MetroWest (Bristol)

Last updated

MetroWest
Greater Bristol Metro proposed network map March 2012.svg
Overview
Owner Network Rail
Locale Greater Bristol
Transit type Commuter rail
Number of lines3 + 2 under construction
Number of stations26 currently, another 6-10 planned
Website travelwest.info/metrowest
Operation
Began operation13 December 2021 [1]
Operator(s) Great Western Railway

MetroWest, formerly known as the Greater Bristol Metro, is a project to improve the rail services in Bristol, England, and the surrounding region. It was first proposed at First Great Western's Stakeholder Event in March 2008. [2] The aim of the project is to develop half-hourly services through central Bristol which will also serve the surrounding West of England region. [3] Transport campaigning groups Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways (FoSBR) and Transport for Greater Bristol are actively supporting the proposal, [4] [5] as are the three unitary authorities under the West of England Combined Authority [6] [7] and North Somerset Council.

MetroWest services began on 13 December 2021, with the doubling of the frequency of services from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach. [1]

History

Early plans

Earlier plans for a metro system were promoted by then MEP Richard Cottrell in 1986, and acts of Parliament were secured. This would have used existing track, with new build through the city centre. However, the scheme folded in around 2004 when Advanced Transport for Avon was wound up with debts of £3.8 million. [8]

Initial planning

Rail usage in the West of England doubled in the ten years between 1999 and 2009. [9] A campaign for a Greater Bristol Metro was launched in February 2012, [7] with plans prepared by engineering consultancy Halcrow Group. [10] [11] The scheme was estimated to cost £22 million at 2008/09 prices and could be completed between 2016 and 2021. [6]

The 2012 plans included station reopening costs, estimated by Bristol City Council to be an average of £5 million each. [7] Related estimates for reopening of the Portishead Railway and for four-tracking between Parson Street and Filton Bank were reported as approximately £50 million and £30 million respectively. [7] It was subsequently reported that the Portishead Railway reopening would cost around £33 million. [11]

Local politicians at the launch of the Metro campaign in 2012 Press Launch of Greater Bristol Metro Rail - Flickr - Greater Bristol Metro Rail (3).jpg
Local politicians at the launch of the Metro campaign in 2012

The scheme was given the go-ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal, whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government. [12] Councillor Tim Kent stated in September 2012 that the first part of the scheme, on the Severn Beach Line, would be delivered "next year". [13]

An opinion piece in the Bristol Evening Post in June 2011 called for the establishment of an Integrated Transport Authority for the West of England and for progress on the metro proposal. [14] During the Rail Priority Conference organised by the West of England Partnership in November 2011, delegates travelled on the Portishead line, the Severn Beach line and the Henbury Loop, using sections of track not currently used for passenger traffic. [15] [16] In early 2012, during the consultation phase for the new Great Western rail franchise, Bristol City Council and local rail user groups launched Bristol Metro 2013 to ask bidders to incorporate metro plans into their bids. [17] Bristol MPs were lobbied in Westminster by Dawn Primarolo (MP for Bristol South) [18] and Steve Webb (former MP for Thornbury & Yate). [19] The Saltford Station Campaign Group and Bath and North East Somerset Council suggested in April 2012 that the reopening of Saltford station could be part funded by means other than those included in the West of England Partnership's report. [20] [21]

By 2015, little progress had been made on the project, with the West of England Local Enterprise Partnership producing a Key Principles Report in November 2015 reiterating the aspiration to reopen lines and increased train frequencies as well as discussing future potential transport projects for the West of England region, including new rail transit based options referred to as MetroWest++. The options outlined include reopening the Thornbury Branch Line, a Yate to Bath route, the use of tram train technology, a link to the city centre and a connection to Bristol Airport. [22] A 2015 report was produced by Arup, appointed by Bristol City Council, to analyse potential cost of electrifying both phases of MetroWest, with Arup concluding a total cost of £175 million. [23]

Delays

By 2017, the planned opening date for the Portishead Line was said to be 2020. [24] [ failed verification ] In March 2017, MetroWest reported a substantial increase in the estimated costs of Phase 1, owing to the work required to upgrade the line in the Avon Gorge to achieve the line speeds required for a half-hourly service, and to reroute road traffic away from a level crossing in Ashton Vale. [25] The original £50 million cost estimate had increased to £145 million, which was reduced to £116 million by changing the planned frequency to hourly. [26] In 2018 the local authority made a bid for funding from central government that was turned down, placing the project into uncertainty. [27]

Funding of £31 million for the Portishead line was promised in April 2019 by Chris Grayling, the Secretary of State for Transport. [28] After this the revised date for the opening of the Portishead line became 'by 2023'. [29] In August 2019, North Somerset Council announced it would be submitting a request for a development consent order to the government by the end of September, with a proposed 2023 opening being reiterated. [30] The COVID-19 pandemic then pushed back the opening of the Portishead Line by one year to December 2024. [31]

Following further delays, Secretary of State for Transport Mark Harper gave final consent for the Portishead railway in November 2022, with an aspired opening date of 2026. [32] The Henbury line, in particular the North Filton station, is due to open the same year after design changes. [33]

Project description

The MetroWest Project has two phases. MetroWest Phase One involves the reopening of the Portishead Line, and hourly services between Severn Beach and Bath Spa. Phase Two consists of reopening the Henbury Line, with half-hourly services between Weston-super-Mare and Yate.

New rail lines

The two major components of the MetroWest project are the reopening of the disused Portishead Railway, with stations at Pill and Portishead; and the reopening to passenger traffic of the Henbury Line with stations at Ashley Down, Filton North and Henbury. The lines would have services to/from Bristol Temple Meads, and were each expected to carry 0.4 million passengers per year. [34] In April 2016, it was reported that the North Somerset Council had agreed to buy two parcels of land for the creation of the Portishead and Pill stations at the cost of £880,000. [35]

Upgrades and new stations on existing lines

Work in 2018 to reinstate the two extra tracks at the site of Horfield railway station 2018 at Horfield - relaying the main line (02).JPG
Work in 2018 to reinstate the two extra tracks at the site of Horfield railway station

Upgrades to existing lines include the four-tracking of Filton Bank, the line from Bristol Temple Meads to Bristol Parkway, in order to separate local journeys from express and long distance trains, similar to the S-train principle. This work was completed in 2018 [36] and will allow two trains per hour between Bristol Temple Meads and Yate, and two trains per hour from the Severn Beach Line to Bath Spa, which are expected to generate 0.25 and 0.6 million passengers per year respectively. [34]

In 2017, £2.23 million was allocated for construction of the Portway Park & Ride station on the Severn Beach Line, which had been under discussion since 2009. £1.67 million came from the government's New Stations Fund, with additional funding from the West of England Combined Authority and West of England Local Enterprise Partnership. [37] [38] Ground surveys began in 2017, with completion originally planned for 2019; however, planning permission was not granted until March 2019. [38] [39] Work began on the station in early 2022 and after some delays it opened on 1 August 2023. [40] [41] [42]

In 2023, work began on building Ashley Down railway station on the site of the former Ashley Hill railway station. Services commenced on 28 September 2024. [43] [44]

Further potential station reopenings include Ashton Gate, St Anne's Park, Saltford and Horfield.

Future extensions

Extensions are proposed north from Yate to Gloucester and southeast from Bath to Westbury, with WECA in talks with Network Rail to determine the necessary infrastructure. [45] In 2016, Wiltshire Council were studying the potential of a MetroWest extension to Chippenham which would see a reopened Corsham station between Chippenham and Bath Spa. [46] Bath and North East Somerset also commissioned a study into the reopening of Bathampton station in 2015. [47]

In 2020 WECA published its 10 year rail delivery plan, which included the potential reopening of Charfield railway station and "Temple Meads to Parson Street capacity building to allow more frequent services". [48]

A report produced by the West of England LEP into improving access to Bristol Airport from the city centre studied the potential of a heavy rail link to the airport, [49] either branching from Parson Street following the A38 road, from Nailsea & Backwell, or from Yatton using the old trackbed of the Wrington Vale Light Railway. However, by 2017 it was confirmed the airport link was likely to form part of Bristol's proposed mass transit network. [50]

Thornbury Branch Line

Suggestions were made to reopen the Thornbury Branch Line. However, in 2017 the West of England Combined Authority found there would be several challenges in delivering this proposal, [50] as the former rail alignment into Thornbury is now occupied by an industrial estate and there is no practical routing into the town. The station would therefore have to be located on the edge of Thornbury at a significant distance from the town centre, making it less attractive to passengers. The Grovesend tunnel would also need to be reopened, with its current condition unknown, and there would be capacity constraints at Westerleigh Junction. This led to the Authority deciding not to pursue reopening the line. FOSBR continue to advocate reopening the line in the future. [51]

In 2020, the line was mentioned by Railway Gazette International as having potential for future funding from the Department for Transport's "Restoring Your Railway" initiative. [52]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristol Temple Meads railway station</span> Major railway station for the city of Bristol, England

Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol, England. It is located 118 miles 31 chains away from London Paddington. It is an important transport hub for public transport in the city; there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts, with a ferry to the city centre. Bristol's other major station, Bristol Parkway, is a more recent station on the northern outskirts of the conurbation. It is the busiest station in South West England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severn Beach line</span> Railway in Bristol and Gloucestershire, England

The Severn Beach line is a local railway line in Bristol and Gloucestershire, England, which runs from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach, and used to extend to Pilning. The first sections of the line were opened in 1865 as part of the Bristol Port Railway and Pier; the section through Bristol was opened in 1875 as the Clifton Extension Railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portishead Railway</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Portishead Railway is a branch line railway running from Portishead in North Somerset to the main line immediately west of Bristol, England. It was constructed by the Bristol & Portishead Pier and Railway Company, but it was always operated by its main line neighbour, and was more usually thought of as the Portishead branch or the Portishead railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redland railway station</span> Railway station in Bristol, England

Redland railway station is on the Severn Beach Line and serves the districts of Cotham and Redland in Bristol, England. It is 3.3 miles (5.3 km) from Bristol Temple Meads. Its three letter station code is RDA. As of 2015 it is managed by Great Western Railway, which is the third franchise to be responsible for the station since privatisation in 1997. They provide all train services at the station, mainly a train every 30 minutes in each direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea Mills railway station</span> Railway station in Bristol, England

Sea Mills railway station is on the Severn Beach Line and serves the districts of Sea Mills, Stoke Bishop, Sneyd Park and nearby Westbury on Trym in Bristol, England. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) from Bristol Temple Meads, situated at the confluence of the River Avon and River Trym and near the A4 Bristol Portway. Its three letter station code is SML. The station has a single platform which serves trains in both directions. As of 2015 it is managed by Great Western Railway, which is the third franchise to be responsible for the station since privatisation in 1997. They provide all train services at the station, mainly a train every 30 minutes in each direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shirehampton railway station</span> Railway station in Bristol, England

Shirehampton railway station is on the Severn Beach Line and serves the district of Shirehampton in Bristol, England. It is 7.6 miles (12.2 km) from Bristol Temple Meads. Its three letter station code is SHH. The station has a single platform which serves trains in both directions. As of 2015 it is managed by Great Western Railway, which is the third franchise to be responsible for the station since privatisation in 1997. They provide all train services at the station, mainly a train every 30 minutes in each direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avonmouth railway station</span> Railway station in Bristol, England

Avonmouth railway station is located on the Severn Beach Line and serves the district of Avonmouth in Bristol, England. It is 9.0 miles (14.5 km) from Bristol Temple Meads. Its three letter station code is AVN. The station has two platforms, on either side of two running lines. As of 2015 it is managed by Great Western Railway, which is the third franchise to be responsible for the station since privatisation in 1997. They provide all train services at the station, mainly a train every 30 minutes to Bristol Temple Meads and one every hour to Severn Beach.

Bristol is a city in south west England, near the Bristol Channel coast, approximately 106 miles (170 km) west of London. Several factors have influenced the development of its transport network. It is a major centre of employment, retail, culture and higher education, has many historic areas, and has a history of maritime industry. The city has a population of 450,000, with a metropolitan area of 650,000, and lies at the centre of the former County of Avon, which includes many dormitory towns, and has a population of one million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parson Street railway station</span> Railway station in Bristol, England

Parson Street railway station serves the western end of Bedminster in Bristol, England. It also serves other surrounding suburbs including Bishopsworth, Ashton Vale and Ashton Gate, along with Bristol City FC. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) from Bristol Temple Meads, and 120 miles (193 km) from London Paddington. Its three letter station code is PSN. It was opened in 1927 by the Great Western Railway, and was rebuilt in 1933. The station, which has two through-lines and two platforms, plus one freight line for traffic on the Portishead Branch Line, has minimal facilities. As of 2020, it is managed by Great Western Railway, which is the sixth company to be responsible for the station, and the third franchise since privatisation in 1997. They provide all train services at the station, mainly an hourly service between Bristol Parkway and Weston-super-Mare.

The majority of public transport users in the Bristol Urban Area are transported by bus, although rail has experienced growth and does play an important part, particularly in peak hours.

Chittening Platform railway station was a station on the former Great Western Railway between Filton and Avonmouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henbury Loop Line</span>

The Henbury Loop Line, also known as the Filton to Avonmouth Line, is a railway line following the boundary between Bristol and South Gloucestershire between the Severn Beach Line at Hallen Marsh Junction, Avonmouth and the Cross Country Route/South Wales Main Line at Filton. It is currently only used for freight.

Rail services in the West of England refer to passenger rail journeys made in the Bristol commuter area. 17 million passenger rail journeys were made in 2019-20 within the Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashton Gate railway station</span> Disused railway station in Ashton Gate, Bristol

Ashton Gate railway station was a railway station serving the Ashton Gate area of Bristol, England, which included Ashton Gate football ground, the home ground of Bristol City F.C. It was located on the Portishead Railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pill railway station</span> Former railway station in North Somerset, England

Pill railway station was a railway station on the Portishead Branch Line, 7.8 miles (12.6 km) west of Bristol Temple Meads, serving the village of Pill in North Somerset, England. The station was opened by the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company on 18 April 1867. It had two platforms, on either side of a passing loop, with a goods yard and signal box later additions. Services increased until the 1930s, at which point a half-hourly service operated. However the Portishead Branch was recommended for closure by the Beeching report, and the station was closed on 7 September 1964, although the line saw freight traffic until 1981. Regular freight trains through the station began to run again in 2002 when Royal Portbury Dock was connected to the rail network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Filton Platform railway station</span> Former railway station in England

North Filton Platform was a railway station which served the northern part of Filton, Gloucestershire, England. It was on the railway line between Filton and Avonmouth, and was situated on the western side of Gloucester Road.

Bristol Rail Campaign is a Bristol-based campaign group, calling for better rail transport in the Bristol area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henbury railway station</span> Former railway station in England

Henbury railway station served the Bristol suburb of Henbury, England, from 1910 to 1965. The station was situated on the Henbury Loop Line of the Great Western Railway and was opened on 9 May 1910 for passenger services. Under the Beeching cuts, it was closed to passengers on 23 November 1964, with goods services ceasing on 5 July 1965. There is a proposal to reopen the station as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hallen Halt railway station</span> Former railway station in England

Hallen Halt railway station was a railway station in Hallen, Gloucestershire, England, on the Henbury Loop Line. The station is closed, and the line is closed to passengers.

Charlton Halt railway station was a railway station which served the village of Charlton, west of Filton in South Gloucestershire, England, on the Avonmouth and Filton Railway, now known as the Henbury Loop Line. The station was open only between May 1910 and March 1915, when the line was closed to passengers. The line was reopened to passengers from 1922 to 1964, but the station was not reopened.

References

  1. 1 2 "Severn Beach line train service to increase to half-hourly". Rail Advent. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  2. ↑ "How transport decisions are made in the West of England". TravelWest. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  3. ↑ White, James (13 March 2009). "Item 04 Greater Bristol Metro" (PDF). West of England Partnership. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  4. ↑ "FoSBR Plan for Rail". fosbr.org.uk. 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "Transport for Greater Bristol : News". tfgb.org.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  6. 1 2 "CS10: Transportation and Movement (application/pdf Object)" (PDF). North Somerset Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Campaign launched for a Greater Bristol Metro link". Bristol Evening Post . 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  8. ↑ "Supertram vision at end of the line" . Bristol Evening Post, archived at LexisNexis. Bristol United Press. 3 June 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  9. ↑ "National Rail Trends 2009-10 Yearbook" (PDF). Office of Rail Regulation. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  10. ↑ "Campaigners for Greater Bristol Metro set out plans to transform rail services by 2018". Bristol Evening Post . 5 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Greater Bristol Metro report: First phase would cost £40m". Bristol Evening Post . 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  12. ↑ Ribbeck, Michael (6 July 2012). "£100 million Bristol Metro train network by 2016". The Post, Bristol . Northcliffe Media. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  13. ↑ "Popular Severn Beach line gets new late service". Bristol Evening Post . 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  14. ↑ "Bristol's metro is not as far off track as you might think". Bristol Evening Post. Northcliffe Media. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  15. ↑ "Rail Priority Conference 2011". travelplus.org.uk. 2011x. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Pierce, Ellie; Terretta, Hayley (21 November 2011). "Proposed revival for Bristol Metro scheme". Epigram. University of Bristol Student Union. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  17. ↑ Staff (17 January 2012). "A campaign to revolutionise Bristol's local rail service that could see trains from Temple Meads serving all local stations every half hour is being launched today". thisisbristol.co.uk. Northcliffe Media. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  18. ↑ Primarolo, Dawn (23 March 2012). "News from Your Local MP". HearFromYourMP. mySociety . Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  19. ↑ Sauvebois, Marion (18 April 2012). "Thornbury and Yate MP Steve Webb lobbies government for rail upgrade". Gloucestershire News, South Gloucestershire News - from the Gazette Series. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  20. ↑ "Hopes remaining high for Saltford Station". Bath Chronicle . 28 April 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "Saltford Station Campaign News" . Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  22. ↑ "Issues and Options for Consultation. Key Principles Report" (PDF). West of England Joint Transport Study. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "West of England Partnership - West of England Suburban Rail - Business Case" (PDF). Arup. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  24. ↑ "Consultation on the location for Portishead rail station" (PDF). North Somerset Council. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  25. ↑ "Significant estimated cost increases for MetroWest Phase 1". Travelwest. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  26. ↑ Pickstock, Heather (21 March 2017). "Portishead to Bristol railway line work to be done 'in stages'". Bristol Post. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  27. ↑ "Is this the end of the Portishead to Bristol MetroWest rail line? Central government has refused to fund scheme". Bristol Live. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  28. ↑ "Portishead-Bristol line restoration gets funding boost". BBC News. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  29. ↑ "Councillors confident trains to Bristol from Portishead will run 'by 2023'". North Somerset Times. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  30. ↑ "Plans for £116m Portishead to Bristol rail line to be sent to Government next month". North Somerset Times. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  31. ↑ "Opening of Portishead railway line now delayed until 2024". Bristol Post. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "Portishead to Bristol rail line gets final approval". BBC . 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "Bristol YTL Arena inaccessible by train until 2026". BBC . 31 October 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  34. 1 2 "Draft Joint Local Transport Plan 4 - 2019-2036" (PDF). West of England Combined Authority. January 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  35. ↑ "Council's £850k deal for 'exciting' rail project". North Somerset Times. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  36. ↑ NR agrees £33m contract for Bristol four-tracking Rail issue 761 12 November 2014 page 24
  37. ↑ "Funding Boost for West of England Transport Projects". West of England Combined Authority. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  38. 1 2 Yong, Michael (15 August 2017). "Portway Park and Ride train station set to open in 2019 as work starts". Bristol Post . Local World . Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  39. ↑ Wilson, Kate (15 April 2019). "Portway Park and Ride train station on track after planning permission granted". Bristol Post . Local World . Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  40. ↑ White, Chloe (5 February 2022). "Construction of Bristol's new railway station has begun". Rail Advent. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  41. ↑ Seabrook, Alex (28 February 2023). "Bristol Portway railway station due to open this summer". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  42. ↑ "Portway Park & Ride Station". GWR. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  43. ↑ "Ashley Down station is back". West of England Combined Authority. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  44. ↑ "Celebration as Bristol's new Ashley Down station gets ready for passengers". Network Rail. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  45. ↑ "Bristol's MetroWest could be expanded to Gloucester and Westbury". FOSBR. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  46. ↑ "CASE FOR NEW RAILWAY STATION AT CORSHAM IS STRONG – WILTSHIRE COUNCIL". Business Biscuit. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  47. ↑ "Bathampton Station - Bath & North East Somerset Council" (PDF). www.bathnes.gov.uk. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  48. ↑ "Plan approved to transform West of England rail travel". West of England Combined Authority. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  49. ↑ "Bristol South West Economic Link - Options Development Report" (PDF). westofenglandlep.co.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  50. 1 2 "West of England Joint Transport Study - Executive Summary - October 2017" (PDF). West of England Combined Authority. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  51. ↑ "October 2017 - Issue 95(V2)" (PDF). FOSBR. October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  52. ↑ "Restoring Your Railway Fund could provide a toolkit for town transformation". Railway Gazette International. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.