List of ghost towns in Oklahoma

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Collection of maps from the ghost towns documented in Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (first seven images) and Here Today (final image)

The U.S. state of Oklahoma has an estimated two thousand ghost towns. These towns began for a number of reasons, often as liquor towns, boomtowns, or mining towns, with some pre-dating statehood. The population and activity later declined in these locations due to the exhaustion of natural resources, manmade or natural disasters, urbanization, the creation of a water source, or after being bypassed by highways and interstates.

Contents

These places vary in their current states with some having completely disappeared while others still have small communities. A small number have also gained notability for other reasons, such as being part of the Tar Creek Superfund site, for existing in an unusual location, or for crimes. The earliest known ghost town in the state was said to have been one by 1839 while the latest were evacuated in 2010.

History

Oklahoma is a U.S. state in the South Central region of the United States. It has the nation's twenty-eighth largest population and ranks twentieth in terms of land area in the United States. [1] There are an estimated two thousand ghost towns within the state. [2] Many of these sites emerged quickly for various reasons. Prior to statehood, these were often "liquor towns" (or "whiskey towns"), located in Oklahoma Territory which served alcohol to adjacent residents of Indian Territory, a then-dry territory. Similarly, towns in the Oklahoma panhandle (then called "No Man's Land") were a place for lawlessness where alcohol was also served to residents of the surrounding towns in Kansas and Texas where it was otherwise prohibited. In later years, after Oklahoma was admitted to the union, several boomtowns were established after the discovery of natural resources, such as oil or petroleum jelly. Several mining towns also took form when lead, zinc, gold, or coal was discovered. [3] [4] [5] [6]

Over time, these towns ceased to exist for a variety of reasons. Some towns diminished as the natural resources were exhausted and the population moved to other locations. The residents in other places frequently relocated to be closer to newly-laid railroad tracks, a post office, a water source, or larger cities. Some towns were abandoned when the townspeople were displaced after manmade and natural disasters such as tornadoes, fires (both wild and arson), floods, sinkholes, or being declared a superfund site. A number of places were also demolished to create artificial lakes and dams. In later years, many towns faded away when they were bypassed by the U.S. Numbered Highway System, and later the Interstate Highway System. [3] [4]

Ghost towns in Oklahoma have been extensively researched and documented in two books, both released by the University of Oklahoma Press: Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (1978) by John W. Morris and Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds (2024) by Jeffrey B. Schmidt. The definition of "ghost town" varies from author to author. Morris, for example, classified them as such if they met one of three criteria: places that no longer exist and have no physical evidence remaining, places in which structures remain but have been abandoned and are unused, or places where the population has decreased eighty percent or more from its peak. [3] [4]

Schmidt, meanwhile, had a lower threshold for population decline and placed listed towns into one of five specific categories—Barren Site, Neglected Site, Abandoned Site, Semi-Abandoned Site, or Historic Community—which are used as a methodology to describe the locations' then-statuses. While still covering historic communities in his book, Schmidt did not consider them to meet the criteria of a ghost town. Further definitions of what a ghost town is have been shaped by various other authors whose scope often extends outside of Oklahoma itself. [4]

Oklahoma's ghost towns are in various states of existence. The locations of Autwine and Zincville, among others, have very little to no physical evidence remaining, such as ruins or foundations, and have been reverted for agricultural use. Other locations are similar to those of Gotebo and Warwick and may still have abandoned buildings or even a community that contains businesses, schools, or a local government, and in which citizens reside. [7] [8]

A few ghost towns have also become particularly notable in their own right for other reasons. For example, Picher has been referred to as the most toxic town in America, [a] while residents in Texola were classified as both Oklahomans and Texans because the town was surveyed eight different times, often with different results about whether the area actually existed in Oklahoma or Texas. [13] Kenton is known for being the only place in Oklahoma to observe Mountain Time [14] and Shamrock rose to notoriety after it was discovered that local law enforcement were issuing illegal traffic tickets because they were not actually police officers to begin with. [15]

List of ghost towns

List of ghost towns in Oklahoma [b]
TownOther name(s)CountyExisted [c] Current remnants/statusRef(s).
IncorporatedDissolved
Academy Armstrong Academy,
Chahta Tamaha		 Bryan 1844c. 1921Foundations and cemetery [16]
Acme — Grady 19111930Residences and ruins [17]
Adamson — Pittsburg c. early 1900s1950Residences and grocery stores [18]
Addington — Jefferson 1901c. 1930sBusinesses and abandoned structures [19]
Afton — Ottawa 18861997Small community and abandoned structures [20] [21]
Akins — Sequoyah 18941943Few residents in an agricultural community [22]
Aline — Alfalfa 18942000Small community and abandoned structures [23]
Alluwe Lightning Creek Nowata c. 1880sc. 1950sCurrent site of Oologah Lake [24]
Alpha — Kingfisher 18931902None [25] [26]
America — McCurtain 19071944Current site of the Ouachita National Forest [27] [28]
Atwood Newburg Hughes 18971967Small community and abandoned structures [29]
Autwine Virginia City Kay 18991930None [30]
Avard — Woods 19042010Restaurant, grain elevator, and abandoned structures [31] [32]
Avery — Lincoln 19021957Residences and abandoned structures [33]
Beer City White City Texas 18881890Agricultural use [34]
Benton — Beaver c. early 1880s1920Agricultural use [35]
Bernice Needmore Delaware c. late 1880s1941Current site of Grand Lake o' the Cherokees [36]
Bessie — Washita 19031950sSmall community [37]
Bickford — Blaine 19041929Current site of Roman Nose State Park [38]
Bigheart [d] — Osage 19051921Few structures [39]
Big Cedar Bigcedar LeFlore 19031943Gas stations and John F. Kennedy monument [40]
Blackburn — Pawnee 18931960Churches and abandoned structures [41] [42]
Boggy Depot Old Boggy Depot Atoka 18371883Cemetery [43]
Bridgeport — Caddo 18931909Grocery store [44]
Brinkman — Greer 19101974None [45]
Bromide Juanita,
Zenobia		 Coal c. early 1900s1930Grocery store [46]
Johnston
Brooksville Lelian,
Sewell		 Pottawatomie 19091955Residents and abandoned structures [47]
Burke City — Okfuskee 1901c. 1903None, flooded by North Canadian River [48]
Byars — McClain 19021964Residences and abandoned buildings [49]
Caney — Atoka 18791960Small community [50] [51]
Cardin [e] [f] Tar River Ottawa 19131938Abandoned [53] [54]
19832010
Carter — Beckham 19002002Small community [55]
Catesby — Ellis 19021970Church [56]
Cayuga — Delaware 18841913Structures [57]
Center — Pontotoc c. mid 1880s1900Vacant structures [58]
Centralia — Craig c. mid 1890sc. 1930sStore, post office, and abandoned structures [59]
Cestos — Dewey 1892c. early 1920sStore and abandoned structures [60]
Cherokee Town — Garvin 1874c. mid 1880sAgricultural use [61]
Clearview Abelincoln,
Lincoln		 Okfuskee 18891992Residences and abandoned structures [62]
Cloud Chief Tacola Washita 18921913Church and abandoned structures [63]
Cold Springs — Kiowa 1901c. 1903None, cleared for West Otter Creek [64]
Colony Seger's Colony Washita 18861941Abandoned structures [65]
Cooperton Cooper Kiowa 1899c. 1970sSmall community, population of 3 [66]
Corbett — Cleveland 18931930Church and abandoned structures [67]
Crawford — Roger Mills 19101930Small community and abandoned structures [68]
Cromwell — Seminole 19231930Small community [69]
Cross [g] — Kay 18931894Unknown [70] [5]
Denoya Whizbang Osage 1921c. 1930sOil rigs and foundations [71]
Devol — Cotton 19071959Small community [72]
Doaksville Fort Towson Choctaw 1820c. early 1900sCemetery [73] [74]
Doby Springs [h] Bellaire Harper 19071912City of Buffalo park and water source [75]
Dougherty Henderson Flat,
Strawberry Flat		 Murray 18871993Small community and abandoned structures [76]
Douglas City — Oklahoma c. 1890sc. 1900sBarren, wooded area [77]
Douthat [e] Century Ottawa 19161970Abandoned [78]
Downs — Kingfisher 18891900Agricultural use [79]
Eagle City Dillon Blaine 19021960sSmall community and abandoned structures [80] [81]
Eagletown Eagle, Eagle Town McCurtain 18321920Abandoned structures, new eponymous townsite still inhabited [82]
Earlsboro — Pottawatomie 18911940Businesses and abandoned structures [83] [84]
Eschiti Eschite Tillman 19071909Cemetery, agricultural use [85]
Fallis Mission Lincoln 18921970Residences and abandoned structures [86]
Faxon Slogan Comanche 19021995Abandoned structures [87]
Fay — Dewey 18941969Small community and abandoned structures [88]
Fleetwood — Jefferson 18851961Farms and abandoned structures [89]
Foraker — Osage 1905c. 1930sFew residences [90]
Foss — Washita c. 1890s1977Grocery store, gas station, and abandoned structures [91]
Francis Newton Pontotoc 18941940Businesses and abandoned structures [92]
Frazer — Jackson 18861891Agricultural use [93]
Frisco Veteran City Canadian 18891905Only cemetery remains [94]
Gene Autry Berwyn,
Dresden,
Lou		 Carter 18831975Small community [95] [96]
Gerty Guertie,
Raydon		 Hughes 18931965Abandoned buildings remain [97]
Gotebo — Kiowa 19041990Small community and abandoned structures [98]
Gould Gibson Harmon 19171990Small community and abandoned structures [99]
Grand — Ellis 18921908Landscaping and abandoned structures [100]
Grayson Wildcat Okmulgee 18971967Churches and community building [101]
Gray Horse — Osage 18841931Residences and abandoned structures [102]
Hanna Hasson McIntosh 19021938Schools [103]
Hanson — Sequoyah 18881910Few residences [104]
Hastings — Jefferson 19021960sSmall community [105] [106]
Hess — Jackson 18891920Abandoned structures [107]
Hitchcock — Blaine 19011959Small community and abandoned structures [108]
Hockerville [e] — Ottawa 19162010Abandoned [78]
Hollister — Tillman 19091968Abandoned structures and ruins [109]
Independence — Custer 18921922None, agricultural use [110]
Ingalls — Payne 18891938Monument [111]
Ingersoll — Alfalfa 19011942Small community and abandoned structures [112]
Ioland — Ellis c. 1890sc. 1920sNothing remains besides cemetery [113]
Jefferson — Grant 18661974Churches and few residents [114]
Jumbo — Pushmataha 19061950sSmall community [115]
Kaw City — Kay 19021970Current site of Kaw Reservoir [116]
Kenton Carrizo,
Florence		 Cimarron 18861913Museum and post office [117] [118]
Keokuk Falls Keokuk Pottawatomie 18911918Abandoned structure [119] [120]
Knowles Sands City Beaver 19061966Grocery store and post office [121] [122]
Kosoma — Pushmataha 18881954Residences and abandoned structures [123]
Lamar Scott Company Town Hughes 19081961Churches and abandoned structures [124]
Lehigh — Coal 18801956Residences and businesses [125]
Lenora — Dewey 18961955Small community [126]
Lima [i] — Seminole 19041978School and abandoned structures [127]
Loco — Stephens 1890early 1980sSmall community and abandoned structures [128] [129]
Logan — Beaver 18881973Cemetery and abandoned structures [130]
Lookeba — Caddo 18981960Small community [131]
Lost City — Cherokee early 1890s2008Small community [132] [133]
Loveland Harriston Tillman 19081968Small community and abandoned structures [134]
Lovell Perth Logan 18891950Residences, abandoned structures, and foundations [135]
Loyal Kiel Kingfisher 18941940School, agricultural use [136] [137]
Lugert — Kiowa 19011940Ruins, current site of Lake Altus-Lugert [138]
Macomb McComb Pottawatomie 19031950Small community [139] [140]
Maramec — Pawnee 19011957Small community [141]
Marshall — Logan 18901976Small community and abandoned structures [142]
Martha — Jackson 18891993Few residences and abandoned structures [143]
May — Harper 18961973Post office and abandoned structures [144]
Meers — Comanche 19011905Abandoned structures [145]
Meridian — Logan 19022000Few residences and abandoned structures [146] [147] [148]
Mineral Mineral City Cimarron 18861910Abandoned structures [149]
Moral Old Moral Pottawatomie 1892UnknownOnly cemetery remains, wooded area [5]
Mouser — Texas 1928Unknown [j] Abandoned [150]
Mulhall — Logan 18891920Small community and abandoned structures [151]
Payne
Nash Nashville Grant 18941993Small community and abandoned structures [152]
Navajoe — Jackson 18871905Cemetery [153]
Oakwood — Dewey 18991958Small community and abandoned structures [154]
Oktaha — Muskogee 18721920Post office and ruins [155] [156]
Omega — Kingfisher 18922009Small community and abandoned structures [157]
Orlando — Logan 18931964Small community and abandoned structures [158]
Payne
Osage Osage City Osage 19061961Church and post office [159]
Park Hill — Cherokee 18361942Cemeteries and tourism building [160]
Peoria [e] — Ottawa 18911941Small community [161]
Picher [e] — Ottawa 19162010 Chat piles, abandoned structures, and foundations [162] [54] [163]
Pittsburg — Pittsburg 19091959Small community [164]
Port — Washita 19011966Few structures, agriculture use [165]
Putnam — Dewey 18951950Store, abandoned structures, and foundations [166]
Quay Lawson Pawnee 18941957Few structures [167]
Payne
Quinlan — Woodward 1893late 1920sChurch and few structures [168]
Reed — Greer 18921975Small community and abandoned structures [169]
Red Bird Redbird Wagoner 19021975Church and abandoned structures [170]
Ringo — Washington 18891900Hotel [171]
Rocky — Washita 18981967Small community and abandoned structures [172]
Roosevelt — Kiowa 19011993Abandoned structures [173]
Rosedale — McClain 19081971Residences and abandoned structures [174]
Sacred Heart Sacred Heart Mission Pottawatomie 18791954Small community and abandoned structures [175]
Santa Fe — Stephens 19211950Oil rigs and foundations [176]
Shamrock — Creek 19102010Small community and abandoned structures [177] [178] [179]
Silver City — Grady 18831890Cemetery, agricultural use [180]
Skedee Lamert Pawnee 19021963Small community and abandoned structures [181] [182] [183]
Skullyville Scullyville LeFlore 18311917Cemetery [184]
Slick — Creek 19201930Small community [185]
Sparks — Lincoln 19021930sSmall community and abandoned structures [186]
Spencerville — Choctaw 1844UnknownSmall community [187]
St. Louis Simpsonville Pottawatomie 19061993Small community and abandoned structures [188]
Stecker — Caddo 19091954Small community and abandoned structures [189]
Strong City — Roger Mills 19111956Small community and abandoned structures [190]
Stuart Hoyuby Hughes 18961940School and residences [191] [192]
Sugden — Jefferson early 1890s1955Small community and foundations [193]
Summit — Muskogee 18961959Cemeteries [194]
Sumner — Noble 18931964Churches and foundations [195]
Tahlonteeskee — Sequoyah c. 1828–18291839Unknown [196]
Taft — Muskogee 19021990Small community [197] [198]
Talala — Rogers 1890early 1920sSmall agricultural community [199]
Tamaha — Haskell 18841964Small community [200]
Tatums Tatum Carter 18941990Small community and abandoned structures [201] [202]
Texola Texokla,
Texoma		 Beckham 19011990Small community and abandoned structures [203] [204]
Terlton — Pawnee 18941962Small community [205]
Three Sands — Kay 19211951Agricultural use [206]
Noble
Vernon — McIntosh 19101991Residences and abandoned structures [207]
Vinson Francis,
Trotter		 Harmon 19031964Churches [208]
Wanette Aberline Pottawatomie 18771930Small community and abandoned structures [209]
Warwick — Lincoln 18921972Small community [210] [211]
Whitefield — Haskell 1881Unknown [k] Post office, agricultural use [213] [212]
Willow — Greer 18991957Churches and restaurants [214]
Wirt [l] Ragtown Carter 19131972Abandoned structures [215]
Woodford Bywater Carter 18701974Abandoned structures [216]
Woodville Harney Marshall 1880early 1940sCurrent site of Lake Texoma [217]
Yeager — Hughes 19021974Few residents [218]
Yeldell — Jackson 18881908Abandoned structures [219]
Yewed — Alfalfa 18981958Residences and abandoned structures [220]
Zincville [e] Berlin, [m]
Schwarz,
St. Louis [n] 		Ottawa 19171954Abandoned [78] [221]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [9] [10] [11] [12]
  2. ↑ Although Oklahoma has an estimated 2,000 ghost towns, the following list only contains entries for locations that can be explicitly verified through a reliable source and have sufficient information to be assumed notable in their own right.
  3. ↑ The year that the town was officially established or dissolved is listed when available. Some communities were never formally established. In other cases, the listed year may be the earliest or latest year in which a post office, school, railroad, major economic development, or a significant population existed. A year listed does not necessarily imply that the town has been formally dissolved or that the population in that location is zero.
  4. ↑ Former city limits annexed by Barnsdall [39]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Part of the Tar Creek Superfund site [52]
  6. ↑ After being incorporated in 1913, Cardin was officially dissolved for the first time in 1938. The residents re-incorporated in 1983 before the town was dissolved for a second time in 2010 after federal buyouts by the Environmental Protection Agency. [53]
  7. ↑ Former city limits annexed by Ponca City [70]
  8. ↑ Former city limits annexed by Buffalo [75]
  9. ↑ Consolidated with the nearby town of New Lima [127]
  10. ↑ By 1975 [150]
  11. ↑ Whitefield is said to have begun declining during the Great Depression. [212]
  12. ↑ Former city limits annexed by Healdton [215]
  13. ↑ Not to be confused with Berlin, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma
  14. ↑ Not to be confused with St. Louis, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

References

  1. ↑ Omondi, Sharon (June 13, 2019). "When Was The US State Of Oklahoma Founded?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
  2. ↑ Ruth, Kent (November 13, 1983). "Oklahoma's Ghost Towns Make for Interesting Outings". The Daily Oklahoman . Gannett Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 Morris 1978, pp. 3–9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Schmidt 2024, pp. 1–20.
  5. 1 2 3 Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Ghost Towns". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  6. ↑ Shepherd, Dan (April 26, 2024). "Last Residents of Picher, Oklahoma Won't Give Up the Ghost (Town)". NBC News . NBCUniversal Media Group. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  7. ↑ Morris 1978.
  8. ↑ Schmidt 2024.
  9. ↑ Daniel 2019, p. 5.
  10. ↑ Dangerfield, Maya (December 7, 2017). "Picher, Oklahoma Is America's Most Toxic Town". Business Insider . Insider Inc. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  11. ↑ Paynter, Ben (August 30, 2010). "Take a Tour of America's Most Toxic Town". Wired . Condé Nast. Archived from the original on February 22, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  12. ↑ Valera, Stephanie (March 11, 2016). "Inside an Eerie Ghost Town and 'Most Toxic Place in America' (PHOTOS)". The Weather Channel . The Weather Company. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  13. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 234–236.
  14. ↑ Young, Norma Gene (January 15, 2010). "Cimarron County". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 20, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  15. ↑ Fullbright, Lori (December 8, 2010). "Police In Shamrock, Oklahoma Writing Illegal Tickets". KOTV . Griffin Media. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  16. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 10–11.
  17. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 12.
  18. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 12–14.
  19. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 14–16.
  20. ↑ Hinckley & Kerrick 2020, pp. 60–63.
  21. ↑ O'Dell, Larry (January 15, 2010). "Afton". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  22. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 167–176.
  23. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 243–245.
  24. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 16–17.
  25. ↑ Schmidt 2024, p. 69.
  26. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 8.
  27. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 18.
  28. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 133–137.
  29. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 143–144.
  30. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 19–20.
  31. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 20–22.
  32. ↑ Reichenberger, Donovan (January 15, 2010). "Avard". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  33. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 22–23.
  34. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 24–25.
  35. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 25–26.
  36. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 26–27.
  37. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 189–192.
  38. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 27.
  39. 1 2 Etter 1996, pp. 111–122.
  40. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 28–30.
  41. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 30–31.
  42. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 95–98.
  43. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 31–34.
  44. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 34–36.
  45. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 36–37.
  46. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 37–38.
  47. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 29–31.
  48. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 40.
  49. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 31–35.
  50. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 159–166.
  51. ↑ Denison, Cindy (January 15, 2010). "Caney". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  52. ↑ "EPA - Cleanups in My Community". Environmental Protection Agency . March 5, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  53. 1 2 Magoteaux, Savannah (January 2020). "Ghost Town – Cardin, Oklahoma". Oklahoma Farm & Ranch. Vol. 5, no. 1. Post Oak Media.
  54. 1 2 Stogsdill, Shelia. "Towns of Picher, Cardin Officially Dissolved" . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on March 3, 2025. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
  55. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 192–196.
  56. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 40–41.
  57. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 41–42.
  58. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 42–44.
  59. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 44.
  60. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 46.
  61. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 48–49.
  62. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 147–150.
  63. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 49–51.
  64. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 51–53.
  65. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 35–38.
  66. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 53–55.
  67. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 55–56.
  68. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 57–58.
  69. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 58–60.
  70. 1 2 Morris 1978, pp. 60–63.
  71. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 64–65.
  72. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 66–67.
  73. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 67–69.
  74. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 155–158.
  75. 1 2 Morris 1978, p. 69.
  76. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 150–152.
  77. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 70.
  78. 1 2 3 Caldwell, Bill (December 15, 2023). "Ottawa County Home to Ghost Mining Towns" . Joplin Globe . Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  79. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 70–71.
  80. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 74–75.
  81. ↑ Cowan, Emily (March 16, 2023). "Eagle City Gym". Abandoned Oklahoma. Abandoned Atlas Foundation. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  82. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 71–74.
  83. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 75–78.
  84. ↑ Morris, John W. (1965). Earlsboro - Boom and Bust. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Vol. 45. Oklahoma Academy of Science. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2025– via Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center.
  85. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 78–79.
  86. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 80–81.
  87. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 207–209.
  88. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 40–44.
  89. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 81–82.
  90. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 82–83.
  91. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 83–86.
  92. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 86–87.
  93. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 89.
  94. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 89–91.
  95. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 91–94.
  96. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 158–161.
  97. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 161–163.
  98. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 209–212.
  99. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 212–215.
  100. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 94–95.
  101. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 104–106.
  102. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 96–97.
  103. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 163–165.
  104. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 97–98.
  105. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 215–217.
  106. ↑ May, Jon D. (January 15, 2010). "Hastings". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  107. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 123–132.
  108. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 47–48.
  109. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 218–220.
  110. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 99–100.
  111. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 100–102.
  112. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 102–103.
  113. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 94.
  114. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 104–105.
  115. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 105.
  116. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 106–108.
  117. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 108–110.
  118. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 265–268.
  119. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 110–112.
  120. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 211–220.
  121. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 114–115.
  122. ↑ Hodges, V. Pauline (January 15, 2010). "Knowles". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  123. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 115–117.
  124. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 168–170.
  125. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 117–119.
  126. ↑ Morris 1978, p. 120.
  127. 1 2 Schmidt 2024, pp. 51–54.
  128. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 220–222.
  129. ↑ Savage, Cynthia (January 15, 2010). "Loco". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 14, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  130. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 122–123.
  131. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 54–56.
  132. ↑ Etter 1996, pp. 221–227.
  133. ↑ Murphy, Jami (September 28, 2010). "Lost City a City of 2 Tales". Cherokee Phoenix . Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  134. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 123–124.
  135. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 124–125.
  136. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 56–58.
  137. ↑ Everett, Dianna (January 15, 2010). "Loyal". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  138. ↑ Morris 1978, pp. 125–127.
  139. ↑ Schmidt 2024, pp. 58–60.
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