San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a European microstate surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 km2 and a population of 33,642, as of 2023.
As the only surviving medieval commune in the Italian Peninsula, the history of San Marino is intertwined with the medieval, Renaissance and modern-day history of the Italian peninsula, according to tradition beginning with its foundation in 301 AD.
The politics of the state of San Marino take place in a framework of a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Captains Regent are the heads of state and heads of government. The country has a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand and General Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Captains Regent are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino. They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the country's legislative body. Normally the Regents are chosen from parties in coalition and serve a six-month term. The investiture of the Captains Regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year. This tradition dates back at least to 1243.
Diarchy, duarchy, or duumvirate is a form of government characterized by co-rule, with two people ruling a polity together either lawfully or de facto, by collusion and force. The leaders of such a system are usually known as corulers.
Mirko Tomassoni is a Sammarinese politician, who served as Captain Regent of San Marino for the six-month term from October 2007 to April 2008 and the second term from October 2018 until April 2019. He served together with Alberto Selva in the first term and with Luca Santolini in his second term. He is a Member of the Parliament of San Marino, Member of the ICD Advisory Board, and Minister of Culture of San Marino.
Oscar Mina is a Sanmarinese politician, who served as Captain Regent of San Marino with Paolo Rondelli from 1 April to 1 October 2022. He previously served as Captain Regent from 1 April 2009 to October 2009 together with Massimo Cenci.
Paolo Rondelli is a Sammarinese politician and diplomat who served as Captain Regent of San Marino alongside Oscar Mina from 1 April to 1 October 2022. He was the world's first openly LGBT+ head of state.
Gabriele Gatti is a Sammarinese politician who was a captain regent for the October 2011 to April 2012 political term. The post was shared with Matteo Fiorini. He was Secretary for Finance from December 2008 to April 2010.
Italy and San Marino have had diplomatic relations since Italian unification. Bilateral relations between Italy and San Marino have gone through various phases and have their official beginning after the Unification of Italy proclaimed in the Subalpine Parliament by Vittorio Emanuele II on 17 March 1861.
Giorgio Crescentini is a former Captain Regent of San Marino and a retired San Marinese footballer who heads the San Marino Football Federation.
Mirko Dolcini is a Sammarinese politician, the head of the political party Domani Motus Liberi and one of the Captains Regent with Alessandro Cardelli. Their joint term was from 1 October 2020 until 1 April 2021.
Gian Carlo Venturini is a Sammarinese politician and one of the Captains Regent with Maurizio Rattini from 1 October 1996 until 1 April 1997 and the second time with Marco Nicolini from 1 April until 1 October 2021.
Marco Nicolini is a Sammarinese writer and politician and one of the Captains Regent with Gian Carlo Venturini from 1 April until 1 October 2021.
Manuel Ciavatta is a Sammarinese politician who was as one of two Captains Regent from 1 October 2022 until 1 April 2023. He served alongside Maria Luisa Berti.
Adele Tonnini is a Sammarinese politician who had served alongside Alessandro Scarano as the Captains Regent of San Marino from April 2023 to October 2023. She is a member of RETE Movement.
Dalibor Riccardi is a Sammarinese politician and former footballer who has served as one of two captains regent for San Marino since October 2024.
