2006 Wisconsin Referendum 1

Last updated

Referendum 1
Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized in this state.
Results
Choice
Votes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svgYes1,264,31059.43%
Light brown x.svgNo862,92440.57%
Valid votes2,127,23497.44%
Invalid or blank votes55,9212.56%
Total votes2,183,155100.00%
Registered voters/turnout4,256,72149.97%

2006 Wisconsin Referendum 1 results map by county.svg
WI Referendum 1 2006.svg
Sources: [1] [2] [3]

Wisconsin Referendum 1 of 2006 was a referendum on an amendment to the Wisconsin Constitution that would invalidate same-sex marriages or any substantially similar legal status. [4] The referendum was approved by 59% of voters during the general elections in November 2006. [3] All counties in the state voted for the amendment except Dane County (home of the state capital, Madison, and the University of Wisconsin), which opposed it. The constitutional amendment created by Referendum 1 has been effectively nullified since June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional. [5]

Contents

Amendment

The text of the adopted amendment, which became Article XIII, Section 13 of the state constitution, reads:

Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized in this state. [6]

As required by the constitution, the amendment was approved by both houses of the legislature, in two consecutive sessions. The legislative history of the amendment is as follows:

CountyYesNoTotal Votes
#%#%#
Adams 5,14265.2%2,74134.8%7,883
Ashland 3,56659.9%2,39240.1%5,958
Barron 10,95868.8%4,96231.2%15,920
Bayfield 4,13257.9%3,01042.1%7,142
Brown 55,78060.6%36,30539.4%92,085
Buffalo 3,42864.1%1,92135.9%5,349
Burnett 4,41872.4%1,68627.6%6,104
Calumet 13,33869.0%5,98631.0%19,324
Chippewa 13,99365.4%7,40834.6%21,401
Clark 7,73769.2%3,43630.8%11,173
Columbia 13,02359.5%8,86640.5%21,889
Crawford 3,98062.1%2,42737.9%6,407
Dane 70,37733.1%142,49166.9%212,868
Dodge 22,55273.4%8,15426.6%30,706
Door 8,41259.2%5,79040.8%14,202
Douglas 9,31659.9%6,24140.1%15,557
Dunn 8,52058.9%5,93941.1%14,459
Eau Claire 19,59551.7%18,29748.3%37,892
Florence 1,51575.9%48124.1%1,996
Fond du Lac 25,74568.7%11,73131.3%37,476
Forest 2,40767.1%1,18032.9%3,587
Grant 10,54662.5%6,32137.5%16,867
Green 7,07454.1%6,01145.9%13,085
Green Lake 5,85074.0%2,05126.0%7,901
Iowa 4,55350.7%4,42449.3%8,977
Iron 1,74365.1%93534.9%2,678
Jackson 4,41863.8%2,50436.2%6,922
Jefferson 19,91865.1%10,68734.9%30,605
Juneau 5,71768.5%2,62531.5%8,342
Kenosha 29,67659.2%20,49040.8%50,166
Kewaunee 6,45072.9%2,39927.1%8,849
La Crosse 21,32750.2%21,17549.8%42,502
Lafayette 3,62462.8%2,14937.2%5,773
Langlade 5,85668.3%2,72431.7%8,580
Lincoln 7,12966.1%3,66133.9%10,790
Manitowoc 22,44270.1%9,57229.9%32,014
Marathon 31,67565.0%17,05435.0%48,729
Marinette 12,19272.8%4,55427.2%16,746
Marquette 4,15267.5%2,00332.5%6,155
Menominee 50753.1%44846.9%955
Milwaukee 172,54855.0%141,45345.0%314,001
Monroe 8,87166.2%4,52533.8%13,396
Oconto 10,22271.1%4,16528.9%14,387
Oneida 9,35659.1%6,47840.9%15,834
Outagamie 42,84962.6%25,63137.4%68,480
Ozaukee 25,91463.5%14,91636.5%40,830
Pepin 2,10670.3%88929.7%2,995
Pierce 8,35059.5%5,67340.5%14,023
Polk 10,61969.2%4,73330.8%15,352
Portage 15,40953.7%13,28546.3%28,694
Price 3,94463.6%2,25936.4%6,203
Racine 43,86963.8%24,86836.2%68,737
Richland 3,93961.6%2,45438.4%6,393
Rock 30,22055.6%24,08744.4%54,307
Rusk 3,84866.8%1,91633.2%5,764
St. Croix 16,66863.1%9,74936.9%26,417
Sauk 12,39457.1%9,31042.9%21,704
Sawyer 4,24567.1%2,08232.9%6,327
Shawano 11,33372.6%4,27927.4%15,612
Sheboygan 32,90870.3%13,89529.7%46,803
Taylor 4,74166.3%2,41433.7%7,155
Trempealeau 5,99663.4%3,46636.6%9,462
Vernon 6,25361.6%3,90138.4%10,154
Vilas 6,38661.8%3,95338.2%10,339
Walworth 20,50161.8%12,65238.2%33,153
Washburn 4,46568.0%2,09732.0%6,562
Washington 38,75973.7%13,80426.3%52,563
Waukesha 118,73668.3%55,16531.7%173,901
Waupaca 13,28169.6%5,81030.4%19,091
Waushara 6,16868.5%2,83331.5%9,001
Winnebago 37,18857.7%27,22842.3%64,416
Wood 19,44166.7%9,72333.3%29,164
Totals1,264,31059.4%862,92440.6%2,127,234
Source: Wisconsin Blue Book at the Wayback Machine (archived April 3, 2023)

Effects

The amendment, which took effect on November 7, 2006, constitutionally banned same-sex marriages, which were never recognized by the state and was statutorily banned since 1979, and civil unions or civil union equivalents, which were never recognized by the state. Wisconsin became the 21st US state to ban same-sex marriage in its constitution and 14th US state to ban civil unions or civil union equivalents in its constitution. This preempted the state judiciary from requiring the state to legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents and preempted the Wisconsin Legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents. Domestic partnerships in Wisconsin, legal statewide for state employees only and 1 county and 3 municipalities at the time, were unaffected by the amendment. In 2009, Wisconsin would enact statewide domestic partnerships for everyone, which would later be repealed in 2018.

In April 2009 the Wisconsin Supreme Court was asked in McConkey v. Van Hollen to rule on whether the 2006 Referendum 1 was constitutional. William McConkey, a political science instructor, claimed that the measure violated the state's constitution because it proposed more than one question in a single ballot proposal, which is impermissible under Wisconsin law. [10] [11] [12] On June 30, 2010, the Court ruled that the amendment referendum question was permissible and thus the amendment had been properly passed. [13] [14] In 2014, the ACLU filed a lawsuit, Wolf v Walker, to challenge the amendment and a federal judge agreed. [15] On June 6, 2014, the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin overturned all bans on same-sex marriage in the state. [16] On October 6, 2014, same sex marriage was legalized in Wisconsin.

Pre-decision opinion polls

Date of opinion pollConducted by Sample size In favorAgainstUndecidedMarginMargin of ErrorSource
October 2006 St. Norbert College  ?51%44% ?7% pro ? [17]
September 2006Diversified Research for wispolitics.com  ?53%39% ?14% pro ? [18]

References

  1. 2006-11-07_FallElection_Referendum_CountyReturns
  2. General Election Voter Registration and Absentee Statistics 1984-2022.xlsx
  3. 1 2 CNN.com Election 2006 - Ballot Measures Accessed 14 December 2006.
  4. "Timeline for freedom to marry in Wisconsin". ACLU. October 9, 2014. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
  5. "U.S. 21st country to allow same-sex marriage nationwide". CNN. June 26, 2015.
  6. "DOMAwatch.org - Wisconsin Archived 2005-03-10 at the Wayback Machine " Alliance Defense Fund. 2006. Accessed 06 January 2007.
  7. Assembly Joint Resolution 66, Journal of the Wisconsin Senate, March 11, 2004, p. 717. The final vote was taken shortly after midnight on March 12.
  8. Senate Joint Resolution 53, Journal of the Wisconsin Senate, Dec. 6, 2005, p. 488.
  9. Canvass Summary, Wisconsin State Elections Board, Fall General Election, Nov. 7, 2006.
  10. Wisconsin amendment supreme court
  11. Christopher Magnum, Wis. "Supreme Court Hears Gay Marriage Case", Advocate.com, Nov. 3, 2009.
  12. Patrick Marley, "State Supreme Court hears arguments on gay marriage amendment", The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Nov. 3, 2009.
  13. "Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds gay marriage ban". 6abc. WPVI-TV. June 30, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  14. Foley, Ryan J. (June 30, 2010). "Wisconsin Supreme Court unanimously upholds gay marriage ban". Madison.com. Wisconsin State Journal. AP. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  15. Redman, Henry (May 23, 2022). "Same-sex marriage partially protected in Wisconsin in a post-Roe future". Wisconsin Examiner. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
  16. "Wisconsin's same-sex marriage ban struck down" . Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  17. Ballot Measure Update
  18. 2006 Ballot Measures: A National Scorecard