Tammaritu I

Last updated
Tammaritu I
Tammaritu (behind the bow), son of Urtak, leading Assyrian troops against Teumman, king of Elam.jpg
Tammaritu (behind the bow), son of Urtak, leading Assyrian troops against Teumman, king of Elam, at the Battle of Ulai. British Museum.
Reignc. 653 - 652 BCE
Predecessor Teumman
Dynasty Humban-Tahrid dynasty ("Neo-Elamite")
Father Urtak
Tammaritu, son of Urtak, killing Tammaritu, son of king Teumman, with a mace, at the Battle of Ulai, 653 BCE Tammaritu, son of Urtak, killing the son of king Teumman with a mace, at the Battle of Ulai, 653 BCE.jpg
Tammaritu, son of Urtak, killing Tammaritu, son of king Teumman, with a mace, at the Battle of Ulai, 653 BCE

Tammaritu I, son of Urtak, was briefly (from 653-652 BCE) [1] a ruler in the ancient kingdom of Elam, ruling after the beheading of his predecessor Teumman in 653. He ruled part of Elam while his brother, Ummanigash (son of Urtak), ruled another. [2] [3]

Urtak, the father of Ummanigash and Tammaritu, had ruled Elam from 675 to 664, at which point he died and was succeeded by Teumman. When Teumman rose to power, Urtak's sons Ummanigash, Ummanappa, and Tammaritu escaped to Assyria in fear of Teumman, [4] and lived under Assyrian protection at Nineveh. [5] Based on his position in an Assyrian lists, Tammaritu was likely a younger son of Urtak. [6] The Assyrian Ashurbanipal, at the Battle of Ulai, killed Teumman, opening the way for the rule of Tammaritu and Ummanigash.

After the death of Teumman, the Assyrian king placed Ummanigash as "king" over the Elamite city of Madaktu, and his brother Tammaritu as "king" of Hidalu. [6] Meanwhile, Ashurbanipal faced an attempt by his brother, Shamash-shum-ukin, king of Babylon, to take over the Assyrian Empire. [6] Ummanigash joined this rebellion, sending soldiers to the aid of Shamash-shum-ukin in 652. [6] The Elamite forces were defeated, and shortly thereafter an individual by the name of Tammaritu (not the brother of Teumman) came to power in Elam, [6] likely as a result of the Elamite defeat. [7] This successor of Ummanigash is known to modern history as Tammaritu II. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaldea</span> Small Semitic nation of ancient Mesopotamia

Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Semitic-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came to rule Babylon. The Hebrew Bible uses the term כשדים (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Greek Old Testament, although there is some dispute as to whether Kasdim in fact means Chaldean or refers to the south Mesopotamian Kaldu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7th century BC</span> Century

The 7th century BC began the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babylonia</span> Ancient Akkadian region in Mesopotamia

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia. It emerged as an Akkadian populated but Amorite-ruled state c. 1894 BC. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was retrospectively called "the country of Akkad", a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire. It was often involved in rivalry with the older ethno-linguistically related state of Assyria in the north of Mesopotamia and Elam to the east in Ancient Iran. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian Empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi and reverted to a small kingdom centered around the city of Babylon.

This article concerns the period 649 BC – 640 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esarhaddon</span> 7th-century BC King of Assyria

Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon, Assarhaddon and Ashurhaddon was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sennacherib in 681 BC to his own death in 669. The third king of the Sargonid dynasty, Esarhaddon is most famous for his conquest of Egypt in 671 BC, which made his empire the largest the world had ever seen, and for his reconstruction of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elam</span> Ancient pre-Iranian civilization between 2700 and 539 BC

Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana, a name derived from its capital Susa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashurbanipal</span> Assyrian ruler

Ashurbanipal was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 669 BC to his death in 631. He is generally remembered as the last great king of Assyria. Ashurbanipal inherited the throne as the favored heir of his father Esarhaddon; his 38-year reign was among the longest of any Assyrian king. Though sometimes regarded as the apogee of ancient Assyria, his reign also marked the last time Assyrian armies waged war throughout the ancient Near East and the beginning of the end of Assyrian dominion over the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</span> King of Babylon as a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Šamaš-šuma-ukin, was king of Babylon as a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 668 BC to his death in 648. Born into the Assyrian royal family, Šamaš-šuma-ukin was the son of the Neo-Assyrian king Esarhaddon and the elder brother of Esarhaddon's successor Ashurbanipal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sardanapalus</span> King of Assyria

Sardanapalus was, according to the Greek writer Ctesias, the last king of Assyria, although in fact Aššur-uballiṭ II holds that distinction.

Kandalanu was a vassal king of Babylon under the Neo-Assyrian kings Ashurbanipal and Ashur-etil-ilani, ruling from his appointment by Ashurbanipal in 647 BC to his own death in 627 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Ulai</span> Battle between the invading Assyrians and the kingdom of Elam

The Battle of the Ulai River, also known as the Battle of Til-Tuba or the Battle of Tulliz, in c. 653 BCE, was a battle between the invading Assyrians, under their king Ashurbanipal, and the kingdom of Elam, which was a Babylonian ally. The result was a decisive Assyrian victory. Teumman, the king of Elam, and his son Tammaritu were killed in the battle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sargonid dynasty</span> Final ruling dynasty of Assyria, founded 722 BC

The Sargonid dynasty was the final ruling dynasty of Assyria, ruling as kings of Assyria during the Neo-Assyrian Empire for just over a century from the ascent of Sargon II in 722 BC to the fall of Assyria in 609 BC. Although Assyria would ultimately fall during their rule, the Sargonid dynasty ruled the country during the apex of its power and Sargon II's three immediate successors Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal are generally regarded as three of the greatest Assyrian monarchs. Though the dynasty encompasses seven Assyrian kings, two vassal kings in Babylonia and numerous princes and princesses, the term Sargonids is sometimes used solely for Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.

The term Puqudu or Piqudu refers to a prominent Aramean tribe and its associated region in southern or eastern Babylonia. They lived along the eastern edge of Elam and in the area near Uruk and the Tigris. Their tribal name is sometimes spelled with an accent mark as Puqūdu, and the members of the tribe are sometimes referred to as Puqūdian, Puqūdians, or Puqudaeans. Some older publications use Pukud.

Urtak or Urtaku was a king of the ancient kingdom of Elam, which was to the southeast of ancient Babylonia. He ruled from 675 to 664 BCE, his reign overlapping those of the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon (681-669) and Ashurbanipal (668-627).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teumman</span> Elamite King

Teumman was a king of the ancient kingdom of Elam, ruling it from 664 to 653 BCE, contemporary with the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. In various sources, the name may be found spelled as Te’umman, Teumann, or Te-Umman. For a time, "many scholars, beginning with G.G. Cameron," believed him to have been the Tepti-Huban-Inshushinak mentioned in inscriptions, although this view has since fallen from favor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ummanigash (son of Urtak)</span> Elamite king, 7th-century BC

Ummanigash was briefly a ruler in the ancient kingdom of Elam, ruling after the beheading of his predecessor Teumman in 653. He ruled part of Elam while his brother, Tammaritu, ruled another. He is also referred to as Humban-nikash II and Khumban-nikash II.

Tammaritu II was the ruler of Elam from 652 until 650 or 649 BC. After the brief reigns of Indabibi and Humban-haltash III, Tammaritu II was briefly restored to power in 648. Tammaritu II was the son of Tammaritu I and the successor of Ummanigash, his uncle.

Indabibi was a ruler of ancient Elam in 649 BCE and perhaps 648. He is sometimes referred to as Indabigash. He was the successor of Tammaritu II and the predecessor of Humban-Haltash III. Elam was located to the east of the more powerful Assyrian Empire, and the reign of Indabibi occurred during the reign of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rassam cylinder</span> Cuneiform cylinder written by Neo-Assyrian king Ashurbanipal

The Rassam cylinder is a cuneiform cylinder, forming a prism with ten faces, written by Neo-Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 643 BCE. The 7th century BCE cylinder was discovered in the North Palace of Nineveh by Hormuzd Rassam in 1854, hence its name. It is located in the British Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tammaritu (son of Teumman)</span> King of Elam from 664 to 653 BCE

Tammaritu was a prince of Elam and son of Teumman, king of the ancient kingdom of Elam, who ruled from 664 to 653 BCE, and was a contemporary with the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. In various sources, the name may be found spelled as Te’umman, Teumann, or Te-Umman. For a time, "many scholars, beginning with G.G. Cameron," believed him to have been the Tepti-Huban-Inshushinak mentioned in inscriptions, although this view has since fallen from favor.

References

  1. 1 2 Jane McIntosh (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 359. ISBN   978-1-57607-965-2.
  2. Martin Sicker (2000). The Pre-Islamic Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 225. ISBN   978-0-275-96890-8.
  3. John Boederman (1997). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 888. ISBN   978-0-521-22717-9.
  4. D. T. Potts. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. pp.277-8.
  5. Paul-Alain Beaulieu (20 November 2017). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Wiley. p. 280. ISBN   978-1-119-45907-1.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 D. T. Potts. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. p. 280.
  7. John Boederman (1997). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN   978-0-521-22717-9.
  8. "Wall panel; relief British Museum". The British Museum.
  9. Maspero, G. (Gaston); Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry); McClure, M. L. (1903). History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria. London : Grolier Society.
  10. Maspero, G. (Gaston); Sayce, A. H. (Archibald Henry); McClure, M. L. (1903). History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria. London : Grolier Society. p. 427.