To further expand and improve its railway network, particularly through the construction of double-track railways, Thailand has invested in several expansion projects. The first phase of this expansion project covers seven routes, two of which have been completed, while the remaining five are under construction. The second phase of the expansion project is expected to begin construction in 2023. There are also plans for 12 new railway routes with a total distance of 2,419 kilometers, which will increase the number of provinces with railways passing through them to 61.[6]
The mass rapid transit system in Bangkok and its surrounding areas has been operating since 1999. It comprises elevated, ground-level, underground, and under-river electric trains, spanning 211.94 kilometers with 11 routes and 141 stations. The network is expanding with five new lines and six extensions currently under construction, bidding, or preparation.[3]
Thailand is also investing in high-speed rails to enhance its rail transport system. Currently, the Bangkok–Nong Khai route and the Bangkok–U-tapao route are under construction, covering 608 kilometers and 220 kilometers, respectively. There are also plans to construct two more high-speed rail lines, the Bangkok-Chiangmai route and the Bangkok-Padang Besar route, in the near future.
Rail transport in Thailand has a long and varied history. Its earliest recorded railway-related event dates back to 1855, when King Rama IV received a model railway as a gift from Queen Victoria.[7][8] The country's first railway line, the Paknam Railway, was built under a 50-year concession with a Danish company and opened to the public in 1894, after being constructed in 1891.[9] Alongside the Paknam Railway, Bangkok also had an early form of rail transport in the form of a tram system. It was initially a horse tram system that started operating on 22 September 1888, and was later electrified in 1892, becoming the first electrified tram system in Asia.[10] The tram system, however, ceased operations on 11 October 1968, after nearly 80 years of service. On the other hand, the Paknam Railway was electrified in 1925 and operated for almost 68 years until its closure on 1 January 1959.[citation needed]
In 1890, King Rama V established the Department of Railways under the Ministry of Public Works to oversee the construction of a railway network in the country.[11] The construction of the Bangkok-Ayutthaya railway began in 1891 and was completed on 26 March 1896, which marked the establishment of the railway business in Thailand.[12][13] Subsequently, the railway service was extended to Nakhon Ratchasima in 1900, forming the original section of what is now known as the Northeastern Line.[12][14] The Northern Line, which extended to Chiang Mai, was constructed from Ayutthaya, and the Lopburi segment was the first part of this railway route to become operational, opening for service in 1901. The line to Phetchaburi, later known as the Southern Line, was inaugurated on 19 June 1903,[15] while the Eastern Line connecting Bangkok and Chachoengsao began operations in 1907.[citation needed]
Initially, the Northern, Northeastern, and Eastern Lines were constructed to standard gauge (1,435mm.) while the Southern Line was built to meter gauge (1,000mm.). However, in September 1919, a decision was made to regauged all lines to meter gauge, which took 10 years to complete.[16] On 5 June 1917, King Rama VI issued a royal command to change the name of the Department of Railways to Royal State Railways of Siam (RSR) by merging the Northern Railway Department and the Southern Railway Department together.[14][17] The RSR was later renamed the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) on 1 July 1951, under Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram.[16]
In 1916, the construction of Bangkok railway station, also known as Hua Lampong railway station, was finished and it was inaugurated during the reign of King Rama VI. Initially erected under the reign of King Rama V, the station served as a crucial railway transportation center in Thailand until Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal was constructed.[18]
In the late 1990s, Thailand's rail transport underwent a modernization with the introduction of rapid transit systems. To organize mass transportation systems in Bangkok and its surrounding areas by electric train, the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (MRTA) was established in 1992. The BTS Skytrain, which was the first rapid transit system in Bangkok, is owned by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), began operations in 1999 and is operated under a concession from the BMA granted to Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTSC). The Bangkok Metro, with its first line being the Blue Line, is the first underground railway that opened in 2004. It is owned by the MRTA and operated by the Bangkok Expressway and Metro (BEM) under a concession granted by the MRTA. The Airport Rail Link, which opened in 2010 and has transformed commuting in the capital city, is owned by the State Railway of Thailand and operated by its subsidiary, the SRT Electric Train (SRTET). Since then, the government has embarked on several high-speed rail projects to connect different parts of the country. The Bangkok–Nong Khai route, a 606-kilometer line, was initiated in 2014 with an MOU between Thailand and China for co-financing. However, in 2016, the Thai government decided to finance the entire project, and it is 100% Thai invested and operated for construction. China is assisting in the civil works, including the design, supervision, and installation of electrical and mechanical systems.[19][20] The first section, from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima, is already under construction and expected to be completed in 2026, with the second section, from Nakhon Ratchasima to Nong Khai, scheduled to begin construction in 2023. The Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao route, a 220-kilometer line connecting three major airports, was signed in 2019 with construction scheduled to start in 2023.[21][22] The Bangkok–Chiang Mai route, which covers a distance of 688 kilometers, has been the focus of joint efforts by Thailand and Japan since the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) in 2015. As of 8 March 2023, the project's economic and financial feasibility study has now been completed, and the results show that it is worth the investment. The section of the project will connect Bangkok to Phitsanulok, while the second section will connect Phitsanulok to Chiang Mai.[23]
Since 2017, Thailand has been upgrading its railway signaling systems with the implementation of the European Train Control System (ETCS), starting with the Eastern Line and followed by the Red Line.[24] This upgrade has gradually been extended to mainlines throughout the country, with Automatic Train Protection (ATP) being put in place to ensure the highest safety standards for railway transportation.[25] On 15 April 2019, the Department of Rail Transport (DRT) was established as a government agency under the Ministry of Transport to oversee the national rail transport system in Thailand. The DRT is responsible for regulating and standardizing policies, strategies, and plans for supervising rail transport businesses throughout the country, with the goal of improving safety, efficiency, and reliability.[26][27]
As of 2020, the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) operates a total of 4,814.862 kilometers of intercity railways across the country,[28] and is working on upgrading its lines to double-track railways. Double-track railways have several advantages over single-track railways, such as higher capacity, safety, and speed. Passenger trains on double-track railways can travel at an average speed of 100-120 kilometers per hour, while freight trains can travel at an average speed of 60 kilometers per hour. Double-track railways also eliminate level crossings and install fences along the line, which help to reduce accidents and improve safety.[29] The SRT has embarked on several expansion projects to further extend and enhance its railway network. The first phase of the expansion project covers seven routes, two of which have been completed, while the remaining five are under construction. The second phase of the expansion project, which is expected to begin construction in 2023. Furthermore, there are plans for 12 new railway routes with a total distance of 2,419 kilometers. As a result, the number of provinces with railways passing through them will increase to 61.[6]
State Railway of Thailand (SRT) is responsible for overseeing the operation of intercity railways in Thailand, offering diesel-hauled and electric-powered passenger trains, as well as freight services across the nation. However, the SRT has gained a reputation for inefficiency and poor maintenance, resulting in delayed trains and outdated equipment. In 2010, the SRT reported a preliminary loss of 7.58 billion baht.[34] Despite multiple attempts at restructuring and privatization in the 2000s, strong union opposition has prevented significant changes.[35][36] As of a 2022 report, the SRT has taken measures to improve safety by closing 122 level crossings and illegal crossings throughout Thailand and constructing overpasses and underpasses in double-track railway project to address level crossing issues.[37]
SRT Electrified Train (SRTET) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) and operates the Red Lines, a commuter rail service in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The company also formerly operated the Airport Rail Link until the operation of the line was transferred to Asia Era One (AERA1) in October 2021.
Northern Bangkok Monorail and Eastern Bangkok Monorail
Eastern Bangkok Monorail (EBM) and Northern Bangkok Monorail (NBM) operate the Yellow and future Pink monorail lines respectively. The companies were established by the BSR consortium consisting of BTS Group Holdings (BTSG) with Sino-Thai Engineering and Construction (STEC), and Ratchaburi Electricity Generation Holding (RATCH), who won the bid to construct and operate both monorail systems in early December 2016, and signed contracts with the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand in June 2017.
Thailand's inter-city rail network covers a distance of 4,814.862 kilometers, serving 47 provinces, and is managed by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The network is divided into four main routes: Northern Line, Northeastern Line, Eastern Line, and Southern Line, with single tracks covering 3,391.513 kilometers,[a] double tracks covering 1,103.192 kilometers, and triple tracks covering 320.157 kilometers.[38]
The country is currently expanding its railway network through the double-track railway project, which aims to upgrade existing single tracks to double tracks. The project covers a total of 3,157 kilometers, with Phase 1 already completed for two out of seven lines spanning 993 kilometers. Phase 2 is currently underway, consisting of seven routes totaling 1,483 kilometers. Double-track railway project is expected to significantly increase transportation capacity, with annual railway freight transport projected to rise from 11 million to 46 million tons by 2027.[6]
Two new railway lines covering 681 kilometers are also currently under construction, and the next phase of the new railway project will add 12 new routes covering 2,419 kilometers. Upon completion of all phases, the railway will pass throughout a total of 61 provinces.[6]
The line was originally a single track but was later upgraded to a double track, with construction beginning on 19 February 2016 and completed on 18 February 2019 It also connects with Northeastern Line.
Began operations in 1913. In 1978 the Cabinet has approved the cancellation of Hat Yai–Songkhla lines, but preserve the railways. Now are under study to rebuild again as part of the Surat Thani-Hat Yai-Songkhla double tracking project.
It is the first railway in Thailand. Open in 1893, operated by Paknam Railway Co.Ltd. In 1943, It is operated by State Railway of Thailand. In 1960 the cabinet approved the closure of the Paknam Railway to make Rama IV road.
Served as a supply route for King Vajiravudh's residence at Chao Samran Beach. Closed and demolished after relocation of residence to Mrigadayavan Palace
Commuter rail at Hua Lamphong Railway StationThe SRT Dark Red Line, an electrified commuter rail line, features the Hitachi AT100 model train in its fleet, capable of reaching speeds of up to 160 km/h.
The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) manages the commuter rail system in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, which primarily serves individuals traveling to work, school, or business within a 150-kilometer radius of Bangkok. With stops at every station along the way, several commuter rail lines are available for passengers, such as the Northern Line connecting to Lopburi, the Northeastern Line connecting to Kaeng Khoi Junction, the Eastern Line connecting to Prachinburi, and the Southern Line connecting to Ratchaburi and Suphanburi.[63] The fully electrified Red Lines, which is powered by overhead lines, is a commuter rail system consisting of two lines: the Dark Red Line and the Light Red Line. Both lines fall under the category of commuter rail. The Maeklong Railway, on the other hand, is a separate entity consisting of two sections that are not connected to the main commuter rail lines. The first section links Wongwian Yai to Samut Sakhon, while the second section connects Ban Laem, Samut Sakhon, Maeklong, Samut Songkhram.
The SRT has plans to upgrade the existing railway system by electrifying the metre-gauge railway, with the aim of moving away from the current diesel-powered system. The proposed electrification plan will begin by transforming the commuter rail lines within a 100-kilometer radius of Bangkok in Phase 1, expanding to a 250-kilometer radius in Phase 2, and eventually to a 500-kilometer radius in Phase 3.[64][65]
The BTS Skytrain, which started operating in 1999, was the first rapid transit system to be launched in Bangkok. The system is a public-private partnership between the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and the Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTSC). The BMA signed an agreement with the BTSC in February 1992 to launch city's first elevated railway. The BTS Skytrain includes two lines, the Sukhumvit Line and the Silom Line, and serves the city's central business district, commercial areas, and major tourist destinations. The initial investment for the system was 50 billion baht, with the BTSC as the main investor for 30 years. The BMA oversaw land procurement and appropriation, while the BTSC invested in infrastructure such as tracks, station buildings, maintenance centers, rolling stock, signaling systems, and electrical systems, as well as system operations and maintenance.[67]
The Red Lines are a fully electrified commuter rail system that operates as part of the rapid transit network, using overhead contact system (OCS) and operates on a meter gauge rather than standard gauge, making it the first in Bangkok to use OCS for electrification on a meter gauge railway.[73] It is operated by SRT Electrified Train, a subsidiary of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The Cabinet approved the project in May 2007, and it finally opened in August 2021. The lines are the fastest meter gauge railways in Thailand, with a maximum speed of 160km/h.[73] The Red Lines consist of two lines: the Dark Red Line and the Light Red Line. The plan for future expansion is to connect suburban areas in all directions and adjacent provinces. Once the expansions are complete, the Dark Red Line will cover a distance of 185 kilometers from Ayutthaya in the north, through Bangkok, to Ratchaburi in the southwest, while the Light Red Line will span a distance of 124km, running from Nakhon Pathom to Chachoengsao in the east–west direction.[74]
As of 2023, Bangkok's rapid transit system consists of a total of 9 lines covering 289 kilometers and 163 stations. As of 2022 there were five projects currently under construction covering 112.20 kilometers and 74 stations, two projects under bid covering 31 kilometers and 28 stations, six projects under PPP covering 71.49 kilometers and 38 stations, and nine planned projects covering 120.78 kilometers and 81 stations.[3]
The plan for rapid transit in Bangkok has been in existence since 1994 when the Thai cabinet approved the Mass Rapid Transit System Master Plan (MTMP) for Bangkok.[66] The plan aimed to extend the mass transit lines and build new constructions to achieve a total length of 103 kilometers, including the Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System (BERTS). When the BERTS project was canceled, the MTMP was renamed the Urban Rail Transportation Master Plan in Bangkok and Surrounding Area (URMAP). URMAP proposed a mass transit system with 375 kilometers in total length, separated into three phases. The first phase of 141.9 kilometers was scheduled to finish from 2001 to 2011, followed by the second and third phases of 158.2 kilometers and 75.3 kilometers, respectively. However, the plan's implementation was postponed, and the Bangkok Mass Transit Master Plan (BMT) replaced it in 2004. BMT proposed seven lines with a total length of 291 kilometers, but only 41 kilometers of new tracks were added. Thus, the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) revised the plan again in 2009, calling it the Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (M-MAP), with 12 lines, including eight primary and five feeder lines.[75] However, the Thai government faced some issues with M-MAP, including inaccurate demand forecasting and lack of integration with urban development plans. As a result, they formulated the Second Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (M-MAP2), with a new route development plan, and JICA assisted in its formulation. In March 2017, JICA and the OTP agreed to create the Blueprint for M-MAP2.[76]
The first tram in Bangkok was introduced in 1888 by a Danish company under government concession. Initially, horse-drawn trams were used, but in 1894, the system was electrified, making Bangkok the first city in Asia to have an electric tram system.[84] By 1903, the system carried approximately 10 million passengers annually.[85] However, the tram service ceased on 11 October 1968, after 80 years of operation, in order to make room for automobile traffic.[86]
A short-lived tram service operated in Lopburi between 1955 and 1962.
The Suvarnabhumi Airport Automated People Mover is an automatic people mover in Suvarnabhumi Airport, first opened for service on 28 September 2023, running between the main terminal building and Satellite-1 terminal (SAT-1), with a distance of 1 kilometer. Currently, there is only one service in Suvarnabhumi Airport.
While there is currently no high-speed rail in Thailand, The State Railway of Thailand has carried out a high-speed rail project to connect different regions of the country in order to improve inter-regional travel, promote economic growth, and enhance trade markets between countries. The project comprises four lines that cover all regions of the country: the northern, eastern, northeastern, and southern. The project has been divided into three phases: urgent, medium, and long-term. In the urgent phase, which includes 4 routes covering a total of 1,208 kilometers, the focus is on developing three main lines: the Northeastern Line from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima, which second section will be extended to Nong Khai; the Eastern Line from Don Mueang to U-Tapao; and the Northern Line from Bangkok to Phitsanulok. The medium phase, covering 3 routes and a total of 689 kilometers, aims to connect the Southern Line from Bangkok to Hua Hin, the Eastern Line from Rayong to Trat, and the Northern Line from Phitsanulok to Chiang Mai. In the long-term phase, covering 2 routes and a total of 759 kilometers, the plan is to further extend the Southern Line, first from Hua Hin to Surat Thani and then further to Padang Besar.[91]
The Bangkok-Nong Khai route, which covers a distance of 606 kilometers, is a joint venture project between Thailand and China that started in 2014. However, in 2016, the Thai government decided to fully finance and operate the construction of entire project itself, and China is now assisting in the civil works.[19][20] The construction of the project commenced on 21 December 2017.[92] The first section of the project, from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima, is currently under construction and expected to be completed in 2026,[93] while the second section, from Nakhon Ratchasima to Nong Khai, is scheduled to begin construction in 2023, both of which are part of the urgent phase.[citation needed]
The Don Mueang-Suvarnabhumi-U-Tapao route, connecting three major airports over a distance of 220 kilometers, signed a joint venture agreement on 24 October 2019.[94] The agreement was signed with Eastern High-Speed Rail Linking Three Airports, a consortium led by The Charoen Pokphand (CP) and consisting of Italian-Thai Development, China Railway Construction Corporation, CH. Karnchang, and Bangkok Expressway and Metro.[95] In September 2021, the consortium changed its name to Asia Era One,[96] which will operate the route. Construction is expected to begin in 2023,[22] with the second section to Trat included as part of the medium phase of the project.[citation needed]
The Bangkok-Chiang Mai route spans 688 kilometers, is a joint effort between Thailand and Japan since the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) in 2015.[97] The project has been divided into two phases: urgent and medium. The urgent phase includes the first section connecting Bangkok to Phitsanulok, for which a feasibility study has been conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) since 2017. On 8 March 2023, JICA completed an economic and financial feasibility study which analyzed the direct and indirect benefits of the project. The study found that the project is worth investing in, with an economic return (EIRR) of 17.3 percent, 12 percent higher than the threshold, and a positive net present value (NPV) over the period of operation. Japan has suggested using Shinkansen trains, which are capable of reaching a maximum speed of 300km/h. The medium phase will include the second section connecting Phitsanulok to Chiang Mai.[98][99][100]
The Bangkok-Padang Besar route spans 759 kilometers and is divided into three sections and two phases. The medium phase includes the Bangkok-Hua Hin section, which is the first section of the route. The long-term phase includes the second section from Hua Hin to Surat Thani and the third section extending to Padang Besar. All of which are currently being prepared for study.
The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) operates both diesel and electric locomotives for long-distance passenger and freight train transportation. The SRT also reserves steam locomotives for special services only, such as the SRT Class Japanese Mikado (DX50), JNR Class C56, and SRT Class Japanese Pacific (CX50), which are used on special excursion services on specific days.[109] The first steam locomotive was used in 1893,[110] and in 1961, the SRT established a railway museum to preserve and display steam locomotives.[111]
In 2020, the SRT procured 50 diesel-electric locomotives, model CDA5B1, from CRRC Qishuyan. These locomotives have a top speed of 120 kilometers per hour for passenger trains and 70 kilometers per hour for freight trains. Weighing 16 tons per axle, the CDA5B1 locomotives are equipped with modern safety features, including an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system and closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that also produce low emissions and are fully compatible with the European Train Control System (ETCS) level 1.[112] The first 20 units were delivered on 4 February 2022, and another 30 units delivered in February 2023. They will be allocated for use in towing convoys of passenger and freight trains throughout the country., which will increase the efficiency of train operations and support the opening of the double-track railway during 2023–2024, replacing the aging engines that have been in service for almost half a century.[113]
In December 2021, the SRT received 17 air-conditionedKiHa 183 seriesdiesel multiple unit trains from JR Hokkaido, paying only for shipping. These trains, consisting of four sets with four vans and a backup car each, offer a total of 216 seats per train and can travel up to 110 kilometers per hour. They feature facilities for tourists, including air conditioning, reclining seats, and closed-system bathrooms. Currently, the trains are utilized for one-day travel routes, and all 17 units are expected to be operational by the end of 2023.[114]
The SRT has collaborated with King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL) and Energy Absolute (EA) to develop a locally made battery-electric locomotive prototype under the "EV on Train" project. The prototype was finalized in 2022, and the SRT plans to produce three more battery locomotives and procure another 50 from other sources this year to replace its aging fleet of diesel engines. By the end of 2023, Thailand is expected to have around 54 battery-powered trains, with four of them being domestically produced. This effort aligns with the government's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2030.[115]
Electric multiple units (EMUs) are the primary type of rolling stock used in Bangkok's rapid transit systems due to their environmental sustainability and efficiency. These trains can draw power from both overhead wires and third rails, allowing them to provide rapid and reliable service to passengers. EMUs are used by different rapid transit systems in Bangkok, each with its unique features.
The BTS Skytrain uses a variety of electric multiple units (EMUs) including the Siemens Modular Metro, Siemens Bozankaya, and CRRC Changchun. The Siemens Modular Metro, which operates on the Silom and Sukhumvit Lines, was first introduced in 1999. The newer Siemens Bozankaya model, introduced in 2018, features advanced safety and energy-saving features such as regenerative braking and a lightweight design. Both models have an air-conditioning system that responds to weather conditions, high temperatures, and humidity levels. They also utilize interior and exterior LED lights to reduce maintenance costs and energy consumption.[116]
The MRT system uses Siemens Modular Metro and Siemens Bozankaya EMUs on its Blue Line. Meanwhile, the J-TREC Sustina S24 EMUs are used exclusively on the Purple Line and feature a lightweight stainless steel design, making them more energy-efficient and reducing maintenance costs.[117][118]
The Red Lines commuter rail employs the Hitachi AT100, which is capable of reaching a maximum speed of 160km/h. The train's electric car design incorporates Aluminum Plate and Aluminum Extrusion materials.[119] The State Railway of Thailand awarded the Red Line Project contract to Hitachi, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Sumitomo Corporation on 30 March 2016. The first and second completed rolling stocks for the project were shipped out from Hitachi Kasado Works in Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi Prefecture in September 2019. Hitachi was contracted to ship a total of 25 train sets, comprising 130 rolling stock units, by the end of June 2020.[120]
Siemens Desiro EMUs are utilized by the Airport Rail Link. A total of nine Siemens Desiro sets were purchased,[121] with five three-car trains operating the city services and four trainsets with a fourth car designated for check-in baggage handling the express services. The first trains were shipped from Germany in September 2007, and testing was initiated in Bangkok in March 2008.[122]
Monorail will be used for a secondary mass transit system in Bangkok, designed to feed passengers into the main line. The Pink Line and Yellow Line are two such systems, with a total of 42 Innovia Monorail 300 model trains. The first branch of trains arrived in Thailand on 28 September 2020, and the second branch arrived in November 2020.[123] The trains are controlled by an unmanned CITYFLO 650 signaling system, and inside the cabin of the train, there are safety equipment such as CCTV cameras, smoke detectors, and communication buttons for passengers to interact with car operators.[124]
The Innovia APM 300 is the only people mover currently in operation on Bangkok's Gold Line, introduced in June 2020.[125] It uses a central rail-guided system and rubber tires, offering passengers a smooth and noiseless ride. This unmanned electric vehicle can reach speeds of up to 80km/h. On the other hand, the Siemens AirVal model arrived in Thailand in July 2020[126] and is set to commence operations on the Suvarnabhumi Airport Automated People Mover at Suvarnabhumi Airport's terminals in September 2023.[127] This model has the capacity to transport up to 3,590 passengers per hour and direction during peak periods, operating 24/7 to accommodate varying demand. It also features spacious aisles and large doors, making it easy for passengers to board and disembark, and providing ample room for luggage.[128]
High-speed trains
Thailand's first high-speed train service on the Northeastern Line, connecting Bangkok to Nong Khai, will be powered by the Fuxing Hao CR300, which is expected to arrive in 2024.[129] The service will operate on a double-track designed for high-speed travel, with an operating speed of 250km/h. Each of the six trains will feature eight passenger cars, offering a total of 594 seats, including 96 first-class seats and 498 standard-class seats.[130] Meanwhile, on the Northern Line connecting Bangkok to Chiang Mai, Japan has suggested employing Shinkansen trains, which can reach a maximum speed of 300km/h.[98]
Infrastructure
Tracks
Thailand's railway tracks come in two types: metre gauge and standard gauge. The majority of railway tracks in the country use metre gauge, but in Bangkok, the Mass Rapid Transit System operates on standard gauge tracks, with the exception of the Red Lines, which are electrified and run on metre gauge tracks. As of 2020, the total length of metre gauge tracks in Thailand, excluding the Red Lines, is 4,814.862km. This includes 3,326.230km of single tracks, 1,103.192km of double tracks, 320.157km of triple tracks, and 65.283km of separated tracks on the Maeklong Railway.[38]
The Mass Rapid Transit System in Bangkok consists of several lines, with most of the tracks being standard gauge. As of 2022, the total length of standard gauge tracks in the system, excluding the Red Line, is 170.438km. The Red Lines include the Dark Red Line, which is 26.30km long, and the Light Red Line, which is 15.26km long, and both are electrified and run on metre gauge tracks.[3]
There are approximately 650 open railway stations and halts in Thailand,[131] with the Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal being the largest in both Thailand and Southeast Asia. The terminal covers an area over 270,000 square meters and has three floors, as well as a mezzanine and an underground level. It serves up to 800,000 passengers per day and has replaced the Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station, as the primary rail transportation hub. The name Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal was bestowed by King Rama X, signifying the prosperity of Krung Thep, which is the official name of Bangkok. The station has 24 platforms, including 10 for high-speed rail, 2 for the Airport Rail Link, 8 for inter-city rail, and 4 for Red Lines. It is also linked to the Blue Line[132]
To further improve the station's accessibility and convenience for all passengers, including those with disabilities and the elderly, a double-track railway project is currently underway. The project will apply universal design principles, making the station more user-friendly and accommodating to everyone.[133]
Thailand's railway system features approximately 1,000 bridges, varying in size from small overpasses to large viaducts.[134] One noteworthy construction is the railway bridge over the Mae Klong River, which runs parallel to the Chulalongkorn Bridge in Ratchaburi Province. The former railway bridge over the Mae Klong River has been replaced by this extradosed railway bridge, the first of its kind in Thailand. Spanning 340 meters, the bridge includes a 160-meter-long cable-stayed section with a height of 16 meters from the rail ridge to the top of the cable-stayed pole.[135] Another remarkable project is the Lopburi-Pak Nam Pho double-track railway, featuring a 19-kilometer-long elevated railway that bypasses Lopburi city, making it Thailand's longest elevated railway.[136]
In 2021, the record for the longest railway tunnel in Thailand was surpassed by the construction of the Dong Phaya Yen Railway Tunnel, which spans a distance of 5.85 kilometers between Map Kabao Station, Pha Sadet Station, and Hin Lap Station in Saraburi Province. The Dong Phaya Yen Railway Tunnel is part of the Map Kabao–Thanon Chira Junction double-track railway project and runs through the Dong Phaya Yen mountain range.[4]
Level crossings
As of 2022, there are 2,630 level crossings across the country. These crossings are categorized into 195 overpasses, 215 underpasses, 1,409 level crossings with rail barriers, 5 private level crossings, 186 crossings with traffic signs, and 620 illegal crossings. The lack of proper safety features, such as crossing barriers, has resulted in frequent accidents, particularly at the unauthorized crossings created by villagers without authorization from the railway authority. To address this issue, the State Railway of Thailand has implemented a policy to close unauthorized crossings, established 122 safety passages, and constructed overpasses and underpasses in double-track railway project to prevent accidents.[138][139]
Transport in Thailand is varied, with no one dominant means of transport. For long-distance travel, bus transport dominates. Low-speed rail travel has long been a rural long-distance transport mechanism, though plans are underway to expand services with high-speed rail lines extending to several major regions of Thailand. Road transportation is the primary form of freight transport across the country.
The Bangkok Mass Transit System, commonly known as the BTS Skytrain, is an elevated rapid transit system in Bangkok, Thailand. It is operated by Bangkok Mass Transit System PCL (BTSC), a subsidiary of BTS Group Holdings, under a concession granted by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) which owns the lines. The system consists of 62 stations along three lines with a combined route length of 70.05 kilometers (43.53 mi). The BTS Sukhumvit Line runs northwards and south-eastwards, terminating at Khu Khot and Kheha respectively. The BTS Silom Line which serves Silom and Sathon Roads, the central business district of Bangkok, terminates at National Stadium and Bang Wa. The Gold Line people mover runs from Krung Thon Buri to Klong San and serves Iconsiam. The lines interchange at Siam station and Krung Thon Buri. The system is formally known as "The Elevated Train in Commemoration of HM the King's 6th Cycle Birthday".
The Metropolitan Rapid Transit or MRT is a mass rapid transit system serving the Bangkok Metropolitan Region in Thailand. The MRT system comprises two fully operational rapid transit lines and two fully operational monorail line, with another rapid transit line (Orange) under construction. The MRT Blue Line, officially the Chaloem Ratchamongkhon Line, between Hua Lamphong and Bang Sue was the first to open in July 2004 as Bangkok's second metro system. The MRT Blue line is officially known in Thai as rotfaifa mahanakhon (รถไฟฟ้ามหานคร) or "metropolitan electric train", but it is more commonly called rotfai taidin (รถไฟใต้ดิน), literally, "underground train" as it was distinguished from the BTS Skytrain by being completely underground when its first section between Hua Lamphong to Bang Sue opened.
The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) is the state-owned rail operator under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transport in Thailand.
Bangkok railway station is a railway station in Pathum Wan, the former central passenger terminal in Bangkok and the former railway hub of Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan district, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). Long distance trains moved to the new central station at Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal in 2023.
The Airport Rail Link (ARL) is an express and commuter rail line in Bangkok, Thailand. The line provides an airport rail link from Suvarnabhumi Airport, via Makkasan station, to Phaya Thai station in central Bangkok. Most of the line is on a viaduct over the main eastern railway. It is owned by State Railway of Thailand (SRT) and, since 2021, operated by Asia Era One Company Limited. The 28.6-kilometer (17.8 mi)-long Airport Rail Link opened for service on 23 August 2010.
The Red Line Mass Transit System Project is a commuter rail system serving the Bangkok Metropolitan Region in Thailand. Construction began in January 2009, and free public trial operation began on 2 August 2021, when Bang Sue Grand Station opened, with full commercial service starting in November 2021. It is part of the Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region.
The Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System, commonly known as the Hopewell Project after main contractor Hopewell Holdings, was a failed project to build an elevated highway and rail line from central Bangkok to Don Mueang International Airport.
The SRT Dark Red Line, is part of the SRT Red Line suburban railway system to serve the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region running for 26 km (16 mi) between Krung Thep Aphiwat and Rangsit.
The SRT Light Red Line, or Nakhon Withi Line is a 15 km (9.3 mi) between Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal and Taling Chan and is part of the SRT Red Lines suburban railway system serving the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region.
The Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, or M-Map, is the latest version in a series of Thai government plans for the development of an urban rail transit network serving the Greater Bangkok area. It was drafted under the care of the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) of the Ministry of Transport.
The Northern Line is a railway line in Thailand, running between the capital Bangkok and the northern city of Chiang Mai. It is the second longest railway line in Thailand at 751 kilometres (467 mi) long, has 130 operational stations and halts, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand. The line first opened in 1896. Major cities served by the line include Bangkok, Ayutthaya, Nakhon Sawan, Phitsanulok, Lampang, and Chiang Mai.
Although Thailand has no operational high-speed rail lines, the country is planning a large high-speed rail network connecting its major cities. The first line of the network is under construction from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima, with a planned maximum operational speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).
Greater Bangkok commuter rail is a commuter rail system in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Saraburi Province, Lopburi Province, Suphan Buri Province, Ratchaburi Province, Chacheongsao Province, Nakhon Nayok Province, Prachinburi Province, and Samut Songkhram Province. It runs from and to the outskirts of the city during the rush hour, and the passenger number is high. It is operated by State Railway of Thailand (SRT) that also operates inter-city rail. Commuter rail services always have number 3xx. Most of the system are double track.
Eastern Line is a railway line in Thailand, built and owned by State Railway of Thailand (SRT), located in Bangkok, Chachoengsao Province, Nakhon Nayok Province, Saraburi Province, Prachinburi Province, Sa Kaeo Province, Chonburi Province, and Rayong Province. It is the most important freight transport line in Thailand because there are many freight trains on the line. It was opened on 24 January 1907.
Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal, also known by its former name Bang Sue Grand Station, is the central passenger terminal in Bangkok and the current railway hub of Thailand. It replaced the existing Hua Lamphong railway station as the city's central railway station, with long-distance rail services operating from here from 19 January 2023. The station was opened on 2 August 2021 as part of the operation of the SRT Red Lines, and from May 2021 to September 2022 served as a COVID-19 vaccination center. It is linked to the Bang Sue MRT station via an underground walkway.
The history rail transport in Thailand began with the opening of the Paknam Railway on 11 April 1893.
The Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao high-speed railway, officially known as the High-Speed Rail Linking Three Airports Project is the second high-speed rail line project in Thailand, being due to open in 2029 between Don Mueang International Airport, Suvarnabhumi Airport and U-Tapao International Airport. It will be operated by Asia Era One Company Limited, a special-purpose vehicles by the consortium of Charoen Pokphand Group Company, Limited (CP) and partners Ch. Karnchang PLC. (CK), Bangkok Expressway and Metro PLC. (BEM), Italian-Thai Development PLC. (ITD) and China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC).
1 2 "ความเป็นมาของโครงการ". โครงการก่อสร้างทางคู่ในเส้นทางรถไฟสายชายฝั่งทะเลตะวันออก ช่วงฉะเชิงเทรา-คลองสิบเก้า-แก่งคอย (in Thai). Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
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