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The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term "chalcogen" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word khalkόs (χαλκός) principally meaning copper, and the Latinized Greek word genēs, meaning born or produced.
Tellurium is a chemical element; it has symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur, all three of which are chalcogens. It is occasionally found in its native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the Universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is due partly to its formation of a volatile hydride that caused tellurium to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of Earth.
Hydrogen selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula H2Se. This hydrogen chalcogenide is the simplest and most commonly encountered hydride of selenium. H2Se is a colorless, flammable gas under standard conditions. It is the most toxic selenium compound with an exposure limit of 0.05 ppm over an 8-hour period. Even at extremely low concentrations, this compound has a very irritating smell resembling that of decayed horseradish or "leaking gas", but smells of rotten eggs at higher concentrations.
Polonium hydride (also known as polonium dihydride, hydrogen polonide, or polane) is a chemical compound with the formula PoH2. It is a liquid at room temperature, the second hydrogen chalcogenide with this property after water. It is very unstable chemically and tends to decompose into elemental polonium and hydrogen. It is a volatile and very labile compound, from which many polonides can be derived. Additionally, it is radioactive.
Titanium diselenide (TiSe2) also known as titanium(IV) selenide, is an inorganic compound of titanium and selenium. In this material selenium is viewed as selenide (Se2−) which requires that titanium exists as Ti4+. Titanium diselenide is a member of metal dichalcogenides, compounds that consist of a metal and an element of the chalcogen column within the periodic table. Many exhibit properties of potential value in battery technology, such as intercalation and electrical conductivity, although most applications focus on the less toxic and lighter disulfides, e.g. TiS2.
Hydrogen chalcogenides are binary compounds of hydrogen with chalcogen atoms. Water, the first chemical compound in this series, contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms, and is the most common compound on the Earth's surface.
Tellurium compounds are compounds containing the element tellurium (Te). Tellurium belongs to the chalcogen family of elements on the periodic table, which also includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium and polonium: Tellurium and selenium compounds are similar. Tellurium exhibits the oxidation states −2, +2, +4 and +6, with +4 being most common.
An oxyhydride is a mixed anion compound containing both oxide O2− and hydride ions H−. These compounds may be unexpected as the hydrogen and oxygen could be expected to react to form water. But if the metals making up the cations are electropositive enough, and the conditions are reducing enough, solid materials can be made that combine hydrogen and oxygen in the negative ion role.
The selenide iodides are chemical compounds that contain both selenide ions (Se2−) and iodide ions (I−) and one or metal atoms. They are in the class of mixed anion compounds or chalcogenide halides.
Europium(II) chloride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula EuCl2. When it is irradiated by ultraviolet light, it has bright blue fluorescence.
The telluride phosphides are a class of mixed anion compounds containing both telluride and phosphide ions. The phosphidotelluride or telluridophosphide compounds have a [TeP]3− group in which the tellurium atom has a bond to the phosphorus atom. A formal charge of −2 is on the phosphorus and −1 on the tellurium. There is no binary compound of tellurium and phosphorus. Not many telluride phosphides are known, but they have been discovered for noble metals, actinides, and group 4 elements.
The telluride iodides are chemical compounds that contain both telluride ions (Te2−) and iodide ions (I−). They are in the class of mixed anion compounds or chalcogenide halides.
A selenite fluoride is a chemical compound or salt that contains fluoride and selenite anions. These are mixed anion compounds. Some have third anions, including nitrate, molybdate, oxalate, selenate, silicate and tellurate.
A chloride nitride is a mixed anion compound containing both chloride (Cl−) and nitride ions (N3−). Another name is metallochloronitrides. They are a subclass of halide nitrides or pnictide halides.
A silicide hydride is a mixed anion compound that contains silicide (Si4− or clusters) and hydride (H−) anions. The hydrogen is not bound to silicon in these compounds. These can be classed as interstitial hydrides, Hydrogenated zintl phases, or Zintl phase hydrides. In the related silanides, SiH3− anions or groups occur. Where hydrogen is bonded to the silicon, this is a case of anionic hydride, and where it is bonded to a more complex anion, it would be termed polyanionic hydride.
Iodide hydrides are mixed anion compounds containing hydride and iodide anions. Many iodide hydrides are cluster compounds, containing a hydrogen atom in a core, surrounded by a layer of metal atoms, encased in a shell of iodide.
Rubidium selenide is an inorganic compound composed of selenium and rubidium. It is a selenide with a chemical formula of Rb2Se. Rubidium selenide is used together with caesium selenide in photovoltaic cells.
Hydride tellurides are mixed anion compounds containing both hydride and telluride ions. They are in the category of heteroanionic chalcogenides, or mixed anion compounds. Related compounds include the oxyhydrides, hydride sulfides, and hydride selenides.
A hydroselenide is an ion or chemical compound containing the [SeH]− ion. The radical HSe is a pseudohalogen. Hydroselenide can be a ligand in transition metal complexes where it can be attached to a single atom, or bridge two atoms. The terms used in ligand naming are selanido, or hydrogenselenido.
A hydrotelluride or tellanide is an ion or a chemical compound containing the [HTe]− anion which has a hydrogen atom connected to a tellurium atom. HTe is a pseudohalogen. Organic compounds containing the -TeH group are called tellurols. "Tellanide" is the IUPAC name from the Red Book, but hydrogen(tellanide)(1−) is also listed. "Tellanido" as a ligand is not named, however ditellanido is used for HTeTe−.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Schleid, Thomas; Folchnandt, Matthias (March 1996). "MHSe: The First Hydride Selenides of the Lanthanides (M = La-Nd; Gd-Er, Lu)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 622 (3): 455–461. doi:10.1002/zaac.19966220312. ISSN 0044-2313.
- 1 2 Hoskin, Aaron J.; Stephan, Douglas W. (1999-06-01). "Decamethylzirconocene-Chalcogenide-Hydride Complexes". Organometallics. 18 (13): 2479–2483. doi:10.1021/om990180p. ISSN 0276-7333.
- ↑ Folchnandt, Matthias; Rudolph, Daniel; Hoslauer, Jean-Louis; Schleid, Thomas (26 June 2019). "The rare earth metal hydride tellurides RE HTe ( RE =Y, La–Nd, Gd–Er)". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 74 (6): 513–518. doi:10.1515/znb-2019-0060.
- ↑ Zheng, Wenjun; Mösch-Zanetti, Nadia C.; Roesky, Herbert W.; Noltemeyer, Mathias; Hewitt, Manuel; Schmidt, Hans-Georg; Schneider, Thomas R. (2000-12-01). "Alumoxane Hydride and Aluminum Chalcogenide Hydride Compounds with Pyrazolato Ligands". Angewandte Chemie (in German). 112 (23): 4446–4449. doi:10.1002/1521-3757(20001201)112:23<4446::AID-ANGE4446>3.0.CO;2-I.
- ↑ Schleid, Thomas; Meyer, H.-Jürgen (November 1992). "Hydrogen-stabilized yttrium monoselenide". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 189 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(92)90049-F.
- 1 2 3 Pflug, Christian; Rudolph, Daniel; Schleid, Thomas; Kohlmann, Holger (2022-04-08). "Hydrogenation Reaction Pathways and Crystal Structures of La 2 H 2 Se, La 2 H 3 Se and La 2 H 4 Se". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2022 (10). doi: 10.1002/ejic.202101095 . ISSN 1434-1948.