The culture of Rome in Italy refers to the arts, high culture, language, religion, politics, libraries, cuisine, architecture and fashion in Rome, Italy. Rome was supposedly founded in 753 BC and ever since has been the capital of the Roman Empire, one of the main centres of Christianity, the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the seat of the Italian Republic. Due to its historical and social importance, Rome has been nicknamed the Caput Mundi, or "capital of the world".[1][2]
In 1870, Rome became capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy. During this time, neoclassicism, a building style influenced by the architecture of Antiquity, became a predominant influence in Roman architecture. In this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbol of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of Fatherland", where the grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located.
The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style which was characterized by its linkages with ancient Rome architecture. The most important fascist site in Rome is the E.U.R. district, built in 1935. It was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition, and was called "E.42" ("Esposizione 42"). However, the world exhibition never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic or Square Colosseum. After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands and La Defense in Paris). Also the Palazzo della Farnesina, the actual seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in fascist style.
In Rome the museum offering is very vast, the city and the Vatican state holds a valuable cultural heritage: the museums contain culture, art and sculpture, treasures accumulated in the city over the centuries.[3]
Among the most important museums and galleries of Rome, include:
The Vatican Museums (around more than 6 million visitors per year), whose main collection on display consists of the most important masterpieces of Roman and Renaissance art in the world;
The National Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo, is one of the most visited museums in Italy, located inside the monumental complex of the Mausoleum of Hadrian, exhibits collections of art, painting and archaeology. For this reason it can be considered at the same time a monument, an archaeological area and a museum;
The center of Rome is surrounded by some large green areas and opulent ancient villas, which are the remains of the crowns of villas which encircled the papal city. The villas are an expression of the style of gardens of the Renaissance period which was later called "Giardino all'Italiana" (Italian garden). Characterized by a geometric subdivision of spaces through rows of trees and hedges, plant sculptures of various shapes obtained by pruning evergreen bushes (topiary), geometric water features, often combined with architectural elements such as fountains and statues. Most of them were largely destroyed by real estate speculation at the end of the 19th century. The most important among the surviving ones are:
Villa Borghese, with a large landscape garden in the naturalistic 19th century English style, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions;
Villa Ada, the largest public landscaped park of Rome;
Villa Albani, commissioned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani to house his collection of antiquities and Roman sculpture, which soon filled the casino that faced the Villa down a series of formal parterres.
Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture, fountains, mosaics, frescos, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin-die and gem engraving, ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and book illustrations are 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.[4] Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas, palaces, piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini and Cortona, to name a few.[5] In the late-18th century and early-19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour,[6] when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture, art, philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes[7] and museums.
Birthplace of the Latin language. Since the times of Ancient Rome, the city was a great cultural center, Roman literature was heavily influenced by Greek authors from its beginning, but it was also very influential and left a deep mark on Western literature.[8] In this period, in fact, poetic currents were born such as that of the "Poetae novi" or "neòteroi" (new poets) and lyric poetry and names such as Horace, Catullus, Cato and Sallust stood out. Also famous and characteristic was the image of Virgil, who, crossing several literary styles, composed works of great value still cared for, including the Aeneid, a legendary epic poem in Latin.
In modern times, Rome has been for centuries a place of inspiration for many artists and writers, attracted by the ancient and historical beauties of the city. The first books printed in Italy were produced in Subiaco (a town near Rome) at the end of the 15th century, it was the first place in Italy to be equipped with a printing house for printing books, founded by the Germans Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, inside the Abbey of Saint Scholastica.[9]
Rome, together with Naples, Florence and Milan, has always been one of the leading cities of Italian and European literature. During the end of the 17th century, the Academy of Arcadia was founded in Rome. It was born on the occasion of the meeting, in the convent annexed to the church of San Pietro in Montorio, of 14 men of letters, belonging to the circle of Queen Christina of Sweden. It was a meeting place for many writers, poets, artists, politicians, aristocrats, composers and musicians of the time.[10] The Academy is considered not only as a simple school of thought, but as a real literary movement, between the Baroque and the Age of Enlightenment, which developed and spread throughout Italy during the 18th century in response to the "Baroque taste", an artistic movement that was considered by many critics to be bizarre, eccentric and artificial.[11]
The Italian word for library is the expression: "Biblioteca", which derives from the Latin "Bibliotheca" which in turn takes its name from the Greek expression "βιβλίον" (biblíon) «book».[14]
Numerous Roman libraries participate in the National Library Service of Italy (SBN). Thanks to the "OPAC SBN". it is possible to carry out web searches in the current catalogues of over 100 library institutions in the city, aggregated in the various regional centres.[15]
As the capital of Italy, the city has two National Archives: the Central Archives of the State, which preserves (with some exceptions) the documentation produced by the bodies and offices of the Italian State since its unification, and the State Archives of Rome, which until 1953 also performed the functions of the former.
Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios,[16] the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40-ha) studio complex is 5.6 miles (9km) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over 5,000 professionals—from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like The Passion of the Christ, Gangs of New York, Adult Swim, The Life Aquatic and Dino De Laurentiis’ Decameron, to such cinema classics as Ben-Hur, Cleopatra, and the films of Federico Fellini.
Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film.
The original language of Rome was Latin, which evolved during the Middle Ages into Italian. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the Tuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the Romanesco. The ancient romanesco, used during the Middle Ages, was a southern Italian dialect, very close to the Neapolitan. The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance, and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines who were among the two Medici Popes' (Leo X and Clement VII) suite, caused a strong change of the dialect, which resembled more the Tuscan varieties (the immigration of Florentines was mainly due to the Sack of Rome in 1527 and the subsequent demographic decrease). This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded other zones of Lazio (Civitavecchia, Latina), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence, Romanesco abandoned its traditional forms to mutate into the dialect spoken within the city, which is more similar to standard Italian, although remaining distinct from other Romanesco-influenced local dialects of Lazio. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli, Trilussa, and Cesare Pascarella. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as Aldo Fabrizi, Alberto Sordi, Nino Manfredi, Anna Magnani, Gigi Proietti, Enrico Montesano, and Carlo Verdone, Paola Cortellesi.
Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.
Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.
The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, and later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its present form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory was influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.
The territory includes Saint Peter's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione, which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.
In addition to Catholicism, various world religions are present in Rome, which makes it one of the most important cities in the world for worship and pilgrimage.
A large Jewish community has been present since the late Republican era, in particular in the Roman Ghetto, one of the most important neighborhoods of the city. Judaism has one of the largest synagogues in Europe, the Tempio Maggiore of Rome. The Jewish tradition is very linked to the city of Rome, also linked to the fact that many typical dishes of Roman cuisine are of Jewish tradition, such as Carciofi alla giudia.
Rome is home to two Buddhist temples of Chinese culture. The PutuoshanChinese Buddhist temple in the Esquilino neighborhood, in what is effectively considered the Chinatown of Rome (due to the high concentration of Chinese), in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II the Chinese New Year is also celebrated every year.[19] The second temple is the Hua Yi Si, opened more recently in 2013, is the largest Chinese Buddhist temple in Europe, located in the eastern suburbs of Rome. Most of the Chinese Buddhists in Rome are faithful of the Chán school.[20]
In recent years, the Islamic community has grown significantly, in great part due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a consequence of this trend, the comune promoted the building of the largest mosque in Europe, in the Parioli district, which was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21, 1995.
Fianlly, the Roman gentiles of the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas have begun erecting temples[21] since the 2000s and every year they carry out public religious functions like the ceremony of the Natale di Roma.[22]
Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages, and even today he remains one of the most powerful and influential figures in the world according to Forbes.[23] The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. to this day, thousand of believers flock to the city to Rome. One of the pilgrimage stopping point is pilate's stairs where, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial.[24] The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th Century. For centuries, the Scala Santa has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus.
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – (Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums, Galleria Borghese, including those dedicated to modern and contemporary art and great many others) – aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the Catacombs. Rome is the 3rd most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a 2009 study.[25]
Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 sees the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi[31] features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica[32] and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2011. The Convention Centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.
Rome's tradition and connection with high fashion dates back to 1871, with the proclamation of the city as the capital of the country and the establishment of the Savoy court, with the consequent arrival of new tailors and the birth of elegant ateliers.
The period of the Dolce Vita and the Italian economic boom caused glamor to explode in the city: against the backdrop of the Trevi Fountain, Spanish Steps and Via Veneto, dresses with precious fabrics and details, worn by the divas of the silver screen, muses of Italian masterpieces and American blockbusters filmed in the Cinecittà Studios.[35]
Rome is one of the most important media centers at a national and international level. Many of the most popular national newspapers such as La Repubblica, Il Messaggero, Il Tempo, Il Foglio, Il Fatto Quotidiano, Secolo d'Italia, il manifesto and the news magazine L'Espresso have their central editorial offices in the city. Is home to the main Italian news agencies such as ANSA, one of the largest in the world, Adnkronos, AGI and askanews. Sports newspapers such as Corriere dello Sport and free newspapers like Leggo. Also Treccani, Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Letters, and Arts, is based in Rome.
It is the headquarters of RAI, Italy's national public broadcasting. It is the first television hub in Italy and one of the largest communications companies in Europe. Owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, RAI manages numerous terrestrial and subscription television and radio channels.
Rome also hosts two Mediaset production centers (the Safa Palatino Studios and the Titanus Elios Studios). La7, one of the largest Italian television companies, is also based in the city.
Most of the Italian national news programs are broadcast from the television studios in Rome: TG1, TG2, TG3, TG5, TG La7 and Rai News 24.
Many of the largest mass media multinationals operating in Italy, such as Netflix, Warner Bros., NBCUniversal and A&E Networks have their Italian operational headquarters in Rome.
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during Ancient Rome. Ancient Roman Cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning, the differences between social classes were not very great, but disparities developed with the empire's growth.[citation needed] Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine,[citation needed] since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef, working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork.[36] Today, the city is home to numerous formidable and traditional Italian dishes. A Jewish influence can be seen, as Jews have lived in Rome since the 1st century BCE. Vegetables, especially globe artichokes, are common.[37] Examples of these include "Saltimbocca alla Romana" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; "Carciofi alla romana" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "Spaghetti alla carbonara" – spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino, and "Gnocchi di semolino alla romana" – semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Rome,[citation needed] as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup. The latter took place in the Stadio Olimpico, which is also the home stadium for local Serie A clubs A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio, whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma).
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics using ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990 FIFA World Cup), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), etc.
The city's first university, La Sapienza, was founded in 1303. Two further large public universities were founded in the late 20th century: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992; today each has around 38,000 students. Also state-supported is IUSM, a vocational university with 2000 students located in the Foro Italico district and dedicated exclusively to sports and movement sciences.[39]
Front view of the most recent building of the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia, the oldest hospital in Europe.Fatebenefratelli Hospital on Tiber Island. On this small island on the Tiber, under the Latin name Æsculapius, a Roman temple was built in 291 BC, where similar rites and treatments were performed. This makes it one of the earliest testimonies of hospital history.
Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Rome and its suburbs are provided by the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN). In Italy it employs 617,246 people, the healthcare facilities in Italy and Rome are divided into Local Health Authorities (ASL), Hospitals, University Hospitals integrated with the SSN, Hospitals integrated with Universities.[43]
Italian healthcare is managed by the Italian regions, each region has its own healthcare system which reports to the national healthcare system (SSN). The regional system of Lazio provides various structures to which one can turn for various specialized socio-health services, through the "Case della Salute", a network of health structures spread across the territory.
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Gian LorenzoBernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture.
Rome is the capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, and a special comune (municipality) named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), Rome is the country's most populated comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber Valley. Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the cradle of Western civilization and Western Christian culture, and the centre of the Catholic Church.
GiacomoBarozzida Vignola, often simply called Vignola, was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism. His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the Gesù in Rome. The three architects who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio. He is often considered the most important architect in Rome in the Mannerist era.
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Giuseppe Valadier was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archaeologist and a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy.
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Palazzo Borghese is a palace in Rome, Italy, the main seat of the Borghese family. It was nicknamed il Cembalo due to its unusual trapezoidal groundplan; its narrowest facade faces the River Tiber. The entrance at the opposite end of the building, the "keyboard" of the cembalo, faces onto the Fontanella di Borghese, with another in a great flanking facade to the Piazza Borghese that is extended by a slightly angled facade leading down Via Borghese towards the river. Both these entrances lead into a large courtyard on one side of which is a two level open arcade, with paired Doric and Ionic columns, that frames the garden beyond.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Rome:
Borgo Nuovo, originally known as via Alessandrina, also named via Recta or via Pontificum, was a road in the city of Rome, Italy, important for historical and architectural reasons. Built by Pope Alexander VI Borgia for the holy year of 1500, the road became one of the main centers of the high Renaissance in Rome. Borgo Nuovo was demolished together with the surrounding quarter in 1936–37 due to the construction of Via della Conciliazione.
Piazza Scossacavalli, also named Piazza di San Clemente, Piazza di Trento, Piazza d'Aragona, Piazza Salviati, was a square in Rome, Italy, important for historical and architectonic reasons. The square was demolished together with the surrounding quarter in 1937 due to the construction of Via della Conciliazione.
↑ James E. Packer (January–February 1998). "Trajan's Glorious Forum". Archaeology. 51 (1). Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
↑ I H Evans (reviser), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), page 1163
↑ The 2009 Global Language Monitor survey, for instance, ranked it at number four:after Milan, New York and Paris, but ahead of London. In 2008 it had been placed first in Europe and second in the world, after New York City. "The Global Language Monitor» Fashion". Languagemonitor.com. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
↑ Mattoni Silvia (2012). From a Pope's nightmare, a great public health institution: the Santo Spirito in Saxia Hospital in Rome. Vol.7 (2). Italian Journal of Public Health.
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