List of famines

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Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845-1852. Irish potato famine Bridget O'Donnel.jpg
Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1852.

List

DateEventLocationDeath toll (where known; estimated)
2200 BC–2100 BCThe 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwideGlobal
441 BCThe first famine recorded in ancient Rome. Ancient Rome [1]
114 BCFamine caused by drought during the third year in the Yuanding period. Starvation in over 40 commanderies east of the Hangu mountain pass. [2] China
103 BC–89 BC Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the Five Dravidians [3] Anuradhapura Kingdom
26 BCFamine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus Judea 20,000+
333 ADFamine in Antioch [4] Seleucid Empire
368-369Famine [5] Kingdom of Cappadocia
370Famine in Phrygia Phrygia
372–373Famine in Edessa Edessa
383Famine in the city of Rome. A policy had been introduced in 364 AD that stipulated taxes in Rome had to be paid in grain [6] Italy
400–800Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.[ citation needed ] Western Europe
470Famine Gaul
535–536 Volcanic winter of 536 Global
544Famine in Myra [5] Roman Empire
585Famine Gaul
618-619Famine in Constantinople [5] Byzantine Empire
639Famine in Arabia during the reign of Umar [7] Arabia
676-78Famine in Thessalonica [5] Byzantine Empire
698–700Famine Ireland [8]
750sFamine Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) [9]
779Famine Francia
792–793Famine Francia
800–1000Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization. [10] [ page needed ]Mayan areas of Mesoamerica 1,000,000+
805–806Famine Francia
875–884 Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine; [11] [12] Huang Chao captured capital China
927–928Famine caused by four months of frost [13] [14] Byzantine Empire
942–944Famine in the Yellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death. [15] China
963–968Famine Egypt
996–997Famine in the Fatimid Caliphate, with food price increases [16] Egypt
1004–1007Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses. Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing [16] Maghreb area in Northwest Africa: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia and Egypt
1005–1006Famine Europe [17]
1010Famine in Nīshābūr [16] Iran
1016Famine throughout Europe [18] Europe
1025Famine Egypt
1031Famine caused by a sandstorm that destroyed crops, trees and provisions [16] Iraq, Saudi Arabia
1051Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico [19] Mexico (present day)
1055–1056Famine Egypt
1064–1072 Mustansirite Hardship [20] [21] Egypt 40,000 [20]
1069–1070 Harrying of the North England 100,000
1097Famine and plague [22] France 100,000
1124–1126Famine Europe
1143–1147Famine Europe
1150–1151Famine Europe
1161–1162Famine Aquitaine
1181 Yōwa famine [23] Japan 42,300
1196–1197Famine Europe
1199–1202Famine due to the low water level of the Nile impacting food prices [16] Egypt 100,000
1224–1226Famine Europe
1230Famine in the Novgorod Republic [ citation needed ] Russia
1230–1231The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history. [24] Caused by volcanic eruptions. [25] Japan 2,000,000
1235Famine in England [26] England 20,000 in London
1252Famine [27] Ethiopia
1256–1258Famine in Italy, Spain, Portugal and England [28] Europe
1264Famine Egypt
1275–1277Famine [29] Italy
1275–1299Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred [30] United States
1285–1286Famine [29] Italy
1294-1296Famine caused by sandstorm that covered plantations and destroyed crops. [16] Egypt, Syria, Yemen
1302–1303Famine in Spain and Italy [29] Europe
1304Famine [31] France
1305Famine [31] France
1310Famine [31] France
1314–1315Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold". [6] England
1315–1317 or 1322 Great Famine of 1315–1317 Europe [32] 7,500,000
1319–1320 Great Bovine Pestilence England
1321Famine England
1328–1330Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland [29] Europe
1330–1333Famine France
1333–1337 Chinese famine of 1333–1337 China [33] 6,000,000
1339–1340Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland [29] Europe
1344–1345Famine in India, under the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq [34] India
1346–1347Famine in France, Italy and Spain [29] Europe
1349–1351Famine France
1351Famine [31] England
1358–1360Famine France
1369Famine England
1371Famine France
1374–1375Famine in France, Italy and Spain [29] Europe
1374–1375Famine Egypt
1390–1391Famine France
1394–1396Famine Egypt
1396–1407The Durga Devi famine India [35] [18]
1402-1404Famine [4] Ottoman Empire
1403–1404Famine Egypt
1432–1434 The Hungry Years Czech Republic
1437–1438Famine in France, Holy Roman Empire, and Britain Europe
1441Famine in Mayapan Mexico [36]
1450–1454Famine in the Aztec Empire, [37] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices. [38] Mexico
1460–1461 Kanshō famine in Japan[ citation needed ] Japan 82,000
1472–1474Famine [39] Italy
1476Famine [39] Italy
1482–1484Famine [39] Italy
1493Famine [39] Italy
1502–1505Famine [39] Italy
1504Famine. Spain [40]
1518 Venice [ citation needed ] Republic of Venice
1521–1523Famine in the Low Countries, Ireland and the Nordic Countries Europe
1527–1530Famine [39] Italy
1528Famine in Languedoc France [41]
1533–1534Famine [39] Italy
1535 Famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia
1539–1540Famine [39] [42] Italy
1540Tenbun famine Japan
1544–1545Famine [39] Italy
1550–1552Famine [39] Italy
1558–1560Famine [39] Italy
1567–1570Famine in Harar, combined with plague[ citation needed ]. The Emir of Harar died. Ethiopia
1569–1574Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east of Ukraine [39] Europe
1585–1587Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland [39] Europe
1586Famine and drought in Qishan County, Shaanxi province. Rice prices skyrocketed and there was widespread population migration and starvation. [43] China
1588Famine in Wai County, Hebei province, [43] China
1590–1598Pan-European famine, including Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Britain and the Nordic countries [39] Europe
1592–1594Famine during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korea as the Kyegap Famine (Korean : 계갑대기근; Hanja : 癸甲大飢饉). [44] Joseon
1600–1601Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy [45] Italy
1601–1603One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603. [46] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population. Russia 2,000,000
1607–1608Famine [39] Italy
1618–1648Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War Europe
1618–1622Famine [39] Italy
1619Famine in Japan. During the Edo period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious. [47] Japan
1626–1627 Pyongsong Famine (Korean : 병정대기근; Hanja : 丙丁大飢饉) [48] Joseon
1628–1632Famine [39] Italy
1630–1632 Deccan famine of 1630–1632 India 7,400,000
1630–1631Famine in Northwest China China
1640–1643 Kan'ei Great Famine Japan 50,000–100,000
1648–1649Famine [39] Italy
1648–1660 The Deluge saw Poland lose an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague [ citation needed ] Poland
1649Famine in northern England [49] England
1650–1652Famine in the east of France [50] France
1651–1653Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland [51] Ireland
1661Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years [52] [18] India
1670s – 1680sPlague and famines[ citation needed ] Spain
1670–1671 Kyungshin Famine Joseon 1,000,000 [53] –1,500,000
1672Famine in southern Italy [45] Italy
1678–1679Famine [39] Italy
1680Famine in Sardinia [54] Italy (present day)80,000 [55]
1680sFamine in Sahel [50] West Africa
1690sFamine which killed 5–15% of the population. [56] Scotland 60,000–180,000
1693–1694 Great Famine of 1693–1694 France 700,000–1,300,000 [57] [58]
1693–1695Famine [39] Italy
1695–1697 Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead)The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time150,000–175,000[ citation needed ]
1696Famine in Aleppo [4] Ottoman Empire
1696–1699 Ŭlbyŏng famine  [ ko ] Joseon 1,410,000 per official Annals , but possibly higher. [59]
1696–1697 Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population [60] Finland, then part of Sweden proper150,000
1702–1704Famine in Deccan [61] India 2,000,000 [61]
1708–1711Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population. [62] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia. [63] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia. East Prussia 250,000
1709Famine [39] Italy
1709–1710The fr:Grande famine de 1709 France [64] 600,000
1716Famine [39] Italy
1722Famine Arabia [65]
1724Famine [39] Italy
1727–1728Famine in the English Midlands [66] England
1730sFamine in Damascus [4] Ottoman Empire
1732–1733 Kyōhō famine Japan 12,172–169,000 [67]
1738–1756Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation [68] West Africa
1740–1741 Irish Famine (1740–1741) Ireland 300,000–480,000
1750–1756Famine in the Senegambia region [69] Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1757Famine [4] Syria
1764Famine in Naples [70] [39] Italy (present day)
1767Famine [39] Italy
1769–1773 Great Bengal famine of 1770, [18] 10 million dead (one third of population) India, Bangladesh (present day)10,000,000
1770–1771 Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands Czech Republic (present day)100,000+
1771–1772Famine in Saxony and southern Germany [ citation needed ] Germany
1773Famine in Sweden [71] Sweden
1776Famine following a series of hurricanes that struck the island [72] Martinique
1779Famine in Rabat Morocco [73]
1782Famine in Karahisar [4] Ottoman Empire
1780s Great Tenmei famine Japan 20,000 – 920,000
1783Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of Laki killed one-fifth of Iceland's population [74] Iceland
1783–1784 Chalisa famine India 11,000,000 [75]
1784Widespread famine throughout Egypt, one-sixth of the population died [76] Egypt
1784–1785Famine in Tunisia [77] Tunisia
1788The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle [78] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland. [79] [80] France
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted the Amhara and Tigray Regions Ethiopia
1789–1793 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India 11,000,000
1796Famine caused by locusts [27] Northern Ethiopia
1799-1800Famine in Diyarbakır [4] Ottoman Empire
1801Famine [39] Italy
1804–1872, 1913A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia Poland, Ukraine (present day)400,000–550,000
1809–1815Crop failure due to dry weather conditions. Joseon (Korea)2,000,000 [81]
1811–1812Famine devastated Madrid [82] Spain 20,000 [83]
1815Eruption of Mount Tambora. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine Indonesia 10,000
1816–1817 Year Without a Summer Europe 65,000
1830–1833Famine, claimed to have killed 42% of the population Cape Verde 30,000 [84]
1832–1833 Guntur famine of 1832 India 150,000
1833–1837 Tenpō famine Japan
1837–1838 Agra famine of 1837–1838 India 800,000
1845–1857 Highland Potato Famine Scotland
1845–1852 Great Famine killed more than 1,000,000 out of over 8.5 million people inhabiting Ireland. Between 1.5–2 million people were forced to emigrate [85] Ireland 600,000 to over 1,500,000 that emigrated
1846Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal [86] Portugal
1846–1848The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Irish Potato Famine. Newfoundland, present-day Canada
1849–1850 Demak and Grobogan in central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. Indonesia 83,000 [87]
1860-1861Black Winter of 1860-1861 [88] Qajar Iran
1860–1861 Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 India 2,000,000
1863–1867Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000 [89]
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 India 1,000,000 [90]
1866–1868 Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died Finland 150,000+
1866–1868Famine in French Algeria [91] French Algeria 820,000
1867–1869 Swedish famine of 1867–1869 Sweden
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 India 1,500,000 [90]
1869–1870Famines due to weather, with North Hamgyong Province particularly affected. [92] Joseon
1870–1872 Persian famine of 1870–1872, extended by some scholars from 1869 to 1873 [93] Qajar Iran 200,000–3,000,000 Estimates vary [94]
1873–1874Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods [95] [96] Turkey (present day)
1873–1874 Bihar famine of 1873–1874 India
1876–1878 Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878 India 5,500,000
1876–1879 Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 China 9,000,000–13,000,000 [97]
1876–1878Brazilian drought of 1877–1878, also known as the Grande Seca Brazil 500,000
1878–1880 St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska [98] United States 1,000
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. Ireland
1879Famine in the Eastern areas of the Empire [99] Ottoman Empire
1883–1885Famine caused by failure of rainy seasons and drought. [100] East Africa,Tanzania and Kenya
1888–1889Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar India 150,000
1888–1892 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died. [101] [102] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). Ethiopia 1,000,000
1891–1892 Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. Russia 375,000–500,000 [103] [104]
1895–1898Famine during the Cuban War of Independence Cuba 200,000–300,000
1896–1902 Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies. [105] [106] [107] India 2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1897-1901Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known as Yua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere [108] East Africa, Kenya and Uganda
1900–1903Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 11,000–20,000 [89]
1901Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialist Boxer rebellion. [109] China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and Inner Mongolia 200,000 in Shaanxi province.
1904–1906Famine in Spain [110] [111] [112] Spain
1906–1907 Chinese famine of 1906–1907 China 20,000,000–25,000,000 [113]
1913-1914Famine, grain price rose "thirtyfold" [27] Ethiopia
1914–1918 Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population [114] Lebanon 200,000
1914–1919Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. [115] Germany 763,000
1917Famine in German East Africa German East Africa 300,000
1917–1919 Persian famine of 1917–1919 Iran 2,000,000, [116] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000 [117]
1918–1919Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[ citation needed ]
1919–1922 Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population Turkestan [118]
1920–1921Famine in northern China China 500,000
1920–1922Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 24,000–25,000 [89]
1921 Russian famine of 1921–1922 Russia 5,000,000 [119]
1921–1922 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan Russia 500,000–2,000,000 [120]
1921–19231921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian Ukraine Ukraine 250,000–1,000,000 [121]
1924–1925Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished [122] [ unreliable source? ] Russia
1924–1925 Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain Irish Free State [ citation needed ]
1926Famine in Darfur [123] Darfur, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1928–1929Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–1930 Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in millions of deaths China 3,000,000–10,000,000
1930–1934First Kere Madagascar 500,000
1932–1933 Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period, [124] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932. [125] Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR 5,000,000 [125] –7,000,000 [126]
1939–1952Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economy Spain 200,000 [127] [128]
1940–1943Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 20,000 [89]
1940–1945Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis). [129] Occupied Poland
1940–1948Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France. [130] Morocco 200,000
1941–1944 Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F). [131] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished. [132] Soviet Union 800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation. [133] [134] Greece 300,000
1941–1942Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger. [135] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported. [136] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine. [137] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany. [138] Soviet Union 30,000–80,000
1941–1943Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor. [139] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation. [137] Soviet Union 10,000
1942–1943 Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Henan, China 700,000
1942–1943 Iranian famine of 1942–1943 Iran 4,000,000 [140] [ page needed ]
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 Bengal, British India 2,100,000
1943–1944 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)36,000–50,000
1943–1945Famine in Hadhramaut Yemen (present day)10,000 [141] [142]
1943–1946Second Kere Madagascar 1,000,000
1944–1945 Java under Japanese occupation Java, Indonesia 2,400,000 [143]
1944-1945 Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War II [144] Netherlands 20,000
1944–1945 Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Vietnam 600,000–2,000,000 [145]
1945–1947Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Soviet Union 57,000–76,500 [146]
1946–1947 Hungerwinter Germany >100,000 [147]
1946–1947 Soviet famine of 1946–1947 Soviet Union 1,000,000–1,500,000 [148] [149]
1946–1948Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000 [89]
1949 Nyasaland famine of 1949 Malawi 200
1950 1950 Caribou Inuit famine Canada 60
1955–1958Third Kere Madagascar
1958 Famine in Tigray [27] Ethiopia 100,000
1959–1961The Great Chinese Famine [150] [151] [152] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962. [153] China (mainland)15,000,000–55,000,000 [151] [154] [155]
1966–1967Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade Indonesia 50,000 [156]
1966–1967Rice crisis [157] Burma
1967–1970Famine caused by Nigerian Civil War and blockade Biafra 2,000,000
1968–1972 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people [158] Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso 1,000,000[ citation needed ]
1970–1972Fourth Kere Madagascar
1971–1973Afghanistan drought Afghanistan
1972–1973 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule Ethiopia 60,000 [159]
1973Darfur drought Darfur, Sudan 1,000
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 [160] Bangladesh 27,000–1,500,000[ citation needed ]
1975–1979 Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine Cambodia 500,000 [161]
1980–1981Caused by drought and conflict [159] Uganda 30,000 [159]
1980–1982Fifth Kere Madagascar
1982–1983Sixth Kere Madagascar
1982–1985Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War Mozambique 100,000
1983–1985 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia [162] Ethiopia 400,000–600,000 [163]
1984–1985Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 240,000
1986–1987Seventh Kere Madagascar
1988Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 100,000
1988–1989Eighth Kere Madagascar
1991–1992 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war [159] Somalia 300,000 [159]
1992–1994Ninth Kere Madagascar
1993 1993 Sudan famine Sudan 20,000 [164]
1994–1998 North Korean famine. [165] [166] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million). [167] North Korea 200,000–3,500,000
1995–1996Tenth Kere Madagascar
1997–1998Eleventh Kere Madagascar
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought Sudan 70,000 [159]
19981998 Afghanistan famine Afghanistan
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War Ethiopia
1998–2004 Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700,000
2003–2005Famine during the War in Darfur Sudan 200,000
2004–2005Twelfth Kere Madagascar
2005–2006 2005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa [168] [169] [170] Niger and West Africa
2009–2013Thirteenth Kere Madagascar
2011–2012Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought [171] Somalia 285,000
2012Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought [172] Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2014–2017Fourteenth Kere Madagascar
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen 85,000 children as of 2017. [173] Unknown number of adults.
2017 Famine in South Sudan [174] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in Nigeria South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.
2020–present Famine in the Tigray War Tigray, Ethiopia 150,000–200,000+ [175]
2021–present 2021– present Madagascar famine Madagascar
2021–present Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan Afghanistan
2023–present Gaza Strip famine Gaza Strip, Palestine 34 (Confirmed) [176]

62,431 (estimated by Costs of War) [177]

Contents

2024–present 2024 Sudan famine Sudan 1050+ [178]

Table

Global famines history.jpg

See also

Main article lists

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Leap Forward</span> 1958–1962 Chinese socioeconomic campaign

The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within China from 1958 to 1962, led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to transform the country from an agrarian society into an industrialized society through the formation of people's communes. Millions of people died in mainland China during the Great Leap, with estimates based on demographic reconstruction ranging from 15 to 55 million, making the Great Chinese Famine the largest or second-largest famine in human history.

The Great Chinese Famine was a famine that occurred between 1959 and 1961 in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Some scholars have also included the years 1958 or 1962. It is widely regarded as the deadliest famine and one of the greatest man-made disasters in human history, with an estimated death toll due to starvation that ranges in the tens of millions. The most stricken provinces were Anhui, Chongqing (15%), Sichuan (13%), Guizhou (11%) and Hunan (8%).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal famine of 1943</span> Famine in British India during World War II

The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine in the Bengal province of British India during World War II. An estimated 800,000–3.8 million people died, in the Bengal region, from starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions, poor British wartime policies and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and catastrophically disrupted the social fabric. Eventually, families disintegrated; men sold their small farms and left home to look for work or to join the British Indian Army, and women and children became homeless migrants, often travelling to Calcutta or other large cities in search of organised relief.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Famine of 1315–1317</span> Famine of medieval Europe

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck parts of Europe early in the 14th century. Most of Europe was affected. The famine caused many deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity from the 11th to the 13th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union</span> Historical Survey

Throughout Russian history famines, droughts and crop failures occurred on the territory of Russia, the Russian Empire and the USSR on more or less regular basis. From the beginning of the 11th to the end of the 16th century, on the territory of Russia for every century there were 8 crop failures, which were repeated every 13 years, sometimes causing prolonged famine in a significant territory. The causes of the famine were different, from natural and economic and political crises; for example, the Great Famine of 1931–1933, colloquially called the Holodomor, the cause of which was, among other factors, the collectivization policy in the USSR, which affected the territory of the Volga region in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Famine in India</span> Phenomenon of famines in the Indian subcontinent

Famine had been a recurrent feature of life in the South Asian subcontinent countries of India and Bangladesh, most notoriously under British rule. Famines in India resulted in millions of deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Famines in British India were severe enough to have a substantial impact on the long-term population growth of the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Bengal famine of 1770</span> Famine affecting lower regions of India in 1770

The Great Bengal famine of 1770 struck Bengal and Bihar between 1769 and 1770 and affected some 30 million people, which was about ⅓ of the current population of the area. It occurred during a period of dual governance in Bengal. This existed after the East India Company had been granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal by the Mughal emperor in Delhi, but before it had wrested the nizamat, or control of civil administration, which continued to lie with the Mughal governor, the Nawab of Bengal Nazm ud Daula (1765-72).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orissa famine of 1866</span> One of the biggest famines in India

The Orissa famine of 1866 affected the east coast of India from Madras northwards, an area covering 180,000 miles and containing a population of 47,500,000; the impact of the famine, however, was greatest in the region of Orissa, now Odisha, which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India. In Odisha, the total number who died as a result of the famine was at least a million, roughly one third of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of major famines in India during British rule</span>

The timeline of major famines in India during British rule covers major famines on the Indian subcontinent from 1765 to 1947. The famines included here occurred both in the princely states, British India and Indian territories independent of British rule such as the Maratha Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Famine of 1876–1878</span> Famine in India under Crown rule

The Great Famine of 1876–1878 was a famine in India under British Crown rule. It began in 1876 after an intense drought resulted in crop failure in the Deccan Plateau. It affected south and Southwestern India—the British-administered presidencies of Madras and Bombay, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad—for a period of two years. In 1877, famine came to affect regions northward, including parts of the Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and a small area in Punjab. The famine ultimately affected an area of 670,000 square kilometres (257,000 sq mi) and caused distress to a population totalling 58,500,000. The excess mortality in the famine has been estimated in a range whose low end is 5.6 million human fatalities, high end 9.6 million fatalities, and a careful modern demographic estimate 8.2 million fatalities. The famine is also known as the Southern India famine of 1876–1878 and the Madras famine of 1877.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronology of the Great Famine</span> Famine in Ireland from 1845 to 1852

The chronology of the Great Famine documents a period of Irish history between 29 November 1845 and 1852 during which time the population of Ireland was reduced by 20 to 25 percent. The proximate cause was famine resulting from a potato disease commonly known as late blight. Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland – where a third of the population was entirely dependent on the potato for food but which also produced an abundance of other food – was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</span> 1942–1943 famine in Henan, China

The Henan Famine of 1942–1943 occurred in Henan, most particularly within the eastern and central part of the province. The famine occurred within the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War and resulted from a combination of natural and human factors. Anthony Garnaut put the death toll to be "well under one million", probably around 700,000. While Lloyd Eastman puts it between 2 and 3 million dead. 15 years later Henan was struck by the deadlier Great Chinese famine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persian famine of 1917–1919</span> Iranian famine under the Qajar dynasty

The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Iran under the rule of the Qajar dynasty during World War I. The famine took place in the territory of Iran, which, despite declaring neutrality, was occupied by the forces of the British, Russian, and Ottoman empires whose occupation contributed to the famine. So far, few historians have researched the famine, making it an understudied subject of modern history.

The Persian famine of 1870–1872 was a period of mass starvation and disease in Iran (Persia) between 1870 and 1872 under the rule of Qajar dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media coverage of the 1943 Bengal famine</span>

The Bengal famine of 1943-44 was a major famine in the Bengal province in British India during World War II. An estimated 2.1 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died from starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions, and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and social fabric.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Famine Inquiry Commission</span> Official investigation of 1943 Bengal famine

The Famine Inquiry Commission, also known as the Woodhead Commission, was appointed by the Government of British India in 1944 to investigate the 1943 Bengal famine. Controversially, it declined to blame the British government and emphasised the natural, rather than man-made, causes of the famine.

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  111. ↑ Harrison, R. J. (1973) "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History. Vol. 47, No. 4. Duke University Press. pp. 300–07. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741595
  112. ↑ Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000). Spain's 1898 crisis : regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN   0-7190-5862-7. OCLC   44100623. A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
  113. ↑ Penuel, K.; Statler, Matt (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412994064. ISBN   9781412971010 . Retrieved 2015-09-08.
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  124. ↑ Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe. Cornell University Press. ISBN   9781501730436.
  125. 1 2 Davies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010-01-20). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN   978-0-230-27397-9. OCLC   649384703.
  126. ↑ "Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
  127. ↑ Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship, 1939–52
  128. ↑ Franco's Famine: Malnutrition, Disease and Starvation in Post-Civil War Spain
  129. ↑ In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in the General Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all, Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). The Belzec extermination camp, the Sobibor extermination camp and the Treblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
  130. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2015-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  132. ↑ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417–418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110–113.
  133. ↑ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC   62532868.
  134. ↑ Gildea, Robert et al. (2006) Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe. Berg Publishers. ISBN 9781845201814.
  135. ↑ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
  136. ↑ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
  137. 1 2 Kay, Alex J. (2001) Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  138. ↑ Werth, Alexander. (2000) Russia at War 1941-1945. Carroll & Graf Publishers New York. p. 607-608
  139. ↑ Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004) Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. p. 186
  140. ↑ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2016-03-22). Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine. UPA. ISBN   978-0-7618-6739-5.
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  142. ↑ Freitag, Ulrike (2003) Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. BRILL. p. 406. ISBN 9789004128507.
  143. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
  144. ↑ Zwarte, Ingrid de (2020-07-23). The Hunger Winter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-108-83680-7.
  145. ↑ Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001) The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  146. ↑ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
  147. ↑ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
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  151. 1 2 Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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  154. ↑ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN   1324-9347. JSTOR   41262812. S2CID   141874259.
  155. ↑ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
  156. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine , Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  157. ↑ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 225. ISBN   9780862328689.
  158. ↑ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow. May 13, 1974. TIME
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  161. ↑ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN   9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  162. ↑ "Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  163. ↑ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN   1-56432-038-3. OCLC   24504262.
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  174. ↑ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
  175. ↑ "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers". The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
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