List of disasters by cost

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Disasters can have high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a large disaster occurs in a wealthy country, the financial damage may be large, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a poorer country, the actual financial damage may appear to be relatively small. This is in part due to the difficulty of measuring the financial damage in areas that lack insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of around 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion, ^[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damage was six times higher.

The most expensive disaster in human history is the Chernobyl disaster, costing an estimated $700 billion. ^[2] Chernobyl's circumstances make it a unique but particularly devastating situation that is unlikely to ever happen again. Estimations have only increased over time, with the recent figure coming from the release of new government data up to 2016. ^[2] Furthermore, the cost is expected to perpetually increase for several thousand years as cleanup operations and the economic impact of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone continue indefinitely. ^[3] The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion. ^[4]

Over $1 billion

This table lists disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of at least 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account.

List of disasters by cost

Cost ($billion)		Fatalities	Event	Type	Year	Nation(s)
Actual	Inflated to (2023 unless otherwise stated)
$2400 – 9000 [5]	$2400 – $9000	5,545,000 in 2019	Usage of lead in gasoline and plumbing	Lead poisoning	1920s–present	Global
$700 [2]	$900	30–500	Chernobyl disaster	Contamination (Radioactive)	1986	Soviet Union ( , , )
$360 [6] [7] [4]	$488	19,759	2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami + Fukushima nuclear disaster	Undersea Megathrust Earthquake, Tsunami, Contamination (Radioactive)	2011	Japan
$200 [8]	$399.9	5,502 – 6,434	Great Hanshin earthquake	Earthquake	1995	Japan
$163.6 [9] [10]	$164	59,259 - 62,013	2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake	Earthquake	2023	West Asia (  Turkey,   Syria)
$148 [11]	$209	87,587	2008 Sichuan earthquake	Earthquake	2008	China
$125 [12]	$195	1,245 – 1,836	Hurricane Katrina	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States
$125 [12]	$155	107	Hurricane Harvey	Tropical cyclone	2017	United States
$113 [12]	$127	161	Hurricane Ian	Tropical cyclone	2022	North America ( , , , others)
$105 [13] [14]	$124	6,511	2020 South Asian floods	Flood	2020	South Asia ( , , , others)
$91.6 [12]	$114	3,057 – 8,498 [15]	Hurricane Maria	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
$75 [16]	$84	107	Hurricane Ida	Tropical cyclone	2021	North America ( , , , others)
$70 [17]	$82	451	2019–20 Australian bushfire season	Wildfire	2019-20	Australia
$68.7 [12]	$91	233	Hurricane Sandy	Tropical cyclone	2012	North America ( , , , others)
$64.8 [12]	$81	134	Hurricane Irma	Tropical cyclone	2017	North America ( , , , others)
$64 [18]	$72	243	2021 European floods	Flood	2021	Europe ( , , , others)
$60 – $100 [19]	$84 – $140	11	Deepwater Horizon oil spill	Contamination (Oil)	2010	United States
$53.25 [20]	$131	5,000+	1988–1990 North American drought	Drought	1988-89	United States, Canada
$49.6 – $56.1 [21]	$65 – $73	104	2012–2013 North American drought	Drought	2012-13	United States, Canada
$49 [22]	$101	57	1994 Northridge earthquake	Earthquake	1994	United States
$46 [23]	$58	273	2016 Kumamoto earthquakes	Earthquake	2016	Japan
$45.7 [24]	$62	815	2011 Thailand floods	Flood	2011	Thailand
$40 [25]	$54	185	2011 Christchurch earthquake	Earthquake	2011	New Zealand
$40 [26]	$45	1,700	2022 Pakistan floods	Flood	2022	Pakistan
$38 [12]	$54	214	Hurricane Ike	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
$32 [27] [28]	$38	278 [29]	2020 China floods	Flood	2020	China
$28.4 [30]	$28.4	137	Typhoon Doksuri	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
$28 [31] [32]	$45	68	2004 Chūetsu earthquake	Earthquake	2004	Japan
$27.4 [12]	$43	87	Hurricane Wilma	Tropical cyclone	2005	North America ( , , , others)
$27.3 [12]	$59.3	65	Hurricane Andrew	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
$26.5 [33]	$26.5	237 [34] [35] [36] [37]	February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm	Winter storm, Infrastructure failure (electric)	2021	North America ( , , )
$26.1 [12]	$42.1	124	Hurricane Ivan	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
$25.1 [38]	$30.5	74	Hurricane Michael	Tropical cyclone	2018	North America ( , , , others)
$24.0 [21]	$29.1	103	2018 California wildfires	Wildfire	2018	United States
$22.3 [39]	$30.2	111	2011 Sikkim earthquake	Earthquake	2011	Southern Asia ( , , , others)
$21.8 – $135 [40]	$37.5 – $232.3	2,996	September 11 terrorist attacks	Terror attack	2001	United States
$21.1 [41]	$22	4,361-20,000	Storm Daniel	Tropical cyclone, Dam failure	2023	Libya, Greece
$20 [42]	$74	4,900	1980 Irpinia earthquake	Earthquake	1980	Italy
$20 [43]	$20.8	24,501	2022 European heatwaves	Heatwave	2022	Europe ( , , , others)
$19.2	$32.5	110	2002 European floods	Flood	2002	Central Europe ( , , , others)
$19.1 [27] [44]	$22.5	77	Hurricane Laura	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America ( , , , others)
$18.6 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$20.9	398 (official confirmed)	2021 Henan floods	Flood	2021	China
$18.5 [12]	$28.9	97 – 125	Hurricane Rita	Tropical cyclone	2005	United States
$17.9 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$21.3	108 (official confirmed)	Typhoon Hagibis	Tropical cyclone	2019	Japan
$17.6 (estimated) [45]	$17.6 (2024)	339	2024 Noto earthquake	Earthquake	2024	Japan
$17.6 [46]	$32.2	140	Cyclone Lothar	European windstorm	1999	Western Europe ( , , , others)
$16.9 [12]	$27.3	35	Hurricane Charley	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , )
$16.0 [47]	$22.7	308	2009 L'Aquila earthquake	Earthquake	2009	Italy
$16.0 [48]	$17	≥52	Hurricane Otis	Tropical cyclone	2023	Mexico
$15.8 [49]	$21	27	2012 Northern Italy earthquakes	Earthquake	2012	Italy
$15.1 [50] [51]	$19.2	603	Hurricane Matthew	Tropical cyclone	2016	North America ( , , , others)
$15 – $20 [52]	$31.6 – $42.2	47	Great Flood of 1993	Flood	1993	United States
$15.0 [53]	$35	197	Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke	European windstorm	1990	Western Europe ( , , , others)
$15 [1]	$24.2	230,000 – 280,000	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami	Earthquake, Tsunami	2004	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
$15.0 [54] [55]	$18.6	44	October 2017 Northern California wildfires	Wildfire	2017	United States
$15 – $30 [56]	$21 – $41.9	525	2010 Chile earthquake	Earthquake	2010	Chile
$15 [57]	$17.7	218	2020 Beirut explosion	Ammonium nitrate explosion	2020	Lebanon
$14.2 [12]	$19.2	58	Hurricane Irene	Tropical cyclone	2011	North America ( , , , others)
$13 – $14 [58] [27]	$15.3 – $16.5	128 [59]	Cyclone Amphan	Tropical cyclone	2020	Eastern South Asia ( , , , others)
$12.9 [60]	$18.3	138,366	Cyclone Nargis	Tropical cyclone	2008	Myanmar
$12.7 [61]	$16.3	130	November 2015 Paris attacks	Terror attack	2015	France
$11.5 [62]	$13.5	4 [62]	August 2020 Midwest derecho	Derecho	2020	United States
$11 [63]	$11	17	2023 Emilia-Romagna floods	Flood	2023	Italy
$10.4 [64]	$13.6	12	Typhoon Fitow	Tropical cyclone	2013	China
$10.2 [21]	$13.8	348	2011 Super Outbreak + Hackleburg–Phil Campbell and Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornadoes	Tornado outbreak	2011	United States
$10 – $15 [65]	$12.7 – $19	13	2016 Louisiana floods	Flood	2016	United States
$10 [21]	$37	1,700 – 10,000	1980 United States heat wave	Drought	1980	United States
$10 [66]	$22.4	64	Typhoon Mireille	Tropical cyclone	1991	Japan
$10 [67]	$12.9	8,964	April 2015 Nepal earthquake	Earthquake	2015	Nepal
$10 [53]	$14.7	44	Cyclone Kyrill	European windstorm	2007	Western Europe ( , , , others)
$10 [21]	$14.2	16	June 2008 Midwest floods	Flood	2008	United States
$10 [21]	$53.5	242,419-655,000	1976 Tangshan earthquake	Earthquake	1976	China
$9.86 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$11.8	238 (official confirmed)	2018 Japan floods	Flood	2018	Japan
$9.8 [12] [68] [69] [70]	$15.8	50	Hurricane Frances	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , )
$9.5 [12]	$23.4	60	Hurricane Hugo	Tropical cyclone	1989	North America ( , , , others)
$9.5 [71] [72]	$12.1	2	2016 Fort McMurray wildfire	Wildfire	2016	Canada
$9.4 [12]	$17.6	604	Hurricane Georges	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
$9 [73]	$14.5	28	Typhoon Songda	Tropical cyclone	2004	Japan
$8.8 [74]	$9.2	4	2022 Fukushima earthquake	Earthquake	2022	Japan
$8.5 [75]	$15.5	17,127-18,373	1999 İzmit earthquake	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
$8.5 [12]	$14.6	55	Tropical Storm Allison	Tropical cyclone	2001	United States
$8.4 [76]	$8.4	11	Cyclone Gabrielle	Tropical cyclone	2023	New Zealand
$8.3 [12]	$11.7	153	Hurricane Gustav	Tropical cyclone	2008	North America ( , , , others)
$8.1 – $14 [77] [78]	$11.3 – $19.6	100,000 – 220,000	2010 Haiti earthquake	Earthquake	2010	Haiti
$8 [79]	$18.7	45,000	1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake	Earthquake	1990	Iran
$7.9 [12]	$12.7	3,035	Hurricane Jeanne	Tropical cyclone	2004	North America ( , , , others)
$7.9 [27]	$9.3	211	Hurricane Eta	Tropical cyclone	2020	North America ( , , , others)
$7.8 [80]	$7.8 (2024)	84+	Cyclone Remal	Tropical cyclone	2024	Southern Asia ( , , )
$7.3 [62]	$8.6	5 [62]	Hurricane Sally	Tropical cyclone	2020	United States
$7.3 [81]	$7.3	31	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
$7.13 [82]	$9.2	196	Typhoon Rammasun	Tropical cyclone	2014	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
$7 [83]	$7	2,960	2023 Al Haouz earthquake	Earthquake	2023	Morocco
$7 [84]	$17.2	0	Exxon Valdez oil spill	Contamination (Oil)	1989	North America ( , )
$6.5 [12]	$11.9	74	Hurricane Floyd	Tropical cyclone	1999	North America ( , , )
$6.4 [85]	$10.6	7	Space Shuttle Columbia disaster	Space flight accident	2003	United States
$6.3 [17]	$8.9	173	Black Saturday bushfires	Wildfire	2009	Australia
$6.2 [86]	$7.7	630	2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake	Earthquake	2017	Iran, Iraq
$6.2 [87]	$8.8	789	Typhoon Morakot	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
$6.2 [88]	$6.2 (2024)	64	Hurricane Beryl	Tropical cyclone	2024	Caribbean basin ( , , , , others)
$6.1 [12]	$11.4	11,374+	Hurricane Mitch	Tropical cyclone	1998	North America ( , , , others)
$6.1 [53]	$8.5	75	Cyclone Xynthia	European windstorm	2010	Western Europe ( , , , others)
$6.1 [81]	$6.1	6	Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024	Tornado outbreak	2024	United States
$6 [89]	$10.6	75	Typhoon Prapiroon	Tropical cyclone	2000	Northeast Asia ( , , , others)
$6 [90]	$9.9	11	Northeast blackout of 2003	Infrastructure failure (electric)	2003	United States, Canada
$6 [53]	$8.5	26	Cyclone Klaus	European windstorm	2009	Southeastern Europe ( , , , others)
$6 [91]	$7.8	5	2013 Alberta floods	Flood	2013	Canada
$5.7 [92]	$6	33	Tornado outbreak of March 31–April 1, 2023	Tornado outbreak	2023	United States
$5.5 [53]	$8.6	24	Cyclone Gudrun	European windstorm	2005	North Europe ( , , , others)
$5.5 [12]	$9.1	51	Hurricane Isabel	Tropical cyclone	2003	United States
$5.5 [93]	$11.6	270 [93]	1993 Storm of the Century	Winter storm	1993	United States
$5.5 [94]	$5.5	102	2023 Hawaii wildfires	Wildfire	2023	United States
$5.2 [95]	$8.1	86,000 – 87,351	2005 Kashmir earthquake	Earthquake	2005	Pakistan,   India
$5.2 [96]	19.2	5,000	1980 El Asnam earthquake	Earthquake	1980	Algeria
$5.1 [97] [98] [99]	$6.1	84 [98] [99]	Hurricane Dorian	Tropical cyclone	2019	North America ( , , , others)
$5 [100]	$14.2	10,000 – 35,000	1985 Mexico City earthquake	Earthquake	1985	Mexico
$5 [101]	$9.7	284 – 590	Typhoon Herb	Tropical cyclone	1996	East Asia ( , , )
$5 [102]	$6	5 [102]	Tropical Storm Imelda	Tropical cyclone	2019	United States
$4.7 [12]	$9.4	63	Hurricane Opal	Tropical cyclone	1995	North America ( , , , others)
$4.6 [103] [104] [105]	$6	6,329 – 7,403	Typhoon Haiyan	Tropical cyclone	2013	Southeast Asia ( , , , others)
$4.5 [106]	$8.5	114	1997 Central European flood	Flood	1997	Central Europe ( , , )
$4.4 [107]	$6.5	78	Cyclone Gonu	Tropical cyclone	2007	Oman
$4.2 [108]	$7.7	143	1999 Athens earthquake	Earthquake	1999	Greece
$4.2 [109]	$5.5	123	Hurricane Manuel	Tropical cyclone	2013	Mexico
$4.1 [21]	$6.8	42	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003	Tornado	2003	United States
$4 [53]	$10.7	22	Great Storm of 1987	European windstorm	1987	Western Europe ( , , , others)
$3.9 [110]	$6.1	1,673	Hurricane Stan	Tropical cyclone	2005	Central America ( , , , others)
$3.9 [111]	$4.4	90	Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021	Tornado	2021	United States
$3.7 [112]	$3.7 (2024)	181	2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods	Flood	2024	Brazil, Uruguay
$3.6 [113]	$4.6	7	Cyclone Yasi	Tropical cyclone	2011	Australia
$3.2 [114]	$8.9	7 [115]	Space Shuttle Challenger disaster	Space flight accident	1986	United States
$3.1 [12]	$6.7	6	Hurricane Iniki	Tropical cyclone	1992	United States
$3.0 [12]	$7.7	318	Hurricane Gilbert	Tropical cyclone	1988	North America ( , , , others)
$2.9 [21]	$3.8	22	June 2012 North American derecho	Derecho	2012	United States
$2.9 [21]	$3.5	3	2019 Midwestern U.S. floods	Flood	2019	United States
$2.8 [116]	$3.8	158	2011 Joplin tornado	Tornado	2011	United States
$2.68 [117]	$4.6	29	AZF chemical plant explosion	Explosion	2001	France
$2.5 [21]	$3	8	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019	Tornado	2019	United States
$2.5 [21]	$3.1	2	2017 Montana wildfires	Drought, Wildfire	2017	United States
$2.5 [21]	$3.1	0	2017 Minneapolis hailstorm	Hailstorm	2017	United States
$2.2 [21]	$2.7	0	2017 Denver hailstorm	Hailstorm	2017	United States
$2.2 [118]	$2.2	463-564	Cyclone Mocha	Tropical cyclone	2023	Southern Asia ( , , , , others)
$2.1 [21]	$2.6	0	Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017	Tornado	2017	United States
$2 [119]	$2.7	33	Costa Concordia disaster	Maritime disaster	2012	Italy
$2 – $4 [120]	$2.5 – $5	370	2017 Central Mexico earthquake	Earthquake	2017	Mexico
$2 [121]	$2 (2024)	10	Hurricane Debby	Tropical cyclone	2024	North America and Antiles ( , , , others)
$2 [122]	$2.6	26	2013 Moore tornado	Tornado	2013	United States
$1.8 [123]	$11.1	8,210	Hurricane Fifi–Orlene	Tropical cyclone	1974	Central America ( , , , others)
$1.8 [124]	$2.4	36 [124]	2011 Groundhog Day blizzard	Winter storm	2011	North America ( , , )
$1.7 [125]	$5.8	165	Piper Alpha explosion	Explosion (oil rig)	1988	United Kingdom
$1.6 [126]	$1.8	2,248	2021 Haiti earthquake	Earthquake	2021	Haiti
$1.55 [127]	$1.8	0	2019 Dallas tornado	Tornado	2019	United States
$1.418 [128] [129]	$1.7	5	2020 Nashville tornado	Tornado	2020	United States
$1.4 [130]	$1.8	44	Cyclone Winston	Tropical cyclone	2016	Fiji
$1.3 [131]	$1.5	1	2021 Fukushima earthquake	Earthquake	2021	Japan
$1.3 [132]	$2.7	9,748	1993 Latur earthquake	Earthquake	1993	India
$1.24 – $2 [133]	$2.1 – $3.3	15	Cedar Fire	Wildfire	2003	United States
$1.2 – $1.4 [134] [27] [135]	$1.4 – $1.6	0	2020 Calgary hailstorm	Hailstorm	2020	Canada
$1.217 [136]	$11.8	266	1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak	Tornado outbreak	1965	United States
$1.2 [81]	$1.2	8	2024 Houston derecho	Derecho	2024	United States
$1.1 [137]	$1.5	1,901	Typhoon Bopha	Tropical cyclone	2012	Philippines
$1.1 [138]	$4.6	0	Three Mile Island accident	Contamination (Radiation)	1979	United States
$1.1 [139]	$4.1	57	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	Volcano eruption, Subsequent landslides and mudslides	1980	United States
$1.1 [140]	$1.1	0	East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment	Contamination (Hazardous materials)	2023	United States
$1.08 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$1.4	173 (official confirmed)	2015 Tianjin explosions	Explosion	2015	China
$1.07 (official estimated) [ citation needed ]	$11.2	5,098 (official confirmed)	Typhoon Vera	Tropical cyclone	1959	Japan
$1 [141]	$1.4	921	Typhoon Ketsana	Tropical cyclone	2009	Southeast Asia ( , , , )
$1 [142]	$2.8	22,540	Armero tragedy	Volcano eruption, Mudslides	1985	Colombia
$1	$1.1	98	Surfside condominium collapse	Structure failure	2021	United States
$1 [143]	$4.7	50	1978 Thessaloniki earthquake	Earthquake	1978	Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
$1 [144]	$2.7	1,000-5,000	1987 Ecuador earthquakes	Earthquake	1987	Ecuador
$1 [145]	$1.8	845-894	1999 Düzce earthquake	Earthquake	1999	Turkey
$1 [122]	$1.8	41	1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado	Tornado	1999	United States

Under $1 billion

This table lists notable disasters which are estimated to have an economic cost of less than 1 billion United States dollars without taking inflation into account. This includes historical disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire, which would surpass the value of $1 billion in modern currency.

Note: All damage figures are listed in millions of United States dollars.

List of disasters by cost

Cost		Fatalities	Event	Type	Year	Nation
$Million	$Million (2023)
$935 [146] [147]	$1223	3	2013 Washington, Illinois tornado	Tornado	2013	United States
$922 [148]	$1171	14	2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires	Wildfire	2016	United States
$910 (official estimated)[ citation needed ]	$1104	5007 (official confirmed)	2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami	Earthquake and tsunami	2018	Indonesia
$500 – $600 [149]	$3089 – $3707	71	Cyclone Tracy	Tropical cyclone	1974	Australia
$700 [150]	$1566	800	1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption	Volcano	1991	Philippines
$700 [151]	$948	1	2011 Slave Lake wildfire	Wildfire	2011	Canada
$600 [152]	$3707	335	1974 Super Outbreak + Xenia tornado	Tornado outbreak	1974	United States and Canada
$483 [153] [154] [155] - $543 [156]	$710 - 798	13	I-35W Mississippi River Bridge collapse	Structure failure	2007	United States
$500 [157]	$1466	17	1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster	Explosion	1984	United States
$370 [158]	$719	0	Ariane 5 Flight 501	Space flight accident	1996	French Guiana
$350 [159]	$1760	1	New York City blackout of 1977	Infrastructure failure (electric)	1977	United States
$328 [160]	$600	0	Mars Climate Orbiter & Mars Polar Lander	Space flight accident	1999	United States
$273 [161]	$347	0	Hitomi breakup	Space flight accident	2016	Japan
$222 [162]	$5646	300	Great Chicago Fire	Fire	1871	United States
$118 [163]	$184	0	CryoSat-1	Space flight accident	2005	Russia
$25 [164] [165]	$789.3	1,490 – 1,635	Sinking of the Titanic	Shipwreck	1912	United Kingdom
$18.1 [166]	$182	0	Mariner 1	Space flight accident	1962	United States
$250 [167] [168]	$2847	90	1953 Worcester tornado	Tornado	1953	United States

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