.svg  Spain PP President of the Government of Spain (2011–2018)
2019-05-24 Jose Ramos-Horta (cropped).jpg José Manuel Ramos-Horta 74Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor None Prime Minister of East Timor (2006–2007)
President of East Timor (2007–2012)
Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP and PES PRESIDENTS DEBATE 21.01.2005 (21).jpg Poul Nyrup Rasmussen 80Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Social Democrats Prime Minister of Denmark (1993–2001)
Mary Robinson (2014).jpg Mary Robinson 79Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland None President of Ireland (1990–97)
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)
Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero 2015b (cropped).jpg José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 63Flag of Spain.svg  Spain PSOE President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
Petre Roman.jpg Petre Roman 77Flag of Romania.svg  Romania FSN (1989–1991) Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)
Kevin Rudd official portrait.jpg Kevin Rudd 66Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia ALP Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013)
PresidenteSanguinettti.jpg Julio María Sanguinetti 88Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay PC President of Uruguay (1985–1990, 1995–2000)
W Schuessel7.jpg Wolfgang Schüssel 78Flag of Austria.svg  Austria ÖVP Chancellor of Austria (2000–2007)
Jenny Shipley and Winnie Laban (crop).jpg Jenny Shipley 72Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand National Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997–1999)
Johanna sigurdardottir official portrait.jpg Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir 81Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland Social Democratic Alliance Prime Minister of Iceland (2009–2013)
Fouad Siniora EPP Congress 5446 (cropped).jpg Fuad Siniora 80Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon FM Prime Minister of Lebanon (2005–2009)
Alexander Stubb EPP October 2018 (44474967285) (cropped).jpg Alexander Stubb 56Flag of Finland.svg  Finland NCP Prime Minister of Finland (2014–2015)
Hanna Suchocka, Prime Minister of Poland 1992-1993.jpg Hanna Suchocka 78Flag of Poland.svg  Poland UD Prime Minister of Poland (1992–1993)
Boris Tadic 2014-2.jpg Boris Tadić 66Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Social Democratic President of Serbia (2004–2012)
Jigme Thinley (cropped 2).jpg Jigme Thinley 71Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan DPT Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–2013)
Danmarks statsminister Helle Thorning-Schmidt vid de nordiska statsministrarnas mote vid Nordiska Radets session i Kopenhamn (1).jpg Helle Thorning-Schmidt 57Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Social Democrats Prime Minister of Denmark (2011–2015)
Panama.MartinTorrijos.01.jpg Martín Torrijos 60Flag of Panama.svg  Panama PRD President of Panama (2004–2009)
Aminata Toure (cropped).jpg Aminata Touré 61Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal APR Prime Minister of Senegal (2013–2014)
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorzh.jpg Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 61Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia Democratic Party Prime Minister of Mongolia (2004–2006)
President of Mongolia (2009–2017)
Danilo Turk - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010 cropped.jpg Danilo Türk 72Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia None President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
Cassam Uteem (cropped).jpg Cassam Uteem 83Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius MMM President of Mauritius (1992–2002)
Herman Van Rompuy 675.jpg Herman Van Rompuy 76Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium CD&V Prime Minister of Belgium (2008–2009)
President of the European Council (2009–2014)
Guy Verhofstadt EP press conference 3.jpg Guy Verhofstadt 70Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium VLD Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
Ministru prezidenta tiksanas ar eksprezidenti (4108711953) (cropped).jpg Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga 86Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia None President of Latvia (1999–2007)
Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.png Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 74Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Democratic Party President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg Ernesto Zedillo 72Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico PRI President of Mexico (1994–2000)
Moussa Mara 2014-07-19.jpg
Moussa Mara 48Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Change Party Prime Minister of Mali (2014-2015)
Hilda Heine 20171030.jpg Hilda Heine 72Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands Idependent President of the Marshall Islands(2016-2020)
Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg Ram Nath Kovind 77Flag of India.svg  India BJP President of India (2017–2022)
Carlos Alvarado (cropped).jpg Carlos Alvarado 43Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica Citizens' Action Party President of Costa Rica (2018-2022)
Retrato oficial del Presidente Mauricio Macri.jpg Mauricio Macri 64Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina Republican Proposal President of Argentina (2015-2019)
Francisco Sagasti Hochhausler.jpg Francisco Sagasti 78Flag of Peru.svg  Peru Purple Party President of Peru (2020-2021)
Joachim Gauck - 2019-08-14 (cropped).jpg Joachim Gauck 83Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Independent President of Germany (2012-2017)
Juncker 2010.jpg Jean-Claude Juncker 68Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Christian Social People's Party Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995-2013)

President of the European Commission (2014-2019)

Stefan Lofven 26 jan 2012 1.jpg Stefan Löfven 65Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Social Democratic Party Prime Minister of Sweden (2014-2021)
Portret 3-go prezidenta Ukrayini Viktora Iushchenka (cropped).jpeg Viktor Yushchenko 69Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Our Ukraine President of Ukraine (2005-2010)
Valdis Zatlers in 2011.jpg Valdis Zatlers 68Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Reform Party President of Latvia (2007-2011)

List of secretaries-general

NameStartEndNationPartyOffice(s) held
Antonio Álvarez-Couceiro20022004Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Co-founder of FRIDE
Kim Campbell.jpg Kim Campbell 20042006 Canada Conservative Party Minister of National Defence (1993)

Minister of Veterans Affairs (1993) Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1993) Minister of State (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) (1993) Prime Minister of Canada (1993)

Fernando Perpiñá-Robert20062010 [58] Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Spanish diplomat
Carlos Westendorp.jpg Carlos Westendorp 2010 [58] 2016Flag of Spain.svg  Spain SSWP Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995-1996)
María Elena Agüero2016Present

List of honorary members

NameAgeNationPartyOffice(s) held
Remise du Prix Sakharov a Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg Aung San Suu Kyi 78Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar NLD State Counsellor of Myanmar (2016–2021)
Ban Ki-moon February 2016.jpg Ban Ki-moon 80Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea None Secretary-General of the United Nations (2007–2016)
JimmyCarterPortrait (cropped).jpg Jimmy Carter 99Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Democratic President of the United States (1977–81)
Enrique V Iglesias 2.jpg Enrique V. Iglesias 94Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 		(unknown) President of the Inter-American Development Bank (1998–2005)
Secretary General of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat (2005–13)
Javier Solana 1999.jpg Javier Solana 81Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Socialist Secretary General of NATO (1995–99) and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (1999–2009)
Angel Gurria - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012 (cropped).jpg José Ángel Gurria 73Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico PRI Secretary General of OECD (2006-2021)
Juan Somavia - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg Juan Somavia 82Flag of Chile.svg  Chile NoneDirector of the International Labour Organization (1999-2012)

List of members of the constituent foundations

NameAgeNationPartyOffice(s) held
No image.svg Diego Hidalgo 81Flag of Spain.svg  Spain (unknown) Founder and President of, and donor to, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE)
Founding Member and Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA) [59]
No image.svg T. Anthony Jones (unknown)(unknown) (unknown) Vice-president and executive director of GFNA [60]
No image.svg George Matthews (unknown)Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States (unknown) Chairman and co-founder of GFNA [61]
Jose Manuel Romero Moreno.jpg José Manuel Romero Moreno 83Flag of Spain.svg  Spain (unknown) Vice President of FRIDE [62]
Cristina ManzanoFlag of Spain.svg  Spain Director of EsGlobal

Member of FRIDE [63]

List of former members (deceased)

NameDiedNationPartyOffice(s) held
Retrato Oficial Presidente Pinera 2018 (cropped7).jpg Sebastián Piñera February 6, 2024(2024-02-06) (aged 74)Flag of Chile.svg  Chile None President of Chile (2010–2014; 2018–2022)
Jacques Delors (cropped).jpg Jacques Delors December 27, 2023(2023-12-27) (aged 98)Flag of France.svg  France Socialist President of the European Commission (1985-1995)
Ramos Pentagon.jpg Fidel V. Ramos July 31, 2022 (aged 94)Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Lakas President of the Philippines (1992–1998)
Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg Jorge Sampaio September 10, 2021(2021-09-10) (aged 81)Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Socialist President of Portugal (1996–2006)
Oscar Ribas Reig, prime minister.jpg Òscar Ribas Reig December 18, 2020(2020-12-18) (aged 84)Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra AND Prime Minister of Andorra (1990–1994)
Visita Oficial del Presidente de Uruguay 2 (cropped).jpg Tabaré Vázquez December 6, 2020(2020-12-06) (aged 80)Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay PS President of Uruguay (2005–2010, 2015–2020)
Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi 1964.jpg Sadiq al-Mahdi November 26, 2020(2020-11-26) (aged 84)Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan Umma Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–1967, 1986–1989)
Benjamin Mkapa 2010-05-07.jpg Benjamin Mkapa July 24, 2020(2020-07-24) (aged 81)Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania CCM President of Tanzania (1995–2005)
El keib.jpg Abdurrahim El-Keib April 21, 2020(2020-04-21) (aged 70)Flag of Libya.svg  Libya None Acting Prime Minister of Libya (2011–2012)
Javier Perez de Cuellar.JPG Javier Pérez de Cuéllar March 4, 2020(2020-03-04) (aged 100)Flag of Peru.svg  Peru UPP Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991)
President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001)
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie official portrait.jpg Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie September 11, 2019(2019-09-11) (aged 83)Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Golkar President of Indonesia (1998–1999)
Belisario Betancur.jpg Belisario Betancur December 7, 2018(2018-12-07) (aged 95)Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1982–1986)
Wim Kok 1994.jpg Wim Kok October 20, 2018(2018-10-20) (aged 80)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Labour Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002)
Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg Kofi Annan August 18, 2018(2018-08-18) (aged 80)Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana None Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006)
Alvaro Arzu 2017 (cropped-b).jpg Álvaro Arzú April 27, 2018(2018-04-27) (aged 72)Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala Unionist President of Guatemala (1996–2000)
Mayor of Guatemala City (2004–2018)
Ruud Lubbers 1985.jpg Ruud Lubbers February 14, 2018(2018-02-14) (aged 78)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Christian Democratic Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005)
Quett Masire detail DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG Quett Masire June 22, 2017(2017-06-22) (aged 91)Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1980–1998)
Helmut Kohl (1996) cropped.jpg Helmut Kohl June 16, 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany 		Christian Democratic Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990)
Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998)
James Mancham 2014.jpg James Mancham January 8, 2017(2017-01-08) (aged 77)Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles Democratic President of Seychelles (1976–1977)
Mario Soares (2003) portrait.jpg Mário Soares January 7, 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 92)Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978, 1983–1985)
President of Portugal (1986–1996)
Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro VOA.png António Mascarenhas Monteiro September 16, 2016(2016-09-16) (aged 72)Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde MPD President of Cape Verde (1991–2001)
Aylwin Banda (2).jpg Patricio Aylwin April 19, 2016(2016-04-19) (aged 87)Flag of Chile.svg  Chile PDC President of Chile (1990–1994)
No image.svg Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani November 8, 2015(2015-11-08) (aged 81)Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen
Flag of North Yemen.svg  North Yemen 		GPC Prime Minister of North Yemen (1980–1983)
Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001)
Adolfo Suarez recibe al secretario general de Convergencia Democratica de Cataluna. Pool Moncloa. 16 de marzo de 1978 (cropped).jpeg Adolfo Suárez March 23, 2014(2014-03-23) (aged 81)Flag of Spain (1977-1981).svg  Spain
Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg		 MN (until 1977)
UCD (1977–82)		 President of the Government of Spain (1976–81)
Tadeusz Mazowiecki 80th birthday.jpg Tadeusz Mazowiecki October 28, 2013(2013-10-28) (aged 86)Flag of Poland.svg  Poland
Flag of Poland.svg PR Poland 		KO "S" (1980–91)
UD (1991–94)		 Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91)
Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg Inder Kumar Gujral November 30, 2012(2012-11-30) (aged 92)Flag of India.svg  India JD Prime Minister of India (1997–98)
Vaclav Havel.jpg Václav Havel December 18, 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 		OF (1989–93)
None (1993–2004)		 President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92)
President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
Ferenc Madl.jpg Ferenc Mádl May 29, 2011(2011-05-29) (aged 80)Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary None President of Hungary (2000–05)
Raul Alfonsin (cropped).jpg Raúl Alfonsín March 31, 2009(2009-03-31) (aged 82)Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina UCR President of Argentina (1983–89)
Visita del Calvo-Sotelo 1976.jpg Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo May 3, 2008(2008-05-03) (aged 82)Flag of Spain (1977-1981).svg  Spain UCD President of the Government of Spain (1981–82)
Lennart Meri 1998.jpg Lennart Meri March 14, 2006(2006-03-14) (aged 76)Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 		Isamaa (since 1992) President of Estonia (1992–2001)
No image.svg Valentín Paniagua October 16, 2006(2006-10-16) (aged 70)Flag of Peru.svg  Peru AC President of Peru (2000–01)

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 List of Members
  2. ↑ "Members". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  3. 1 2 "Club de Madrid". European Partnership for Democracy (EPD). Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  4. 1 2 Altares, Guillermo (2001-10-27). "Dirigentes mundiales crean el Club de Madrid para ayudar a las democracias incipientes". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  5. ↑ "Members | Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  6. ↑ "Biography: Rt. Hon. Kim Campbell | Peter Lougheed Leadership College". www.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  7. ↑ Taillac, Mathieu de (2006-04-24). "El chileno Ricardo Lagos asume la presidencia del Club de Madrid". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  8. ↑ "María Elena Agüero - GWL VOICES" . Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  9. ↑ Club de Madrid (2019-10-20). "Danilo Türk is elected new President of Club de Madrid". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  10. ↑ "Club de Madrid 2002 policy dialogue and I General Assembly, democracy". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  11. ↑ "About Club de Madrid". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  12. ↑ "Club de Madrid 2002 policy dialogue and I General Assembly, democracy". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  13. ↑ "Club de Madrid 2003 policy dialogue, general assembly, governance, IMF". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  14. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid 2004 Conference, Democracies danger". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  15. ↑ "IV General Assembly, Club de Madrid 2005 Conference, post communist". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  16. ↑ "Club de Madrid 2005 policy dialogue,Terrorism, Agenda, Global Consensus". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  17. ↑ "Club de Madrid 2006 policy dialogue, conference, energy, democracy". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  18. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid 2007 Conference, energy, geopolitics". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  19. ↑ "General Assembly, Shared Societies, policy dialogue, club de Madrid". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  20. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, Economic Crisis, policy dialogue 2009". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  21. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, Haiti". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  22. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, digital technologies 11". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  23. ↑ ADMINCOMMS (2012-07-23). "Building a More Resilient Pacific in the 21st Century World Order". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  24. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, women 2012, USA". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  25. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, women,shared society". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  26. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, jobs, growth, g20 2013". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  27. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, shared societies". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  28. ↑ "General Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, human rights 2014". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  29. ↑ "Program: Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  30. ↑ "Assembly, Club de Madrid, policy dialogue, Imperial Springs, belt road". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  31. ↑ "2018 Policy Dialogue: Education for Shared Societies". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  32. ↑ "2019 Club de Madrid". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  33. ↑ "2020 Policy Dialogue: Multilateralism that Delivers". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  34. ↑ "2021 Policy Dialogue: Rethinking Democracy". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  35. ↑ "2022 Policy Dialogue: Leading in a World of Converging Crises". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  36. ↑ "2023 Policy Dialogue: Rethinking Social Development for People and Planet". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  37. ↑ "Haïti - Politique : Le Club de Madrid en faveur du processus de réforme constitutionnelle - HaitiLibre.com : Toutes les nouvelles d'Haiti 7/7". HaitiLibre.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  38. ↑ "Club de Madrid: « Un pacte national », la solution". Le Nouvelliste. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  39. ↑ Club de Madrid (2020-03-25). "Message from Club de Madrid to the special G20 Leaders' summit on the COVID-19 pandemic". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  40. ↑ Club de Madrid (2020-08-09). "Our statement for the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples 2020". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  41. ↑ Club de Madrid (2020-08-17). "Statement by the Board of Directors of Club de Madrid on Belarus". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  42. ↑ Club de Madrid (2021-02-04). "Club de Madrid strongly condemns coup d'etat in Myanmar". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  43. ↑ Club de Madrid (2021-04-14). "Former heads of state and Nobel laureates call on President Biden to waive intellectual property rules for COVID vaccines". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  44. ↑ "Tunisia: Club of Madrid calls on Saied to release Hamadi Jebali". Middle East Monitor. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  45. ↑ Club de Madrid (2023-02-24). "One year standing with Ukraine". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  46. ↑ Club de Madrid (2023-01-09). "Club de Madrid condemns the violent assault on Brazil's democratic institutions". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  47. ↑ "Members". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  48. ↑ "Members". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  49. ↑ "Members". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  50. ↑ "who we are, full members, leadership, heads of State". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  51. ↑ "Structure". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  52. ↑ "Structure". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  53. ↑ "Structure". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  54. ↑ "Secretariat". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  55. ↑ "Finance". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  56. ↑ Roberts, Andrea Suozzo, Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei, Alec Glassford, Brandon (2013-05-09). "Club Of Madrid Foundation Inc - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved 2023-01-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ↑ "These Are Our Members". clubmadrid.org. Club of Madrid. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  58. 1 2 EP (2010-04-21). "El Club de Madrid elige como secretario general al embajador Carlos Westendorp". Cadena SER (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  59. ↑ "Diego Hidalgo". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  60. ↑ "Anthony Jones". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  61. ↑ "George Matthews". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  62. ↑ "José Manuel Romero Moreno". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  63. ↑ "Cristina Manzano". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
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