List of disasters by cost

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Disasters can have high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a large disaster occurs in a wealthy country, the financial damage may be large, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a poorer country, the actual financial damage may appear to be relatively small. This is in part due to the difficulty of measuring the financial damage in areas that lack insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of around 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion, ^[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damage was six times higher.

The most expensive disaster in human history is the Chernobyl disaster, costing an estimated $700 billion. ^[2] Chernobyl's circumstances make it a unique but particularly devastating situation that is unlikely to ever happen again. Estimations have only increased over time, with the recent figure coming from the release of new government data up to 2016. ^[3] Furthermore, the cost is expected to perpetually increase for several thousand years as cleanup operations and the economic impact of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone continue indefinitely. ^[4] The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion. ^[5]

Over $1 billion

This table lists disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of at least 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account.

List of disasters by cost. Over $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2023 (unless otherwise stated)

Event	Cost ($ billion)		Fatalities	Type	Year	Nation(s)
	Actual	Inflated
Chernobyl disaster	$700 [3]	$888.7	30–500	Contamination (Radioactive)	1986	Soviet Union ( , , )
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami + Fukushima nuclear disaster	$360 [6] [7] [5]	$487.6	19,759	Undersea Megathrust Earthquake, Tsunami, Contamination (Radioactive)	2011	Japan
Great Hanshin earthquake	$200 [8]	$399.9	5,502 – 6,434	Earthquake	1995	Japan
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes	$157.8 [9] [10]	$157.8	59,488 – 62,013	Earthquake	2023	West Asia (  Turkey,   Syria)
2008 Sichuan earthquake	$130 [11]	$184	87,587	Earthquake	2008	China
Hurricane Katrina	$125 [12]	$195	1,392	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States,   Bahamas
Hurricane Harvey	$125 [12]	$155.4	107	Tropical cyclone	2017	Americas ( , , , , others)
Hurricane Ian	$113 [12]	$117.7	161	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America ( , , , others)
2020 South Asian floods	$105 [13] [14]	$123.6	6,511	Flood	2020	South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Maria	$91.6 [12]	$113.9	3,059 [15]	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Milton	$85 [16]	$85	35	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Hurricane Helene	$81.6 [17]	$81.6	225	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Ida	$75 [18]	$84.3	107	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America ( , , , others)
2019–20 Australian bushfire season	$69 [19]	$81.2	451	Wildfire	2019-20	Australia
Hurricane Sandy	$68.7 [12]	$91.2	254	Tropical cyclone	2012	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Irma	$64.8 [12]	$80.5	134	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
Deepwater Horizon oil spill	$60 – $100 [20]	$83.8 – $139.7	11	Contamination (Oil)	2010	United States
2021 European floods	$54 [21]	$60.7	243	Flood	2021	Europe ( , , , others)
1988–1990 North American drought	$53.25 [22]	$130.9	5,000+	Drought	1988-89	United States, Canada
2012–2013 North American drought	$49.6 – $56.1 [23]	$64.9 – $73.4	104	Drought	2012-13	United States, Canada
2010 China floods	$51.4 [24]	$71.8	3,189	Flood	2010	China,   North Korea
1994 Northridge earthquake	$49 [25]	$100.7	57	Earthquake	1994	United States
2015 Southeast Asian haze	$47 [26]	$60.4	100,300 [27]	Wildfire, subsequent haze	2015	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes	$46 [28]	$58.4	273	Earthquake	2016	Japan
2011 Thailand floods	$45.7 [29]	$61.9	815	Flood	2011	Thailand
2023 South Asian floods	$41.6 [30]	$41.6	2,309	Flood	2023	South Asia ( , , , others)
2022 European heatwaves	$40.2 [31]	$41.9	24,501	Heatwave	2022	Europe ( , , , others)
2011 Christchurch earthquake	$40 [32]	$54.2	185	Earthquake	2011	New Zealand
2022 Pakistan floods	$40 [33]	$41.6	1,700	Flood	2022	Pakistan
Hurricane Ike	$38 [12]	$53.8	214	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
2020 China floods	$32 [34] [35]	$37.7	278 [34]	Flood	2020	China
Typhoon Doksuri	$28.5 [36]	$28.5	137	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2004 Chūetsu earthquake	$28 [37] [38]	$45.2	68	Earthquake	2004	Japan
Hurricane Wilma	$27.4 [12]	$42.7	87	Tropical cyclone	2005	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Andrew	$27.3 [12]	$59.3	65	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm	$26.5 [39]	$29.8	237 [40] [41] [42] [43]	Winter storm, Infrastructure failure (electric)	2021	North America ( , , )
Hurricane Ivan	$26.1 [12]	$42.1	124	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Michael	$25.1 [44]	$30.5	74	Tropical cyclone	2018	North America ( , , , others)
2018 California wildfires	$24.0 [23]	$29.1	103	Wildfire	2018	United States
2011 Sikkim earthquake	$22.3 [45]	$30.2	111	Earthquake	2011	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
2016 China floods	$22 [46]	$27.9	449	Flood	2016	China
September 11 terrorist attacks	$21.8 – $135 [47]	$37.5 – $232.3	2,996	Terror attack	2001	United States
Storm Daniel	$21.1 [48]	$21.1	5,951 – 20,000	Tropical cyclone, Dam failure	2023	Libya, Greece
1980 Irpinia earthquake	$20 [49]	$74	4,900	Earthquake	1980	Italy
2024 Central European floods	$20 [50]	$20	27	Flood	2024	Central Europe ( , , , others)
2002 European floods	$19.2	$32.5	232	Flood	2002	Central Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Laura	$19.1 [34] [51]	$22.5	77	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America ( , , , others)
2021 Henan floods	$18.9 [52]	$21.3	398 (official confirmed)	Flood	2021	China
Hurricane Rita	$18.5 [12]	$28.9	97 – 125	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States
Cyclone Lothar	$17.6 [53]	$32.2	140	European windstorm	1999	Western Europe ( , , , others)
Typhoon Hagibis	$17.3 [54]	$20.6	139	Tropical cyclone	2019	Japan
Hurricane Charley	$16.9 [12]	$27.3	35	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , )
2012 Nigeria floods	$16.9 [55]	$22.4	363	Flood	2012	Nigeria
2006 European heatwave	$16.3 [56]	$23.1	3,418	Heatwave	2006	Europe ( , , , others)
2009 L'Aquila earthquake	$16.0 [57]	$22.7	308	Earthquake	2009	Italy
Hurricane Otis	$16.0 [58]	$17	52 or more	Tropical cyclone	2023	Mexico
Typhoon Yagi	$15.8[ citation needed ]	$15.8	815	Tropical cyclone	2024	Southeast Asia ( , , , , others)
2012 Northern Italy earthquakes	$15.8 [59]	$21	27	Earthquake	2012	Italy
2013 European floods	$15.6 [60]	$20.4	25	Flood	2013	Europe ( , , , others)
Cyclone Amphan	$15.5 [61] [62]	$18.2	128 [63]	Tropical cyclone	2020	Eastern South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Matthew	$15.1 [64] [65]	$19.2	731	Tropical cyclone	2016	North America ( , , , others)
Great Flood of 1993	$15 – $20 [66]	$31.6 – $42.2	47	Flood	1993	United States
Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke	$15 [67]	$35	197	European windstorm	1990	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	$15 [1]	$24.2	230,000 – 280,000	Earthquake, Tsunami	2004	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2010 Russian heat wave	$15 [68]	$21	56,000	Wildfire, Heatwave	2010	Russia
October 2017 Northern California wildfires	$15 [69] [70] [ better source needed ]	$18.6	44	Wildfire	2017	United States
2010 Chile earthquake	$15 – $30 [71]	$21 – $41.9	525	Earthquake	2010	Chile
2020 Beirut explosion	$15 [72]	$17.7	218	Ammonium nitrate explosion	2020	Lebanon
2023 Western North America heat wave	$14.8 [73]	$14.8	995	Heatwave	2023	North America ( , , )
2003 European heatwave	$14.5 [74]	$24	72,000	Heatwave	2003	Europe ( , , , others)
1988 Armenian earthquake	$14.2 [75]	$36.6	38,000	Earthquake	1988	Armenia (  Soviet Union)
Hurricane Irene	$14.2 [12]	$19.2	58	Tropical cyclone	2011	North America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Jebi	$13 [76]	$15.8	21	Tropical cyclone	2018	East Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Nargis	$12.9 [77]	$18.3	138,366	Tropical cyclone	2008	Myanmar
November 2015 Paris attacks	$12.7 [78]	$16.3	130	Terror attack	2015	France
2015 South India floods	$12 [79]	$15.4	506	Flood	2015	India
2020 Zagreb earthquake	$11.7 [80]	$13.8	1	Earthquake	2020	Croatia,   Slovenia
August 2020 Midwest derecho	$11.5 [81]	$13.5	4 [81]	Derecho	2020	United States
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake	$11 [82]	$14	299	Earthquake	2016	Italy
2023 Emilia-Romagna floods	$11 [83]	$11	17	Flood	2023	Italy
Typhoon Fitow	$10.4 [84]	$13.6	12	Tropical cyclone	2013	China
2011 Super Outbreak + Hackleburg–Phil Campbell and Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornadoes	$10.2 [23]	$13.8	348	Tornado outbreak	2011	United States
2021 Western North America heat wave	$10.1 [73]	$11.4	1,400	Heat Wave	2021	Canada,   United States
2016 Louisiana floods	$10 – $15 [85]	$12.7 – $19	13	Flood	2016	United States
1980 United States heat wave	$10 [23]	$37	1,700 – 10,000	Drought	1980	United States
Typhoon Mireille	$10 [86]	$22.4	64	Tropical cyclone	1991	Japan
1999 Jiji earthquake	$10 [87]	$18.3	2,415	Earthquake	1999	Taiwan
2007 Chūetsu earthquake	$10 [88]	$14.7	11	Earthquake	2007	Japan
April 2015 Nepal earthquake	$10 [89]	$12.9	8,964	Earthquake	2015	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Kyrill	$10 [67]	$14.7	44	European windstorm	2007	Western Europe ( , , , others)
June 2008 Midwest floods	$10 [23]	$14.2	16	Flood	2008	United States
1976 Tangshan earthquake	$10 [23]	$53.5	242,419 – 655,000	Earthquake	1976	China
Typhoon Faxai	$10 [90]	$11.9	3	Tropical cylone	2019	Japan,   Wake Island
2014 Ludian earthquake	$9.91 [91]	$12.8	615 – 727	Earthquake	2014	China
2018 Japan floods	$9.86 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$11.8	238 (official confirmed)	Flood	2018	Japan
Hurricane Frances	$9.8 [12] [92] [93] [94]	$15.8	50	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , )
Hurricane Hugo	$9.5 [12]	$23.4	60	Tropical cyclone	1989	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Georges	$9.4 [12]	$17.6	604	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Lekima	$9.28 [95]	$11.1	105	Tropical cyclone	2019	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Gabrielle	$9.2 [96]	$9.2	11	Tropical cyclone	2023	New Zealand
2022 Nigeria floods	$9.12 [97]	$9.5	612	Flood	2022	Nigeria
Tropical Storm Allison	$9 [98]	$15.5	55	Tropical cyclone	2001	United States,   Canada
Typhoon Songda	$9 [99]	$14.5	28	Tropical cyclone	2004	Japan
2022 Fukushima earthquake	$8.8 [100]	$9.2	4	Earthquake	2022	Japan
1999 İzmit earthquake	$8.5 [101]	$15.5	17,127 – 18,373	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
Tropical Storm Allison	$8.5 [12]	$14.6	55	Tropical cyclone	2001	United States
Hurricane Gustav	$8.3 [12]	$11.7	153	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Eta	$8.3 [34]	$9.8	189	Tropical cyclone	2020	Caribbean basin ( , , , others)
2010 Haiti earthquake	$8.1 – $14 [102] [103]	$11.3 – $19.6	100,000 – 220,000	Earthquake	2010	Haiti
Cyclone Fani	$8.1 [104]	$9.7	89	Tropical cyclone	2019	India,   Bangladesh
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake	$8 [105]	$18.7	45,000	Earthquake	1990	Iran
2017 Puebla earthquake	$8 [106]	$9.9	370	Earthquake	2017	Mexico
Hurricane Jeanne	$7.9 [12]	$12.7	3,035	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
2016 Fort McMurray wildfire	$7.61 [107] [108]	$9.7	2	Wildfire	2016	Canada
2022 China heat wave	$7.6 [109]	$7.9	50,900 [110]	Heatwave	2022	China
2023 Slovenia floods	$7.6 [111]	$7.6	7	Flood	2023	Julian Alps ( , , )
2001 Gujarat earthquake	$7.5 [112]	$12.9	20,023	Earthquake	2001	India, Pakistan
2021 Pacific Northwest floods	$7.5 [113]	$8.4	5	Flood	2021	Canada,   United States
2024 Noto earthquake	$7.4 (estimated) [114]	$7.4	504	Earthquake	2024	Japan
Hurricane Sally	$7.3 [81]	$8.6	5 [81]	Tropical cyclone	2020	United States
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024	$7.3 [115]	$7.3	31	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
Typhoon Rammasun	$7.13 [116]	$9.2	196	Tropical cyclone	2014	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2023 Al Haouz earthquake	$7 [117]	$7	2,960	Earthquake	2023	Morocco
Exxon Valdez oil spill	$7 [118]	$17.2	0	Contamination (Oil)	1989	North America ( , )
Typhoon Nina + 1975 Banqiao Dam failure	$6.7 [119]	$37.9	229,000	Tropical cyclone, Dam failure	1975	China,   Taiwan
Hurricane Floyd	$6.5 [12]	$11.9	74	Tropical cyclone	1999	North America ( , , )
2007 United Kingdom floods	$6.5 [120]	$9.6	13	Flood	2007	United Kingdom
Typhoon Hato	$6.41 [121] [122] [123]	$8	24	Tropical cyclone	2017	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster	$6.4 [124]	$10.6	7	Space flight accident	2003	United States
Typhoon Saomai-Osang	$6.3 [125]	$10.8	28	Tropical cyclone	2000	East Asia ( , , )
Black Saturday bushfires	$6.3 [19]	$8.9	173	Wildfire	2009	Australia
2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake	$6.2 [126]	$7.7	630	Earthquake	2017	Iran, Iraq
Typhoon Morakot	$6.2 [127]	$8.8	789	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Beryl	$6.2 [128]	$6.2	70	Tropical cyclone	2024	Caribbean basin ( , , , , others)
Hurricane Mitch	$6.1 [12]	$11.4	11,374+	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
Cyclone Xynthia	$6.1 [67]	$8.5	75	European windstorm	2010	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2020 Petrinja earthquake	$6.1 [129]	$7.2	7	Earthquake	2020	Balkans ( , , , others)
Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024	$6.1 [115]	$6.1	6	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake	$6 [130]	$14.7	63	Earthquake	1989	United States
Typhoon Prapiroon	$6 [131]	$10.6	75	Tropical cyclone	2000	Northeast Asia ( , , , others)
Northeast blackout of 2003	$6 [132]	$9.9	11	Infrastructure failure (electric)	2003	United States, Canada
Cyclone Klaus	$6 [67]	$8.5	26	European windstorm	2009	Southeastern Europe ( , , , others)
2013 Alberta floods	$6 [133]	$7.8	5	Flood	2013	Canada
Typhoon Shanshan	$6 [134]	$6	8	Tropical cyclone	2024	Japan,   South Korea
Tornado outbreak of March 31–April 1, 2023	$5.7 [135]	$6	33	Tornado outbreak	2023	United States
2020 Kyushu floods	$5.67 [136]	$6.7	77	Flood	2020	Japan
Cyclone Gudrun	$5.5 [67]	$8.6	24	European windstorm	2005	North Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Isabel	$5.5 [12]	$9.1	51	Tropical cyclone	2003	United States
1993 Storm of the Century	$5.5 [137]	$11.6	270 [137]	Winter storm	1993	United States
2023 Hawaii wildfires	$5.5 [115]	$5.5	102	Wildfire	2023	United States
2005 Kashmir earthquake	$5.2 [138]	$8.1	86,000 – 87,351	Earthquake	2005	Pakistan ,   India
1980 El Asnam earthquake	$5.2 [139]	$19.2	5,000	Earthquake	1980	Algeria
Hurricane Dorian	$5.1 [140] [141] [142]	$6.1	84 [141] [142]	Tropical cyclone	2019	North America ( , , , others)
1931 China floods	$5.07 [143]	$101.6	422,499 – 4,000,000	Flood	1931	China
1985 Mexico City earthquake	$5 [144]	$14.2	10,000 – 35,000	Earthquake	1985	Mexico
Typhoon Herb	$5 [145]	$9.7	284 – 590	Tropical cyclone	1996	East Asia ( , , )
2003 Boumerdès earthquake	$5 [49]	$8.3	2,266	Earthquake	2003	Algeria
2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull	$5 [146]	$7	0	Volcanic eruption	2010	Iceland, Northern Hemisphere (ash cloud only)
Tropical Storm Imelda	$5 [147]	$6	5 [147]	Tropical cyclone	2019	United States
2025 Tibet earthquake	$5 [148]	$5	126	Earthquake	2025	Southern Asia ( , , )
2019 Karnataka floods	$4.95 [149]	$5.9	61	Flood	2019	India
2014 Southeast Europe floods	$4.8 [150]	$6.2	86	Flood	2014	Southeast Europe ( , , , others)
2018 Kerala floods	$4.8 [151]	$5.8	483	Flood	2018	India
2021–2022 Malaysian floods	$4.77 [152]	$5	54	Flood	2022	Malaysia
Hurricane Opal	$4.7 [12]	$9.4	63	Tropical cyclone	1995	North America ( , , , others)
1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake	$4.67 [153]	$8.9	11	Earthquake	1997	Italy
Typhoon Haiyan	$4.6 [154] [155] [156]	$6	6,329 – 7,403	Tropical cyclone	2013	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2022–2023 California floods	$4.6 [157]	$4.6	22	Flood	2022-23	United States
1979 Montenegro earthquake	$4.5 [158]	$18.9	136	Earthquake	1979	Yugoslavia ( , , )
1997 Central European flood	$4.5 [159]	$8.5	114	Flood	1997	Central Europe ( , , )
1997 Indonesian forest fires + 1997 Southeast Asian haze + Garuda Indonesia Flight 152	$4.47 [160]	$8.5	240	Wildfire, subsequent haze and plane crash	1997	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
1999 Odisha cyclone	$4.44 [161]	$8.1	9,887	Tropical cyclone	1999	South Asia ( , , , others)
2020 Sudan floods	$4.43 [162]	$5.2	100	Flood	2020	Sudan
Cyclone Gonu	$4.42 [163]	$6.5	78	Tropical cyclone	2007	Oman, Iran
Hurricane Zeta	$4.4 [164]	$5.2	9	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Typhoon Mawar	$4.3 [165]	$4.3	6	Tropical cyclone	2023	West Pacific basin ( , , , others)
Cyclone Phailin	$4.26 [166]	$5.6	46	Tropical cyclone	2013	South Asia ( , , , others)
1999 Athens earthquake	$4.2 [167]	$7.7	143	Earthquake	1999	Greece
Typhoon Rusa	$4.2 [168]	$7.1	238	Tropical cyclone	2002	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Manuel	$4.2 [169]	$5.5	123	Tropical cyclone	2013	Mexico
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003	$4.1 [23]	$6.8	42	Tornado	2003	United States
2019 Iran floods	$4.1 [170]	$4.9	77	Flood	2019	Iran
Great Storm of 1987	$4 [67]	$10.7	22	European windstorm	1987	Western Europe ( , , , others)
2017 Chiapas earthquake	$4 [171]	$5	98	Earthquake	2017	Mexico, Guatemala
Hurricane Dennis	$3.98 [172] [173]	$6.2	88	Tropical cyclone	2005	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
1983 Spanish floods	$3.9 [174]	$11.9	34	Flood	1983	Spain
Hurricane Stan	$3.9 [175]	$6.1	1,673	Tropical cyclone	2005	Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Karl	$3.9 [176]	$5.4	22	Tropical cyclone	2010	Mexico,   Belize
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021	$3.9 [177]	$4.4	90	Tornado	2021	United States
Typhoon Mangkhut	$3.74 [178]	$4.5	134	Tropical cyclone	2018	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods	$3.7 [179]	$3.7	181	Flood	2024	Brazil, Uruguay
Hurricane Isabel	$3.6 [180]	$6	51	Tropical cyclone	2003	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclone Yasi	$3.6 [181]	$4.6	7	Tropical cyclone	2011	Australia
2022 Luding earthquake	$3.6 [182]	$3.7	93	Earthquake	2022	China
Cyclone Hudhud	$3.58 [183]	$4.6	124	Tropical cyclone	2014	India,     Nepal
Typhoon Utor	$3.55 [184]	$4.6	97	Tropical cyclone	2013	China,   Philippines
Cyclone Matmo–Bulbul	$3.54 [185]	$4.2	43	Tropical cyclone	2019	South Asia ( , , , others)
Vargas tragedy	$3.5 [186]	$6.4	10,000 – 30,000	Flood, landslide and mudflow	1999	Venezuela
2016 Kaikōura earthquake	$3.5 [187]	$4.4	2	Earthquake	2016	New Zealand
Hurricane Idalia	$3.5 [188]	$3.5	12	Tropical cyclone	2023	North America ( , , , others)
Cyclone Vardah	$3.37 [189]	$4.3	47	Tropical cyclone	2016	Indian Ocean basin ( , , , others)
2022 eastern Australia floods	$3.33 [190]	$3.5	27	Flood	2022	Australia
Hurricane Luis	$3.3 [191]	$6.6	19	Tropical cyclone	1995	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake	$3.3 [192]	$4	41	Earthquake	2018	Japan
1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake	$3.2 [193]	$17.1	5,000	Earthquake	1976	Turkey,   Iran
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster	$3.2 [194]	$8.9	7 [195]	Space flight accident	1986	United States
Typhoon Winnie	$3.2 [196]	$6.1	372	Tropical cyclone	1997	East Asia ( , , , others)
2010 Central European floods	$3.14 [197]	$4.4	37	Flood	2010	Central Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Isaac	$3.11 [198] [199]	$4.1	41	Tropical cyclone	2012	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
1976 Moro Gulf earthquake	$3.1 [200]	$16.6	8,000	Earthquake	1976	Philippines
Hurricane Iniki	$3.1 [12]	$6.7	6	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake	$3.1 [201]	$4.7	5,749	Earthquake	2006	Indonesia
2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes	$3.1 [202]	$3.6	4	Earthquake	2020	Puerto Rico
2023 Canadian wildfires	$3.1 [203]	$3.1	8	Wildfire	2023	Canada,   United States
Hurricane Delta	$3.09 [204]	$3.6	6	Tropical cyclone	2020	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Fiona	$3.09 [205] [206]	$3.2	29	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America ( , , , others)
1964 Niigata earthquake	$3.0 [207]	$29.5	36	Earthquake	1964	Japan
Hurricane Alicia	$3.0 [208]	$9.2	21	Tropical cyclone	1983	United States
Hurricane Gilbert	$3.0 [12]	$7.7	318	Tropical cyclone	1988	North America ( , , , others)
2016 Ecuador earthquake	$3.0 [209]	$3.8	676	Earthquake	2016	Latin America ( , , )
2019 Arkansas River floods	$3.0 [210]	$3.6	5	Flood	2019	United States
Cyclone Yaas	$2.99 [211]	$3.4	20	Tropical cyclone	2021	South Asia ( , , , others)
June 2012 North American derecho	$2.9 [23]	$3.8	22	Derecho	2012	United States
2019 Midwestern U.S. floods	$2.9 [23]	$3.5	3	Flood	2019	United States
Tropical Storm Lee	$2.8 [212]	$3.8	18	Tropical cyclone	2011	United States
2011 Joplin tornado	$2.8 [213]	$3.8	158	Tornado	2011	United States
Cyclone Debbie	$2.73 [214]	$3.4	14	Tropical cyclone	2017	Australia,   New Zealand
AZF chemical plant explosion	$2.68 [215]	$4.6	29	Explosion	2001	France
2010 Canterbury earthquake	$2.63 [216]	$3.7	2	Earthquake	2010	New Zealand
1989 Newcastle earthquake	$2.6 [217]	$6.4	13	Earthquake	1989	Australia
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019	$2.5 [23]	$3	8	Tornado	2019	United States
2017 Montana wildfires	$2.5 [23]	$3.1	2	Drought, Wildfire	2017	United States
2017 Minneapolis hailstorm	$2.5 [23]	$3.1	0	Hailstorm	2017	United States
Hurricane John	$2.5 [218]	$2.5	29	Tropical cyclone	2024	Mexico
Hurricane Michelle	$2.43 [219]	$4.2	48	Tropical cyclone	2001	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024	$2.4 [115]	$2.4	5	Derecho, tornado outbreak, flood	2024	United States
2024 European floods	$2.4 [220]	$2.4	52+	Flood	2024	Europe ( , , , others)
Typhoon Gaemi	$2.31 [221] [222]	$2.3	126	Tropical cyclone	2024	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Cyclone Sidr	$2.3 [223]	$3.4	15,000	Tropical cyclone	2007	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
2009 Sumatra earthquakes	$2.3 [224]	$3.3	1,115	Earthquake	2009	Indonesia
Typhoon Matsa	$2.23 [225]	$3.5	25	Tropical cyclone	2005	East Asia ( , , , others)
Storm Ciarán	$2.22 [226]	$2.2	21	European windstorm	2023	Europe ( , , , others)
2017 Denver hailstorm	$2.2 [23]	$2.7	0	Hailstorm	2017	United States
2011 Van earthquakes	$2.2 [227]	$3	642	Earthquake	2011	Turkey
Cyclone Mocha	$2.2 [228]	$2.2	463 – 564	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southern Asia ( , , , , others)
Cyclone Roanu	$2.13 [229]	$2.7	135	Tropical cyclone	2016	South Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Agnes	$2.1 [230]	$15.3	128	Tropical cyclone	1972	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclones BOB 03 and Yemyin	$2.1 [231] [232]	$3.1	983	Tropical cyclone	2007	South Asia ( , , )
Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017	$2.1 [23]	$2.6	0	Tornado	2017	United States
Cyclone Komen	$2.06 [233] [234]	$2.6	167	Tropical cyclone	2015	South Asia ( , , )
Teton Dam disaster	$2 [235]	$10.7	11	Dam failure	1976	United States
1977 Vrancea earthquake	$2 [236]	$10.1	1,700	Earthquake	1977	Black Sea basin ( , , , others)
Hurricane Joan–Miriam	$2 [237]	$5.2	337	Tropical cyclone	1988	Central and South America ( , , , others)
1999 Colombia earthquake	$2 [238]	$3.7	1,900 – 5,800	Earthquake	1999	Colombia
December Storm	$2 [239]	$3.7	20	European windstorm	1999	Central Europe ( , , )
2001 Nisqually earthquake	$2 [240]	$3.4	1	Earthquake	2001	United States
Costa Concordia disaster	$2 [241]	$2.7	33	Maritime disaster	2012	Italy
2013 Moore tornado	$2 [242]	$2.6	26	Tornado	2013	United States
Typhoon In-fa	$2 [243]	$2.2	6	Tropical cyclone	2021	East Asia ( , , }, others)
2023 Jishishan earthquake	$2 [244]	$2	151	Earthquake	2023	China
2024 Persian Gulf floods	$2 [245]	$2	46	Flood	2024	Persian Gulf basin ( , , , others)
Hurricane Debby	$2 [246]	$2	10	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America and Antiles ( , , , others)
2003 Tokachi earthquake	$1.9 [247]	$3.1	1	Earthquake	2003	Japan
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse	$1.9 [248]	$1.9	6	Bridge collapse	2024	United States
Cyclone Aila	$1.83 [249]	$2.6	339	Tropical cyclone	2009	Bangladesh,   India
Typhoon Hinnamnor	$1.81 [250]	$1.9	20	Tropical cyclone	2022	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Fifi–Orlene	$1.8 [251]	$11.1	8,210	Tropical cyclone	1974	Central America ( , , , others)
2011 Groundhog Day blizzard	$1.8 [252]	$2.4	36 [252]	Winter storm	2011	North America ( , , )
2023 North India floods	$1.8 [253]	$1.8	422	Flood	2023	India
Hurricane David	$1.79 [254]	$7.5	2,078	Tropical cyclone	1979	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Hurricane Frederic	$1.77 [255]	$7.4	12	Tropical cyclone	1979	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
Cyclone Jal	$1.73 [256]	$2.4	118	Tropical cyclone	2010	South and Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami	$1.71 [257]	$2.1	4,340 (confirmed)	Earthquake and tsunami	2018	Indonesia
Piper Alpha explosion	$1.7 [258]	$5.8	165	Explosion (oil rig)	1988	United Kingdom
1991 Bangladesh cyclone	$1.7 [259]	$3.8	138,866	Tropical cyclone	1991	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
Deep Depression ARB 02	$1.64 [260]	$2.3	180	Tropical cyclone	2008	Yemen
Typhoon Man-yi	$1.62 [261]	$2.1	6	Tropical cyclone	2013	Japan
2016 Kaikōura earthquake	$1.62 [262]	$2.1	2	Earthquake	2016	New Zealand
2001 El Salvador earthquakes	$1.6 [263]	$2.8	1,259	Earthquake	2001	Latin America ( , , )
Hurricane Dolly	$1.6 [264] [265]	$2.3	22	Tropical cyclone	2008	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2013 Lushan earthquake	$1.6 [266]	$2.1	216	Earthquake	2013	China
2021 Haiti earthquake	$1.6 [267]	$1.8	2,248	Earthquake	2021	Haiti
Hurricane Allen	$1.57	$5.8	269	Tropical cyclone	1980	North America ( , , , , others)
2020 Central Vietnam floods	$1.57 [268]	$1.8	233	Flood	2020	Indochina ( , < )
Cyclone Tauktae	$1.57 [269]	$1.8	174	Tropical cyclone	2021	South Asia ( , , , others)
2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods	$1.57 [270]	$1.6	436	Flood	2022	South Africa
2020 Elazığ earthquake	$1.56 [271]	$1.8	41	Earthquake	2020	Turkey
2019 Dallas tornado	$1.55 [272]	$1.8	0	Tornado	2019	United States
Cyclone Freddy	$1.53 [273]	$1.5	1,434	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southern Africa ( , , , others)
Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods	$1.52 [274]	$2.7	20	Flood	2000	Western Europe ( , , , others)
Hurricane Juan	$1.5 [275]	$4.2	12	Tropical cyclone	1985	United States,   Canada
Hurricane Bob	$1.5 [276]	$3.4	17	Tropical cyclone	1991	North Atlantic Ocean ( , , )
2003 Bam earthquake	$1.5 [277]	$2.5	34,000	Earthquake	2003	Iran
Typhoon Talim	$1.5 [278]	$2.3	172	Tropical cyclone	2005	Southeast Asia ( , , )
Hurricane Ingrid	$1.5 [279]	$2	32	Tropical cyclone	2013	Mexico,   United States
Cyclone Mekunu	$1.5 [280]	$1.8	31	Tropical cyclone	2018	Arabian Peninsula ( , , )
Brumadinho dam disaster	$1.5 [281]	$1.8	270	Dam failure	2019	Brazil
Typhoon Hagupit	$1.5 [282]	$1.8	17	Tropical cyclone	2020	East Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Francine	$1.5 [283]	$1.5	0	Tropical cyclone	2024	United States,   Mexico
Typhoon Jongdari	$1.48 [284] [285]	$1.8	0	Tropical cyclone	2018	Japan,   China
Tropical Storm Etau (2009)	$1.44 [286]	$2	28	Tropical cyclone	2009	Japan
2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods	$1.43 [287]	$1.4	4	Flood	2023	New Zealand
Hurricane Camille	$1.42 [3]	$11.8	259	Tropical cyclone	1969	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2020 Nashville tornado	$1.418 [288] [289]	$1.7	5	Tornado	2020	United States
Cyclone Winston	$1.4 [290]	$1.8	44	Tropical cyclone	2016	Fiji
Cyclone Idai	$1.4 [291]	$1.7	1,593	Tropical cyclone	2019	Southern Africa ( , , , others)
Hurricane Iota	$1.4 [34]	$1.6	84	Tropical cyclone	2020	Latin America ( , , others)
2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption	$1.4 [292]	$1.6	1	Volcanic eruption	2021	Spain
2009 Messina floods and mudslides	$1.39 [293]	$2	31	Flood and musdlides	2009	Italy
Hurricane Elena	$1.3 [294]	$3.7	9	Tropical cyclone	1985	United States,   Cuba
Tropical Storm Fred	$1.3 [252]	$1.5	7	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2021 Fukushima earthquake	$1.3 [295]	$1.5	1	Earthquake	2021	Japan
1993 Latur earthquake	$1.3 [101]	$2.7	9,748	Earthquake	1993	India
Hurricane Isidore	$1.28 [296] [297]	$2.2	22	Tropical cyclone	2002	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2011 European floods	$1.25 [298] [299]	$1.7	17	Flood	2011	Europe and North Africa ( , , , others)
Hurricane Odile	$1.25 [300]	$1.6	18	Tropical cyclone	2014	Mexico,   United States
Cedar Fire	$1.24 – $2 [301]	$2.1 – $3.3	15	Wildfire	2003	United States
2020 Hyderabad floods	$1.23 [302]	$1.4	98	Flood	2020	India
2020 Calgary hailstorm	$1.2 – $1.4 [34] [303] [304]	$1.4 – $1.6	0	Hailstorm	2020	Canada
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak	$1.217 [305]	$11.8	266	Tornado outbreak	1965	United States
1996 Oman cyclone	$1.2 [306]	$2.3	341	Tropical cyclone	1996	Arabian Sea basin ( , , )
January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides	$1.2 [307]	$1.6	916	Flood, mudslides	2011	Brazil
Cyclone Veronica	$1.2 [308]	$1.4	0	Tropical cyclone	2019	Australia,   East Timor
Hurricane Elsa	$1.2 [252]	$1.3	13	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
July–August 2022 United States floods	$1.2 [309]	$1.2	44	Flood	2022	United States
2023 São Paulo floods and landslides	$1.2 [310]	$1.2	65	Flood, landslide	2023	Brazil
2024 Houston derecho	$1.2 [115]	$1.2	8	Derecho	2024	United States
Typhoon Fred	$1.18 [311]	$2.4	3,063	Tropical cyclone	1994	East Asia ( , , )
Typhoon Haitang	$1.17 [312]	$1.8	20	Tropical cyclone	2005	East Asia ( , , )
2010 Baja California earthquake	$1.15 [313]	$1.6	4	Earthquake	2010	Mexico,   United States
Cyclone Ita	$1.15 [314] [315]	$1.5	40	Tropical cyclone	2014	Oceania ( , , , others)
Typhoon Bopha	$1.1 [316]	$1.5	1,901	Tropical cyclone	2012	Philippines
Three Mile Island accident	$1.1 [317]	$4.6	0	Contamination (Radiation)	1979	United States
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	$1.1 [318]	$4.1	57	Volcanic eruption, Subsequent landslides and mudslides	1980	United States
Tropical Storm Agatha	$1.1 [319]	$1.5	204	Tropical cyclone	2010	Central America ( , , , others)
2013 North India floods	$1.1 [320]	$1.4	6,054	Flood	2013	India,     Nepal
May 2021 South Central United States flooding	$1.1 [321]	$1.2	5	Flood	2021	United States
Hurricane Nicholas	$1.1 [322]	$1.2	4	Tropical cyclone	2021	United States,   Mexico
East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment	$1.1 [323]	$1.1	0	Contamination (Hazardous materials)	2023	United States
2019 Albania earthquake	$1.09 [324]	$1.3	51	Earthquake	2019	Albania
2015 Tianjin explosions	$1.08 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$1.4	173 (official confirmed)	Explosion	2015	China
Typhoon Vamco	$1.06 [325]	$1.2	102	Tropical cyclone	2020	Southeast Asia ( , , others)
Tropical Storm Alberto	$1.03 [326]	$2.1	33	Tropical cyclone	1994	United States
Typhoon Damrey	$1.03 [327]	$1.3	142	Tropical cyclone	2017	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
Hurricane Emily	$1.01 [328] [329]	$1.6	22	Tropical cyclone	2005	North and Central America ( , , , others)
1923 Great Kantō earthquake	$1 [330]	$17.9	142,800	Earthquake	1923	Japan
1948 Fukui earthquake	$1 [331]	$12.7	3,769	Earthquake	1948	Japan
Vajont Dam disaster	$1 [332]	$10	2,500	Landslide, subsequent Megatsunami and dam failure	1963	Italy
1963 Skopje earthquake	$1 [333]	$10	1,100	Earthquake	1963	North Macedonia (  Yugoslavia)
1972 Nicaragua earthquake	$1 [334]	$7.3	10,000	Earthquake	1972	Nicaragua
1976 Guatemala earthquake	$1 [335]	$5.4	23,000	Earthquake	1976	Guatemala,   Belize
Typhoon Ketsana	$1 [336]	$1.4	921	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , )
Armero tragedy	$1 [337]	$2.8	22,540	Volcano eruption, Mudslides	1985	Colombia
Surfside condominium collapse	$1	$1.1	98	Structure failure	2021	United States
1978 Thessaloniki earthquake	$1 [105]	$4.7	50	Earthquake	1978	Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
1983 Sea of Japan earthquake	$1 [338]	$3.1	104	Earthquake	1983	Japan
1985 Algarrobo earthquake	$1 [339]	$2.8	177	Earthquake	1985	Chile
1987 Ecuador earthquakes	$1 [340]	$2.7	1,000 – 5,000	Earthquake	1987	Ecuador
1988 Nepal earthquake	$1 [341]	$2.6	709	Earthquake	1988	Nepal,   India
1992 Cairo earthquake	$1 [342]	$2.2	561	Earthquake	1992	Egypt
1994 Páez River earthquake	$1 [343]	$2.1	1,100	Earthquake	1994	Colombia
1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake	$1 [344]	$1.9	145	Earthquake	1998	Turkey
1999 Düzce earthquake	$1 [345]	$1.8	845 – 894	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado	$1 [242]	$1.8	41	Tornado	1999	United States
2014 South Napa earthquake	$1 [346]	$1.3	1	Earthquake	2014	United States
Cyclone Luban	$1 [347]	$1.2	14	Tropical cyclone	2018	Arabian Sea basin ( , , )
Hurricane Nicole	$1 [348]	$1	11	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America and the Antiles ( , , , others)
2024 Chile wildfires	$1 [349]	$1	137-507	Wildfire	2024	Chile

Under $1 billion

This table lists notable disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of less than 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account. This includes historical disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire, which would surpass the value of $1 billion in modern currency.

Note: All damage figures are listed in millions of United States dollars.

List of disasters by cost. Under $1 billion. Actual, and inflated to 2023 (unless otherwise stated)

Event	Cost ($ millions)		Fatalities	Type	Year	Nation(s)
	Actual	Inflated
Cyclone Akash	$982 [350]	$1443	14	Tropical cyclone	2007	South Asia ( , , )
2013 Washington, Illinois tornado	$935 [351] [352]	$1223	3	Tornado	2013	United States
2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires	$922 [353]	$1171	14	Wildfire	2016	United States
2020 Korea floods	$922 [354]	$1085	32	Flood	2020	South Korea
1978 Miyagi earthquake	$800 [355]	$3737	28	Earthquake	1978	Japan
Cyclone Nisha	$800 [356]	$1132	204	Tropical cyclone	2008	India,   Sri Lanka
Cyclone Helen	$796 [357]	$1041	10	Tropical cyclone	2013	India
Hurricane Nate	$787 [358] [359]	$978	48	Tropical cyclone	2017	North and Central America ( , , , others)
Hurricane Flora	$773 [360]	$7693	7,193	Tropical cyclone	1963	North and Central America ( , , , others)
2021 South Moravia tornado	$716 [361]	$805	6	Tornado	2021	Czech Republic
1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption	$700 [362]	$1566	800	Volcano	1991	Philippines
2011 Slave Lake wildfire	$700 [363]	$948	1	Wildfire	2011	Canada
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake	$607 [364]	$737	563	Earthquake	2018	Indonesia
1974 Super Outbreak + Xenia tornado	$600 [365]	$3707	335	Tornado outbreak	1974	United States and Canada
1993 Okushiri earthquake	$600 [366]	$1266	230	Earthquake	1993	Japan
2015 Illapel earthquake	$600 [367]	$771	15	Earthquake	2015	Chile, Argentina
Cyclone Tracy	$500 – $600 [368]	$3089 – $3707	71	Tropical cyclone	1974	Australia
2018 Ponte Morandi collapse	$575 [369]	$698	43	Bridge collapse	2018	Italy
1960 Valdivia earthquake	$550 [370]	$5665	6,000	Earthquake	1960	Pacific Rim ( , , , others)
1970 Ancash earthquake	$530 [371]	$4158	70,000	Earthquake	1970	Peru
2000 Mozambique flood	$525 [372]	$929	800	Flood	2000	Mozambique
1906 San Francisco earthquake	$524 [373]	$17769	3,000	Earthquake	1906	United States
I-35W Mississippi River Bridge collapse	$483 [374] [375] [376] – $543 [377]	$710 – 798	13	Structure failure	2007	United States
1971 San Fernando earthquake	$500 [378]	$3762	65	Earthquake	1971	United States
1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster	$500 [379]	$1466	17	Explosion	1984	United States
October 1999 Mexico floods	$491.3 [231]	$899	636	Flood	1999	Central America ( , , , others)
Typhoon Tip	$484 [380]	$2032	99	Tropical cyclone	1979	East Asia ( , , , others)
1990 Carlentini earthquake	$400 [381]	$933	19	Earthquake	1990	Italy
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake	$400 [34]	$471	119	Earthquake and tsunami	2020	Greece,   Turkey
Ariane 5 Flight 501	$370 [382]	$719	0	Space flight accident	1996	French Guiana
1990 Luzon earthquake	$369 [383]	$861	1,621	Earthquake	1990	Philippines
New York City blackout of 1977	$350 [384]	$1760	1	Infrastructure failure (electric)	1977	United States
Mars Climate Orbiter & Mars Polar Lander	$328 [385]	$600	0	Space flight accident	1999	United States
Hurricane Keith	$319 [386]	$564	68	Tropical cyclone	2000	Central America ( , , , others)
Hitomi breakup	$273 [387]	$347	0	Space flight accident	2016	Japan
Typhoon Vera	$261 [388]	$2728	5,098 (official confirmed)	Tropical cyclone	1959	Japan
1953 Worcester tornado	$250 [389] [289]	$2847	90	Tornado	1953	United States
Great Chicago Fire	$222 [390]	$5646	300	Fire	1871	United States
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami	$182 [391]	$189	7	Volcanic eruption and tsunami	2022	Tonga
CryoSat-1	$118 [392]	$184	0	Space flight accident	2005	Russia
1970 Bhola cyclone	$86.4 [393]	$678	300,000	Tropical cyclone	1970	Bangladesh,   India
1908 Messina earthquake	$86,3 [394]	$2927	75,000-82,000	Earthquake	1908	Italy
1962 Vallés floods	$44.2 (official estimated)	$445	617 (official confirmed)	Flood	1962[ citation needed ]	Spain
Sinking of the Titanic	$25 [395] [396]	$789	1,490 – 1,635	Shipwreck	1912	United Kingdom
Mariner 1	$18.1 [397]	$182	0	Space flight accident	1962	United States

References

1. "Costs beyond measure". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
2. Samet, Jonathan M.; Seo, Joann (21 April 2016). The Financial Costs of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster: A Review of the Literature (PDF) (Report). USC Institute on Inequalities in Global Health. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
3. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
4. Chernobyl's legacy : health, environmental and socio-economic impacts and Recommendations to the governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Chernobyl Forum. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2006. OCLC   70109252.
5. Ferris, Elizabeth; Solís, Mireya (11 March 2013). "Earthquake, Tsunami, Meltdown – The Triple Disaster's Impact on Japan, Impact on the World". Brookings. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
6. "Japan disaster set to become world's costliest". CBS News. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
7. Mimura, Nobuo; Yasuhara, Kazuya; Kawagoe, Seiki; Yokoki, Hiromune; Kazama, So (2011-10-01). "Damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami – A quick report". Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 16 (7): 803–818. Bibcode:2011MASGC..16..803M. doi: 10.1007/s11027-011-9297-7 . ISSN   1573-1596.
8. Esper, Philip; Tachibana, Eizaburo (1998). "Lessons from the Kobe earthquake". Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications. 15 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1144/GSL.ENG.1998.015.01.11. ISSN   0267-9914.
9. "Deprem bölgesinde fatura borçlarının silinmesi için süre uzatıldı". Milat Gazetsi. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
10. "Almost $15 billion needed for earthquake recovery in Syria". United Nations. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
11. Bernal, Vivian Argueta; Procee, Paul (May 12, 2012). "Four years on: What China got right when rebuilding after the Sichuan earthquake". World Bank. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
12. "Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
13. "Weather and climate extremes in India killed thousands, displaced millions and cost billions in 2020". World Meteorological Organization . 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023.
14. "Global Catastrophe Recap December 2020" (PDF). Aon Benfield Analytics. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
15. Kishore, Nishant; Marqués, Domingo; Mahmud, Ayesha; Kiang, Mathew V.; Rodriguez, Irmary; Fuller, Arlan; Ebner, Peggy; Sorensen, Cecilia; Racy, Fabio; Lemery, Jay; Maas, Leslie; Leaning, Jennifer; Irizarry, Rafael A.; Balsari, Satchit; Buckee, Caroline O. (29 May 2018). "Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria". The New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (2): 162–170. doi: 10.1056/nejmsa1803972 . ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   29809109. S2CID   44155986.
16. "The real reason billion-dollar disasters like Hurricane Helene are growing more common". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
17. "Moody's Analytics says Helene 'like Idalia, but worse' with cost estimated at up to $34bn". The Insurer. September 27, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
18. "NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT HURRICANE IDA" (PDF).
19. "With costs approaching $100 billion, the bushfires are Australia's costliest natural disaster".
20. "DH costs" (PDF). rff.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2011.
21. "ROUNDUP: Munich Re: Naturkatastrophen richten 280 Milliarden Dollar Schaden an". FinanzNachrichten.de.
22. "Impacts of Recent Climate Anomalies: Losers and Winners" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-07-24.
23. [e-mail]. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov.
24. An (August 31, 2010). "Floods, landslides leave 3,185 dead in China this year: MCA". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
25. "Northridge Earthquake: 1994 quake still fresh in Los Angeles minds after 20 years". Los Angeles Daily News . 11 January 2014.
26. "$47b? Indonesia counts costs of haze". The Straits Times . 11 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
27. "Smoke from 2015 Indonesian fires may have caused 100,000 premature deaths". Harvard University . 19 September 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
28. "Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）". adrc.asia.
29. "The World Bank Supports Thailand's Post-Floods Recovery Effort". World Bank. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
30. "Natural Catastrophes Caused US$65 Billion Economic Loss in Asia Pacific in 2023". SME. 2 April 2024.
31. 8th Environment Action Programme - Economic losses from weather- and climate-related extremes in Europe (pdf). European Environment Agency (Report). 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
32. "Christchurch rebuild to cost $10b more". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
33. "Flood death toll reaches 1,545". Daily Times . 18 September 2022. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022.
34. "Global Catastrophe Recap November 2020" (PDF). Aon. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
35. "Flood destruction in China cost $32B, authorities say". United Press International. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
36. "2023年全國十大自然災害發布". 香港文匯網 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-05-02.
37. "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
38. Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN   978-0-19-984193-6.
39. [e-mail]. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncei.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
40. Andrew Weber (July 14, 2021). "Texas Winter Storm Death Toll Goes Up To 210, Including 43 Deaths in Harris County". Houston Public Media. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
41. Jan Wesner Childs (February 18, 2021). "Houston Faces Dire Water Issues as Power Outages, Cold Push Texans To Their Limits". weather.com. The Weather Company . Retrieved September 8, 2021.
42. "Man killed in crash involving semi-truck in northern Oklahoma". KOCO News. February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
43. "20 deaths blamed on cold weather in north as another front moves in". Mexico News Daily. February 19, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
44. "Assessing the U.S. Climate in 2018". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
45. Baruah, Santanu; Saikia, Sowrav; Baruah, Saurabh; Bora, Pabon K.; Tatevossian, Ruben; Kayal, J. R. (2016). "The September 2011 Sikkim Himalaya earthquake Mw 6.9: Is it a plane of detachment earthquake?". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 7 (1): 248–263. Bibcode:2016GNHR....7..248B. doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.895963.
46. Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (15 July 2016). "Earth's 5th Costliest Non-U.S. Weather Disaster on Record: China's $22 Billion Flood". The Weather Underground. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
47. "The Cost of September 11". iags.org. IAGS, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security.
48. "Libya Hurricane Daniel: Situation Report 2 – 27/09/2023 – Libya | ReliefWeb". 28 September 2023.
49. "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database".
50. "Natural Catastrophe and Climate Report: Q3 2024" (PDF). Gallangher Re. October 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
51. [e-mail]. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
52. Yuan, Ye (22 January 2022). "Officials 'Deliberately' Hid Deaths During Henan Floods, Report Finds". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
53. "Looking Back, Looking Forward: Anatol, Lothar and Martin Ten Years Later".
54. "国土交通省｜報道資料｜令和元年東日本台風の発生した令和元年の水害被害額が統計開始以来最大に令和元年の水害被害額（確報値）を公表". 国土交通省 (Press release) (in Japanese). Retrieved November 13, 2022.
55. "2012 flood disaster cost Nigeria N2.6tn –NEMA". punchng.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
56. "Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe – Environment Alert Bulletin 2". United Nations. March 2003. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
57. Contreras, Diana; Forino, Giuseppe; Blaschke, Thomas (2018). "Measuring the progress of a recovery process after an earthquake: The case of L'aquila, Italy". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 28: 450–464. Bibcode:2018IJDRR..28..450C. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.048 . S2CID   133809860.
58. Romero, Henry; Oré, Diego (2023-10-26). "Hurricane Otis Kills at Least 27, Hammers Acapulco as Damage Seen in Billions". US News . Reuters.
59. "Significant Earthquakes Full Search, sort by $Millions Damage, Date". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
60. "Floods dominate natural catastrophe statistics in first half of 2013". Munich Re. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
61. "Cyclone Amphan of 2020 resulted in $14 billion economic losses in India: U.N. report". The Hindi. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
62. Nafiu, Rummana Foisal (20 May 2020). "Cyclone Amphan: Bangladesh may face losses worth Tk12,744cr". Dhaka Tribute. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
63. "Cyclone Amphan". disasterphilanthropy.org. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
64. "Hurricane Matthew economic damage nears $6 billion". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
65. "Data" (PDF). thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com.
66. "The Great Flood of 1993". mo.water.usgs.gov.
67. "Data" (PDF). catastropheinsight.aonbenfield.com.
68. "Russian heat wave had both manmade and natural causes". American Geophysical Union . 21 February 2012.
69. Evans, Steven (2018-01-25). "California wildfire industry losses put at $13.2bn by Aon Benfield". Artemis.bm. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
70. "California spent nearly $1.8 billion last year fighting major wildfires". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
71. "Chile quake damage could reach $30 billion". CNN.
72. "Insured losses from Beirut blast seen around $3 billion: Sources – Reuters". Archived from the original on 2020-08-08.
73. "Events". NOAA . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
74. "Impacts of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe" (PDF). UNEP . March 2004.
75. "Disaster in Armenia, 1988". worldhistorycommons.org. 16 April 2007.
76. Evans, Steve (December 19, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis & Jebi losses said stabilising below top-end estimates". Artemis. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
77. "Asian bloc to handle Burma aid". Toronto Star . 19 May 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
78. "Paris attacks: assembling an economic analysis". University of Cambridge.
79. "Chennai Floods in November Washed Away Over Rs 14,000 crore". The New Indian Express . March 31, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.
80. "Šteta od potresa u Zagrebu procijenjena je na vrtoglav iznos. Vlada traži novac od Europske komisije. Evo koliko maksimalno možemo dobiti". Novi list (in Croatian). 10 June 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
81. [e-mail]. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
82. "Overview of the Social, Economical and Policy impacts – August 24, 2016 Central Italy Earthquake". Learning From Earthquakes.
83. "Alluvione Emilia-Romagna, la Regione: "I danni ammonteranno a oltre 7 miliardi"". Il Fatto Quotidiano. May 24, 2023.
84. Zhenghua, Wang. "Closing the floodgates to disaster". China Daily. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
85. "Louisiana flooding will cost U.S. economy more than $10 billion". The Advocate. 9 September 2016.
86. "Loss events in Asia 1980 – 2013" (PDF). Munich Re. May 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
87. According to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C Archived 2005-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
88. "Investigation of the M6.6 Niigata-Chuetsu Oki, Japan, Earthquake of July 16, 2007" (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
89. "Nepal Says Earthquake Rebuilding Cost to Exceed $10 Billion". Bloomberg News. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
90. Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2019 Annual Report (PDF). AON Benfield (Report). AON Benfield. January 22, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
91. Armand Vervaeck (3 August 2014). "Deadly earthquake in Ludian county (Yunnan), China – at least 398 people killed + over 6 bn USD in damage". Earthquake-Report.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
92. Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
93. John L. Beven II; National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2004). "Hurricane Frances August 24 – September 10" (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
94. Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact (PDF) (Speciality Property Briefing). Guy Carpenter and Company. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
95. Zhou, Cong; Chen, Peiyan; Yang, Shifang; Zheng, Feng; Yu, Hui; Tang, Jie; Lu, Yi; Chen, Guoming; Lu, Xiaoqing; Zhang, Xiping; Sun, Jing (2022). "The impact of Typhoon Lekima (2019) on East China: a postevent survey in Wenzhou City and Taizhou City". Springer Link . 16 (1): 109–120. Bibcode:2022FrES...16..109Z. doi:10.1007/s11707-020-0856-7.
96. Wilson, Nick; Broadbent, Adele; Kerr, John (7 February 2024). "Cyclone Gabrielle: The New Zealand flood victims too scared to go home". Public Health Communication Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
97. "Nigeria's Worst Flood in a Decade Caused Billions in Damage". Bloomberg News. 1 December 2023.
98. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
99. International Disaster Database: Disaster List Archived September 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
100. "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database".
101. "Index of /static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs". United States Geological Survey.
102. Cavallo, Eduardo; Powell, Andrew; Becerra, Oscar (2010). "Estimating the Direct Economic Damages of the Earthquake in Haiti". The Economic Journal. 120 (546): F298 –F312. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02378.x . S2CID   15252457.
103. Sheridan, Mary Beth (17 February 2010). "Haiti earthquake damage estimated up to $14 billion". The Washington Post.
104. "Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
105. "Index of /Static/LFS/Data/Pager/Catalogs".
106. "Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO". National Geophysical Data Center.
107. "Quantifying disaster". MacEwan News. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
108. Weber, Bob (January 17, 2017). "Costs of Alberta wildfire reach $9.5 billion: Study". BNN Canada. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
109. "Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight" (PDF). Aon Benfield . Retrieved October 29, 2024.
110. "China discloses first heatstroke fatalities amid record temperatures". Voice of America. August 8, 2024. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
111. "Slovenia Estimates €7 Billion Price Tag for Reconstruction After Floods". Insurance Journal. 31 August 2023.
112. Eidinger, John M. (January 2001). Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000. ASCE Publications. ISBN   9780784475065.
113. "Plus de 170 milliards de dollars de dommages". La Presse . 26 December 2021.
114. "Damage from Noto earthquake estimated to hit 2.6 trillion yen | the Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis".
115. U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather & Climate Disasters 1980-2024 (PDF) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved 14 August 2024.
116. Effects of Tropical Storm Glenda (PDF) (Final Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. October 23, 2014. pp. 12, 13, 43, 44, 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
117. "External Support May Help Offset Fiscal Impact of Morocco's Earthquake". Fitch Ratings. 28 Sep 2023.
118. "Oil Spills by the Numbers – Center for American Progress". 30 April 2010.
119. "Typhoon Nina and the August 1975 Flood over Central China" (PDF). NOAA . February 2017.
120. "The 2007 U.K. floods lead to Britain's biggest peacetime rescue efforts". The Weather Network . 10 June 2021.
121. "Member Report: China" (PDF). CMA. China Meterelogical Agency. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
122. "Typhoon Hato could cause HK$8 billion in losses after No 10 signal storm brought Hong Kong to standstill". South China Morning Post . 23 August 2017.
123. Oscar Guijarro (22 February 2018). "Macau | Typhoon Hato losses around MOP12.55 billion". Macau News Agency.
124. "NASA Puts Cost of Shuttle Inquiry, Cleanup at $400 Million". Los Angeles Times. 12 September 2003.
125. "Loss events in Asia 1980 – 2013" (PDF). Munich Re. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2018. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
126. "Iran earthquake caused damage worth €5 billion". Hindustan Times. 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
127. Annie Huang; Gillian Wong; Christopher Bodeen (2009-08-11). "Taiwan military rescues some 300 typhoon victims". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
128. "Damage from Hurricane Beryl may cost insurers $2.7 bln in US, KCC says". Reuters. July 11, 2024.
129. Atalić, Josip; Demšić, Marija; Baniček, Maja; Uroš, Mario; Dasović, Iva; Prevolnik, Snježan; Kadić, Alen; Šavor Novak, Marta; Nastev, Miroslav (23 August 2023). "The December 2020 magnitude (Mw) 6.4 Petrinja earthquake, Croatia: seismological aspects, emergency response and impacts". Springer. 21 (13): 5767–5808. Bibcode:2023BuEE...21.5767A. doi:10.1007/s10518-023-01758-z.
130. "The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake". California Department of Conservation .
131. Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Hargitt, David; Hoyois, Philippe (2004). Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974–2003: The Numbers. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. p. 42. ISBN   9782930344713 . Retrieved 26 September 2017.
132. Minkel, JR (2008-08-13). "The 2003 Northeast Blackout--Five Years Later". Scientific American . Retrieved 2022-11-23.
133. Wood, James. "Province boosts cost of Alberta floods to $6 billion".
134. De Pacina, Michelle (August 31, 2024). "At least 4 dead, over 90 injured as Typhoon Shanshan wreaks havoc in Japan". Yahoo News Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
135. Smith, Adam B. (8 January 2024). "2023: A historic year of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
136. "令和2年水害被害額（確報値）を公表". Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Press release) (in Japanese). 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
137. "On This Day: The 1993 Storm of the Century". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
138. Hamilton, Jennifer Parker; Halvorson, Sarah J. (2007). "The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake". Mountain Research and Development. 27 (4): 296–301. doi: 10.1659/mrd.0945 . S2CID   13706425.
139. "El Asnam | gemecd". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21.
140. Taylor, Roger. "Dorian caused more than $100 million damage in Atlantic Canada | Saltwire". saltwire.com. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
141. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". 2019-12-31. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
142. "The facts: Hurricane Dorian's devastating effect on The Bahamas – Bahamas". ReliefWeb. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
143. "1931 China Flood: Overuse of the Land and Nature's Rage". ArcGIS Story Maps . 20 April 2021.
144. "Thirty years ago: the 1985 Mexico City earthquakes, a major disaster – Geo-Mexico, the geography of Mexico". geo-mexico.com. 17 September 2015.
145. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1996 Pacific Typhoon Tropical Cyclone Report: Chapter 3. Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
146. "What was the cost of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption?". NCESC.com. 4 July 2024.
147. "2010-2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters | NOAA Climate.gov". climate.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
148. "2025 Tibet-Nepal Earthquake". Adda247. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-14.
149. "Flood Relief Funds to be Released in Couple of Days, Assures Karnataka CM as Oppn Hits Out at Centre". 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
150. Lisa Stadtherr et al.: Record Balkan floods of 2014 linked to planetary wave resonance. Science Advances 2, No. 2, 2016, doi : 10.1126/sciadv.1501428
151. Rajiv G (13 September 2018). "Flood damages in Kerala pegged at Rs 4,000,000,000 crore". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
152. "Flood losses 'could amount to RM20 billion'". Free Malaysia Today (FMT). 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
153. "The 1997 earthquake in Umbria and Marche". ISAAC Antisismica. 26 September 2022.
154. "Typhoon Haiyan Leaves 7 Dead in South China". China Radio International. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
155. "Final Report RE: Effects of Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan)" (PDF). NDRRMC. December 11, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
156. "台湾でも台風30号の被害 養殖カキに約17億円規模の損害". フォーカス台湾. 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
157. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Centers for Environmental Information. 9 May 2023.
158. "Earthquake on April 15, 1979: 40 Years Since Natural Disaster in Montenegro". Total Montenegro News. 15 April 2019.
159. "The Great Flood of 1997 in Poland".
160. Glover, David (2006). Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe. IDRC. ISBN   9781552503324.
161. Francis, Simon; Gunturi, Prassad V. S. K.; Arora, Munish (2001). "Performance of Built Environment in the Oct 1999 Orissa Super Cyclone" (PDF). Pilani, Rajasthan, India: Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
162. SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) (pdf). United Natoins Development Programme (Report). March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
163. India Meteorological Department (January 2008). "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007". Archived from the original on November 26, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
164. "HURRICANE ZETA" (PDF). NOAA . 10 May 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
165. "Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones" (PDF). National Hurricane Center.
166. "Bearing the brunt". The Tribune. May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
167. "Athens earthquake of 7 September 1999: Intensity measures and observed damages" (PDF). ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology. 1 March 2003.
168. "Tropical Cyclone Review 2002" (PDF). Guy Carpenter. 30 January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-06.
169. Pasch, Richard J; Zelinsky, David A (January 6, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel: September 13 – 19, 2013 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
170. "Islamic Republic of Iran: Floods Response Plan (April 2019)" (PDF). UN Iran. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
171. "Event:CHIAPAS, MEXICO". NOAA .
172. Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
173. "Hurricane Dennis killed 16 in Cuba – Castro". ReliefWeb. Reuters. 12 July 2005.
174. "SPAIN – Floods" (PDF). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
175. "EM-DAT – The international disaster database". emdat.be.
176. Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report Impact Forecasting—2010 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. December 2010. p. 39. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
177. "Cost of Tornado Outbreak Last Week Could Reach $3.7 Billion". Texas Lawyer.
178. CMA (December 4, 2018). Member Report: China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
179. "Reconstrução do Rio Grande do Sul vai custar pelo menos R$19 bilhões, diz Leite". O Globo (in Portuguese). 2024-05-09.
180. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
181. "Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers AUS$3.5 bln – forecaster". Reuters. 2011-02-03.
182. Wang, Wenqiang; Li, Yilong; Zhang, Zhenguo; Xin, Danhua; He, Zhongqiu; Zhang, Wei; Chen, Xiaofei (19 May 2023). "Rapid estimation of disaster losses for the M6.8 Luding earthquake on September 5, 2022". Springer Link . 66 (6): 1334–1344. Bibcode:2023ScChD..66.1334W. doi:10.1007/s11430-022-1078-6.
183. "Cyclone Hudhud caused Rs 21,908 crore loss, agriculture sector worst hit: Andhra government". Daily News and Analysis . 19 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
184. China Meteorological Administration (November 22, 2013). Member Report: China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee: 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
185. "Cyclone Bulbul caused Rs 23,811 crore losses: West Bengal Government". India Today. Press Trust of India. November 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
186. "Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation". United States Geological Survey. 31 March 2010.
187. "Insurers expected to cover 60% of Kaikoura quake losses; climate change expected to keep escalating risk of natural disasters". interest.co.nz. 24 January 2017.
188. "RMS, Verisk Weigh in With Insured-Loss Estimates in Low Billions From Idalia". Claims Journal. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
189. "Tamil Nadu estimates cyclone damage at Rs 22,573 crore". Business Syandard. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
190. "Flood victims still waiting for repairs to be done as insurance bill hits $4.8 billion". Australia: ABC News. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
191. "Hurricane Luis Preliminary Report" (PDF). NOAA . 6 May 1996.
192. "Damage from deadly Hokkaido quake estimated at over 367.5 billion yen". The Mainichi . 4 October 2018.
193. "Turkey, Caldiran – 1976 – Earthquake" (PDF). Shelter Projects.
194. "Challenger Cost: $3.2 Billion". Los Angeles Times. 11 March 1986.
195. Pruitt, Sarah. "5 Things You May Not Know About the Challenger Shuttle Disaster". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
196. Needham, Hal F.; Keim, Barry D.; Sathiaraj, David (2015). "A review of tropical cyclone-generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts". American Geophysical Union . Vol. 53, no. 2. pp. 545–591. doi:10.1002/2014RG000477 . Retrieved 23 October 2024.
197. "Polish flood death toll rises to nine". euronews. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
198. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
199. "Haïti-Cyclone : Plus de 242 millions de dollars US perdus sous les eaux" (in Spanish). Signal FM Haiti. September 3, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
200. "Five of Asia's most devastating earthquakes". The Christian Science Monitor . 15 March 2011.
201. "Indonesia Earthquake 2006 Response Plan – Revision". OCHA . 1 July 2006.
202. "Analyst says earthquakes could cost Puerto Rico's economy up to $3.1 billion". CNN. 11 January 2020.
203. "2023 wildfires were B.C.'s costliest insured event ever at $720M in losses, report says". CBC News.
204. "AL262020 Delta 20210419" (PDF). NOAA . 19 April 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
205. Alvarado Leon, Gerardo E. (September 28, 2022). "LUMA Energy eleva a $2,000 millones la cifra preliminar de daños en la red de transmisión y distribución por Fiona". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
206. Pangilinan, Mika (January 6, 2023). "Insured damages from Fiona hit over $800 million – IBC". Insurance Business Magazine. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
207. "1964 Niigata (Japan) Earthquake Archive". IRIS Consortium.
208. National Hurricane Center (January 26, 2018). "Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
209. "Ecuador earthquake: Facts, FAQs, and how to help". World Vision. 16 August 2024.
210. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. Asheville, North Carolina: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
211. "West Bengal submits primary report to central team, pegs cyclone damage at Rs 21K crore". The Indian Express . 10 June 2021.
212. U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (Report). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
213. "Damage from Joplin, Mo., tornado: $2.8 billion". San Francisco Chronicle.
214. "Tropical Cyclone Debbie Technical Report" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology . February 2018.
215. Alexander Dobson; Tyler Gach; Sean Sullivan. "AZF Ammonium Nitrate Explosion". web.mst.edu. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019.
216. Benett, Adam (28 September 2024). "could deal with another big one". The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
217. "Earthquake". 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-10 – via Wayback Machine.
218. "Sheinbaum pledges US $400M reconstruction package for Acapulco, calls for private sector's support". Mexico News Daily. November 20, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
219. "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21 – via Wayback Machine.
220. "Hochwasser im Süden verursacht Schäden von etwa zwei Milliarden Euro". tagesschau.de. 7 June 2024.
221. "Typhoon Gaemi causes multi-million dollar losses in Asia". Insurance Asia. August 6, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
222. Vivienne Angeles; Aldwin Quitasol (July 23, 2024). "Agri damage from 'Carina' now exceeds P79M". Daily Tribune . Archived from the original on July 23, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
223. Ali Asif Shawson (May 20, 2020). "Cyclone Amphan: Bangladesh may face losses worth Tk12,744cr". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
224. "A.12 Indonesia – Sumatra – 2009 – Overview" (PDF). Shelter Projects.
225. { "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2005". Gary Padgett.
226. "EUR 2,067m - PERILS releases final industry loss estimate for Windstorm Ciarán of November 2023". Perlis. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
227. "Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 14 November 2012.
228. "Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023, Myanmar: Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report". World Bank.
229. Global Catastrophe Recap May 2016 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
230. "About Hurricane Agnes, a $2.1 billion storm that ravaged the U.S. in 1972". The Weather Network . 18 June 2021.
231. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database" . Université catholique de Louvain.
232. "Yemyin and Gonu Cyclones Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex" (PDF). Wetlands. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
233. Myanmar: Post-disaster needs assessment of floods and landslides July - September 2015 (PDF) (Report). Government of the Union of Myanmar. November 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016– via World Bank.
234. "Joint Needs Assessment Report: West Bengal Floods 2015" (PDF). Sphere India. August 30, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
235. Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert. Penguin. p.  407. ISBN   978-0-14-017824-1.
236. Bala, Andrei; Toma-Danila, Dragos (3 March 2016). "The Strong Romanian Earthquakes of 10.11.1940 and 4.03.1977. Lessons Learned and Forgotten?". The 1940 Vrancea Earthquake. Issues, Insights and Lessons Learnt. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer Link. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29844-3_2. ISBN   978-3-319-29843-6.
237. "Annual Summary, Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-14.
238. "The Quindío, Colombia TheQuindío,Colombia Earthquake of January 25, 1999: y25,1999: Reconnaissance Repor ReconnaissanceReport" (PDF). MCEER. 4 October 1999.
239. "Decemberorkanen 1999". DMI. 25 June 2018.
240. "The 10 most expensive U.S. earthquakes". CNN Business . 25 August 2014.
241. Sheahan, Maria. Hardy, William (ed.). "Costa Concordia capsizing costs over $2 billion for owners". Reuters.
242. "Top Ten Costliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1950-Present)". National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma.
243. 2021 Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight (Report). Aon Benfield. January 25, 2022. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
244. NOAA (1972). "National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 2024-01-26.
245. "Persian Gulf floods insured losses to exceed $2 billion – Guy Carpenter". insurancebusinessmag.com.
246. Mendoza, Jesse. "How much damage did Hurricane Debby leave in Manatee County? Officials give early estimate". Sarasota Herald-Tribune.
247. "被害の概要" (PDF). 18 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24 – via Wayback Machine.
248. "Maryland officials release timeline, cost estimate, for rebuilding bridge". Associated Press. 3 May 2024.
249. Amanullah, Quazi (October 11, 2009). "Hunger, diseases still haunt Aila-hit people in Koira". The Daily Star. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
250. "Typhoon-hit POSCO aims to fully normalize operations by early December". Yonhap News Agency . 16 September 2022.
251. "DISASTERS: A Hurricane in Honduras". Time. October 7, 1974.
252. Smith, Adam B. (2021). "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.25921/stkw-7w73 . Retrieved October 8, 2021.
253. "Economic loss due to floods estimated to be up to Rs 15,000 crore: SBI Ecowrap". Business Today India . 17 July 2023.
254. Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7). American Meteorological Society: 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
255. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
256. "FTI: Damage tally B50bn". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
257. "Central Sulawesi Earthquake Loss Reaches IDR 24.6 Trillion". Puskas BAZNAS. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
258. Steven Duff (6 June 2008). "Remembering Piper Alpha disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
259. "1991 Bangladesh Cyclone". epsresilience.com.
260. "Tropical Storm, October 2008" (PDF). Disaster Recovery Framework. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
261. 平成25年の水害被害額について (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. March 27, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
262. "Cost of natural disasters – ICNZ". icnz.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
263. "Damages and losses of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador". GeoScienceWorld. 1 January 2004.
264. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
265. "Dolly Makes Landfall in Texas; Downgraded to Storm (Update3)". Bloomberg News . Retrieved October 4, 2024.
266. "Aftershock Observation and Analysis of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquake". geoscienceworld.org. 3 June 2015.
267. Haiti: Earthquake Situation Report No. 8 – Final (29 November 2021) (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. November 29, 2021.
268. "Việt Nam thiệt hại gần 40 nghìn tỷ đồng do thiên tai". 4 June 2021.
269. "Cyclone Tauktae damages pegged at Rs 10,000 crore in Gujarat". The Times of India . 27 May 2021.
270. "Death toll from South African floods revised down to 435". Reuters. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
271. "Earthquake, Doganyol, Turkey (PDF)" (PDF). CEDIM. 24 January 2020.
272. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
273. "Supporting Resilient Recovery in Mozambique". GFDRR. January 2024.
274. "Rising Temperatures Bringing Bigger Floods". Science Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
275. Paul J. Hebert; Robert A. Case (March 1990). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
276. "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Four". NOAA . Retrieved 10 October 2024.
277. "Preliminary Observations on the Bam, Iran, Earthquake of December 26, 2003" (PDF). EERI . April 2004.
278. "Talim leaves 95 dead, 30 missing". China View. 2005-09-05. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011.
279. September 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
280. "Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight – 2018 Annual Report" (PDF). January 22, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
281. "Scientists now know how the Brumadinho dam disaster happened, and the lessons to learn". Mongabay . 21 February 2024.
282. 应急管理部公布2020年全国十大自然灾害 (in Chinese). Ministry of Emergency Management. January 2, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
283. "Hurricane Francine Expected to Cost Insurers Almost $1.5 Billion". Bloomberg News. 16 September 2024.
284. "MEMBER REPORT [China]" (PDF). ESCAP/WMO . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
285. "MEMBER REPORT Japan" (PDF). ESCAP/WMO . Retrieved 23 October 2024.
286. 平成２１年の水害被害額の確報値について [Final report on flood damage in 2009]. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Press release) (in Japanese). March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
287. "Gabrielle and Auckland Anniversary claims settlements top 90%". Insurance Council of New Zealand. 19 March 2024.
288. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
289. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
290. Tuilevuka, Nacanieli. "$2.98 billion damage caused by TC Winston". Newswire. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
291. "Mozambique Cyclone Idai Post Disaster Needs Assessment: Full Report (2019)". GFDRR . 29 May 2019.
292. "Volcano eruption on Spain's La Palma declared over after 100 days of activity". United States: ABC News. 26 December 2021.
293. Trovato, Maria Rosa; Giuffrida, Salvatore (22 April 2018). "The Monetary Measurement of Flood Damage and the Valuation of the Proactive Policies in Sicily". Geosciences. 8 (4): 141. Bibcode:2018Geosc...8..141T. doi: 10.3390/geosciences8040141 .
294. National Climatic Data Center. "Billion Dollar U.S. Weather/Climate Disasters, 1980 – October 2011". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
295. "Key figures related to the insurance claims paid for earthquakes in fiscal 2020 as of April 16, 2021". General Insurance Association of Japan. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
296. CENAPRED; Cepal y Servicio Sismológico Nacional (2008). Principales desastres naturales, 1980–2005 (PDF) (in Spanish). El Almanaque Mexicano. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
297. John L. Beven II, Richard J. Pasch and Miles B. Lawrence (2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002". Mariners Weather Log. 47 (1). Retrieved July 15, 2024.
298. "November 2011 Monthly Cat Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. December 6, 2011. pp. 2, 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
299. Llasat, M.C.; O. Caumont; I. Flores; L. Garrote; J. Gilabert; M. Llasat-Botija; R. Marcos; O. Nuissier; E. Richard; T. Rigo (28 June 2014). The November 2011 Flood Event In Catalonia: Analysis Using The DRIHM Infrastructure (Report). Cosenza, Italy: University of Calabria . Retrieved 5 November 2024.
300. "Ascienden a 16,600 mdp costos por huracán Odile". El Economista. 10 December 2014.
301. Fischetti, Mark. "How Much Do Wildfires Cost in Terms of Property Damage?". Scientific American .
302. Ishaqui, S A (23 October 2020). "Telangana tells Centre: State suffered nearly 9K crore loss due to floods". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
303. Rieger, Sarah (2020-07-08). "Calgary hailstorm that caused $1.2B in damage ranks as Canada's 4th costliest natural disaster". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
304. "'Expensive, extreme:' Calgary hailstorm is top weather story of 2020 – 660 NEWS". 660citynews.com. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
305. "Events reported between 04/10/1965 and 04/12/1965". National Centers for Environmental Information.
306. "1996 Flood Archive". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
307. Brasileiro, Adriana (17 January 2010). "Brazil Cities Hit by Landslides, Floods Will Need $1.2 Billion to Recover". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
308. "Tropical Cyclone Veronica". Weather Underground.
309. "Events: Kentucky and Missouri Flooding". Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
310. "2023 São Paulo, Brazil Floods". Center for Disaster Philanthropy. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
311. "Tropical cyclones in 1994" (PDF). Royal Observatory Hong Kong . May 1995.
312. 都市快报 (July 22, 2005). 台风海棠造成浙江经济损失上升至72.2亿元 (in Chinese). 新浪网. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
313. National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 13 October 2024.
314. "April 2014 Global Catastrophe Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-12. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
315. Rapid Assessment of the Macro and Sectoral Impacts of Flash Floods in the Solomon Islands, April 2014 (PDF). Government of the Solomon Islands (Report). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. July 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
316. "Typhoon Bopha, Philippines". Center for Disaster Philanthropy. January 29, 2013.
317. "14-Year Cleanup at Three Mile Island Concludes". The New York Times. Associated Press. 15 August 1993.
318. Jane Seaberry (September 15, 1980). "Mt. St. Helens Blows $1 Billion". The Washington Post.
319. "Tropical Storm Agatha Cyclone Report" (PDF). NOAA . 13 August 2010.
320. "June Floods Cost $27 Billion". Floodlist. 25 July 2013.
321. Global Catastrophe Recap – May 2021, Aon, June 2021
322. Latto, Andy S. (March 1, 2022). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nicholas (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
323. "Norfolk Southern: East Palestine costs over $1 billion, announces layoffs". NewsNation. 26 January 2024.
324. "Damage caused by 2019 Albania earthquake estimated at €985mn". bne IntelliNews. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
325. "SitRep no. 29 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for TY ULYSSES" (PDF). ndrrmc.gov.ph. 13 January 2021.
326. Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
327. "2017 VIETNAM Report" (PDF).
328. "Descripción General de las Características e Impacto Socioeconómico del Huracán "Emily" en la República Mexicana" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. 2005. pp. 11–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
329. "Hurricane Emily – SITREP 5 – Emily's toll in Caribbean emerging". Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency. July 19, 2005. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
330. "Billion Dollars' Damage in Japan". Miami Herald . Associated Press. September 26, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
331. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 2024-03-22.
332. "Expecting Disaster: The 1963 Landslide of the Vajont Dam". Environment & Society Portal. 30 January 2012.
333. "50 YEARS SINCE THE SKOPJE 1963 EARTHQUAKE – IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIAN BUILDING STANDARDS" (PDF). Australian Earthquake Engineering Society. 15–17 November 2013.
334. "Building performance in the 1972 Managua Earthquake" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards . 29 April 1974.
335. "Photo Reflection: 1976 Earthquake in Guatemala". Revista. 30 December 2007.
336. Hookway, James. "Philippines Assesses Ketsana's Damage". The Wall Street Journal.
337. Camp, Vic. "How Volcanoes Work – the Nevado del Ruiz eruption". San Diego State University . Retrieved July 20, 2010.
338. "Evaluation of Indirect Economic Effects Caused by the 1983 Nihonkai-chubu, Japan, Earthquake". geoscienceworld.org. 1 November 1990.
339. El Mercurio, Grandes terremotos en Chile
340. National Research Council (1991). The March 5, 1987, Ecuador Earthquakes: Mass Wasting and Socioeconomic Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/1857. ISBN   978-0-309-04444-8.
341. "NEPAL- Earthquake FY 1988" (PDF). USAID . 21 August 1988.
342. Badawi, Hossam S.; Mourad, Sherif A. (24 November 1993). "Observations from the 12 October 1992 Dahshour earthquake in Egypt". Natural Hazards. p. 261 – via Academia.edu.
343. "Report on Nevado del Huila (Colombia) – July 1994". Smithsonian Institution . July 1994. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199407-351050.
344. Yalcinkaya, Esref (21 June 2014). "Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the June 27, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan earthquake". Springer Open . 57 (2): 107–115. doi: 10.1186/BF03352554 .
345. National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
346. "Napa, Calif., earthquake: Economic hit could reach $1 billion". Los Angeles Times. 25 August 2014.
347. "Govt. Report: Luban Storm cost US$ one billion". Debriefer. November 2, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
348. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
349. "UNICEF Chile Humanitarian Flash Report No.2 (Wildfires) as of 07 March 2024". UNICEF . 9 March 2024.
350. Myint Thein (2008-03-05). "Relief and Resettlement Department" (PDF). Social Welfare Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
351. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
352. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
353. Ahillen, Steve. "Gatlinburg wildfires, six months later: fire costs, donations". USA Today Network. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
354. "[숫자로 읽는 세상] 2020년대 들어 호우 피해 더 심해졌다…제일 취약한 곳은 '부산'" [[Reading the World in Numbers] Heavy Rain Damage Has Become Worse in the 2020s… The Most Vulnerable Place is ‘Busan’]. Seoul Shinmun (in Korean). 10 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
355. "An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan Earthquake of June 12, 1978 (NBS SP 592)". NIST . 30 October 1980.
356. "Updates". 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
357. "Cyclone Helen flattens 10 lakh acres of cropst". The Times of India. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
358. "309 mil millones de colones para la reconstrucción convierten a Nate en el mayor desastre de origen natural de la historia en Costa Rica" (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
359. "Reports on hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical disturbances and related floods during 2017". United States of America. 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
360. Roger A. Pielke Jr.; Jose Rubiera; Christopher Landsea; Mario L. Fernandez; Roberta Klein (2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
361. "Analysis of Tornadic Storm in Southern Moravia on 24th June 2021 Based on Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar and Lightning Detection Data" (PDF). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute .
362. Program, Volcano Hazards. "Volcanic Ash Impacts & Mitigation – Pinatubo 1991". United States Geological Survey.
363. "Slave Lake fires 2nd costliest insured disaster". CTV News. 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
364. Silaban, Martha Warta (27 August 2018). "Kerugian dan Kerusakan Akibat Gempa Lombok Capai Rp 8,8 Triliun". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
365. "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974". National Weather Service Wilmington, Ohio.
366. "Tsunami Devastates Japanese Coastal Region". NOAA .
367. "Chile earthquake costs insurers between 400bn and 600bn Chilean pesos". The Actuary. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
368. "Tropical cyclone extremes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
369. "Italy's Morandi Bridge Collapse—What Do We Know?". engineering.com. 22 August 2018.
370. "May 22, 1960 CE: Valdivia Earthquake Strikes Chile". National Geographic .
371. "The Hidden Traumas of Natural Disasters". IDB. 19 January 2016.
372. "Mozambique Revisited". BBC World Service. 20 June 2001.
373. "M 7.9 – The 1906 San Francisco, California Earthquake". United States Geological Survey.
374. "The cost of rebuilding the collapsed I-35W span is climbing". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
375. Lohn, Martiga (May 2, 2008). "Minnesota Inks Deal with Bridge Victims". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
376. James, Frank (August 23, 2010). "Last Minneapolis Bridge Collapse Lawsuit Settled For $52.4 Million". NPR. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
377. "Economic Impacts of the I-35W Bridge Collapse" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2022-11-23.
378. "50 Years Later, an Earthquake's Legacy Continues". United States Geological Survey. 4 February 2021.
379. "Firefighter Record". Illinois Fire Service Institute.
380. "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 197920 (TIP) – Disaster Information". Digital Typhoon Disaster Database. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
381. "Quake in Eastern Sicily Kills 19 and Injures 200". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 14 December 1990. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
382. Dowson, Mark (March 1997). "The Ariane 5 Software Failure". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 22 (2): 84. doi:10.1145/251880.251992. S2CID   43439273.
383. "FAST FACTS: The 1990 Luzon earthquake". Rappler . 16 July 2019.
384. Sugarman, R. (1978-11-01). "New York City's blackout: a $350 million drain". IEEE Spectrum. 15 (11). doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1978.6367870. S2CID   27007642.
385. "Mars Climate Orbiter Fact Sheet". mars.nasa.gov. NASA-JPL. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
386. "Belize: Assessment of the Damage Caused By Hurricane Keith, 2000" (PDF). CEPAL. November 30, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
387. Tasker, Elizabeth (2016-06-16). "What Killed Japan's Hitomi X-Ray Satellite?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
388. Tilden, Charles E. (1959). 1959 Annual Typhoon Report (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). San Francisco, California: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
389. "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
390. Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the century : the epic of Chicago and the making of America. Internet Archive. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-0-684-80194-0.
391. "Additional $20 million for Disaster Recovery and Economic Reform in Tonga". World Bank (Press release). 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
392. "ESRIN hosts Europe's main CryoSat launch event". esa.int. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
393. "Country Profile". EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
394. "1908 messina earthquake, italy". astichris.weebly.com. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
395. Lloyd's. "Titanic Information Sheet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
396. "Titanic Claimants to Accept $664,000; Tentative Settlement Reached by Lawyers Representing Both Sides. Some May Hold Out Prefer to Await Judge Mayer's Decision;- Suits Aggregate $16,804,112" (PDF). The New York Times. 18 December 1915. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
397. Henry Walker (2005). The Tao of Computing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. ISBN   9780763725525. OCLC   864860042.