Coney Island Cyclone

Last updated

Coney Island Cyclone
Cyclone Roller Coaster (Coney Island, New York) 001.jpg
Seen from Surf Avenue in 2013
Luna Park, Coney Island
Location Luna Park, Coney Island
Coordinates 40°34′27″N73°58′40″W / 40.57417°N 73.97778°W / 40.57417; -73.97778
StatusOperating
Opening dateJune 26, 1927 [1]
Cost$175,000
ReplacedGiant Racer
DesignatedJune 25, 1991 [2]
Reference no.91000907
DesignatedJune 12, 1988 [3]
Reference no.1636
General statistics
Designer Vernon Keenan
Track layoutCompact Twister
Lift/launch systemChain-lift
Height85 ft (26 m)
Length2,640 ft (800 m)
Speed60 mph (97 km/h)
Inversions 0
Duration2:30
Max vertical angle58.1°
Capacity1440 riders per hour
G-force 3.75
Height restriction54 in (137 cm)
Coney Island Cyclone at RCDB

The Cyclone, also called the Coney Island Cyclone, is a wooden roller coaster at Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. Designed by Vernon Keenan, it opened to the public on June 26, 1927. The roller coaster is on a plot of land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street. The Cyclone reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and has a total track length of 2,640 feet (800 m), with a maximum height of 85 feet (26 m).

Contents

The roller coaster operated for more than four decades before it began to deteriorate, and by the early 1970s the city planned to scrap the ride. On June 18, 1975, Dewey and Jerome Albert, owners of the adjacent Astroland amusement park, entered an agreement with New York City to operate the ride. The roller coaster was refurbished in the 1974 off-season and reopened on July 3, 1975. Astroland Park continued to invest millions of dollars in the Cyclone's upkeep. The roller coaster was declared a New York City designated landmark in 1988 and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. After Astroland closed in 2008, Cyclone Coasters president Carol Hill Albert continued to operate it under a lease agreement with the city. In 2011, Luna Park took over the Cyclone.

History

Coney Island was the largest amusement area in the United States from about 1880 to World War II, attracting several million visitors per year. At its height, it contained three amusement parks (Luna Park, Dreamland, and Steeplechase Park) and many independent amusements. [4] : 147–150  [5] : 11  [3] : 3  The Cyclone site was occupied by the Giant Racer from 1911 to 1926. [6] [7]

Early history

South wall of the New York Aquarium, commemorating the Cyclone's 1927 opening South wall New York Aquarium 3.JPG
South wall of the New York Aquarium, commemorating the Cyclone's 1927 opening

The success of the Thunderbolt and Tornado roller coasters, which respectively opened in 1925 and 1926, led Irving and Jack Rosenthal to acquire land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street for a coaster of their own. [3] : 5  [8] The Rosenthal brothers leased a land lot for 19 years from the Coast Holding Company, a syndicate composed of "many prominent business and amusement men of Coney". [9]

With a $100,000 investment, they hired leading coaster designer Vernon Keenan to design a new ride. [3] : 5  [8] [9] Harry C. Baker supervised the construction, while local companies provided the material, including steel contractor National Bridge Company and lumber contractor Cross, Austin, & Ireland. [3] : 5  [8] Its final cost was reportedly $146,000 to $175,000. When the Cyclone opened on June 26, 1927, a ride cost 25 cents (equivalent to $4.21in 2022 [10] ), except on Sundays and holidays, when the Rosenthals charged 35 cents. [9] With the success of the Cyclone, the Rosenthals installed a similar ride at Golden City Park in Canarsie, Brooklyn, in 1928. [11]

In 1935, the Rosenthals took over the management of New Jersey's Palisades Park. [12] The Cyclone was placed under the supervision of Christopher Feucht, a Coney Island entrepreneur who had built Drop the Dip in 1907. Feucht performed minor retracking work on the Cyclone [3] : 6  The ride's first drop was reduced by 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1939. [13] : 2  By that time, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses planned to clear a 100-foot-wide (30 m) area inland of the Riegelmann Boardwalk, which would have required the relocation or closure of the Cyclone. [14] [15] These plans were subsequently modified to preserve the amusement area there. [16] The ride remained extremely popular. [3] : 6  A person with dwarfism would originally zap disembarking riders with an electric paddle, a practice which ended during the 1950s. [17]

Decline

Sylvio and Al Pinto acquired the Cyclone in March 1959. [18] By the 1960s, attendance at Coney Island was declining. [17] [19] Increased crime, insufficient parking, poor weather, and the post-World War II automotive boom were all cited as contributing factors in the decline. [20] Coney Island's last remaining large theme park, Steeplechase Park, was closed in 1964 and subsequently demolished. [21] [22] : 172  [23] The Cyclone was sold to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) in 1965. [17] Around that time, the New York City government wanted to construct an expansion to the New York Aquarium, [24] which had been constructed east of the Cyclone in 1954. [25] The city began planning to acquire the Cyclone via eminent domain in 1967. Its owners, East Coaster Corporation, unsuccessfully fought the city; they did minimal long-term maintenance, enough to keep the ride operating safely. [24] The city bought the Cyclone for $1.2 million in 1969. [23]

The Cyclone was then operated under contract by East Coaster Corporation while the city worked with the New York Aquarium on plans to redevelop the site. There was a lack of long-term maintenance by the city, and the coaster soon received 101 safety violations. [24] In 1972, aquarium officials announced that they would replace the Cyclone with a swamp display. Opponents of the plan organized a "Save the Cyclone" campaign to contest the proposed demolition of the coaster. [26] This created a conflict between the aquarium, which supported the Cyclone's demolition, and the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce, which opposed it. [27] The owners of the AstroWorld theme park in Houston were considering buying the Coney Island Cyclone and moving it to Houston. This was eventually rejected as being too expensive, and AstroWorld's owners instead built a replica, which they branded as the Texas Cyclone. [28] [29]

By 1974, city officials doubted their decision to purchase the Cyclone and considered leasing the coaster to a private operator. [30] [31] The proposed demolition of the Cyclone was seen as potentially disastrous to Coney Island's economy. [23] The city changed its plans to dismantle the coaster and, in April 1975, invited sealed bids to lease operation of the ride. [24] The owners of the Astroland amusement park won the lease, with a bid of $57,000 per year. [32] After Astroland spent $60,000 to refurbish the Cyclone, the coaster reopened on July 3, 1975. [24] [3] : 6–7 

Preservation

The Cyclone in 2010 Coney Island 2010 109.JPG
The Cyclone in 2010

During the 1986 season, insurance disputes forced the Cyclone to stay closed until July. [33] The Cyclone remained in operation as a separate enterprise following the 2008 closure of Astroland [34] and during the single operating season of Dreamland in 2009. [35] [36]

The adjacent Luna Park took over management of the Cyclone in 2011 [37] [38] and began a major refurbishment of the coaster during the off-season. [39] [40] The ride had not been refurbished since the 1970s, and various planks and other elements of the structure had come loose. Although Luna Park officials said the Cyclone's maximum speed and layout would remain unchanged, roller coaster enthusiasts expressed concern that the refurbishment would make the ride experience smoother, saying that the Cyclone's roughness was a major characteristic of the ride. [41] [42] Luna Park hired Great Coasters International (GCI) to refurbish the roller coaster. [39] [43] The roller coaster remained largely intact after the surrounding area was flooded during Hurricane Sandy in late 2012. [44] [45] GCI completed its refurbishment of the Cyclone in 2016. [46] [47] The Cyclone did not operate during the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City; [48] [49] it reopened during the 2021 season. [50] [51]

Characteristics

The wooden roller coaster [lower-alpha 1] covers 75 feet (23 m) at 834 Surf Avenue and 500 feet (150 m) on West 10th Street, [3] : 12  which is owned by NYC Parks. [23] The former concession stands (built into the coaster's structure) was home to the Coney Island History Project, [53] which was moved to a space near the Wonder Wheel. [54] A souvenir stand selling Cyclone-based shirts, hats, and on-ride photos remains. [53] The Cyclone is considered an "irreplaceable" structure, since timber-supported coasters can no longer be built under modern New York City building codes. [55]

The track is 2,640 feet (800 m) long, including six fan turns and twelve drops. The ride's top speed is 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and each ride takes about one minute and fifty seconds. The brown wooden track has red wood fencing alongside it and has a white structural framework, giving it a distinctive appearance. [56] [57] [52] The steel framework is composed of vertical I-beams, horizontal tie bars, and diagonal cross-bracing beams, connected by riveted steel plates. [13] : 2  "Cyclone" appears in large, red, incandescent letters on the east and west sides of the lift hill; [13] : 3  [3] : 6  the letters on this sign were originally 10 feet (3.0 m) high. [9] The coaster is surrounded by a fence. [13] : 3  Before 2000, the Cyclone's 58.1-degree initial drop was the third-steepest drop of any wooden coaster in the world. As of 2014, it has the ninth-steepest drop of any wood coaster worldwide. [58]

The Cyclone has three trains, each with three cars; one train can run at a time. Riders are arranged two across in four rows, for a total of 24 riders per train. The trains have bench seating (rather than individual seats for each passenger), and a single-position lap-bar restraint system which drops across the entire row. The seats do not have headrests. [56] [52] [3] : 6 

Each ride in Luna Park charges a number of credits for admission, with each credit typically costing $1. [59] As of July 2019, each ride on the Cyclone costs 10 credits ($10); free and reduced-price re-rides have been eliminated. Ride admission is also included in Luna Park's fixed-date and any-date passes. [60] "Bonus credits" accumulated by the purchase of ride credits cannot be used for the coaster. [59] The station is accessed from the ticket booth on West 10th Street. It consists of two wooden platforms, one on each side of the track; the outer (western) platform is for riders who are boarding, and the inner (eastern) platform is for exiting riders. The station is under a gable roof canopy supported by a steel arch frame, which has segmented arcades along its sides. A mechanical room is partly underneath, and next to, the platform. [8] [13] : 3  Outside the station is a vertical sign with incandescent letters spelling "CYCLONE", [8] [13] : 3  which measures 45 feet (14 m) high. [9]

Ride experience

Seen from the west Cyclone Roller Coaster.jpg
Seen from the west

The train leaves the station heading north and immediately turns right at an almost 180-degree angle, which leads to an 85-foot (26 m) lift hill. It then moves over the first 58.1-degree drop; as the train reaches the bottom of the drop, it comes close to the track above for a headchopper effect. The train then ascends into the first high-speed U-turn to the left, descending again beneath the lift hill and rising to the second 70-foot-tall (21 m) U-turn to the right. It descends parallel to the lift hill, enters a camelback hill and rises to a smaller banked right U-turn, where it dives under the first high-speed curve. After the third U-turn, the train enters a second camelback hill with a fan turn and a smaller airtime section as it approaches a fourth U-turn to the right. The train hops several times more, paralleling the second drop, before entering a final right curve. It drops slightly, ascends into a tunnel with a small left fan turn, and enters a brake run just before re-entering the station. [56] [57]

Incidents

As seen from West 10th Street Coney Island Brooklyn Jul 2019 88.jpg
As seen from West 10th Street

At least three people have died after riding the Cyclone. On May 26, 1985, a 29-year-old man was killed when he stood up and hit his head on a crossbeam. [61] On August 23, 1988, a 26-year-old maintenance worker, riding in the back seat during his lunch break, was killed after falling 30 feet (9.1 m) from the coaster and landing on a crossbeam of a lower section of track. The ride was closed after the incident but reopened a day later after safety inspectors concluded it was safe. [62] Keith Shirasawa, a 53-year-old man, suffered several crushed vertebrae in his neck while riding the Cyclone on July 31, 2007, and died four days later due to complications during surgery. [63] [64]

On June 12, 2008, a woman rode the Cyclone and later claimed that she had been seriously injured due to the ride. She was awarded $1.5 million in damages in 2015, despite being found partly at fault. [65]

Notable riders and records

Aviator Charles Lindbergh was said to have ridden the Cyclone two years after it opened, [66] and reportedly called the experience "greater than flying an airplane at top speed". [67] [55] Emilio Franco, a mute coal miner with aphonia, visited Coney Island in 1948 and reportedly screamed while going down the Cyclone's first drop. Franco also reportedly said, "I feel sick" as his train returned to the station. According to multiple accounts, he fainted after realizing that he had spoken. [3] : 6  [17] [68] Although one version of the story reported that Franco had been mute since birth, [67] a contemporary New York Times story said that he had been mute for five years. [68]

Michael Boodley set a record in 1975 for the most consecutive trips on the Cyclone, riding it 1,001 times over a 45-hour period. [69] Nineteen-year-old Richard Rodriguez broke the record from August 18 to 22, 1977, riding the coaster for 104 hours. He took short bathroom breaks between rides, eating hot dogs and M&Ms and drinking shakes during the ride itself. Rodriguez broke his own record for the longest roller-coaster marathon in 2007, riding for 405 hours and 40 minutes at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom. [69] In 2009, the Coney Island History Project gave an award to Howie Lipstein, who had ridden the Cyclone for fifty consecutive years. [70] [71] In 2019, Luna Park honored him for riding for sixty consecutive years. [72]

Impact

American Coaster Enthusiasts plaque Coney Island Cyclone ACE Coaster Landmark plaque.jpg
American Coaster Enthusiasts plaque

The Cyclone was named a city landmark in 1988 [3] and a National Historic Landmark in 1991. [73] An ACE Coaster Classic and Coaster Landmark, [74] [75] it inspired the name of the Brooklyn Cyclones baseball team, which plays at nearby Maimonides Park. [76]

Replicas

The popularity of the Cyclone has inspired eight replica coasters that share (or mirror) a similar layout. [17] [77] Four replicas of the Cyclone were built at Six Flags parks: Viper at Six Flags Great America; [78] [77] Psyclone at Six Flags Magic Mountain; [79] [80] [77] the Texas Cyclone at Six Flags AstroWorld; [81] [82] [77] and the Georgia Cyclone at Six Flags Over Georgia. [83] [77] Of these, only Viper is still operational in its original state. [77] [lower-alpha 2] International replicas include Bandit at Movie Park Germany; the defunct White Canyon at Yomiuriland in Japan, and the defunct Aska at Japan's Nara Dreamland. [87] [77]

The Riverside Cyclone, built in 1983 at Riverside Amusement Park (now Six Flags New England), was inspired by the design of the Coney Island Cyclone. [88] Later known as the Cyclone, it was closed in 2014 and replaced with Wicked Cyclone, [89] constructed by Rocky Mountain Construction. [90] Despite the shared name, the Riverside Cyclone was not a replica of the Coney Island Cyclone. [90]

Rankings

Golden Ticket Awards: Top wood Roller Coasters
Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202120222023
Ranking7 [91] 8 [92] 11 [93] 11 [94] 13 [95] 16 [96] 16 [97] 14 [98] 16 [99] 14 [100] 16 [101] 14 [102] 13 [103] 15 [104] 14 [105] 19 [106] 22 [107] 16 [108] 27 [109] 22 [110] 29 [111] 28 [112] 13 (tie) [113] 17 [114] 16 [115]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Roller Coaster DataBase also cites the ride as being a hybrid roller coaster. [52] This is because the track is made of wood, while the support structure is made of steel. [52] [13] : 2 
  2. ↑ The Texas Cyclone was demolished with AstroWorld's closure in 2005, [28] Psyclone was demolished in 2007, [84] and the Georgia Cyclone was converted by Rocky Mountain Construction into Twisted Cyclone in 2018. [85] [86]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roller coaster</span> Rail-based amusement park ride

A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride employing a form of elevated railroad track that carries passengers on a train through tight turns, steep slopes, and other elements designed to produce a thrilling experience. Trains consist of open cars connected in a single line, and the rides are often found in theme parks around the world. Roller coasters first appeared in the 17th century, and LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885, based on the Switchback Railway which opened a year earlier at Coney Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coney Island</span> Neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City

Coney Island is a peninsular neighborhood and entertainment area in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brighton Beach to its east, Lower New York Bay to the south and west, and Gravesend to the north and includes the subsection of Sea Gate on its west. More broadly, the Coney Island peninsula consists of Coney Island proper, Brighton Beach, and Manhattan Beach. This was formerly the westernmost of the Outer Barrier islands on the southern shore of Long Island, but in the early 20th century it became a peninsula, connected to the rest of Long Island by land fill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dreamland (Coney Island, 1904)</span> Former amusement park in Brooklyn, New York

Dreamland was an amusement park in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, United States, which operated from 1904 to 1911. It was the last of the three original large parks built on Coney Island, along with Steeplechase Park and Luna Park. The park was between Surf Avenue to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It was arranged roughly as a horseshoe, with a pier facing south toward the Atlantic Ocean. Dreamland contained several attractions that were larger versions of those at Luna Park, and it included a human zoo, several early roller coasters, a Shoot the Chutes ride, and a replica of Venice. Dreamland also hosted entertainment and dramatic spectacles based on morality themes. Several structures, such as the Pompeiian, Electricity, and Submarine Boat buildings, were dedicated to exhibits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luna Park (Coney Island, 1903)</span> Former amusement park in Brooklyn, New York

Luna Park was an amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. The park was located on a site bounded by Surf Avenue to the south, West 8th Street to the east, Neptune Avenue to the north, and West 12th Street to the west. Luna Park opened in 1903 and operated until 1944. It was located partly on the grounds of the small park it replaced, Sea Lion Park, which operated between 1895 and 1902. It was the second of the three original, very large, iconic parks built on Coney Island; the others were Steeplechase Park and Dreamland. At Coney Island's peak in the middle of the 20th century's first decade, the three amusement parks competed with each other and with many independent amusements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steeplechase Park</span> Former amusement park in New York City

Steeplechase Park was a 15-acre (6.1 ha) amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. Steeplechase Park was created by entrepreneur George C. Tilyou in 1897 and operated until 1964. It was the first of the three large amusement parks built on Coney Island, the other two being Luna Park (1903) and Dreamland (1904). Of the three, Steeplechase was the longest-lasting, running for 67 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twisted Cyclone</span> Steel roller coaster in Georgia

Twisted Cyclone, formerly known as Georgia Cyclone, is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Georgia in Austell, Georgia. Manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC), the ride opened to the public on May 25, 2018. It features RMC's patented I-Box Track technology and utilizes a significant portion of Georgia Cyclone's former support structure. Originally constructed by the Dinn Corporation, Georgia Cyclone first opened on March 3, 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Comet (Great Escape)</span> Roller coaster

The Comet is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor in Queensbury, New York, in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wicked Cyclone</span> Roller coaster at Six Flags New England

Wicked Cyclone is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags New England amusement park. The ride originally opened as a wooden roller coaster named Cyclone on June 24, 1983. Its name and design were inspired by the historic 1927 Cyclone roller coaster located at Coney Island. In 2014, after 32 seasons, Cyclone was closed while being re-tracked with steel. It reopened as Wicked Cyclone on May 24, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viper (Six Flags Great America)</span> Wooden roller coaster

Viper is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois, which opened in 1995. Viper is a clone of the Coney Island Cyclone and is the only roller coaster ever to be built directly by Six Flags. It was built by Rygiel Construction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boulder Dash (roller coaster)</span> Roller coaster at Lake Compounce

Boulder Dash is a wooden roller coaster located at Lake Compounce in Bristol, Connecticut. Construction for the coaster began in June 1999 and was completed in May 2000. The coaster was built by Custom Coasters International using Southern Yellow Pine wood; while the track is made of Douglas Fir. Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards ranked Boulder Dash as the world's best wooden roller coaster in 2004 and from 2013 to 2016. The trains were built by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astroland</span> Former amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York

Astroland was a 3.1-acre (1.3 ha) amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City that first opened in 1962. It was located at 1000 Surf Avenue on the boardwalk. It ceased operations on September 7, 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grizzly (Kings Dominion)</span> Wooden roller coaster in Virginia

Grizzly is a wooden roller coaster at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia. The grounds of the ride are densely forested, with the intended thrills heightened from the illusion of inadequate clearance between the track and trees. The attraction opened in 1982, and the double-figure-eight layout is based closely on the defunct Coney Island Wildcat. A similar version of this ride operates at Canada's Wonderland as Wilde Beast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the roller coaster</span>

Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability to invert riders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luna Park (Coney Island, 2010)</span> Amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York

Luna Park is an amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. It opened on May 29, 2010, at the site of Astroland, an amusement park that had been in operation from 1962 to 2008, and Dreamland, which operated at the same site for the 2009 season. It was named after the original 1903 Luna Park which operated until 1944 on a site just north of the current park's 1000 Surf Avenue location.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park</span> Amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York

Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park is a family-owned amusement park located at Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. It features six adult rides and 16 kiddie rides, including a dozen family rides that parents and children can ride together. The park is named for its main attraction, the Wonder Wheel, a 150-foot (46 m) eccentric wheel built in 1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loop the Loop (Coney Island)</span> Steel roller coaster in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York

Loop the Loop was a dual-tracked steel roller coaster that operated on Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, from 1901 to 1910. The coaster was one of the first looping roller coasters in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thunderbolt (2014 roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster at Coney Island

Thunderbolt is a steel roller coaster at Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. It is located near Surf Avenue and West 15th Street, on the Riegelmann Boardwalk next to the B&B Carousell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort George Amusement Park</span> Former amusement park in New York City

Fort George Amusement Park was a trolley park and amusement park that operated in the Washington Heights and Inwood neighborhoods of Upper Manhattan, New York City, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It occupied an area between 190th and 192nd Streets east of Amsterdam Avenue, within present-day Highbridge Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boardwalk (entertainment district)</span>

A boardwalk is a promenade along a beach or waterfront. In North America, and particularly in the United States, many waterfront commercial boardwalks have become so successful as tourist attractions that the simple wooden pathways have been replaced by esplanades made of concrete, brick or other construction, sometimes with a wooden façade on the surface. An entertainment boardwalk often contains an amusement park, casinos, or hotels on a pier-like structure. One of the earliest such boardwalks was designed in New Jersey and opened June 26, 1870, in Atlantic City., and one of the longest is Mazatlán's Malecón, at 13 miles (21 km) of oceanfront boardwalk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybrid roller coaster</span> Category of roller coasters

A hybrid roller coaster is a category of roller coasters where the track is made out of one material, either steel or wood, and the support structure is made from another. Early hybrid coasters include mine train roller coasters from Arrow Development, which feature a steel track with a wooden support structure. Becoming increasingly more common are hybrids with wooden tracks and steel supports, such as The Voyage at Holiday World.

References

  1. ↑ Denson, Charles (2002). Coney Island: Lost and Found. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   9781580084550.
  2. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "The Cyclone" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  4. ↑ DeSena, Judith N.; Shortell, Timothy (2012). The World in Brooklyn: Gentrification, Immigration, and Ethnic Politics in a Global City. Lexington Books. pp. 147–176. ISBN   978-0-7391-6670-3. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  5. ↑ Parascandola, L.J. (2014). A Coney Island Reader: Through Dizzy Gates of Illusion. Columbia University Press. p. 24. ISBN   978-0-231-53819-0. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Ride America's Most Historic Roller Coasters". www.smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  7. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Giant Racer  (Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cyclone 101". The Washington Post. August 4, 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Coney's Latest Ride, The Cyclone, Opens". The Billboard. Vol. 39, no. 28. July 9, 1927. p. 74. ProQuest   1031835440.
  10. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  11. ↑ "Golden City Park To Install Ride". The Billboard. Vol. 40, no. 34. August 25, 1928. p. 81. ProQuest   1031879664.
  12. ↑ "Park-Resorts-Pools: Palisades Let To Rosenthals". The Billboard. Vol. 47, no. 22. June 1, 1935. pp. 46, 49. ProQuest   1032072390.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Historic Structures Report: Coney Island Cyclone" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. June 25, 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Coney Island Plan Revised By Moses; He Offers Alternate Schemes to Mayor, Both Retaining Present Atmosphere". The New York Times. August 21, 1939. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  15. ↑ "Moses Submits 2 Plans to Add To Coney Beach: Urges Slart Next Year on One ofProposals, Putting Cost at 3 to 6 Million". New York Herald Tribune. August 21, 1939. p. 1. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1266816402.
  16. ↑ "Coney Improvement". Brooklyn Citizen. December 16, 1939. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Osterhout, Jacob E. (June 20, 2009). "8 questions for Coney Island's Cyclone roller coaster master, Jerry Menditto". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Parks-Kiddielands-Rinks: Cyclone at Coney Island Sold to Pinto". The Billboard. Vol. 71, no. 9. March 2, 1959. p. 55. ProQuest   1475620392.
  19. ↑ "Coney Island Still Lures Millions of Visitors: Some Call It Tawdry but Famous People Are Among Throngs at Home of Hot Dog". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 1968. p. C20. ProQuest   155979948.
  20. ↑ "Coney Island Slump Grows Worse; Decline in Business Since the War Years Has Been Steady". The New York Times. July 2, 1964. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  21. ↑ Chan, Sewell (July 21, 2005). "Leaps of Imagination for the Parachute Jump". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  22. ↑ Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: the people's playground (illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN   978-0-8135-3138-0. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "The Cyclone Highlights : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Futrell, J. (2006). Amusement Parks of New York. Amusement Parks Series. Stackpole Books. p. 66. ISBN   978-0-8117-3262-8. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  25. ↑ Salerno, Al (October 24, 1954). "Break Ground for World's Greatest Aquarium at Coney Island". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. pp. 1, 21. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019– via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ McQuiston, John T. (March 5, 1972). "Aquarium is Getting a Piece of Old Long Island". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  27. ↑ "Aquarium Urges Razing Of Coney Island Cyclone". The New York Times. May 27, 1975. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  28. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Texas Cyclone  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  29. ↑ Rouner, Jef (March 18, 2015). "Where Are AstroWorld's Roller Coasters Now?". Houston Press. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  30. ↑ Lichtenstein, Grace (December 20, 1974). "City Is Leaning to Keeping Steeplechase a Fun Place". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  31. ↑ Fallon, Beth (July 30, 1974). "Coney Showdown: Thriller vs. Killer". New York Daily News. p. 35. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2019– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
  32. ↑ McCarthy, Sheryl (June 27, 1977). "This Ride's Dips Are a Real Up". New York Daily News. p. 282. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2019– via newspapers.com Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg .
  33. ↑ Blau, Eleanor (July 11, 1986). "Cyclone at Coney Island Rolls Again at Last". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  34. ↑ Chatelain, Ryan (September 5, 2008). "End of an ara at Coney Island" (PDF). AM New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  35. ↑ Sederstrom, Jotham (April 8, 2009). "Dreamland amusement park to take place of Astroland at Coney Island". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  36. ↑ The Associated Press (April 6, 2009). "Coney Island's Cyclone roller coaster is back for one more summer". nj. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  37. ↑ Kaminer, Ariel (April 2, 2010). "Thrilling Reminder of Old Coney Island". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  38. ↑ "Brooklyn's Cyclone set to re-open". UPI.com. March 31, 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  39. 1 2 "CAI selects Great Coasters International, Inc. to revamp Coney Island Cyclone". Amusement Today. January 31, 2012. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  40. ↑ Bush, Daniel (January 19, 2012). "Thrill Kill? Cyclone fans fear coaster will become kinder, gentler". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  41. ↑ Chaban, Matt (January 20, 2012). "Rumbles Stripped! Coney Cyclone Becoming Safer, Smoother Snoozer Coaster". Observer. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  42. ↑ Bush, Daniel (January 19, 2012). "Thrill Kill? Cyclone fans fear coaster will become kinder, gentler". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  43. ↑ "How Coaster Refurbishment Works with Great Coasters International". Coaster101. October 27, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  44. ↑ MacDonald, Brady (November 7, 2012). "Superstorm Sandy: Tallying the damage at amusement piers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  45. ↑ Bredderman, Will (November 12, 2012). "Sandy spares Cyclone". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  46. ↑ Eisinger, Dale W.; McShane, Larry (March 26, 2016). "Coney Island's refurbished Cyclone coaster debuts as spring rolls into Brooklyn". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  47. ↑ Ellefson, Alex (March 28, 2016). "Elected Officials Christen Refurbished Cyclone At Luna Park Spring Opening". bklyner.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  48. ↑ Maisel, Todd (May 12, 2020). "An endless bummer? Coney Island gripped by uncertainty as summer approaches in COVID-19 era". AM NewYork. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  49. ↑ Vespoli, Lauren (May 21, 2020). "Can Coney Island Survive This?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  50. ↑ Yakas, Ben (April 9, 2021). "Photos: Coney Island Joyfully Reopens After 18 Month Shutdown". Gothamist. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  51. ↑ Passy, Charles (April 8, 2021). "Coney Island's Wonder Wheel Set to Spin After Covid-19 Pause". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Luna Park (Brooklyn, New York, United States))". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  53. 1 2 Newman, Andy (May 29, 2007). "Beneath the Speeding Cyclone, a Look Back in Time". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Coney Island History Project – Museums & Galleries". NYCgo.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  55. 1 2 Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011). The Landmarks of New York (5th ed.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 583. ISBN   978-1-4384-3769-9.
  56. 1 2 3 "Cyclone at Luna Park". COASTER-net. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  57. 1 2 "Cyclone front seat on-ride HD POV Luna Park, Coney Island". CoasterForce. June 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019– via YouTube.
  58. ↑ "Wood Coasters". Roller Coaster Records. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  59. 1 2 "Park Prices". Luna Park Coney Island. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Coney Island Cyclone". Luna Park Coney Island. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  61. ↑ Phalen, W.J. (2016). Coney Island: 150 Years of Rides, Fires, Floods, the Rich, the Poor and Finally Robert Moses. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 147. ISBN   978-1-4766-2373-3. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  62. ↑ "Park Employee Dies in Roller-Coaster Fall". The New York Times. August 24, 1988. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  63. ↑ McLaughlin, Mike (November 3, 2008). "Cyclone: Joy ride or death ride?". Brooklyn Paper. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  64. ↑ Zambito, Thomas (October 29, 2008). "Family of Cyclone accident victim is suing New York City". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  65. ↑ Marzulli, John (March 30, 2015). "Exclusive: Woman awarded $1.5 million over claim she was seriously injured riding Cyclone roller coaster in Coney Island". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  66. ↑ Clines, Francis X. (June 24, 1977). "50 Years of Ups and Downs for 'Cyclone'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  67. 1 2 Associated Press (June 29, 2012). "Coney Island's iconic Cyclone roller coaster to celebrate its 85th anniversary with 25-cent rides on Saturday". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  68. 1 2 "Roller-Coaster Ride Brings Back Speech To Army Veteran Who Lost Voice in 1943". The New York Times. August 12, 1948. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  69. 1 2 Kilgannon, Corey (June 23, 2017). "Coney Island's Coaster King Takes Another Spin". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  70. ↑ Monahan, Rachel (April 6, 2009). "A 50-year constant in Coney Island". New York Daily News . Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  71. ↑ "Howie Lipstein: Devoted Cyclone Rider". Coney Island History Project. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Cyclone in New York City". 5DGUIDE. June 26, 2018. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  73. ↑ Kristen King (August 4, 1995). "Cyclone Honors to Roll". The Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  74. ↑ "Coaster Awards". aceonline.org. September 8, 2015. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  75. ↑ "Coaster Awards". www.aceonline.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  76. ↑ Lipton, Eric (November 28, 2000). "Plus: Baseball; Affiliate Named Brooklyn Cyclones". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  78. ↑ "Six Flags Great America to run Viper and American Eagle coasters backwards during 2013". Theme Park Tourist. May 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  79. ↑ Shuster, Fred (February 17, 1991). "Ride a Tribute to Roller Coaster History". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  80. ↑ "Six Flags Magic Mountain". DeseretNews.com. April 30, 1995. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  81. ↑ Callahan, Michael (January 15, 2016). "1976: Astroworld coaster construction under way". www.chron.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  82. ↑ Communications, Emmis (June 1976). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  83. ↑ Bluestein, Greg. "Six Flags shutters the Georgia Cyclone after one last hoorah". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  84. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Psyclone  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  85. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Georgia Cyclone  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  86. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Twisted Cyclone  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  87. ↑ Rutherford, Scott, 1961– (2004). The American roller coaster. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN   0760319294. OCLC   56339670.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  88. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  89. ↑ Blair, Russell (August 28, 2014). "Six Flags New England Announces Plans To Replace Cyclone Coaster". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  90. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Wicked Cyclone  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  91. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 6B. August 1998.
  92. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 6B. August 1999.
  93. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . August 2000.
  94. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 6B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  95. ↑ "Top 25 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 6B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  96. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 10–11B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  97. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 14–15B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007.
  98. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 22–23B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  99. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 30–31B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  100. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 11 (6.2): 42–43. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  101. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 12 (6.2): 42–43. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  102. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 13 (6.2): 38–39. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  103. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 14 (6.2): 38–39. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  104. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 15 (6.2): 46–47. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  105. ↑ "Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 16 (6.2): 46–47. September 2012.
  106. ↑ "2013 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 17 (6.2): 40–41. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  107. ↑ "2014 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 18 (6.2): 38–39. September 2014.
  108. ↑ "2015 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 19 (6.2): 45–46. September 2015.
  109. ↑ "2016 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2016.
  110. ↑ "2017 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2017.
  111. ↑ "2018 Top 50 Wooden Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2018.
  112. ↑ "2019 Top 50 Wood Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2019.
  113. ↑ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021.
  114. ↑ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022.
  115. ↑ "2023 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Amusement Today . 27 (6.2): 71–72. September 2023. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023.
Preceded by World's Fastest Roller Coaster
June 1927 – April 1976		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.