List of monorail systems

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A Chongqing Rail Transit monorail train. Line 3 is the world's longest and busiest monorail line. 03077 entering Huaxinjie (20191224142227).jpg
A Chongqing Rail Transit monorail train. Line 3 is the world's longest and busiest monorail line.

A monorail is a railway system in which the track consists of a single elevated rail, beam or track with the trains either supported or suspended. The term is also used to describe the beam of the system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track. Many monorail systems run through crowded areas that would otherwise require expensive tunneling or dangerous level crossings. Aside from mass transit and people mover systems, a large number of smaller monorails have been built in amusement parks and at zoos.

Contents

Operational monorails

These are lists of operating monorails that are open to the public. Only true monorails (vehicle wider than track) are included; see people mover for a list of monorail-like systems. There are also other monorail type systems used for human transportation not included, such as slope cars, mining monorails and farm monorails.

Operational monorails - transit, people movers

Systems used primarily for passenger transportation, characterised by enclosed cars, multiple stations and open on a regular basis. Ordered by system length (click headings to re-sort). Monorails associated with amusement parks that have enclosed cabins and multiple stations are generally included here.

Operational monorails – sightseeing, amusement park rides, zoo monorails

Von Roll monorail at Alton Towers, UK, originally built for Expo 86 in Canada Alton Towers Monorail.jpg
Von Roll monorail at Alton Towers, UK, originally built for Expo 86 in Canada
Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2, Zoo station in Chongqing, China 20050813073200 - Dong Wu Yuan Zhan .jpg
Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2, Zoo station in Chongqing, China
The Walt Disney World Monorail System. WDW Monorail 2006.jpg
The Walt Disney World Monorail System.
The Moscow monorail Monorail Moskau - Einfahrt in Station Telezentrum.jpg
The Moscow monorail

Systems characterised by one station and/or open cabins and that are not primarily for point-to-point transportation. Ordered by country (click headings to re-sort).

LocationCountryNameOpenedStationsLengthType
Lichtaart Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Bobbejaanland Monorail [7] 196131.85 km (1.15 mi)Amusement park
Gramado Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Aldeia do Papai Noel Monorail [8] 20092Amusement Park
Granby Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Granby Zoo monorail198012.1 km (1.3 mi)Zoo
Vaughan Treetop Adventure, Canada's Wonderland 19981Other
Shenzhen Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Window of the World Monorail 199331.7 km (1.1 mi)Amusement park
Shenzhen Happy Line 199873.88 km (2.41 mi)Other
Liupanshui Yeyuhai Monorail201925.5 km (3.4 mi) [9] Other
Ningbo Romon U-Park monorail2015 [10] 2 [11] 1.1 km (0.68 mi) [12] Amusement Park
Zhangjiajie Zhangjiajie National Park monorail [13] [14] 2Other
Xi'an Xi'an Qujiang Sightseeing Monorail 2015119.6 km (6.0 mi)Other
Xishui Xishui Forest Train2020511.5 km (7.1 mi) [15] Other
Shanghai "Ocean Shinkansen" (海洋新干线), Happy Valley Shanghai 1Amusement park
Shanghai Jinjiang Action Park (two rides)1 (x two)Amusement park
Lingshui "Flying to the Sea", Hainan Ocean Paradise [16] 202031.5 km (0.93 mi)Amusement park
Fenggang [17] 2 km (1.2 mi)Other
Billund Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Legoland Billund monorail1Amusement park
Helsinki Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Linnanmäki Monorail (Maisemajuna)197910.5 km (0.31 mi)Amusement park
Rang-du-Fliers Flag of France.svg  France Parc Bagatelle Monorail19831Amusement park
Sélestat Walygator Parc monorail [18] 19891Amusement park
Saint-Pourçain-sur-Besbre Voyage over the World, Le Pal 19961Amusement park
Dolancourt Dragons Volants, Nigloland 19961Amusement park
Plailly Espions de César, Parc Astérix 19981Amusement park
Les Avenières Monorail, Walibi Rhône-Alpes 20171 [19] Amusement park
Dennebroeucq Xotic, Dennlys Parc 20201Amusement park
Lower Saxony Flag of Germany.svg  Germany "Einschienenbahn", Rasti-Land 19781Amusement park
Soltau Heide Park 198511.6 km (0.99 mi)Amusement park
Rust monorail, Europa-Park 19902Amusement park
Heroldsbach "Suspension Railway", Thurn Castle Adventure Park 1 [20] Amusement park
Brühl Würmling Express, Phantasialand 20101Amusement park
Rust Volo da Vinci, Europa-Park 20111Amusement park
Indramayu Regency Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Indramayu Monorail20181Amusement park
Listowel Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Lartigue Monorail, (Lartigue restoration) 200311 km (0.62 mi)Other
Ravenna Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Mirabilandia Monorail199211.5 km (0.93 mi)Amusement park
Lazise Panorama Tram, Movieland park 20061Amusement park
Iya Valley Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Oku Iya Valley Tourist Monorail 200614.6 km (2.9 mi) [21] Other
Malacca City, Malacca Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia Melaka Monorail 20101 (2 closed)2.5 km (1.6 mi)Other
The Hague Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Drievliet Amusement Park Monorail 1968 [22] 10.2 km (0.12 mi)Amusement park
Hellendoorn Hellendoorn Amusement Park 19771Amusement park
Rhenen Ouwehands Zoo 1978 [23] 1Zoo
Kaatsheuvel The People of Laaf Monorail199010.45 km (0.28 mi)Amusement park
Hardenberg Slagharen Amusement Park 19781Amusement park
Zator Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Dragon Adventure, Energylandia 20191Amusement Park
Zator Magic Flying, Energylandia 20171Amusement Park
Zator Planes, Energylandia 20141Amusement Park
St Petersburg Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Around the World, Divo Ostro 20161Amusement Park
Yalta Flag of Russia.svg  Russia/Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Dandelion Drift, Dreamwood 20181Amusement Park
Salou & Vila-seca Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Coco Piloto, Port Aventura 20111Amusement Park
Seville Zum-Zum: Las Abejitas, Isla Mágica 20121Amusement Park
Johannesburg Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Johannesburg Exhibition Centre monorail [24] 20101Other
Daejon Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea National Science Museum Maglev Train 19931 [25] 1 km (0.62 mi) [26] Other
Mudeungsan Mudeungsan Monorail [27] 2Other
Guanxi Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Flying Horse, Leofoo Village Theme Park 1Amusement park
Dashu District, Kaohsiung E-DA Theme Park Monorail2010 [28] 2Amusement park
Bangkok Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand Dream World Monorail1Amusement park
Pattaya Pattaya Park Beach Resort Monorail1Amusement park
Dubai Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  UAE Adventure Time - The Ride of OOO, IMG Worlds of Adventure 20161Amusement park
Beaulieu, Hampshire Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  UK National Motor Museum Monorail 197421.6 km (0.99 mi)Amusement park
Flamingo Land Flamingo Land Zoo Monorail [29] 19841Zoo
Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Monorail1987 [30] 1Amusement park
Flamingo Land Flamingo Land People Moover [31] 19902Amusement park
Ingoldmells Toucan Tours, Fantasy Island 19951Amusement park
Windsor, Berkshire Sky Rider, Legoland Windsor Resort 19961Amusement park
Staffordshire Get Set Go Tree Top Adventure, Alton Towers 19961Amusement park
Romsey Queen's Flying Coach, Paultons Park 20181Amusement park
Fazeley Winston's Whistle Stop Tour, Drayton Manor Theme Park 20131Amusement park
Lancaster, Pennsylvania Flag of the United States.svg  US Dutch Wonderland [32] 19661Amusement park
Ocean City, New Jersey Gillians Wonderland Pier MonoRail [33] 19651Amusement park
Sacramento, California Cal Expo Monorail 196824 km (2.5 mi)Amusement park
Hershey, Pennsylvania Hersheypark Monorail1969 [34] 1Amusement park
New York, New York "Wild Asia Monorail" Bronx Zoo 197712.6 km (1.6 mi)Zoo
Marshall, Wisconsin Little Amerricka monorail1990s [35] 1Amusement park
Wildwood, New Jersey Flying Galleons, Morey's Piers 19971Other
Gilroy, California "Sky Trail Monorail", Gilroy Gardens 2001 [36] 1Amusement park
Jefferson, New Hampshire The Skyway Sleigh, Santa's Village 1Amusement park
Fairfield, Ohio Jungle Jim's International Market Monorail2014 [37] 20.55 km (0.34 mi)Other
Amarillo Sky Rider, Wonderland Park (Texas) 1~800 ft (240 m) [38] Amusement park
Allentown, Pennsylvania Snoopy's Rocket Express, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom 20111Amusement park
Kansas City, Missouri Snoopy's Rocket Express, Worlds of Fun 20111Amusement park
Shakopee Snoopy's Rocket Express, Valleyfair 20111Amusement park
Doswell Snoopy's Rocket Express Kings Dominion 20131Amusement park
Da Nang Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam "Sun World Monorail", Asia Park2016 [39] 11.8 km (1.1 mi)Amusement Park
Ho Chi Minh City Đầm Sen Park monorail12 km (1.2 mi)Amusement Park

Under construction

Physical construction work has started on the following monorails (sorted by opening dates):

Africa

CountryCityName of systemOpeningReferences
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Cairo Cairo Monorail Line 1 opens 2023[ needs update ] [40]
Line 2 opens 2024 [40]

Americas

CountryCityName of systemOpening
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil São Paulo Line 17 2024
Bahia SkyRail Bahia 2022[ needs update ]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Monterrey Metrorrey Line 42026 [41]
Metrorrey Line 52025
Metrorrey Line 62024 [42]
Flag of Panama.svg Panama Panama City Line 3, Panama Metro 2025 [43]
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Santiago de los Caballeros Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Santiago2024 [44]

Asia

CountryCity/RegionName of systemsOpeningReferences
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Qingyuan Qingyuan Maglev 2024 [45]
Enshi Enshi Qingyunya Sightseeing Railway2021[ needs update ] [46] [47]
Chengdu Dayi Air-Railoriginally scheduled for 2021, construction suspended [48] [49]
Liuzhou Liuzhou Metro scheduled for 2022, demolished (with 1 station being finished) [50]
Bengbu Bengbu Metro scheduled for 2023, construction suspended
Flag of India.svg India Dholera Ahemdabad Dholera SIR Monorail2024 [51]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Guilin Guilin Metro construction suspended, 1 station completed
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Riyadh KAFD monorail unknown [52]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Hancheng Simaqianci to Guchengnanmenunknown (construction began November 2016) [53]
Shandong Qufu to Zoucheng construction halted 2018, 50% complete [54] [55]
Guang'an Guang'an Metro scheduled for 2020, construction halted [56] [57]
Flag of Iran.svg Iran Qom Qom Metro Line M unknown (construction halted 2016) [58]

Proposed monorails

Maglev proposals can be found on the list of maglev train proposals.

Americas

Cayman Islands

In 2022 a monorail was proposed by members of the public to the island administration that monorail could be a method to help with traffic problems gripping the U.K. Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands. [59]

Mexico

  • Metrorrey Lines 4, 5 and 6, Monterrey metropolitan area, Nuevo Leon. In August 2022, the acting Secretary of Mobility and Urban Planning of Nuevo Leon announced via press conference that an elevated monorail system was being considered for lines 4, 5 and 6 of the Metrorrey metro system. [60] He also said that the procurement process is currently open to all types of mass transportation options and that there are currently 34 companies interested in submitting a formal proposal. Construction of the new lines is expected to begin on August 31, 2022. [61]

United States

Panama

  • Panama Metro Line 9, Panama. Announced in 2016 as part of master plan. In 2018 it was reported the line will be built. [67]

Venezuela

  • TELMAG, Line Caracas – La Guaira, Venezuela. The TELMAGV is an ongoing research project which was born in the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) in 1967, and later continued by the Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. The TELMAG is a ground mass transport system that does not require mechanical friction for drive and guidance as conventional trains do.

Asia

China

  • Zunyi rapid transit system. Approved in 2019. Two lines with 19 stations (22.86 km (14.20 mi)) and 19 stations (27 km (17 mi))

India

Philippines

Taiwan

Thailand

Vietnam

  • Ho Chi Minh City Metro. Two lines are included in the 2007 and 2013 master plans for the city, with route lengths of 27.2 km (16.9 mi) and 16.2 km (10.1 mi), respectively.
  • Da Lat Monorail, currently under planning

Europe

United Kingdom

Denmark

  • MCH Skybus, Herning. Proposed in 2010 as part of MCH's 2025 vision, a monorail system would run between the exhibition centre and the town centre. [79]

Poland

Ukraine

The Netherlands

Oceania

Africa

South Africa

Several proposals have been made for a Monorail system in South Africa including one in Johannesburg [88] metropolitan area, one in Durban [89] and one in Capetown. [90]

Algeria

Proposals have been made in the city of Algiers in 2023, construction will start in early 2026.

Decommissioned

Africa

Nigeria

  • Calabar Monorail, Nigeria. A 3-station, 1.1 km (0.68 mi) Intamin monorail, opened in 2016 but shut down and abandoned almost immediately.

Americas

Brazil

Canada

United States

  • The Boynton Bicycle Railroad was a monorail on Long Island, New York, which ran on a single load-bearing rail at ground level with a wooden overhead stabilising rail engaged by a pair of horizontally opposed wheels.
  • Tampa International Airport monorail had a 1 km (0.62 mi) from 1991 to 2020 which connected the main terminal on Level 7 to the long-term parking garage. It was replaced by a conventional people mover.
  • Busch Gardens Tampa Bay had a monorail, the Veldt Monorail. It shut down in 1999.
  • Busch Gardens Williamsburg had a monorail, Eagle One, that connected the theme park with the nearby Anheuser-Busch brewery. Park visitors could tour the brewery and return via monorail. Eagle One was dismantled in the 1990s.
  • Busch Gardens California also had a monorail for the brewery tour. It was dismantled upon park closing however the supports still exist to support brewery piping.
  • Carowinds operated the Carowinds Monorail from 1973 through 1994. [94]
  • The Centennial Monorail was demonstrated at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, which was held in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
  • Dallas Zoo Adventure Safari monorail operated from the 1990s [95] with three 13-car units from Von Roll. It was mothballed in March 2014. It was refurbished and restarted operations in 2016. It closed in 2020, though the cars were still stored on site as of November 2023.
  • The Epsom Salts Monorail was "the fastest moving monorail in the world" when it was built from 1922 to 1924 by Thomas Wright, a florist from Los Angeles, who had discovered magnesium salts southwest of Death Valley.
  • HemisFair '68 had a monorail that carried visitors around the pavilions during the six-month event. Over 1 million riders [96] used the monorail, which was designed by Universal Design, Ltd. A collision between two trains on September 15, 1968, resulted in one death and 48 injuries.
  • Hermitage Landing (now known as Nashville Shores), a lakeside camping and water recreation park in Nashville, Tennessee operated the "Cloud Cruiser Monorail" to transport guests between the camping and recreation facilities of the park beginning in 1982. The open air monorail cars were cloud shaped and ultimately ceased operation after a guest jumped from one of the cars and suffered a broken leg in the late 1980s.
  • Geauga Lake operated a monorail from 1969 to 2006, named the Bel-Aire Express
  • Jetrail, a suspended monorail, was the world's first fully automated monorail system during operation at Dallas Love Field (1969–1974)
  • The Trailblazer suspended monorail ran from October 1956 until 1964 at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas. The single monorail car was used in Houston for a demonstration prior to its relocation to the State Fair of Texas. [97]
  • Kings Dominion near Richmond, Virginia had a monorail as the conveyance for visitors to its Lion Country Safari attraction, which was removed after the 1993 season.
  • State Fair of Oklahoma Monorail, Oklahoma City (1964–2005)
  • The Pelham Park and City Island Railroad in the Bronx, New York operated a short-lived monorail system in 1910. It ceased operation after an accident.[ citation needed ]
  • The Philadelphia Zoo had a monorail in the 1970s and 1980s, but was discontinued in the 1990s.
  • Miami Seaquarium Spacerail, Miami Seaquarium (1963–1991)
  • The Wgasa Bush Line at the San Diego Wild Animal Park near Escondido, California was shut down in March 2007.
  • Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York had a monorail during the 1964 New York World's Fair. It was a proof of concept with only one station. It was sponsored by American Machine and Foundry. [98]
  • Six Flags Magic Mountain operated a monorail since the park's opening in 1971 and shut down in 2001 and removed in 2007.
  • Fairplex operated a monorail built by the American Crane and Hoist company. The middle 90s saw a new station and new cars built by Arrow Dynamics. The new cars were far heavier than the original and caused it to last only a couple of years more until it was dismantled.
  • A short-lived monorail ran from the Luxor Casino to the Excalibur Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, built by Arrow Dynamics. After opening in 1994 it was closed and dismantled in 1995 after a number of major issues. [99] It was replaced by a cable hauled tram.
  • Rich's, a department store in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, operated a child-scaled indoor monorail seasonally at Christmastime beginning in 1956. In 1965 the monorail was moved to the store's roof with the front car remodeled to look like a pig's head and was joined by a second pig-themed monorail with the two rooftop monorails becoming known as the Pink Pig Flyers. These two seasonal pig-themed children's monorails, known as Pricilla and Percival, operated until the downtown store closed in 1991.
  • Santa's Village in Skyforest had another American Crane and Hoist monorail that shut down when the park went defunct.
  • The Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad ran from Smithville to Mount Holly, New Jersey from 1892 to 1897
  • The Minnesota Zoo operated a monorail around the grounds of its Apple Valley, Minnesota site from 1979 until 2013. [100]
  • Midtown Plaza (Rochester, New York) had an indoor, novelty, suspended monorail, which closed in 2007. [101]
  • Riverside Park (now Six Flags New England) in Agawam, Massachusetts, operated a Universal Design Limited [102] monorail from 1959 to 1996, with demolition in February 2017. [103] It had open windows on one side and a metal grill on the other. [104]
  • Zoo Miami operated a four-station, 5 km (3.1 mi) monorail from 1984 to 2022. [105]

Asia

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

  • Monas Amusement Park in Jakarta had a monorail system. However, due to the closure in 1992, the monorail system was dismantled. [109]

Japan

Malaysia

Philippines

  • Starmall Alabang featured a suspended monorail called the Sky Rail, [110] which was located on the top floor Starland amusement park. Most of the route circle inside the enclosed portion of the mall, with an outdoor turnback above the pool area. The ride was operational as of 2009, but was eventually closed.

Singapore

Thailand

Europe

United Kingdom

Monorail built in Gatchina, Russia (1900) Gatchina. Podvesnaya doroga (extracted).jpg
Monorail built in Gatchina, Russia (1900)
  • Liverpool to Manchester Bher monorail, circa 1900 [112] [113]
  • Blackpool Pleasure Beach (relocated from 1964 Lausanne fair in Switzerland, closed in 2012) [114] [115]
  • Milngavie, near Glasgow, had an experimental high-speed propeller-powered monorail, the Bennie Railplane, built during 1929–30 and abandoned during the Great Depression.
  • Butlins Skegness Camp, Skegness, United Kingdom (1964–2002) – the first commercial monorail in the UK. Closed at the end of the 2002 season after the track was deemed to be structurally unsafe due to deterioration in the support foundations on the ground. It was then dismantled and removed in March 2003.
  • Butlins Minehead Camp, Minehead, United Kingdom (1967–1996) – closed in the summer of 1996 following an accident when one train ran into the back of another due to the track signals being disconnected and ran by an inexperienced monorail controller, who was at the time, 20 years old and on the first day of his job. The crash caused minor injuries to seven people, and in March 1997, Butlins were fined £22,500 for poor safety standards. After the accident, because the monorail system was deemed too expensive to upgrade, the monorail remained standing but not operating until the winter of 1998, when it was finally torn down to make way for the Skyline Pavilion.
  • Birmingham Airport had a magnetic levitation train which had to be closed down because it became life-expired and lacked spare parts. It was replaced by the cable-propelled Air-Rail Link.
  • Lartigue Monorail in Ireland (and France). A restored 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) section now operates in Listowel.
  • Safari Skyway, Chessington, United Kingdom (1986–2015). Operated in Chessington World of Adventures.
  • Merry Hill Shopping Centre, Brierley Hill, West Midlands had a Von Roll Mk III Series monorail which opened in June 1991 but only worked for a short while before finally being sold off in 1996. The rolling stock then operated in Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia. Reasons for the closure of this system include a combination of technical problems and safety concerns (especially the difficulty of evacuation), exacerbated by a dispute between the owners of Merry Hill and The Waterfront which at this time were owned separately.
  • Chester Zoo monorail 1.4 km (0.9 mi), operational 1991 to 2019. [116]

Continental Europe

Oceania

Cancelled or lapsed proposals

Americas

South America

Canada

  • Wasaga Beach, Ontario, Canada. A 2007 proposal for a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) monorail to connect the beach front to a carpark. Plans were abandoned after a fire at the end of 2007.

United States

Central America and the Caribbean

Asia

Bangladesh

Hong Kong

India

Iran

Indonesia

Malaysia

  • Melaka Monorail. Operational 2010–2013, 2017–2020. Suspended since 2020.
  • Putrajaya Monorail, Construction halted since 2004. As of 2023, there are no plans to revive the project. [137]

Sri Lanka

Turkey

Europe

Africa

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suspension railway</span> Overhead monorail

A suspension railway is a form of elevated monorail in which the vehicle is suspended from a fixed track, which is built above streets, waterways, or existing railway track.

Thiruvananthapuram Metro is a proposed rapid transit system in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, is all set to have its metro system. Earlier, there was a plan to build a light metro system in the city. However, the plan was later changed to a conventional metro system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kozhikode Light Metro</span> Proposed mass rapid transport system (MRTS) in India

Kozhikode Light Metro is a proposed Light Metro system for the city of Kozhikode, in India. In 2010, the State government explored the possibility of implementing a metro rail project for Kozhikode city and its suburbs. The proposal was to have a corridor connecting Meenchanda to the Kozhikode Medical College Hospital through the heart of the city. An inception report was submitted by a Bangalore-based consultant, Wilber Smith, on the detailed feasibility study on the prospect of implementing the Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) and Light Rail Transit System (LRTS) in the city. However, the project has been scrapped to be replaced by Kozhikode Monorail project.

SkyTrain is a proposed automated people mover line meant to serve the city of Makati and Bonifacio Global City area in Taguig, Metro Manila. Originally scheduled for completion in 2021, as of March 2022, construction has yet to begin.

The Cebu Monorail Transit System, simply known as the Cebu Monorail, is a proposed monorail rapid transit system to be built in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Originally proposed by the Japanese in 2015 as the Cebu MRT System, it was revised to a light rail line in the late 2010s, dubbed the Cebu Light Rail Transit System or Cebu LRT. It was then again revised to its present form in late 2019.

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