Famine due to volcanic winter following the eruption of Mount Etna in 44BC and the larger eruption of Mount Okmok early in 43BC,[6] affecting China (43BC),[7] Italy (43BC), Egypt (c.43BC– c.42BC) and Greece (42BC).[6]
Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization.[18][pageneeded]
Famine in the Yellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death.[23]
Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses. Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing[25]
Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold".[12]
Great Famine of 1315–1317. Famine lasted from 1313–1317 in Spain and 1314–1316 in Russia/Ukraine.[40] Elsewhere, famine began in 1315 and ended in either 1317 (Great Britain, France, the Low Countries,[40] Denmark and Sweden[47]) or 1318 (Central Europe[40] and Ireland[40][50]).
Famine in Russia/Ukraine (1436–1438), the Low Countries and Great Britain (1437–1438), France (1437–1439)[40] and Germany and Switzerland (1437–1440)[58]
Famine(s) in Italy (1527–1529),[40][66] France (1527–1532,[40] including Languedoc by 1528[70]), Spain (1528–1530)[40] and Austria and Switzerland (1530–1531)[58]
Pan-European famine[citation needed] or famines affecting Russia and mostly east of[citation needed] Ukraine (1568–1572),[40] Italy (1569–1572),[40][66] Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1569–1574),[58] the Nordic countries (1571–1572), the Low Countries (1572–1573) and France (1573–1574).[40] Germany/Austria/Switzerland saw crop failures, plague and witch hunts in one of their most severe famines.[58]
Major European famine,[80] including Italy (1590–1593),[40][66][81] the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway,[82] 1590–1597),[40][81][82] Russia/Ukraine (1591),[40] Spain (1591–1595),[40][81] France (1593 & 1598),[81] Great Britain (either 1594–1598[81] or 1597–1599[40]), Germany and Austria (1594–1598).[58] The degree to which this should be considered one widespread famine as opposed to many regional ones is unclear: it mainly affected southern Europe in 1590–1593, then central and northern Europe in 1594–1598. The famine may also be associated with a critical phase of the Little Ice Age. It caused the large-scale restructuring of European grain trade routes, which contributed to the Low Countries' avoiding this famine.[83]
One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[89] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population.
Famines in Europe[citation needed] caused by the Thirty Years' War, including in 1620–1623 in Germany (often attributed to Kipper und Wipper, violent conflict, the closing of borders and trade routes, and requisitioning by armies),[93] possibly in 1628–1630 in Jutland[94] and in 1635–1636 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In the 1630s, famine in these countries was frequent but more local, often resulting from occupation or sieges.[93]
Famine (possibly 1623–1625 in Great Britain[40]) in North West England, Ireland,[96] north-west Wales (1622–1623)[97] and Scotland[96] (where it hit in 1623, following harvest failures in the autumns of 1621–1622),[98] due to wet and cold weather.[96]
A succession of famines related to the Irish Confederate Wars. Deaths were concentrated in the more sparsely populated Ulster and north-east Connacht in the 1640s; afterwards, the south was worst affected and plague exacerbated the famine.[77]
Famine due to severe crop failures in 1650 and 1651. Grain exports were banned and grain was imported from the Baltic states. The crude death rate was over twice the normal value in the east in 1650, and in the north, middle and east in 1651–1652.[105]
Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.[106] The more densely populated south was worst affected, and plague exacerbated the famine.[107]
Famine and disease in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[70] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[123] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia.
Perhaps England's last famine. Limited to a few parishes,[86] there were food riots and increased mortality, but contemporaries did not consider this a famine, and the prevailing literature considers the 1629–1631 famine England's last.[100]
Severe famine in German-speaking lands and most neighbouring countries, due to a series of harvest failures. Heavy rain had affected an area stretching from France to Poland and from Scandinavia to Switzerland, impeding the storage and transportation of grain. Epidemic disease resulted from malnutrition and migration. In the Ore Mountains and Bohemia, around 200,000 people (10% of the population) either died or fled. The famine provoked migration, plus changes in education, economics, welfare and medicine.[139] See also: Famines in Czech lands.
Famine in Norway (1771–1773),[141] central Sweden (1772–1773) and Finland.[142] Norway saw a mortality crisis during 1771–1773, and famine in the east in 1773.[137] In Sweden, mortailty peaked in 1773, with about half of excess mortality due to dysentery.[143]
Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of Laki killed around one-fifth[147] or 26%[148] of Iceland's population and 80% of livestock. Restrictions on fishing prevented most Icelanders from adopting fishing as an alternative to farming.[148]
2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1897–1901
Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known as Yua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere[188]
Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialist Boxer rebellion.[189]
China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and Inner Mongolia
Mount Lebanonfamine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[194]
Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[209]
Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40°C (−40°F).[211] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[212]
Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[215] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[216] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine.[217] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[218]
Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[219] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation.[217]
Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule
↑ Embree, Ainslie Thomas. (1988) Encyclopedia of Asian History, Vol. 2, Scribner, p. 82, ISBN9780684186191: "rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province … caused by famine conditions, oppressive taxation,
↑ Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Appleby, Andrew B. (Spring 1980). "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 10 (4): 643–63. doi:10.2307/203063. JSTOR203063.
↑ Dyson, Stephen L; Rowland, Robert J (2007). Archaeology and history in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages: shepherds, sailors & conquerors. Philadelphia: UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 136. ISBN1-934536-02-4.
↑ Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1–2): 80, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, hdl:1885/51009, S2CID162783898
↑ Wood, C. A. (1992), "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption", in Harrington, C.R. (ed.), The Year Without a Summer?, Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, pp.58–77
1 2 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.
↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
↑ Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000). Spain's 1898 crisis: regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN0-7190-5862-7. OCLC44100623. A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations. New York: New Press, The. pp.26–27. ISBN978-1-59558-826-5.
↑ Wasyl, Veryha (1984). "Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet government's countermeasures". Nationalities Papers. 12 (2). District of Columbia, USA: 265–285. doi:10.1080/00905998408408001. S2CID154189763.
↑ In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in the General Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all, Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). The Belzec extermination camp, the Sobibor extermination camp and the Treblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
↑ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417–418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110–113.
↑ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC62532868.
↑ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
↑ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
1 2 Kay, Alex J. (2001) Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
↑ Werth, Alexander. (2000) Russia at War 1941-1945. Carroll & Graf Publishers New York. p. 607-608
↑ Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004) Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. p. 186
↑ Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001) The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
↑ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75% of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6% and violence for 15% (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75%) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
↑ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70. For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
↑ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp.104–105. ISBN9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
Moreda, Vicente Pérez (2017). "3 - Spain". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.48–72. ISBN9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
Hoyle, Richard (2017). "7 - Britain". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.141–165. ISBN9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-26.
Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). "8 - Ireland". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.166–184. ISBN9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-12.
Dribe, Martin; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2017). "9 - Nordic Europe". Famine in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.185–211. ISBN9781107179936. Retrieved 2025-04-13.
For an open-access near-equivalent of this chapter, see Dribe, Martin; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2015). "Famines in the Nordic countries, AD 536 - 1875". Lund Papers in Economic History. General Issues (138). Department of Economic History, Lund University. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
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