List of famines

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Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845-1852. Irish potato famine Bridget O'Donnel.jpg
Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1852.

List

DateEventLocationDeath toll (where known; estimated)
c. 2,700 BCSeven year famine, recorded on the Famine Stela [1] [2] Egypt
2200 BC–2100 BCThe 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwideGlobal
441 BCThe first famine recorded in ancient Rome. Ancient Rome [3]
114 BCFamine caused by drought during the third year in the Yuanding period. Starvation in over 40 commanderies east of the Hangu mountain pass. [4] Han China
103 BC–89 BC Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the Five Dravidians [5] Anuradhapura Kingdom
c.43 BCFamine due to volcanic winter following the eruption of Mount Etna in 44 BC and the larger eruption of Mount Okmok early in 43 BC, [6] affecting China (43 BC), [7] Italy (43 BC), Egypt (c. 43 BC – c. 42 BC) and Greece (42 BC). [6] Roman Republic, Egypt and China
26 BCFamine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus [ citation needed ] Judea 20,000+
333 ADFamine in Antioch [8] Coele Syria, Roman Empire
368–369Famine [9] [10] during the drought of the 360s–370s [11] Cappadocia, Byzantine Empire
370Famine in Phrygia[ citation needed ] Phrygia
372–373Famine in Edessa[ citation needed ] Edessa
375–376Famine during the drought of the 360s–370s [11] Byzantine Empire
383Famine in Rome. A policy had been introduced in 364 AD that stipulated taxes in Rome had to be paid in grain [12] Italian peninsula [ citation needed ]
400–800Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 80%, mainly because of famine and plague.[ citation needed ] Western Europe
470Famine[ citation needed ] Gaul
535–536 Volcanic winter of 536 Global
544Famine in Myra [9] Byzantine Empire
585Famine[ citation needed ] Gaul
618–619Famine in Constantinople [9] Byzantine Empire
639Famine in Arabia during the reign of Umar [13] Arabia
676–678Famine [9] Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire
698–700Famine Ireland [14]
750sFamine Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) [15]
762–764Famine associated with hard winters and drought [16] Carolingian Europe, the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire and possibly north of the Black Sea
779Famine [16] Northern Carolingian Europe and possibly Ireland
791–794Famine, possibly associated with heavy rain, [16] affecting England in 793 [17] Carolingian Europe and England
800–1000Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization. [18] [ page needed ]Mayan areas of Mesoamerica 1,000,000+
805–807Famine associated with a hard winter and drought [16] Northern Carolingian Empire
820–824Famine associated with heavy rain, hard winters, drought, hail and possibly cattle pestilence [16] Carolingian Empire, possibly Ireland, England and the Byzantine Empire
841–845Famine associated with heavy rain and hard winters [16] Northern (and possibly southern) Carolingian Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East
867–869Famine associated with heavy rain, flooding and possibly cattle pestilence [16] Northern Carolingian Empire
872–874Famine associated with heavy rain, hail, locusts, a hard winter, drought and Saharan sand [16] Carolingian Empire
875–884 Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine; [19] [20] Huang Chao captured capital China
895–897Famine associated with hail and a hard winter [16] Northern Carolingian Europe, England and Ireland
927–928Famine caused by four months of frost [21] [22] Byzantine Empire
939–944Famine associated with hard winters, heavy rain, flooding, Saharan sand, locusts and possibly cattle pestilence [16] Northern (and possibly southern) Carolingian Europe, Ireland and the Middle East
942–944Famine in the Yellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death. [23] China
963–968Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
975–976Famine [17] England
975–976Famine [24] Iceland
996–997Famine in the Fatimid Caliphate, with food price increases [25] Egypt
1004–1007Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses. Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing [25] Maghreb area in Northwest Africa: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt
1005–1006Famine, including in England [17] Europe [26]
1010Famine in Nīshābūr [25] Ghaznavid Empire
1016Famine throughout Europe [27] Europe
1021Famine [24] Norway
1025Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1031Famine caused by a sandstorm that destroyed crops, trees and provisions [25] Arabian Peninsula; Modern day Iraq and Saudi Arabia
c. 1045Famine [17] England
1051Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico [28] Mexico (present day)
1055–1056Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1057–1058Famine [24] Iceland
1064–1072 Mustansirite Hardship [29] [30] Egypt 40,000 [29]
1069–1070 Harrying of the North England 100,000
1087Famine [17] England
1097Famine and plague [31] France 100,000
1099–1101Probable famine [32] Denmark
1111Famine [17] England
1118Famine [24] Iceland
1124–1126Famine in England, the Low Countries and northern France [33] Europe
1143–1147Famine[ citation needed ] Europe
1150–1151Famine[ citation needed ] Europe
1150–1151Widespread famine due to wet/cold [34] Japan
1153Local famine of unknown cause [34] Japan
1155Widespread famine of unknown cause [34] Japan
1161Widespread famine of unknown cause [34] Japan
1161–1162Famine[ citation needed ] Aquitaine
1174–1175Local famine due to wet/cold [34] Feudal Japan
1180–1182 Yōwa famine [35] Japan 42,300 in Kyoto
1182Famine [24] Norway
1183Local famine of unknown cause [34] Japan
1185Widespread famine due to drought [34] Japan
1193–1198Famine [17] England
1196–1197Famine[ citation needed ] Europe
1196–1198Probable famine [32] Denmark
1199–1202Famine due to the low water level of the Nile impacting food prices [25] Egypt 100,000
1201Local famine due to wet/cold [34] Japan
1206Widespread famine of unknown cause [34] Japan
1207–1213Famine(s), e.g. in 1207 and 1211–1213 [24] Norway
1224–1226Famine[ citation needed ] Europe
1225–1226Probable famine [32] Denmark
1229–1232The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history. [36] Caused by volcanic eruptions. [37] Japan 2,000,000[ citation needed ]
1230Famine in the Novgorod Republic [ citation needed ] Novgorod Republic
1233Local famine due to wet/cold [34] Japan
1235Famine [38] England 20,000 in London
1252Famine [39] Ethiopia
1252Widespread famine due to wet/cold [34] Japan
1255–1262 [40] Famine in Spain [40] and Portugal [41] [ better source needed ] Iberian Peninsula
1256Famine in Tuscany [42] Tuscany
1256–1258Famine [40] Low Countries
1256–1258Famine [43] Italy
1257–1260Shōga famine, aggravated by the 1257 Samalas eruption [44] Japan
1258–1259 [40] [44] Famine in England, [44] [45] Italy, [42] France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Iberian Peninsula, aggravated by the 1257 Samalas eruption [44] Western Europe
1263Famine [40] Ireland
1264Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1270–1271Famine [40] Ireland
1271Widespread famine due to drought [34] Japan
1271–1272Famine [43] Italy
1273–1274Widespread famine due to drought [34] Japan
1275–1277Famine [40] [43] Italy
1275–1299Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred [46] United States
1279Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1281–1282Famine [40] Central Europe
1282Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1283Apparent severe famine [47] Denmark
1285–1286Famine. [43] (Perhaps 1286 only. [40] ) Italy
1291Famine [40] caused by years of drought and recorded in one chronicle [47] Sweden [48]
1294–1296Famine caused by sandstorm that covered plantations and destroyed crops. [25] Egypt, Syria, Yemen
1294–1296Famine lasting 1294–1296 in Ireland and 1295–1296 in Great Britain [40] British Isles
1300Famine due to the eruption of Hekla [24] Iceland
1301–1302Famine [40] Spain
1302–1303Famine [40] [43] Italy
1304Famine [49] France
1305Famine [49] France
1308–1310Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1310Famine [49] France
1310Probable famine and apparent drought [47] Denmark
1311Famine [40] Spain
1311–1312Famine [43] Lombardy, Italy
1313Famine [43] Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1314–1315Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold". [12] England
1315–1317 or 1322 Great Famine of 1315–1317. Famine lasted from 1313–1317 in Spain and 1314–1316 in Russia/Ukraine. [40] Elsewhere, famine began in 1315 and ended in either 1317 (Great Britain, France, the Low Countries, [40] Denmark and Sweden [47] ) or 1318 (Central Europe [40] and Ireland [40] [50] ). Europe [51] 7,500,000
1319–1320 Great Bovine Pestilence England
1321Famine[ citation needed ] England
1326–1330Famine in Italy [43] (possibly beginning in 1328 [40] ), Spain and Ireland[ citation needed ] Europe
1330–1331Famine [40] with humid, rainy and stormy weather [50] Ireland
1330–1332Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1330–1333Famine[ citation needed ] France
1333–1336Famine [40] Spain
1333–1337 Chinese famine of 1333–1337 China [52] 6,000,000
1338–1339Famine [40] (possibly just 1339 [50] ) Ireland
1339–1341Famine in Italy [43] (possibly ending in 1340 [40] ), Spain and Ireland[ citation needed ] Europe
1344–1345Famine in India, under the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq [53] India
1346Famine [40] Ireland
1346–1348Widespread European famine, particularly in the south, including Italy (1346–1347), [43] Spain (1346–1348) and France (1347) [40] Europe
1349–1351Famine [40] affecting England (1351) [49] and coinciding with the Black Death [54] Great Britain
1349–1351Famine[ citation needed ] France
1352–1353Famine [43] Italy
1358–[ citation needed ]1360Famine [40] France
1361–1362Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1364–1366Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1368Famine [43] Italy
1369Famine[ citation needed ] England
1369–1370Famine [43] Florence, Tuscany, Italy
1370Famine caused by harvest failure in 1369 [55] Norway
1371Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1371Famine[ citation needed ] France
1374Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1374–1375Near pan-Mediterranean famine in France, Spain [40] and Italy [40] [43] Europe
1374–1375Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1384–1385Famine [43] Italy
1389Famine [43] Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1390–1391Famine[ citation needed ] France
1393Famine [43] Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1394–1396Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1397Famine, with a windy, wet and cold summer and autumn [50] Ireland
1396–1407The Durga Devi famine India [56] [27]
1402–1404Famine [8] Ottoman Empire
1403–1404Famine[ citation needed ] Egypt
1409Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1410Great famine [40] [50] Ireland
1410–1412Famine [43] Italy
1420–1421Oei famine (due to drought) [57] Japan
1420–1421Famine [40] France
1420–1423Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1429–1432Famine [40] France
1431Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1432–1434 The Hungry Years Czech Republic
1434–1437Famine [40] Nordic countries
1435Famine [40] Spain
1436–1440Famine in Russia/Ukraine (1436–1438), the Low Countries and Great Britain (1437–1438), France (1437–1439) [40] and Germany and Switzerland (1437–1440) [58] Europe
1441Famine in Mayapan Mexico [59]
1442–1445Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1446Famine [40] Nordic countries
1447Famine [40] (or hunger [50] ) Ireland
1447–1448Famine [60] Sweden
1450–1454Famine in the Aztec Empire, [61] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices. [62] Mexico
1458Famine [43] Italy
1459–1461Kanshō famine [63] (due to drought) [57] Japan 82,000[ citation needed ]
1460The Deccan region faced significant famine, leading to severe food shortages. [64] India
1468Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1470Famine [40] France
1470Famine [40] Nordic countries
1472Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1472Famine in central Honshu due to drought [65] Japan
1472–1474Famine [40] [66] Italy
1475–1477Famine [40] Spain
1476Famine [40] [66] Italy
1477Famine in central Honshu [65] Japan
1481–1484Famine(s) in the Low Countries (1481–1482), France (1481–1483), [40] the East of England (1481–1483) [67] and Italy (1482–1484) [40] [66] Western Europe
1485Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1491–1492Famine [40] Low Countries
1491–1492Famine [65] Kai Province, Japan
1492Famine [40] Ireland
1493Famine [40] [66] Italy
1497–1498Great famine [40] [50] (possibly just 1497 [50] ) Ireland
1502–1505Famine [40] [66] Italy
1503Famine [40] Nordic countries
1504Famine during a drought [68] Spain
1506–1508Famine [40] Spain
1512Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1513Famine during a drought [68] Murcia, Spain
1515Famine [40] France
1515–1516Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1516–1518Famine [40] Germany and Switzerland [58]
1518–1520Famine [40] [66] Italy
1520–1523Famine [40] Nordic countries
1521–1522Famine(s) [40] France and the Low Countries
1521–1522Famine [40] during a drought [68] Andalusia, [68] [69] Spain
1523Great famine [40] [50] Ireland
1525Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1527–1532Famine(s) in Italy (1527–1529), [40] [66] France (1527–1532, [40] including Languedoc by 1528 [70] ), Spain (1528–1530) [40] and Austria and Switzerland (1530–1531) [58] Europe
1533–1534Famine [40] [66] Italy
1535 Famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia
1539–1540Famine [66] [71] Italy
1539–1540Tenbun famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1540Famine during a drought [68] Spain
1544–1545Famine [40] [66] Italy
1545Famine [40] France
1550–1551Famine in isolated areas of central Honshu due to an earthquake and typhoon [72] Japan
1550–1552Famine [40] [66] Italy
1556Famine [40] Ireland
1556–1557Famine [40] Low Countries
1556–1557Famine [40] (perhaps affecting Denmark but not Sweden, and perhaps only in 1556 [60] ) Nordic countries [40]
1557 [40] Famine [40] in the Volga region and northern Russia [73] Russia
1557Famine [40] throughout Spain due to a rainy winter, coinciding with a typhus outbreak [74] Spain
1557–1558Famine in Honshu [72] Japan
1557–1559Famine [40] coinciding with an influenza outbreak [75] Great Britain
1558–1560Famine [40] [66] Italy
1560–1561Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1562Famine [40] following a harsh winter in 1561 [76] France
1565–1566Famine [40] Central Europe
1566–1567Famine during a drought [68] Andalusia, Spain
1567–1570Famine in Harar, combined with plague[ citation needed ]. The Emir of Harar died. Ethiopia
1568–1574Pan-European famine[ citation needed ] or famines affecting Russia and mostly east of[ citation needed ] Ukraine (1568–1572), [40] Italy (1569–1572), [40] [66] Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1569–1574), [58] the Nordic countries (1571–1572), the Low Countries (1572–1573) and France (1573–1574). [40] Germany/Austria/Switzerland saw crop failures, plague and witch hunts in one of their most severe famines. [58] Europe
1573Famine due to drought [72] Western Japan
1585–1589Pan-European famine[ citation needed ] or famines, affecting Great Britain, France and the Low Countries (1585–1587), [40] Italy (1586–1587) [40] [66] and Ireland (1586–1589). [40] [50] In Ireland, this famine followed the Second Desmond Rebellion. [77] Western Europe
1586Famine and drought. Rice prices skyrocketed and there was widespread population migration and starvation. [78] Qishan County, Shaanxi province, China
1588Famine [78] Wei County, Hebei province, China
1589Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1590–1598 [79] Major European famine, [80] including Italy (1590–1593), [40] [66] [81] the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, [82] 1590–1597), [40] [81] [82] Russia/Ukraine (1591), [40] Spain (1591–1595), [40] [81] France (1593 & 1598), [81] Great Britain (either 1594–1598 [81] or 1597–1599 [40] ), Germany and Austria (1594–1598). [58] The degree to which this should be considered one widespread famine as opposed to many regional ones is unclear: it mainly affected southern Europe in 1590–1593, then central and northern Europe in 1594–1598. The famine may also be associated with a critical phase of the Little Ice Age. It caused the large-scale restructuring of European grain trade routes, which contributed to the Low Countries' avoiding this famine. [83] Europe
1592–1594Famine during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korea as the Kyegap Famine (Korean : 계갑대기근; Hanja : 癸甲大飢饉). [84] Joseon
1593–1600Famine [85] Portugal
1596Famine [86] India
1599–1600Famine [40] Spain
1600–1601Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy [87] Italy
1600–1603Famine linked to the Nine Years' War [88] Ireland
1601–1602Cooling, famine and epidemics following the eruption of Huaynaputina in 1600 [7] Guizhou and Shanxi provinces, China
1601–1603One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603. [89] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population. Russia 2,000,000
1601–1603 [40] Famine in 1601 in Finland [90] and in 1602–1603 in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, [91] following the eruption of Huaynaputina in 1600 [92] Nordic countries
1602Famine [40] Central Europe
1602Famine [40] Great Britain
1605–1607Famine [40] Spain
1607–1608Famine [40] [66] Italy
1608Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1615–1616Famine [40] Spain
1616–1623Famine [85] Portugal
1618–1622Famine [40] [66] Italy
1618–1648[ citation needed ]Famines in Europe[ citation needed ] caused by the Thirty Years' War, including in 1620–1623 in Germany (often attributed to Kipper und Wipper , violent conflict, the closing of borders and trade routes, and requisitioning by armies), [93] possibly in 1628–1630 in Jutland [94] and in 1635–1636 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In the 1630s, famine in these countries was frequent but more local, often resulting from occupation or sieges. [93] Europe
1619Famine in Japan. During the Edo period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious. [95] Japan
1621–1624Famine [40] Nordic countries
1622–1624Famine (possibly 1623–1625 in Great Britain [40] ) in North West England, Ireland, [96] north-west Wales (1622–1623) [97] and Scotland [96] (where it hit in 1623, following harvest failures in the autumns of 1621–1622), [98] due to wet and cold weather. [96] British Isles
1623Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1625–1626Famine [40] Low Countries
1625–1630Famine(s) involving plague and witch hunts, due to exceptionally bad harvests [93] Austria and Germany
1626–1627Pyŏngjŏng Famine (Korean : 병정대기근; Hanja : 丙丁大飢饉) [99] Joseon
1628–1630Famine [40] or apparent famine in Sweden (1630), with people eating bark in the south of Sweden [90] Nordic countries [40]
1628–1632Famine [66] Italy
1629–1631Famine. [40] According to the prevailing literature, this was England's last famine. [100] Great Britain
1630–1631Famine in Northwest China China
1630–1631Famine [40] Spain
1630–1632 Deccan famine of 1630–1632 India 7,400,000
1630–1632Famine [85] Portugal
1631–1632Famine [40] (possibly 1630–1631 [86] ) France
1633–1634Famine in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Sweden's Baltic possessions [101] Swedish Empire and Norway
1636Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1640–1643 Kan'ei Great Famine Japan 50,000–100,000
1641–1643Famine [40] Nordic countries
1641–1652 [40] A succession of famines related to the Irish Confederate Wars. Deaths were concentrated in the more sparsely populated Ulster and north-east Connacht in the 1640s; afterwards, the south was worst affected and plague exacerbated the famine. [77] Ireland
1647–1649Famine [40] including in northern England (1649) [102] [86] Great Britain
1647–1652Famine in Spain [40] and Portugal [85] Iberian Peninsula
1648–1649Famine [40] [103] Italy
1648–1651Famine [40] Low Countries
1648–1652Famine [40] in the east (1650–1652), [104] possibly 1649–1652. [86] France
1648–1660 The Deluge saw Poland lose an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague [ citation needed ] Poland
1650–1652Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1650–1652Famine due to severe crop failures in 1650 and 1651. Grain exports were banned and grain was imported from the Baltic states. The crude death rate was over twice the normal value in the east in 1650, and in the north, middle and east in 1651–1652. [105] Sweden
1651–1652Famine due to exceptionally bad harvests [93] Germany
1651–1653Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. [106] The more densely populated south was worst affected, and plague exacerbated the famine. [107] Ireland
1657–1663Famine [85] Portugal
1659–1662Famine(s) in Italy[ dubious – discuss ] and Spain (1659–1662), and in France, Central Europe and the Low Countries (1661–1662) [40] Europe
1661Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years [108] [27] India
1670–1671 Kyungshin Famine Joseon 1,000,000 [109] –1,500,000
1672Famine in southern Italy [110] Italy
1674Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1674–1676Famine [40] Low Countries
1674–1677Famine [40] Nordic countries
1675–1677Famine affecting northern and central Sweden (1675), inland and coastal Norway (1676) and Denmark (1676–1677) [111] Scandinavia
1675–1678Famine [85] Portugal
1676Famine [40] France
1677Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1678–1679Famine [40] [112] Italy
1678–1685Famines and plague[ citation needed ] [40] Spain
1680Famine in Sardinia [113] Italy (present day)80,000 [114]
1680–1682Enpo-Tenna famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1680sFamine in Sahel [104] West Africa
1690s Seven Ill Years – a famine which killed 5–15% of the population [115] (possibly 1697–1699 [40] ) Scotland 60,000–180,000
1691–1695Particularly severe famine due to severe rain and cold, which reduced harvests [116] Germany, Austria and Switzerland
1692–1694Famine [40] Low Countries
1693–1694 Great Famine of 1693–1694  [ fr ] France 700,000–1,300,000 [86] [117]
1693–1697Major European famine [100] affecting Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1691–1695), [116] the Low Countries (1692–1694), [40] France (Great Famine of 1693–1694  [ fr ]), [100] Italy (1693–1695 [40] [118] ), where it was second only to the 1590s famine, [100] Portugal (1693–1697), [85] Spain (1694–1699), [40] Finland and Estonia (Great Famine of 1695–1697), [100] Russia/Ukraine (1695–1697), [40] Norway (1696) and Sweden (1696–1698) [119] and Great Britain (Seven Ill Years, 1697–1699) [40] Europe
1694–1699Famine [40] Spain
1695–1696First Genroku famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1695–1697 Great Famine of Estonia, which killed about a fifth of the population. Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia 70,000–100,000
1695–1698 Great Famine of 1695–1697, including the Great Famine of Estonia. Famine also hit Norway (1696) [119] and Sweden (1696–1698, [119] 80,000–100,000 dead[ citation needed ]) Swedish Empire and Norway 150,000 in Finland
1696Famine in Aleppo [8] Ottoman Empire
1696–1699 Ŭlbyŏng famine  [ ko ] Joseon 1,410,000 per official Annals , but possibly higher. [120]
1698–1699Famine [40] Low Countries
1698–1701Famine due to severe rain and cold, which reduced harvests [116] Germany, Austria and Switzerland
1700Famine, with mortality around 35% above the normal rate [119] Denmark
1701–1703Second Genroku famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1702–1704Famine in Deccan [121] India 2,000,000 [121]
1706–1711Famine [40] Spain
1708–1711 [100] Famine in Spain (1706–1711), the Low Countries (1708–1710), [40] Italy (1709 [66] or 1708–1709 [40] ), France (1709–1710), [40] probably Sweden and Finland (1709–1710, coinciding with the Great Northern War and the Great Northern War plague outbreak), Denmark (1710) [122] and Germany and Austria (1709–1712). [116] Europe
1708–1711Famine and disease in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population. [70] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia. [123] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia. East Prussia 250,000
1709–1710The Great Famine of 1709  [ fr ] France [86] [124] 600,000
1709–1712Famine following the Großer Winter (Great Winter) of 1708–1709, coinciding with the Great Palatine Migration of 1709 [116] Germany and Austria
1714–1715Famine [40] Central Europe
1716Famine [40] [125] Italy
1717Famine in the north and west [126] Sweden
1718–1719Famine [40] France
1719High mortality probably connected to famine [127] Denmark
1719–1721Famine [40] Central Europe
1721–1724Famine [40] Russia/Ukraine
1722Famine Arabia [128]
1724Famine [40] [125] Italy
1724–1725Famine [58] Germany
1727–1728Perhaps England's last famine. Limited to a few parishes, [86] there were food riots and increased mortality, but contemporaries did not consider this a famine, and the prevailing literature considers the 1629–1631 famine England's last. [100] The Midlands, England
1728–1730High mortality probably connected to famine [127] Denmark
1730Famine [70] Silesia
1730sFamine in Damascus [8] Ottoman Empire
1732–1733 Kyōhō famine Japan 12,172–169,000 [129]
1738–1756Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation [130] West Africa
1739–1740Famine associated with extremely cold winter(s) (Große Kälte) [116] Germany and Austria
1740–1741 Irish Famine (1740–1741) Ireland 300,000–480,000
1740–1743Famine in central Sweden (1740), eastern Norway (1742), northern and central Sweden (1743) and probably Denmark (1740–1742) [131] Scandinavia
1750–1756Famine in the Senegambia region [132] Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1755–1757Horeki famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1755–1758Famine coinciding with crop failures and the Seven Years' War [58] Germany
1756–1757Partial famine and influenza epidemic. There was a modest public relief effort and a temporary embargo on distilling. [133] Ireland
1757Famine [8] Syria
1758Regional famine following crop failures in 1756–1757, with high mortality also affecting other counties [134] Kopparberg County, Sweden
1763Regional famine, with high mortality also affecting other counties [134] Gothenburg and Bohus County, Sweden
1763–1764High mortality probably connected to famine and coinciding with an influenza pandemic [127] Denmark
1764Famine in Italy (including the Kingdom of Naples [135] ) during a period of drought [136] Italy
1765Famine [137] Norway
1766Smaller famine [138] Ireland
1767Famine during a period of drought [136] Italy
1769–1773 Great Bengal famine of 1770, [27] 10 million dead (one third of population) India, Bangladesh (present day)10,000,000
1770–1772Severe famine in German-speaking lands and most neighbouring countries, due to a series of harvest failures. Heavy rain had affected an area stretching from France to Poland and from Scandinavia to Switzerland, impeding the storage and transportation of grain. Epidemic disease resulted from malnutrition and migration. In the Ore Mountains and Bohemia, around 200,000 people (10% of the population) either died or fled. The famine provoked migration, plus changes in education, economics, welfare and medicine. [139] See also: Famines in Czech lands. Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Bohemia 60,000 in Saxony [140]
1771–1773Famine in Norway (1771–1773), [141] central Sweden (1772–1773) and Finland. [142] Norway saw a mortality crisis during 1771–1773, and famine in the east in 1773. [137] In Sweden, mortailty peaked in 1773, with about half of excess mortality due to dysentery. [143] Nordic countries
1776Famine following a series of hurricanes that struck the island [144] Martinique
1779Famine in Rabat Morocco [145]
1782Famine in Karahisar [8] Ottoman Empire
1782–1784Famine leading to an embargo on food exports from June 1783–January 1784 [133] Ireland
1782–1788 Great Tenmei famine Japan 20,000–920,000
1783–1784 Chalisa famine India 11,000,000 [146]
1783–1785Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of Laki killed around one-fifth [147] or 26% [148] of Iceland's population and 80% of livestock. Restrictions on fishing prevented most Icelanders from adopting fishing as an alternative to farming. [148] Iceland
1784Widespread famine throughout Egypt, one-sixth of the population died [149] Egypt
1784–1785Famine in Tunisia [150] Tunisia
c. 1785Famine [137] Norway
1786–1787The last famine in Denmark, following bad harvests in 1785–1786. Due to grain imports, Copenhagen was less affected than the rest of Denmark. [151] Denmark
1788The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle [152] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland. [153] [154] France
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted the Amhara and Tigray Regions Ethiopia
1789–1793 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India 11,000,000
1796Famine caused by locusts [39] Northern Ethiopia
1799–1800Famine in Diyarbakır [8] Ottoman Empire
1799–1801Famine and disease. Emergency rice and maize imports were bought from the United States. [155] Ireland 40,000
1800Regional famine [156] Jämtland County, Sweden
1801Famine (during a food crisis in Milan lasting 1799–1801) [157] Italy
1801Regional famine [158] Västerbotten County, Sweden
1804–1872, 1913A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia Poland, Ukraine (present day)400,000–550,000
1808Regional famine [158] Skaraborg County, Sweden
1809Regional famines [134] Jämtland and Västerbotten counties, Sweden
1809–1815Crop failure due to dry weather conditions. Joseon (Korea)2,000,000 [159]
1811–1812Famine devastated Madrid [160] Spain 20,000 [161]
1812Regional famine [134] Östergötland County, Sweden
1815Eruption of Mount Tambora. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine Indonesia 10,000
1816–1817 Year Without a Summer Europe and Yunnan 65,000+ in Europe
1822Famine [162] Western Ireland
1831Famine [138] Ireland
1830–1833Famine, claimed to have killed 42% of the population Cape Verde 30,000 [163]
1832–1833 Guntur famine of 1832 Madras Presidency, India 150,000
1832–1833Famine [127] Finland
1833–1837 Tenpō famine Japan
1837–1838 Agra famine of 1837–1838 India 800,000
1845–1857 Highland Potato Famine Scotland 150,000 estimated
1845–1852 Great Famine killed more than 1,000,000 out of over 8.5 million people inhabiting Ireland. Between 1.5–2 million people were forced to emigrate [164] Ireland 600,000 to over 1,500,000 that emigrated
1846Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal [165] Portugal
1846–1848The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Great Famine of Ireland Newfoundland, present-day Canada
1849–1850 Demak and Grobogan in central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. Indonesia 83,000 [166]
1857–1858Famine [127] Finland
1860–1861Black Winter of 1860–1861 [167] Qajar Iran
1860–1861 Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 India 2,000,000
1863–1867Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000 [168]
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 India 1,000,000 [169]
1866Keio famine (due to rain) [57] Japan
1866–1868 Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died Finland 150,000+
1866–1868Famine in French Algeria [170] French Algeria 820,000
1867–1869 Swedish famine of 1867–1869 Northern Sweden [171]
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 India 1,500,000 [169]
1869–1870Famines due to weather, with North Hamgyong Province particularly affected. [172] Joseon
1870–1872 Persian famine of 1870–1872, extended by some scholars from 1869 to 1873 [173] Qajar Iran 200,000–3,000,000 Estimates vary [174]
1873–1874Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods [175] [176] Turkey (present day)
1873–1874 Bihar famine of 1873–1874 India
1876–1878 Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878 India 5,500,000
1876–1879 Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 China 9,000,000–13,000,000 [177]
1876–1878Brazilian drought of 1877–1878, also known as the Grande Seca Brazil 500,000
1878–1880 St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska [178] United States 1,000
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. Ireland
1879Famine in the Eastern areas of the Empire [179] Ottoman Empire
1883–1885Famine caused by failure of rainy seasons and drought. [180] East Africa,Tanzania and Kenya
1888–1889Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar India 150,000
1888–1892 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died. [181] [182] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). Ethiopia 1,000,000
1891–1892 Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. Russia 375,000–500,000 [183] [184]
1895–1898Famine during the Cuban War of Independence Cuba 200,000–300,000
1896–1902 Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies. [185] [186] [187] India 2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1897–1901Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known as Yua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere [188] East Africa, Kenya and Uganda
1900–1903Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 11,000–20,000 [168]
1901Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialist Boxer rebellion. [189] China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and Inner Mongolia 200,000 in Shaanxi province.
1904–1906Famine in Spain [190] [191] [192] Spain
1906–1907 Chinese famine of 1906–1907 China 20,000,000–25,000,000 [193]
1913–1914Famine, grain price rose "thirtyfold" [39] Ethiopia
1914–1918 Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population [194] Lebanon 200,000
1914–1919Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. [195] Germany 763,000
1917Famine in German East Africa German East Africa 300,000
1917–1919 Persian famine of 1917–1919 Iran 2,000,000, [196] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000 [197]
1918–1919Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[ citation needed ]
1919–1922 Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population Turkestan [198]
1920–1921Famine in northern China China 500,000
1920–1922Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 24,000–25,000 [168]
1921 Russian famine of 1921–1922 Russia 5,000,000 [199]
1921–1922 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan Russia 500,000–2,000,000 [200]
1921–19231921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian Ukraine Ukraine 250,000–1,000,000 [201]
1924–1925Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished [202] [ unreliable source? ] Russia
1924–1925 Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain Irish Free State [ citation needed ]
1926Famine in Darfur [203] Darfur, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1928–1929Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–1930 Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in millions of deaths China 3,000,000–10,000,000
1930–1934First Kere Madagascar 500,000
1932–1933 Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period, [204] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932. [205] Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR 5,000,000 [205] –7,000,000 [206]
1939–1952Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economy Spain 200,000 [207] [208]
1940–1943Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 20,000 [168]
1940–1945Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis). [209] Occupied Poland
1940–1948Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France. [210] Morocco 200,000
1941–1944 Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F). [211] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished. [212] Soviet Union 800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation. [213] [214] Greece 300,000
1941–1942Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger. [215] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported. [216] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine. [217] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany. [218] Soviet Union 30,000–80,000
1941–1943Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor. [219] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation. [217] Soviet Union 10,000
1942–1943 Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Henan, China 700,000 − 3,000,000
1942–1943 Iranian famine of 1942–1943 Iran 4,000,000 [220]
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 Bengal, British India 2,100,000
1943–1944 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)36,000–50,000
1943–1945Famine in Hadhramaut Yemen (present day)10,000 [221] [222]
1943–1946Second Kere Madagascar 1,000,000
1944–1945 Java under Japanese occupation Java, Indonesia 2,400,000 [223]
1944–1945 Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War II [224] Netherlands 20,000
1944–1945 Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Vietnam 600,000–2,000,000 [225]
1945–1947Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Soviet Union 57,000–76,500 [226]
1946–1947 Hungerwinter Germany >100,000 [227] [ better source needed ]
1946–1947 Soviet famine of 1946–1947, drought. Soviet Union 1,000,000–1,500,000 [228] [229]
1946–1948Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000 [168]
1949 Nyasaland famine of 1949 Malawi 200
1950 1950 Caribou Inuit famine Canada 60
1955–1958Third Kere Madagascar
1958 Famine in Tigray [39] Ethiopia 100,000
1959–1961The Great Chinese Famine [230] [231] [232] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962. [233] China (mainland)15,000,000–55,000,000 [231] [234] [235]
1966–1967Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade Indonesia 50,000 [236]
1966–1967Rice crisis [237] Burma
1967–1970Famine caused by Nigerian Civil War and blockade Biafra 2,000,000
1968–1972 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people [238] Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso 1,000,000[ citation needed ]
1970–1972Fourth Kere Madagascar
1971–1973Afghanistan drought Afghanistan
1972Politically induced famine Burundi 300,000 [239]
1972–1973 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule Ethiopia 60,000 [240]
1973Darfur drought Darfur, Sudan 1,000
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 [241] Bangladesh 27,000–1,500,000[ citation needed ]
1975–1979 Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine Cambodia 500,000 [242]
1980–1981Caused by drought and conflict [240] Uganda 30,000 [240]
1980–1982Fifth Kere Madagascar
1982–1983Sixth Kere Madagascar 230,000+ [243]
1982–1985Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War Mozambique 100,000
1983–1985 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia [244] Ethiopia 400,000–600,000 [245]
1984–1985Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 240,000
1986–1987Seventh Kere Madagascar 7,600 in Antananarivo [246]
1988Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 100,000
1988–1989Eighth Kere Madagascar
1991–1992 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war [240] Somalia 300,000 [240]
1992–1994Ninth Kere Madagascar
1993 1993 Sudan famine Sudan 20,000 [247]
1995–2000 North Korean famine. [248] [249] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million). [250] North Korea 200,000–3,500,000
1995–1996Tenth Kere Madagascar
1997–1998Eleventh Kere Madagascar
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought Sudan 70,000 [240]
19981998 Afghanistan famine Afghanistan
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War Ethiopia
1998–2004 Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700,000
2003–2005Famine during the War in Darfur Sudan 200,000
2004–2005Twelfth Kere Madagascar
2005–2006 2005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa [251] [252] [253] Niger and West Africa 47,755 [254]
2009–2013Thirteenth Kere Madagascar
2011–2012Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought [255] Somalia 285,000
2012Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought [256] Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2014–2017Fourteenth Kere Madagascar
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen 85,000 children as of 2017. [257] Unknown number of adults.
2017 Famine in South Sudan [258] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in Nigeria South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.
2020–present Famine in the Tigray War [259] Tigray, Ethiopia 150,000–200,000+ [260]
2021–present 2021–present Madagascar famine Madagascar
2021–present Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan Afghanistan
2023–present Gaza Strip famine Gaza Strip, Palestine ~367+ [261] [a]
2023–present 2024 Sudan famine Sudan 1050+ [262]
2024–present 2024 famine in Haiti Haiti
2025-present 2025 hunger crisis in Syria Syria

Table

Global famines history.jpg

See also

Main article lists

Notes

  1. ↑ With reporting access to Gaza heavily restricted, see Gaza Strip famine for more information on estimations of death attributable to famine in Gaza.

References

  1. ↑ "Famine Stela: A piece of Pharaonic diary". EgyptToday. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  2. ↑ "Famine in Ancient Egypt". Egypt Museum. 2025-02-15. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  3. ↑ "From the Founding of the City/Book 4". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  4. ↑ Deng, Yunte (2020-07-23). The History of Famine Relief in China. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-108-47990-5.
  5. ↑ Shaw, Rajib; Nguyen, Huy (2011). Droughts in Asian Monsoon Region. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 97. ISBN   9780857248640.
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  10. ↑ Holman, Susan R. (2001-08-09). Hunger: Famine, Relief, and Identity in Basil's Cappadocia. Oxford University Press. pp. viii, 65. doi:10.1093/0195139127.003.0003. ISBN   9780195139129 . Retrieved 2025-04-04.
  11. 1 2 Slavin, Philip (2016-05-01). "Climate and famines: a historical reassessment" . WIREs Climate Change. 7 (3). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 433–447. Bibcode:2016WIRCC...7..433S. doi:10.1002/wcc.395 . Retrieved 2025-04-04.
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  14. ↑ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 25–29. ISBN   978-1-4008-6581-9.
  15. ↑ Glick, Thomas F. (2005). Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN   9789047415589 . Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Newfield, Timothy P. (November 2013). "The Contours, Frequency and Causation of Subsistence Crises in Carolingian Europe (750-950 CE)". In Benito I Monclús, Pere (ed.). Crisis alimentarias en la Edad Media. Modelos, explicaciones y representaciones. Spain: Milenio Publicaciones. p. 172. ISBN   978-84-9743-491-1 . Retrieved 2025-04-05.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hoyle 2017, p. 146.
  18. ↑ Gill, Richardson Benedict (2001-04-01). The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. UNM Press. ISBN   978-0826327741.
  19. ↑ Embree, Ainslie Thomas. (1988) Encyclopedia of Asian History, Vol. 2, Scribner, p. 82, ISBN   9780684186191: "rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province … caused by famine conditions, oppressive taxation,
  20. ↑ Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"
  21. ↑ Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stanford University Press. p. 480. ISBN   978-0-8047-2630-6.
  22. ↑ Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1985). Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. University of California Press. p.  27. ISBN   978-0-520-05129-4.
  23. ↑ Fei, Jie; Zhou, Jie (2016-02-11). "The drought and locust plague of 942–944 AD in the Yellow River Basin, China" . Quaternary International. Volcanic Activity and Human Society. 394: 115–122. Bibcode:2016QuInt.394..115F. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.053. ISSN   1040-6182.
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  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rassi, Juliette (2017), Schenk, Gerrit Jasper (ed.), "Several Natural Disasters in the Middle East (at the Beginning of the Eleventh Century) and Their Consequences" , Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe, Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–79, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_3, ISBN   978-3-319-49163-9 , retrieved 2024-09-26
  26. ↑ Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
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  29. 1 2 Davis, Lee Allyn (2010). Natural Disasters. Infobase Publishing. p. 120. ISBN   9781438118789.
  30. ↑ The Encyclopædia Britannica – Volume 9. p. 64
  31. ↑ "FAEC - FEARFUL FAMINES OF THE PAST". www.mitosyfraudes.org.
  32. 1 2 3 Dribe, Olsson & Svensson 2017, pp. 189, 194.
  33. ↑ Hoyle 2017, pp. 146, 164–165.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Farris 2006, p. 58.
  35. ↑ Farris 2006, pp. 29–33.
  36. ↑ Farris, William Wayne (2009). Japan to 1600: a social and economic history. University of Hawaii Press. p. 116. ISBN   978-0-8248-3379-4.
  37. ↑ Ó Gráda 2009 , p. 17
  38. ↑ Walford, Cornelius (September 1878). "The Famines of the World". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 41 (3): 433–526. doi:10.2307/2338978. JSTOR   2338978.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Webb, Patrick; Braun, Joachim Von; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992). Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-89629-095-2.
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  216. ↑ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
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  220. ↑ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2016-03-22). Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine. UPA. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-7618-6739-5. Although 4 million died in the famine of 1942-43...
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  222. ↑ Freitag, Ulrike (2003) Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. BRILL. p. 406. ISBN 9789004128507.
  223. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
  224. ↑ Zwarte, Ingrid de (2020-07-23). The Hunger Winter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-108-83680-7.
  225. ↑ Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001) The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  226. ↑ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
  227. ↑ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
  228. ↑ Ellman, M. (2000) The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(5), pp. 603-630
  229. ↑ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
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  231. 1 2 Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  232. ↑ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  233. ↑ "Documenting China's lost history of famine". BBC News. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  234. ↑ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN   1324-9347. JSTOR   41262812. S2CID   141874259.
  235. ↑ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
  236. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine , Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  237. ↑ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 225. ISBN   9780862328689.
  238. ↑ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow. May 13, 1974. TIME
  239. ↑ Christian Thibon. Famine Yesterday and Today in Burundi. Famine Demography: Perspectives from the Past and Present.
  240. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ó Gráda 2009 , p. 24
  241. ↑ "Famine - Entitlement, Causes, Effects | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  242. ↑ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN   9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  243. ↑ Ralaingita, M. I., Ennis, G., Russell-Smith, J., Sangha, K., Razanakoto, T. (26 March 2022). "The Kere of Madagascar: a qualitative exploration of community experiences and perspectives". Ecology and Society.
  244. ↑ "Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  245. ↑ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN   1-56432-038-3. OCLC   24504262.
  246. ↑ Garenne, Michel; Waltisperger, Dominique; Cantrelle, Pierre; Ralijaona, O. The Demographic Impact of a Mild Famine in an African City: The Case of Antananarivo, 1985-7. The demography of Famines: Perspectives from the past and the present.
  247. ↑ "A 'Silent' Famine Spreads Death in Southern Sudan : Africa: Bitter civil war, homelessness and disease in the remote area bring misery rivaling that of Somalia. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times . 10 April 1993.
  248. ↑ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS . Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
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  250. ↑ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  251. ↑ "Niger: An evidence base for understanding the current crisis - Niger | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2005-07-26. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  252. ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2006 - Niger". Refworld. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  253. ↑ "UN Seeks $240 Mln of Food Aid for West Africa". archive.globalpolicy.org. January 16, 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  254. ↑ Oliver Rubin. "The Niger Famine: A Collapse of Entitlements and Democratic Responsiveness". Journal of Asian and African Studies.
  255. ↑ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  256. ↑ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  257. ↑ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times.
  258. ↑ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
  259. ↑ Reisen, Mirjam Van (2024-11-17). Tigray: The Hysteresis of War. African Books Collective. ISBN   978-9956-554-19-5.
  260. ↑ "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers". The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
  261. ↑ "Death toll from Israel's forced starvation of Gaza reaches 367". TRT World . Retrieved 2025-09-06.
  262. ↑ SudanTribune (2024-10-17). "Famine tightens grip on Sudan's Nuba Mountains, hundreds dead". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2024-10-21.

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