Bismuth(III) iodide

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Bismuth(III) iodide
Bismuth-triiodide-layer-3D-balls.png
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Bismuth(III) iodide.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Bismuth(III) iodide
Other names
Bismuth iodide, bismuth triiodide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.207 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 232-127-4
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1/Bi.3HI.3H/h;3*1H;;;/q+3;;;;;;/p-3/rBiH3.3HI/h1H3;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3
    Key: HXTWPIJUKIDKIH-ZPTXHWADAA
  • [I-].[I-].[I-].[BiH3+3]
Properties
BiI3
Molar mass 589.69 g/mol
AppearanceGreenish-black crystals
Density 5.778 g/cm3
Melting point 408.6 °C (767.5 °F; 681.8 K)
Boiling point 542 °C (1,008 °F; 815 K) [1]
0.7761 mg/100 mL (20 °C)
7.71×10−19 [2]
Solubility 50 g/100 mL ethanol
50 g/100 mL 2  M hydrochloric acid
−200.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Trigonal, hR24
R-3, No. 148
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg
Danger
H314
P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
1
Related compounds
Other anions
Bismuth(III) fluoride
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(III) bromide
Other cations
Nitrogen triiodide
Phosphorus triiodide
Antimony triiodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Bismuth(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula Bi I 3. This gray-black salt is the product of the reaction of bismuth and iodine, which once was of interest in qualitative inorganic analysis. [3] [4]

Contents

Bismuth(III) iodide adopts a distinctive crystal structure, with iodide centres occupying a hexagonally closest-packed lattice, and bismuth centres occupying either none or two-thirds of the octahedral holes (alternating by layer), therefore it is said to occupy one third of the total octahedral holes. [5] [6]

Synthesis

Bismuth(III) iodide forms upon heating an intimate mixture of iodine and bismuth powder: [7] [8]

2Bi + 3I2 → 2BiI3

BiI3 can also be made by the reaction of bismuth oxide with aqueous hydroiodic acid: [9]

Bi2O3(s) + 6HI(aq) → 2BiI3(s) + 3H2O(l)

Reactions

Since bismuth(III) iodide is insoluble in water, an aqueous solution can be tested for the presence of Bi3+ ions by adding a source of iodide such as potassium iodide. A black precipitate of bismuth(III) iodide indicates a positive test. [10]

Bismuth(III) iodide forms iodobismuth(III) anions when heated with halide donors: [11]

2 NaI + BiI3 → Na2[BiI5]

Bismuth(III) iodide catalyzes the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Bi(III) is also used in a Barbier type allylation of carbonyl compounds in combination with a reducing agent such as zinc or magnesium.

Related Research Articles

Iodometry, known as iodometric titration, is a method of volumetric chemical analysis, a redox titration where the appearance or disappearance of elementary iodine indicates the end point.

Terbium(III) iodide (TbI3) is an inorganic chemical compound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antimony triiodide</span> Chemical compound

Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3. This ruby-red solid is the only characterized "binary" iodide of antimony, i.e. the sole compound isolated with the formula SbxIy. It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier main group elements, its structure depends on the phase. Gaseous SbI3 is a molecular, pyramidal species as anticipated by VSEPR theory. In the solid state, however, the Sb center is surrounded by an octahedron of six iodide ligands, three of which are closer and three more distant. For the related compound BiI3, all six Bi—I distances are equal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth chloride</span> Chemical compound

Bismuth chloride (or butter of bismuth) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BiCl3. It is a covalent compound and is the common source of the Bi3+ ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with VSEPR theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth trifluoride</span> Chemical compound

Bismuth(III) fluoride or bismuth trifluoride is a chemical compound of bismuth and fluorine. The chemical formula is BiF3. It is a grey-white powder melting at 649 °C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenic triiodide</span> Chemical compound

Arsenic triiodide is the inorganic compound with the formula AsI3. It is an orange to dark red solid that readily sublimes. It is a pyramidal molecule that is useful for preparing organoarsenic compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth</span> Chemical element, symbol Bi and atomic number 83

Bismuth is a chemical element; it has symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth occurs naturally, and its sulfide and oxide forms are important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery-white color when freshly produced. Surface oxidation generally gives samples of the metal a somewhat rosy cast. Further oxidation under heat can give bismuth a vividly iridescent appearance due to thin-film interference. Bismuth is both the most diamagnetic element and one of the least thermally conductive metals known.

Bismuthyl means a chemical species formally derived from the element bismuth and can refer to substituents bonded to the rest of a molecule through a bismuth atom, including:

Silver arsenate is an inorganic compound with the formula Ag3AsO4. It has been used in qualitative analysis to distinguish between phosphate (Ag3PO4 is yellow) and arsenate(V) solutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth oxynitrate</span> Chemical compound

Bismuth oxynitrate is the name applied to a number of compounds that contain Bi3+, nitrate ions and oxide ions and which can be considered as compounds formed from Bi2O3, N2O5 and H2O. Other names for bismuth oxynitrate include bismuth subnitrate and bismuthyl nitrate. In older texts bismuth oxynitrate is often simply described as BiONO3 or basic bismuth nitrate. Bismuth oxynitrate was once called magisterium bismuti or bismutum subnitricum, and was used as a white pigment, in beauty care, and as a gentle disinfectant for internal and external use. It is also used to form Dragendorff's reagent, which is used as a TLC stain.

Americium(III) iodide or americium triiodide is the chemical compound, a salt composed of americium and iodine with the formula AmI3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Praseodymium(III) iodide is an inorganic salt, consisting of the rare-earth metal praseodymium and iodine, with the chemical formula PrI3. It forms green crystals. It is soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanthanum(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Lanthanum(III) iodide is an inorganic compound containing lanthanum and iodine with the chemical formula LaI
3.

Europium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound containing europium and iodine with the chemical formula EuI3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutetium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Lutetium(III) iodide or lutetium iodide is an inorganic compound consisting of iodine and lutetium, with the chemical formula of LuI3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gadolinium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Gadolinium(III) iodide is an iodide of gadolinium, with the chemical formula of GdI3. It is a yellow, highly hygroscopic solid with a bismuth(III) iodide-type crystal structure. In air, it quickly absorbs moisture and forms hydrates. The corresponding oxide iodide is also readily formed at elevated temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth compounds</span>

Bismuth forms mainly trivalent and a few pentavalent compounds. Many of its chemical properties are similar to those of arsenic and antimony, although much less toxic.

Ruthenium(III) iodide is a chemical compound containing ruthenium and iodine with the formula RuI3. It is a black solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hafnium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Hafnium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound of hafnium and iodine with the formula Hf I3. It is a black solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuthyl (ion)</span> Chemical compound

Bismuthyl — inorganic oxygen-containing singly charged ion with the chemical formula BiO+, is an oxycation of bismuth in the +3 oxidation state. Most often it is formed during the hydrolysis of trivalent bismuth salts, primarily nitrate, chloride and other halides. In chemical compounds, bismuthyl plays the role of a monovalent cation.

References

  1. ↑ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, p. 95, ISBN   0-7514-0389-X , retrieved 2008-06-03
  2. ↑ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN   978-1138561632.
  3. ↑ "Bismuth iodide", McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, McGraw-Hill, 2003, retrieved 2008-06-19
  4. ↑ Turner, Jr., Francis M.; Berolzheimer, Daniel D.; Cutter, William P.; Helfrich, John (1920), The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, New York: Chemical Catalog Company, p. 107, retrieved 2008-06-19
  5. ↑ Smart, Lesley; Moore, Elaine A. (2005), Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, CRC Press, p. 40, ISBN   0-7487-7516-1 , retrieved 2008-06-19
  6. ↑ Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002), Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, CRC Press, pp. 122–6, ISBN   0-7487-6420-8 , retrieved 2008-06-19
  7. ↑ Watt, George W.; Hakki, Wafai W.; Choppin, Gregory R. (1953). "Bismuth(III) Iodide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 114–116. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch38. ISBN   978-0-470-13163-3.
  8. ↑ Erdmann, Hugo; Dunlap, Frederick Leavy (1900), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 76, retrieved 2008-06-19
  9. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 559. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  10. ↑ Bruno, Thomas J.; Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2003), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, p. 549, ISBN   0-8493-1573-5 , retrieved 2008-06-19
  11. ↑ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, pp. 168–70, ISBN   0-7514-0389-X , retrieved 2008-06-19
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