List of disasters by cost

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Disasters can have high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a large disaster occurs in a wealthy country, the financial damage may be large, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a poorer country, the actual financial damage may appear to be relatively small. This is in part due to the difficulty of measuring the financial damage in areas that lack insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of around 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion, ^[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damage was six times higher.

The most expensive disaster in human history is the Chernobyl disaster, costing an estimated $700 billion. ^[2] Chernobyl's circumstances make it a unique but particularly devastating situation that is unlikely to ever happen again. Estimations have only increased over time, with the recent figure coming from the release of new government data up to 2016. ^[3] Furthermore, the cost is expected to perpetually increase for several thousand years as cleanup operations and the economic impact of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone continue indefinitely. ^[4] The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion. ^[5]

Over $1 billion

This table lists disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of at least 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account.

List of disasters by cost. Over $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2024 (unless otherwise stated)

Event	Cost ($ billion)		Fatalities	Type	Year	Nation(s)
	Actual	Inflated
Chernobyl disaster	$700 [6]	$917.1	30–16,000	Contamination (Radioactive)	1986	Soviet Union ( , , )
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami + Fukushima nuclear disaster	$360 [7] [8] [5]	$503.2	19,759	Undersea Megathrust Earthquake, Tsunami, Contamination (Radioactive)	2011	Japan
Great Hanshin earthquake	$200 [9]	$412.7	5,502 – 6,434	Earthquake	1995	Japan
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes	$157.8 [10] [11]	$162.8	59,488 – 62,013	Earthquake	2023	West Asia (  Turkey,   Syria)
2008 Sichuan earthquake	$130 [12]	$189.9	87,587	Earthquake	2008	China
Hurricane Katrina	$125 [13]	$201.2	1,392	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States,   Bahamas
Hurricane Harvey	$125 [13]	$160.3	107	Tropical cyclone	2017	Americas ( , , , , others)
Hurricane Ian	$112 [13]	$120.3	161	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America ( , , , others)
2020 South Asian floods	$105 [14] [15]	$127.6	6,511	Flood	2020	South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Maria	$91.6 [13]	$117.5	3,059 [16]	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Milton	$85 [17]	$85	35	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Hurricane Helene	$81.6 [18]	$81.6	225	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Ida	$75 [19]	$87	107	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America ( , , , others)
2019–20 Australian bushfire season	$69 [20]	$83.8	451	Wildfire	2019-20	Australia
Hurricane Sandy	$68.7 [13]	$94.1	254	Tropical cyclone	2012	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Irma	$64.8 [13]	$83.1	134	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
Deepwater Horizon oil spill	$60 – $100 [21]	$86.5 – $144.2	11	Contamination (Oil)	2010	United States
2021 European floods	$54 [22]	$62.7	243	Flood	2021	Europe ( , , , others)
1988–1990 North American drought	$53.25 [23]	$135.1	5,000+	Drought	1988-89	United States, Canada
2012–2013 North American drought	$49.6 – $56.1 [24]	$67 – $75.7	104	Drought	2012-13	United States, Canada
2010 China floods	$51.4 [25]	$74.1	3,189	Flood	2010	China,   North Korea
1994 Northridge earthquake	$49 [26]	$104	57	Earthquake	1994	United States
2015 Southeast Asian haze	$47 [27]	$62.3	100,300 [28]	Wildfire, subsequent haze	2015	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes	$46 [29]	$60.3	273	Earthquake	2016	Japan
2011 Thailand floods	$45.7 [30]	$63.9	815	Flood	2011	Thailand
2023 South Asian floods	$41.6 [31]	$42.9	2,309	Flood	2023	South Asia ( , , , others)
2022 European heatwaves	$40.2 [32]	$43.2	24,501	Heatwave	2022	Europe ( , , , others)
2011 Christchurch earthquake	$40 [33]	$55.9	185	Earthquake	2011	New Zealand
2022 Pakistan floods	$40 [34]	$43	1,700	Flood	2022	Pakistan
Hurricane Ike	$38 [13]	$55.5	214	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
2020 China floods	$32 [35] [36]	$38.9	278 [35]	Flood	2020	China
Typhoon Doksuri	$28.5 [37]	$29.4	137	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2004 Chūetsu earthquake	$28 [38] [39]	$46.6	68	Earthquake	2004	Japan
Hurricane Wilma	$27.4 [13]	$44.1	87	Tropical cyclone	2005	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Andrew	$27.3 [13]	$61.2	65	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm	$26.5 [40]	$30.8	237 [41] [42] [43] [44]	Winter storm, Infrastructure failure (electric)	2021	North America ( , , )
Hurricane Ivan	$26.1 [13]	$43.4	124	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Michael	$25.1 [45]	$31.4	74	Tropical cyclone	2018	North America ( , , , others)
2018 California wildfires	$24.0 [24]	$30.1	103	Wildfire	2018	United States
2011 Sikkim earthquake	$22.3 [46]	$31.2	111	Earthquake	2011	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
2016 China floods	$22 [47]	$28.8	449	Flood	2016	China
September 11 terrorist attacks	$21.8 – $135 [48]	$38.7 – $239.7	2,996	Terror attack	2001	United States
Storm Daniel	$21.1 [49]	$21.8	5,951 – 20,000	Tropical cyclone, Dam failure	2023	Libya, Greece
2021 Henan floods	$20.9 [50]	$24.3	398 (official confirmed)	Flood	2021	China
1980 Irpinia earthquake	$20 [51]	$76.3	4,900	Earthquake	1980	Italy
2024 Central European floods	$20 [52]	$20	27	Flood	2024	Central Europe ( , , , others)
2002 European floods	$19.2	$33.6	232	Flood	2002	Central Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Laura	$19.1 [35] [53]	$23.2	77	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Rita	$18.5 [13]	$29.8	97 – 125	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States
Cyclone Lothar	$17.6 [54]	$33.2	140	European windstorm	1999	Western Europe ( , , , others)
Typhoon Hagibis	$17.3 [55]	$21.3	139	Tropical cyclone	2019	Japan
Hurricane Charley	$16.9 [13]	$28.1	35	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , )
2012 Nigeria floods	$16.9 [56]	$23.1	363	Flood	2012	Nigeria
2006 European heatwave	$16.3 [57]	$23.9	3,418	Heatwave	2006	Europe ( , , , others)
2009 L'Aquila earthquake	$16.0 [58]	$23.5	308	Earthquake	2009	Italy
Hurricane Otis	$16.0 [59]	$17	52 or more	Tropical cyclone	2023	Mexico
Typhoon Yagi	$15.8[ citation needed ]	$15.8	815	Tropical cyclone	2024	Southeast Asia ( , , , , others)
2012 Northern Italy earthquakes	$15.8 [60]	$21.6	27	Earthquake	2012	Italy
2013 European floods	$15.6 [61]	$21.1	25	Flood	2013	Europe ( , , , others)
Cyclone Amphan	$15.5 [62] [63]	$18.8	128 [64]	Tropical cyclone	2020	Eastern South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Matthew	$15.1 [65] [66]	$19.8	731	Tropical cyclone	2016	North America ( , , , others)
Great Flood of 1993	$15 – $20 [67]	$32.7 – $43.5	47	Flood	1993	United States
Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke	$15 [68]	$36.1	197	European windstorm	1990	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	$15 [1]	$25	230,000 – 280,000	Earthquake, Tsunami	2004	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2010 Russian heat wave	$15 [69]	$21.6	56,000	Wildfire, Heatwave	2010	Russia
October 2017 Northern California wildfires	$15 [70] [71] [ better source needed ]	$19.2	44	Wildfire	2017	United States
2010 Chile earthquake	$15 – $30 [72]	$21.6 – $43.3	525	Earthquake	2010	Chile
2020 Beirut explosion	$15 [73]	$18.2	218	Ammonium nitrate explosion	2020	Lebanon
2023 Western North America heat wave	$14.8 [74]	$15.3	995	Heatwave	2023	North America ( , , )
2003 European heatwave	$14.5 [75]	$24.8	72,000	Heatwave	2003	Europe ( , , , others)
1988 Armenian earthquake	$14.2 [76]	$37.8	38,000	Earthquake	1988	Armenia (  Soviet Union)
Hurricane Irene	$14.2 [13]	$19.8	58	Tropical cyclone	2011	North America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Jebi	$13 [77]	$16.3	21	Tropical cyclone	2018	East Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Nargis	$12.9 [78]	$18.8	138,366	Tropical cyclone	2008	Myanmar
November 2015 Paris attacks	$12.7 [79]	$16.8	130	Terror attack	2015	France
2015 South India floods	$12 [80]	$15.9	506	Flood	2015	India
2020 Zagreb earthquake	$11.7 [81]	$14.2	1	Earthquake	2020	Croatia,   Slovenia
August 2020 Midwest derecho	$11.5 [82]	$14	4 [82]	Derecho	2020	United States
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake	$11 [83]	$14.4	299	Earthquake	2016	Italy
2023 Emilia-Romagna floods	$11 [84]	$11.4	17	Flood	2023	Italy
Typhoon Fitow	$10.4 [85]	$14	12	Tropical cyclone	2013	China
2011 Super Outbreak + Hackleburg–Phil Campbell and Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornadoes	$10.2 [24]	$14.3	348	Tornado outbreak	2011	United States
2021 Western North America heat wave	$10.1 [74]	$11.7	1,400	Heat Wave	2021	Canada,   United States
2016 Louisiana floods	$10 – $15 [86]	$13.1 – $19.7	13	Flood	2016	United States
1980 United States heat wave	$10 [24]	$38.2	1,700 – 10,000	Drought	1980	United States
Typhoon Mireille	$10 [87]	$23.1	64	Tropical cyclone	1991	Japan
1999 Jiji earthquake	$10 [88]	$18.9	2,415	Earthquake	1999	Taiwan
2007 Chūetsu earthquake	$10 [89]	$15.2	11	Earthquake	2007	Japan
April 2015 Nepal earthquake	$10 [90]	$13.3	8,964	Earthquake	2015	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Kyrill	$10 [68]	$15.2	44	European windstorm	2007	Western Europe ( , , , others)
June 2008 Midwest floods	$10 [24]	$14.6	16	Flood	2008	United States
1976 Tangshan earthquake	$10 [24]	$55.3	242,419 – 655,000	Earthquake	1976	China
Typhoon Faxai	$10 [91]	$12.3	3	Tropical cylone	2019	Japan,   Wake Island
2014 Ludian earthquake	$9.91 [92]	$13.2	615 – 727	Earthquake	2014	China
2018 Japan floods	$9.86 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$12.1	238 (official confirmed)	Flood	2018	Japan
Hurricane Frances	$9.8 [13] [93] [94] [95]	$16.3	50	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , )
Hurricane Hugo	$9.5 [13]	$24.1	60	Tropical cyclone	1989	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Georges	$9.4 [13]	$18.1	604	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Lekima	$9.28 [96]	$11.4	105	Tropical cyclone	2019	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Gabrielle	$9.2 [97]	$9.5	11	Tropical cyclone	2023	New Zealand
2022 Nigeria floods	$9.12 [98]	$9.8	612	Flood	2022	Nigeria
Tropical Storm Allison	$9 [99]	$16	55	Tropical cyclone	2001	United States,   Canada
Typhoon Songda	$9 [100]	$15	28	Tropical cyclone	2004	Japan
2022 Fukushima earthquake	$8.8 [101]	$9.5	4	Earthquake	2022	Japan
1999 İzmit earthquake	$8.5 [102]	$16	17,127 – 18,373	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
Tropical Storm Allison	$8.5 [13]	$15.1	55	Tropical cyclone	2001	United States
Hurricane Gustav	$8.3 [13]	$12.1	153	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Eta	$8.3 [35]	$10.1	189	Tropical cyclone	2020	Caribbean basin ( , , , others)
2010 Haiti earthquake	$8.1 – $14 [103] [104]	$11.7 – $20.2	100,000 – 220,000	Earthquake	2010	Haiti
Cyclone Fani	$8.1 [105]	$10	89	Tropical cyclone	2019	India,   Bangladesh
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake	$8 [106]	$19.3	45,000	Earthquake	1990	Iran
2017 Puebla earthquake	$8 [107]	$10.3	370	Earthquake	2017	Mexico
Hurricane Jeanne	$7.9 [13]	$13.2	3,035	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
2016 Fort McMurray wildfire	$7.61 [108] [109]	$10	2	Wildfire	2016	Canada
2022 China heat wave	$7.6 [110]	$8.2	50,900 [111]	Heatwave	2022	China
2023 Slovenia floods	$7.6 [112]	$7.8	7	Flood	2023	Julian Alps ( , , )
2001 Gujarat earthquake	$7.5 [113]	$13.3	20,023	Earthquake	2001	India, Pakistan
2021 Pacific Northwest floods	$7.5 [114]	$8.7	5	Flood	2021	Canada,   United States
2024 Noto earthquake	>$7.4 (estimated) [115]	>$7.4	504	Earthquake	2024	Japan
Hurricane Sally	$7.3 [82]	$8.9	5 [82]	Tropical cyclone	2020	United States
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024	$7.3 [116]	$7.3	31	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
Typhoon Rammasun	$7.13 [117]	$9.5	196	Tropical cyclone	2014	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2023 Al Haouz earthquake	$7 [118]	$7.2	2,960	Earthquake	2023	Morocco
Exxon Valdez oil spill	$7 [119]	$17.8	0	Contamination (Oil)	1989	North America ( , )
Typhoon Nina + 1975 Banqiao Dam failure	$6.7 [120]	$39.2	229,000	Tropical cyclone, Dam failure	1975	China,   Taiwan
Hurricane Floyd	$6.5 [13]	$12.3	74	Tropical cyclone	1999	North America ( , , )
2007 United Kingdom floods	$6.5 [121]	$9.9	13	Flood	2007	United Kingdom
Typhoon Hato	$6.41 [122] [123] [124]	$8.2	24	Tropical cyclone	2017	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster	$6.4 [125]	$10.9	7	Space flight accident	2003	United States
Typhoon Saomai-Osang	$6.3 [126]	$11.2	28	Tropical cyclone	2000	East Asia ( , , )
Black Saturday bushfires	$6.3 [20]	$9.2	173	Wildfire	2009	Australia
2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake	$6.2 [127]	$8	630	Earthquake	2017	Iran, Iraq
Typhoon Morakot	$6.2 [128]	$9.1	789	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Beryl	$6.2 [129]	$6.2	70	Tropical cyclone	2024	Caribbean basin ( , , , , others)
Hurricane Mitch	$6.1 [13]	$11.8	11,374+	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
Cyclone Xynthia	$6.1 [68]	$8.8	75	European windstorm	2010	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2020 Petrinja earthquake	$6.1 [130]	$7.4	7	Earthquake	2020	Balkans ( , , , others)
Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024	$6.1 [116]	$6.1	6	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake	$6 [131]	$15.2	63	Earthquake	1989	United States
Typhoon Prapiroon	$6 [132]	$11	75	Tropical cyclone	2000	Northeast Asia ( , , , others)
Northeast blackout of 2003	$6 [133]	$10.3	11	Infrastructure failure (electric)	2003	United States, Canada
Cyclone Klaus	$6 [68]	$8.8	26	European windstorm	2009	Southeastern Europe ( , , , others)
2013 Alberta floods	$6 [134]	$8.1	5	Flood	2013	Canada
Typhoon Shanshan	$6 [135]	$6	8	Tropical cyclone	2024	Japan,   South Korea
Tornado outbreak of March 31–April 1, 2023	$5.7 [136]	$5.9	33	Tornado outbreak	2023	United States
2020 Kyushu floods	$5.67 [137]	$6.9	77	Flood	2020	Japan
Cyclone Gudrun	$5.5 [68]	$8.9	24	European windstorm	2005	North Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Isabel	$5.5 [13]	$9.4	51	Tropical cyclone	2003	United States
1993 Storm of the Century	$5.5 [138]	$12	270 [138]	Winter storm	1993	United States
2023 Hawaii wildfires	$5.5 [116]	$5.7	102	Wildfire	2023	United States
2005 Kashmir earthquake	$5.2 [139]	$8.4	86,000 – 87,351	Earthquake	2005	Pakistan ,   India
1980 El Asnam earthquake	$5.2 [140]	$19.8	5,000	Earthquake	1980	Algeria
Hurricane Dorian	$5.1 [141] [142] [143]	$6.3	84 [142] [143]	Tropical cyclone	2019	North America ( , , , others)
1931 China floods	$5.07 [144]	$104.8	422,499 – 4,000,000	Flood	1931	China
1985 Mexico City earthquake	$5 [145]	$14.6	10,000 – 35,000	Earthquake	1985	Mexico
Typhoon Herb	$5 [146]	$10	284 – 590	Tropical cyclone	1996	East Asia ( , , )
2003 Boumerdès earthquake	$5 [51]	$8.5	2,266	Earthquake	2003	Algeria
2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull	$5 [147]	$7.2	0	Volcanic eruption	2010	Iceland, Northern Hemisphere (ash cloud only)
Tropical Storm Imelda	$5 [148]	$6.1	5 [148]	Tropical cyclone	2019	United States
2025 Tibet earthquake	$5 [149]	$5	126	Earthquake	2025	Southern Asia ( , , )
2019 Karnataka floods	$4.95 [150]	$6.1	61	Flood	2019	India
2014 Southeast Europe floods	$4.8 [151]	$6.4	86	Flood	2014	Southeast Europe ( , , , others)
2018 Kerala floods	$4.8 [152]	$6	483	Flood	2018	India
2021–2022 Malaysian floods	$4.77 [153]	$5.1	54	Flood	2022	Malaysia
Hurricane Opal	$4.7 [13]	$9.7	63	Tropical cyclone	1995	North America ( , , , others)
1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake	$4.67 [154]	$9.1	11	Earthquake	1997	Italy
Typhoon Haiyan	$4.6 [155] [156] [157]	$6.2	6,329 – 7,403	Tropical cyclone	2013	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2022–2023 California floods	$4.6 [158]	$4.7	22	Flood	2022-23	United States
1979 Montenegro earthquake	$4.5 [159]	$19.5	136	Earthquake	1979	Yugoslavia ( , , )
1997 Central European flood	$4.5 [160]	$8.8	114	Flood	1997	Central Europe ( , , )
1997 Indonesian forest fires + 1997 Southeast Asian haze + Garuda Indonesia Flight 152	$4.47 [161]	$8.8	240	Wildfire, subsequent haze and plane crash	1997	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
1999 Odisha cyclone	$4.44 [162]	$8.4	9,887	Tropical cyclone	1999	South Asia ( , , , others)
2020 Sudan floods	$4.43 [163]	$5.4	100	Flood	2020	Sudan
Cyclone Gonu	$4.42 [164]	$6.7	78	Tropical cyclone	2007	Oman, Iran
Hurricane Zeta	$4.4 [165]	$5.3	9	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Typhoon Mawar	$4.3 [166]	$4.4	6	Tropical cyclone	2023	West Pacific basin ( , , , others)
Cyclone Phailin	$4.26 [167]	$5.8	46	Tropical cyclone	2013	South Asia ( , , , others)
1999 Athens earthquake	$4.2 [168]	$7.9	143	Earthquake	1999	Greece
Typhoon Rusa	$4.2 [169]	$7.3	238	Tropical cyclone	2002	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Manuel	$4.2 [170]	$5.7	123	Tropical cyclone	2013	Mexico
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003	$4.1 [24]	$7	42	Tornado	2003	United States
2019 Iran floods	$4.1 [171]	$5	77	Flood	2019	Iran
Great Storm of 1987	$4 [68]	$11.1	22	European windstorm	1987	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2017 Chiapas earthquake	$4 [172]	$5.1	98	Earthquake	2017	Mexico, Guatemala
Hurricane Dennis	$3.98 [173] [174]	$6.4	88	Tropical cyclone	2005	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
1983 Spanish floods	$3.9 [175]	$12.3	34	Flood	1983	Spain
Hurricane Stan	$3.9 [176]	$6.3	1,673	Tropical cyclone	2005	Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Karl	$3.9 [177]	$5.6	22	Tropical cyclone	2010	Mexico,   Belize
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021	$3.9 [178]	$4.5	90	Tornado	2021	United States
Cyclone Chido	$3.9 [179]	$3.9	172+	Cyclone	2024	South-west Africa ( , , , others)
Typhoon Mangkhut	$3.74 [180]	$4.7	134	Tropical cyclone	2018	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods	$3.7 [181]	$3.7	181	Flood	2024	Brazil, Uruguay
Hurricane Isabel	$3.6 [182]	$6.2	51	Tropical cyclone	2003	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclone Yasi	$3.6 [183]	$4.6	7	Tropical cyclone	2011	Australia
Cyclone Hudhud	$3.58 [184]	$4.8	124	Tropical cyclone	2014	India,     Nepal
Typhoon Utor	$3.55 [185]	$4.8	97	Tropical cyclone	2013	China,   Philippines
Cyclone Matmo–Bulbul	$3.54 [186]	$4.4	43	Tropical cyclone	2019	South Asia ( , , , others)
Vargas tragedy	$3.5 [187]	$6.6	10,000 – 30,000	Flood, landslide and mudflow	1999	Venezuela
2016 Kaikōura earthquake	$3.5 [188]	$4.6	2	Earthquake	2016	New Zealand
Hurricane Idalia	$3.5 [189]	$3.6	12	Tropical cyclone	2023	North America ( , , , others)
Cyclone Vardah	$3.37 [190]	$4.4	47	Tropical cyclone	2016	Indian Ocean basin ( , , , others)
2022 eastern Australia floods	$3.33 [191]	$3.6	27	Flood	2022	Australia
Hurricane Luis	$3.3 [192]	$6.8	19	Tropical cyclone	1995	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake	$3.3 [193]	$4.1	41	Earthquake	2018	Japan
1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake	$3.2 [194]	$17.7	5,000	Earthquake	1976	Turkey,   Iran
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster	$3.2 [195]	$9.2	7 [196]	Space flight accident	1986	United States
Typhoon Winnie	$3.2 [197]	$6.3	372	Tropical cyclone	1997	East Asia ( , , , others)
2010 Central European floods	$3.14 [198]	$4.5	37	Flood	2010	Central Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Isaac	$3.11 [199] [200]	$4.3	41	Tropical cyclone	2012	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
1976 Moro Gulf earthquake	$3.1 [201]	$17.1	8,000	Earthquake	1976	Philippines
Hurricane Iniki	$3.1 [13]	$6.9	6	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake	$3.1 [202]	$4.8	5,749	Earthquake	2006	Indonesia
2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes	$3.1 [203]	$3.8	4	Earthquake	2020	Puerto Rico
2023 Canadian wildfires	$3.1 [204]	$3.2	8	Wildfire	2023	Canada,   United States
Hurricane Delta	$3.09 [205]	$3.8	6	Tropical cyclone	2020	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Fiona	$3.09 [206] [207]	$3.3	29	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America ( , , , others)
1964 Niigata earthquake	$3.0 [208]	$30.4	36	Earthquake	1964	Japan
Hurricane Alicia	$3.0 [209]	$9.5	21	Tropical cyclone	1983	United States
Hurricane Gilbert	$3.0 [13]	$8	318	Tropical cyclone	1988	North America ( , , , others)
2016 Ecuador earthquake	$3.0 [210]	$3.9	676	Earthquake	2016	Latin America ( , , )
2019 Arkansas River floods	$3.0 [211]	$3.7	5	Flood	2019	United States
Cyclone Yaas	$2.99 [212]	$3.5	20	Tropical cyclone	2021	South Asia ( , , , others)
June 2012 North American derecho	$2.9 [24]	$4	22	Derecho	2012	United States
2019 Midwestern U.S. floods	$2.9 [24]	$3.6	3	Flood	2019	United States
Tropical Storm Lee	$2.8 [213]	$3.9	18	Tropical cyclone	2011	United States
2011 Joplin tornado	$2.8 [214]	$3.9	158	Tornado	2011	United States
Cyclone Debbie	$2.73 [215]	$3.5	14	Tropical cyclone	2017	Australia,   New Zealand
AZF chemical plant explosion	$2.68 [216]	$4.8	29	Explosion	2001	France
2010 Canterbury earthquake	$2.63 [217]	$3.8	2	Earthquake	2010	New Zealand
1989 Newcastle earthquake	$2.6 [218]	$6.6	13	Earthquake	1989	Australia
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019	$2.5 [24]	$3.1	8	Tornado	2019	United States
2017 Montana wildfires	$2.5 [24]	$3.2	2	Drought, Wildfire	2017	United States
2017 Minneapolis hailstorm	$2.5 [24]	$3.2	0	Hailstorm	2017	United States
Hurricane John	$2.5 [219]	$2.5	29	Tropical cyclone	2024	Mexico
2024 Hualien earthquake	$2.5 [220]	$2.5	19	Earthquake	2024	Eastern Asia ( , , )
Hurricane Michelle	$2.43 [221]	$4.3	48	Tropical cyclone	2001	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024	$2.4 [116]	$2.4	5	Derecho, tornado outbreak, flood	2024	United States
2024 European floods	$2.4 [222]	$2.4	52+	Flood	2024	Europe ( , , , others)
Typhoon Gaemi	$2.31 [223] [224]	$2.3	126	Tropical cyclone	2024	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Sidr	$2.3 [225]	$3.5	15,000	Tropical cyclone	2007	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
2009 Sumatra earthquakes	$2.3 [226]	$3.4	1,115	Earthquake	2009	Indonesia
Typhoon Matsa	$2.23 [227]	$3.6	25	Tropical cyclone	2005	East Asia ( , , , others)
2022 Luding earthquake	$2.23 [228]	$2.4	93	Earthquake	2022	China
Storm Ciarán	$2.22 [229]	$2.3	21	European windstorm	2023	Europe ( , , , others)
2017 Denver hailstorm	$2.2 [24]	$2.8	0	Hailstorm	2017	United States
2011 Van earthquakes	$2.2 [230]	$3.1	642	Earthquake	2011	Turkey
Cyclone Mocha	$2.2 [231]	$2.3	463 – 564	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southern Asia ( , , , , others)
Cyclone Roanu	$2.13 [232]	$2.8	135	Tropical cyclone	2016	South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Agnes	$2.1 [233]	$15.8	128	Tropical cyclone	1972	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclones BOB 03 and Yemyin	$2.1 [234] [235]	$3.2	983	Tropical cyclone	2007	South Asia ( , , )
Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017	$2.1 [24]	$2.7	0	Tornado	2017	United States
Cyclone Komen	$2.06 [236] [237]	$2.7	167	Tropical cyclone	2015	South Asia ( , , )
2023 Jishishan earthquake	$2.05 [238]	$2.1	151	Earthquake	2023	China
Typhoon In-fa	$2.04 [239]	$2.4	6	Tropical cyclone	2021	East Asia ( , , }, others)
Teton Dam disaster	$2 [240]	$11.1	11	Dam failure	1976	United States
1977 Vrancea earthquake	$2 [241]	$10.4	1,700	Earthquake	1977	Black Sea basin ( , , , others)
Hurricane Joan–Miriam	$2 [242]	$5.3	337	Tropical cyclone	1988	Central and South America ( , , , others)
1999 Colombia earthquake	$2 [243]	$3.8	1,900 – 5,800	Earthquake	1999	Colombia
December Storm	$2 [244]	$3.8	20	European windstorm	1999	Central Europe ( , , )
2001 Nisqually earthquake	$2 [245]	$3.6	1	Earthquake	2001	United States
Costa Concordia disaster	$2 [246]	$2.7	33	Maritime disaster	2012	Italy
2013 Moore tornado	$2 [247]	$2.7	26	Tornado	2013	United States
2024 Persian Gulf floods	$2 [248]	$2	46	Flood	2024	Persian Gulf basin ( , , , others)
Hurricane Debby	$2 [249]	$2	10	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America and Antiles ( , , , others)
2003 Tokachi earthquake	$1.9 [250]	$3.2	1	Earthquake	2003	Japan
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse	$1.9 [251]	$1.9	6	Bridge collapse	2024	United States
Cyclone Aila	$1.83 [252]	$2.7	339	Tropical cyclone	2009	Bangladesh,   India
Typhoon Hinnamnor	$1.81 [253]	$1.9	20	Tropical cyclone	2022	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Fifi–Orlene	$1.8 [254]	$11.5	8,210	Tropical cyclone	1974	Central America ( , , , others)
2011 Groundhog Day blizzard	$1.8 [255]	$2.5	36 [255]	Winter storm	2011	North America ( , , )
2023 North India floods	$1.8 [256]	$1.9	422	Flood	2023	India
Hurricane David	$1.79 [257]	$7.8	2,078	Tropical cyclone	1979	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Hurricane Frederic	$1.77 [258]	$7.7	12	Tropical cyclone	1979	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclone Jal	$1.73 [259]	$2.5	118	Tropical cyclone	2010	South and Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami	$1.71 [260]	$2.1	4,340 (confirmed)	Earthquake and tsunami	2018	Indonesia
Piper Alpha explosion	$1.7 [261]	$5.8	165	Explosion (oil rig)	1988	United Kingdom
1991 Bangladesh cyclone	$1.7 [262]	$3.9	138,866	Tropical cyclone	1991	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
Deep Depression ARB 02	$1.64 [263]	$2.4	180	Tropical cyclone	2008	Yemen
Typhoon Man-yi	$1.62 [264]	$2.2	6	Tropical cyclone	2013	Japan
2016 Kaikōura earthquake	$1.62 [265]	$2.1	2	Earthquake	2016	New Zealand
2001 El Salvador earthquakes	$1.6 [266]	$2.8	1,259	Earthquake	2001	Latin America ( , , )
Hurricane Dolly	$1.6 [267] [268]	$2.3	22	Tropical cyclone	2008	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2013 Lushan earthquake	$1.6 [269]	$2.2	216	Earthquake	2013	China
2021 Haiti earthquake	$1.6 [270]	$1.9	2,248	Earthquake	2021	Haiti
Hurricane Allen	$1.57	$6	269	Tropical cyclone	1980	North America ( , , , , others)
2020 Central Vietnam floods	$1.57 [271]	$1.9	233	Flood	2020	Indochina ( , < )
Cyclone Tauktae	$1.57 [272]	$1.8	174	Tropical cyclone	2021	South Asia ( , , , others)
2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods	$1.57 [273]	$1.7	436	Flood	2022	South Africa
2020 Elazığ earthquake	$1.56 [274]	$1.9	41	Earthquake	2020	Turkey
2019 Dallas tornado	$1.55 [275]	$1.9	0	Tornado	2019	United States
Cyclone Freddy	$1.53 [276]	$1.6	1,434	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southern Africa ( , , , others)
Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods	$1.52 [277]	$2.8	20	Flood	2000	Western Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Juan	$1.5 [278]	$4.4	12	Tropical cyclone	1985	United States,   Canada
Hurricane Bob	$1.5 [279]	$3.5	17	Tropical cyclone	1991	North Atlantic Ocean ( , , )
2003 Bam earthquake	$1.5 [280]	$2.6	34,000	Earthquake	2003	Iran
Typhoon Talim	$1.5 [281]	$2.4	172	Tropical cyclone	2005	Southeast Asia ( , , )
Hurricane Ingrid	$1.5 [282]	$2	32	Tropical cyclone	2013	Mexico,   United States
Cyclone Mekunu	$1.5 [283]	$1.9	31	Tropical cyclone	2018	Arabian Peninsula ( , , )
Brumadinho dam disaster	$1.5 [284]	$1.8	270	Dam failure	2019	Brazil
Typhoon Hagupit	$1.5 [285]	$1.8	17	Tropical cyclone	2020	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Francine	$1.5 [286]	$1.5	0	Tropical cyclone	2024	United States,   Mexico
Typhoon Jongdari	$1.48 [287] [288]	$1.9	0	Tropical cyclone	2018	Japan,   China
Tropical Storm Etau (2009)	$1.44 [289]	$2.1	28	Tropical cyclone	2009	Japan
2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods	$1.43 [290]	$1.5	4	Flood	2023	New Zealand
Hurricane Camille	$1.42 [3]	$12.2	259	Tropical cyclone	1969	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2020 Nashville tornado	$1.418 [291] [292]	$1.7	5	Tornado	2020	United States
Cyclone Winston	$1.4 [293]	$1.8	44	Tropical cyclone	2016	Fiji
Cyclone Idai	$1.4 [294]	$1.7	1,593	Tropical cyclone	2019	Southern Africa ( , , , others)
Hurricane Iota	$1.4 [35]	$1.7	84	Tropical cyclone	2020	Latin America ( , , others)
2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption	$1.4 [295]	$1.6	1	Volcanic eruption	2021	Spain
2009 Messina floods and mudslides	$1.39 [296]	$2	31	Flood and musdlides	2009	Italy
Hurricane Elena	$1.3 [297]	$3.8	9	Tropical cyclone	1985	United States,   Cuba
Tropical Storm Fred	$1.3 [255]	$1.5	7	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2021 Fukushima earthquake	$1.3 [298]	$1.5	1	Earthquake	2021	Japan
1993 Latur earthquake	$1.3 [102]	$2.8	9,748	Earthquake	1993	India
Hurricane Isidore	$1.28 [299] [300]	$2.2	22	Tropical cyclone	2002	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2011 European floods	$1.25 [301] [302]	$1.7	17	Flood	2011	Europe and North Africa ( , , , others)
Hurricane Odile	$1.25 [303]	$1.7	18	Tropical cyclone	2014	Mexico,   United States
Cedar Fire	$1.24 – $2 [304]	$2.1 – $3.4	15	Wildfire	2003	United States
2020 Hyderabad floods	$1.23 [305]	$1.5	98	Flood	2020	India
2020 Calgary hailstorm	$1.2 – $1.4 [35] [306] [307]	$1.5 – $1.7	0	Hailstorm	2020	Canada
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak	$1.217 [308]	$12.1	266	Tornado outbreak	1965	United States
1996 Oman cyclone	$1.2 [309]	$2.4	341	Tropical cyclone	1996	Arabian Sea basin ( , , )
January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides	$1.2 [310]	$1.7	916	Flood, mudslides	2011	Brazil
Cyclone Veronica	$1.2 [311]	$1.5	0	Tropical cyclone	2019	Australia,   East Timor
Hurricane Elsa	$1.2 [255]	$1.4	13	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
July–August 2022 United States floods	$1.2 [312]	$1.3	44	Flood	2022	United States
2023 São Paulo floods and landslides	$1.2 [313]	$1.2	65	Flood, landslide	2023	Brazil
2024 Houston derecho	$1.2 [116]	$1.2	8	Derecho	2024	United States
Typhoon Fred	$1.18 [314]	$2.5	3,063	Tropical cyclone	1994	East Asia ( , , )
Typhoon Haitang	$1.17 [315]	$1.9	20	Tropical cyclone	2005	East Asia ( , , )
2010 Baja California earthquake	$1.15 [316]	$1.7	4	Earthquake	2010	Mexico,   United States
Cyclone Ita	$1.15 [317] [318]	$1.5	40	Tropical cyclone	2014	Oceania ( , , , others)
Typhoon Bopha	$1.1 [319]	$1.5	1,901	Tropical cyclone	2012	Philippines
Three Mile Island accident	$1.1 [320]	$4.8	0	Contamination (Radiation)	1979	United States
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	$1.1 [321]	$4.2	57	Volcanic eruption, Subsequent landslides and mudslides	1980	United States
Tropical Storm Agatha	$1.1 [322]	$1.6	204	Tropical cyclone	2010	Central America ( , , , others)
2013 North India floods	$1.1 [323]	$1.5	6,054	Flood	2013	India,     Nepal
May 2021 South Central United States flooding	$1.1 [324]	$1.3	5	Flood	2021	United States
Hurricane Nicholas	$1.1 [325]	$1.3	4	Tropical cyclone	2021	United States,   Mexico
East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment	$1.1 [326]	$1.1	0	Contamination (Hazardous materials)	2023	United States
2019 Albania earthquake	$1.09 [327]	$1.3	51	Earthquake	2019	Albania
2015 Tianjin explosions	$1.08 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$1.4	173 (official confirmed)	Explosion	2015	China
Typhoon Vamco	$1.06 [328]	$1.3	102	Tropical cyclone	2020	Southeast Asia ( , , others)
Tropical Storm Alberto	$1.03 [329]	$2.2	33	Tropical cyclone	1994	United States
Typhoon Damrey	$1.03 [330]	$1.3	142	Tropical cyclone	2017	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
1923 Great Kantō earthquake	$1 [331]	$18.5	142,800	Earthquake	1923	Japan
1948 Fukui earthquake	$1 [332]	$13.1	3,769	Earthquake	1948	Japan
Vajont Dam disaster	$1 [333]	$10.3	2,500	Landslide, subsequent Megatsunami and dam failure	1963	Italy
1963 Skopje earthquake	$1 [334]	$10.3	1,100	Earthquake	1963	North Macedonia (  Yugoslavia)
1972 Nicaragua earthquake	$1 [335]	$7.5	10,000	Earthquake	1972	Nicaragua
1976 Guatemala earthquake	$1 [336]	$5.5	23,000	Earthquake	1976	Guatemala,   Belize
Typhoon Ketsana	$1 [337]	$1.5	921	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , )
Armero tragedy	$1 [338]	$2.9	22,540	Volcano eruption, Mudslides	1985	Colombia
Surfside condominium collapse	$1	$1.2	98	Structure failure	2021	United States
1978 Thessaloniki earthquake	$1 [106]	$4.8	50	Earthquake	1978	Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
1983 Sea of Japan earthquake	$1 [339]	$3.2	104	Earthquake	1983	Japan
1985 Algarrobo earthquake	$1 [340]	$2.9	177	Earthquake	1985	Chile
1987 Ecuador earthquakes	$1 [341]	$2.8	1,000 – 5,000	Earthquake	1987	Ecuador
1988 Nepal earthquake	$1 [342]	$2.7	709	Earthquake	1988	Nepal,   India
1992 Cairo earthquake	$1 [343]	$2.2	561	Earthquake	1992	Egypt
1994 Páez River earthquake	$1 [344]	$2.1	1,100	Earthquake	1994	Colombia
1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake	$1 [345]	$1.9	145	Earthquake	1998	Turkey
1999 Düzce earthquake	$1 [346]	$1.9	845 – 894	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado	$1 [247]	$1.9	41	Tornado	1999	United States
2014 South Napa earthquake	$1 [347]	$1.3	1	Earthquake	2014	United States
Cyclone Luban	$1 [348]	$1.3	14	Tropical cyclone	2018	Arabian Sea basin ( , , )
Hurricane Nicole	$1 [349]	$1.1	11	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2024 Chile wildfires	$1 [350]	$1	137-507	Wildfire	2024	Chile

Under $1 billion

This table lists notable disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of less than 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account. This includes historical disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire, which would surpass the value of $1 billion in modern currency.

Note: All damage figures are listed in millions of United States dollars.

List of disasters by cost. Under $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2024 (unless otherwise stated)

Event	Cost ($ millions)		Fatalities	Type	Year	Nation(s)
	Actual	Inflated
Cyclone Akash	$982 [351]	$1489	14	Tropical cyclone	2007	South Asia ( , , )
2013 Washington, Illinois tornado	$935 [352] [353]	$1262	3	Tornado	2013	United States
2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires	$922 [354]	$1208	14	Wildfire	2016	United States
2020 Korea floods	$875 [355]	$1063	32	Flood	2020	South Korea
1978 Miyagi earthquake	$800 [356]	$3857	28	Earthquake	1978	Japan
Cyclone Nisha	$800 [357]	$1168	204	Tropical cyclone	2008	India,   Sri Lanka
Cyclone Helen	$796 [358]	$1074	10	Tropical cyclone	2013	India
Hurricane Nate	$787 [359] [360]	$1010	48	Tropical cyclone	2017	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Flora	$773 [361]	$7939	7,193	Tropical cyclone	1963	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2021 South Moravia tornado	$716 [362]	$831	6	Tornado	2021	Czech Republic
1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption	$700 [363]	$1616	800	Volcano	1991	Philippines
2011 Slave Lake wildfire	$700 [364]	$978	1	Wildfire	2011	Canada
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake	$607 [365]	$760	563	Earthquake	2018	Indonesia
1974 Super Outbreak + Xenia tornado	$600 [366]	$3826	335	Tornado outbreak	1974	United States and Canada
1993 Okushiri earthquake	$600 [367]	$1306	230	Earthquake	1993	Japan
2015 Illapel earthquake	$600 [368]	$796	15	Earthquake	2015	Chile, Argentina
Cyclone Tracy	$500 – $600 [369]	$3188 – $3826	71	Tropical cyclone	1974	Australia
2018 Ponte Morandi collapse	$575 [370]	$720	43	Bridge collapse	2018	Italy
1960 Valdivia earthquake	$550 [371]	$5846	6,000	Earthquake	1960	Pacific Rim ( , , , others)
1970 Ancash earthquake	$530 [372]	$4291	70,000	Earthquake	1970	Peru
2000 Mozambique flood	$525 [373]	$959	800	Flood	2000	Mozambique
1906 San Francisco earthquake	$524 [374]	$18338	3,000	Earthquake	1906	United States
I-35W Mississippi River Bridge collapse	$483 [375] [376] [377] – $543 [378]	$732 – 823	13	Structure failure	2007	United States
1971 San Fernando earthquake	$500 [379]	$3882	65	Earthquake	1971	United States
1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster	$500 [380]	$1513	17	Explosion	1984	United States
October 1999 Mexico floods	$491.3 [381]	$927	636	Flood	1999	Central America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Tip	$484 [382]	$2097	99	Tropical cyclone	1979	East Asia ( , , , others)
1990 Carlentini earthquake	$400 [383]	$963	19	Earthquake	1990	Italy
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake	$400 [35]	$486	119	Earthquake and tsunami	2020	Greece,   Turkey
Ariane 5 Flight 501	$370 [384]	$742	0	Space flight accident	1996	French Guiana
1990 Luzon earthquake	$369 [385]	$888	1,621	Earthquake	1990	Philippines
New York City blackout of 1977	$350 [386]	$1816	1	Infrastructure failure (electric)	1977	United States
Mars Climate Orbiter & Mars Polar Lander	$328 [387]	$619	0	Space flight accident	1999	United States
Hurricane Keith	$319 [388]	$582	68	Tropical cyclone	2000	Central America ( , , , others)
Hitomi breakup	$273 [389]	$358	0	Space flight accident	2016	Japan
Typhoon Vera	$261 [390]	$2815	5,098 (official confirmed)	Tropical cyclone	1959	Japan
1953 Worcester tornado	$250 [391] [292]	$2938.1	90	Tornado	1953	United States
Great Chicago Fire	$222 [392]	$5827	300	Fire	1871	United States
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami	$182 [393]	$196	7	Volcanic eruption and tsunami	2022	Tonga
CryoSat-1	$118 [394]	$190	0	Space flight accident	2005	Russia
1970 Bhola cyclone	$86.4 [395]	$700	300,000	Tropical cyclone	1970	Bangladesh,   India
1908 Messina earthquake	$86,3 [396]	$3020	75,000-82,000	Earthquake	1908	Italy
1962 Vallés floods	$44.2 (official estimated)	$459	617 (official confirmed)	Flood	1962[ citation needed ]	Spain
Sinking of the Titanic	$25 [397] [398]	$815	1,490 – 1,635	Shipwreck	1912	United Kingdom
Mariner 1	$18.1 [399]	$188	0	Space flight accident	1962	United States

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