Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana, a name derived from its capital Susa.
Aratta is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list.
Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 2028–2004 BC. During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. As faith in Ibbi-Sin's leadership failed, Elam declared its independence and began to raid as well.
The Awan dynasty was the first dynasty of Elam of which very little of anything is known today—appearing at the dawn of recorded history. The dynasty corresponds to the early part of the first Paleo-Elamite period ; additionally, succeeded by the Shimashki and Sukkalmah dynasties. The Elamites were likely major rivals of neighboring Sumer from remotest antiquity—they were said to have been defeated by Enmebaragesi of Kish c. 2750 BC—who is the earliest archaeologically attested king named on the Sumerian King List (SKL); moreover, by a later monarch, Eannatum of Lagash c. 2450 BC. Awan was a city-state or possibly a region of Elam whose precise location is not certain; but, it has been variously conjectured conjectured to have been within the: Ilam and/or Fars provinces of what is today known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, to the north of Susa, close to Dezful, or Godin Tepe.
Marhaši was a 3rd millennium BC polity situated near Elam, on the Iranian plateau. It is known from Mesopotamian sources, but its precise location has not been identified, though some scholars link it with the Jiroft culture. Henri-Paul Francfort and Xavier Tremblay proposed identifying the kingdom of Marhashi with Ancient Margiana on the basis of the Akkadian textual and archaeological evidence.
Alalngar was the second king to exercise the kingship of Eridu over all of Sumer—according to the Sumerian King List (SKL). He may have fl. c. 2866 – c. 2856 BC; however, the Weld-Blundell Prism copy of the SKL states that he reigned for 10 sars while the W-B 62 copy states that he reigned for 20 sars. According to the Dynastic Chronicle , W-B 444, W-B 62 copies of the SKL: he was preceded by Alulim and succeeded by En-men-lu-ana of Bad-tibira. The Uruk List of Kings and Sages (ULKS) copy of the SKL pairs seven antediluvian kings each with his own apkallu; and, the second apkallu (Uanduga) was paired up with Alalngar.
"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu. In Eridu, Alulim became king he ruled for 28,800 years. Alalngar ruled for 36,000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64,800 years. Then Eridu fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira. In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43,200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28,800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36,000 years. 3 kings; they ruled for 108,000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larak. In Larak, En-sipad-zid-ana ruled for 28,800 years. 1 king; he ruled for 28,800 years. Then Larak fell and the kingship was taken to Sippar. In Sippar, En-men-dur-ana became king; he ruled for 21,000 years. 1 king; he ruled for 21,000 years. Then Sippar fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppak. In Shuruppak, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 18,600 years. 1 king; he ruled for 18,600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years. Then the flood swept over."
...Lu was the second king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have been the second Elamite king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Sumer. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same second king (Tata) from Awan said on the Susanian Dynastic List to exercise the kingship over all of Elam. According to the SKL: he was preceded by an unnamed king and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that the second king, Ta-a-ar, was succeeded by Ukku-Tanhish.
Kur-Ishshak was the third king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have been the third Elamite king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Sumer. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same third king (Ukku-Tanhish) from Awan said on the Susanian Dynastic List to exercise the kingship over all of Elam. According to the SKL: he was preceded by ...Lu and succeeded by Susuda of Kish. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that the third king was succeeded by Hishutash.
Tata was the second king of the Awan dynasty and may have been the second to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same second king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by an unnamed king of Awan and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Ukku-Tanhish and preceded by Peli.
Ukku-Tanhish was the third king of the Awan dynasty and may have been the third to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same third king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by ...Lu and succeeded by Susuda of Kish. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Hishutash.
Napi-Ilhush was the sixth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the sixth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Shushun-Tarana and succeeded by Kikku-Siwe-Temti.
Shushun-Tarana was the fifth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the fifth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Hishutash and succeeded by Napi-Ilhush.
Hishutash was the fourth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the fourth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Ukku-Tanhish and succeeded by Shushun-Tarana.
The Shimashki dynasty was an early dynasty of the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia,. A list of twelve kings of Shimashki is found in the Elamite king-list of Susa, which also contains a list of kings of Awan dynasty. It is uncertain how historically accurate the list is, although some of its kings can be corroborated by their appearance in the records of neighboring peoples. The dynasty corresponds to the second Paleo-Elamite period. It was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty. Shimashki was likely near today's Masjed Soleyman.
The Sukkalmah or Epartid dynasty, was an early dynasty of West Asia in the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia. It corresponds to the third Paleo-Elamite period. The Sukkalmah dynasty followed the Shimashki dynasty. The title of Sukkalmah means "Grand Regent" and was used by some Elamite rulers. Numerous cuneiform documents and inscriptions remain from this period, particularly from the area of Susa, making the Sukkalmah period one of the best documented in Elamite history.
Awan was an ancient city-state or region of Elam in the western area of modern-day Iran. It often appears together with the cities of Susa and Anshan in the early history of Mesopotamia, having many conflictual interactions with Sumer.
Luh-ishan, also Luhhiššan, Luh-ishshan, Lu-ishan was a king of Elam and the 8th king of the Awan Dynasty, around 2300 BCE. He was the son of Hiship-rashini.
The Shutrukid dynasty was a dynasty of the Elamite empire, in modern Iran. Under the Shutrukids, Elam reached a height in power.
Peli was the eponymous founding king of the dynasty of Peli and may have been the first to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same first king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by Balulu of Ur and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Tata.
