Timeline of 1960s counterculture

The following is a timeline of 1960s counterculture . Influential events and milestones years before and after the 1960s are included for context relevant to the subject period of the early 1960s through the mid-1970s.

1950s

1951

• The True Believer : "Longshoreman-philosopher" Eric Hoffer's Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements is published. ^{[1] [2]}

1952

• August: Mad magazine debuts as a comic book before adopting a standard magazine format in 1955. The publication satirizes both mainstream American culture and, later, counterculture alike. ^{[3] [4]}
• Invisible Man : Ralph Ellison's highly acclaimed novel of African-American life in the 20th century is published. ^[5]
• Go : John Clellon Holmes' novel is published and is later considered to be the first book depicting the Beat Generation. ^[6]

1953

• April 13: Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's behavior control research program that grew to include testing the effects of LSD and extended sensory deprivation on both volunteer and unsuspecting American and Canadian subjects into the 1960s, commences. Secret detention camps in Europe and Asia are also set up for torture and experiments on prisoners. ^[7]
• May 4: The "doors of perception" open for author Aldous Huxley as he takes mescaline for the first time. Humphrey Osmond guides the trip, and later correspondence between the two produces the term psychedelic . ^{[8] : 67}
• December: Marilyn Monroe centerfold: the first issue of Playboy magazine appears, published by Hugh Hefner. ^{[9] [10]}

1954

• May 17: Brown vs. Board of Education : The U.S. Supreme Court rules unanimously that the practice of racial segregation in public schools, mostly by Southern states, is unconstitutional. The doctrine of "Separate but Equal" as a moral or legal pretext for segregation is decreed no longer enforceable by governments, and the process of true racial integration begins in schools throughout the region, a process that was not completed until about 1970. ^{[11] [12]}

1955

• February: SEATO: The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is formally activated, nominally obligating the U.S. to intervene as part of a collective action in case of military conflagrations in the region. The non-binding SEATO commitment, however, is not invoked as the justification for involvement in Vietnam by future President Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) until later escalation of hostilities there proves unpopular. ^[13]
• July 9: "Rock Around the Clock": Pennsylvania country singer Bill Haley's version of the keystone song begins an eight-week run at number 1 on the Billboard charts. With deep roots in black jazz, blues, and R&B, as well as gospel and country music, the rock & roll era begins. ^{[14] [15]}
• August 28: Emmett Till murder: A Black adolescent is brutally slain by White vigilantes in rural Mississippi after allegedly flirting with a White woman. The incident becomes a pivotal event in the growing civil rights movement after Till's mother allows the boy's mutilated body to be viewed in an open-casket funeral, and after two White men (who years later confess to the murder) are acquitted by an all-White, all-male jury, the standard practice for that time in most of the country, and especially the South. In 2017, Till's apparently coerced female accuser recanted key testimony she gave under oath; the woman died in 2023. ^{[16] [17]}
• September 30: James Dean: The star of Rebel without a Cause and early icon of the disaffected generation dies in a sports car crash at age 24 at Cholame, California. ^{[18] [19] [20]}
• October 7: Six Gallery Reading: Beat poet Allen Ginsberg first performs his soon-to-be scandalous Howl . ^{[21] [22]}
• October 26: The Village Voice : One of the earliest and most enduring alternative newspapers is launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, John Wilcock and Norman Mailer in New York City. The paper ceased publication in 2018, but pledged to digitize its vast archive. ^{[23] [24]}
• December 1: Activist Rosa Parks refuses to cede her seat on a public bus to a White passenger in Montgomery, Alabama (per Southern segregationist mores and codes), and is arrested. A successful bus boycott by local blacks led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., pastor of that city's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, ensues, while the American Civil Liberties Union takes on and wins Parks' legal case. After over a year of Blacks refusing to ride, the U.S. Supreme Court orders the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system. ^[25]

1956

• April 21: "Heartbreak Hotel": Elvis Presley's first number-one hit tops the popular music charts for eight weeks. The Mississippi-born singer who was working as a truck driver in Memphis, Tennessee creates teenage pandemonium in households throughout the U.S. and subsequently across the rest of the western world. ^[26]
• August: The FBI's COINTELPRO domestic counterintelligence program commences. The surveillance effort is initially directed against stateside communist activities, but grows to include illegal invasions of privacy targeting civil rights and anti-war activists, particularly black activists. ^{[27] [28]}

1957

• Masters and Johnson begin scientific research into human sexual response in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University School of Medicine. The first of many widely read books regarding their research is published in 1966. ^[29]
• January 10: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) civil rights organization is formed in Atlanta, Georgia. ^[30]
• September 5: On the Road : Years in the works, a somewhat tamed version of Jack Kerouac's seminal novel of the Beat Generation is published. ^{[31] [32]}
• September 23: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order sending federal troops to maintain peace and order during the racial integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. ^[33] His main antagonist is Arkansas governor Orval Faubus.
• October 4: The western world is shocked and deeply fearful when the Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial space satellite. The ability to launch a satellite equates to the ability to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile, thereby directly threatening much of the world with long-range missile attack for the first time. ^{[34] [35]} Confidence is further shaken in December, when Vanguard, the rushed U.S. attempt to equal Sputnik, explodes on the launchpad. ^{[36] [37]}
• November 15: Albert Schweitzer, Coretta Scott King, and Benjamin Spock post an ad in The New York Times calling for an end to the nuclear arms race. SANE is later formed. ^[38]

1958

• February 17: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament is inaugurated in London, introducing the "Peace symbol" from semaphore signs for the letters C, N, and D. ^[39]
• March 24: Elvis Presley, by then the biggest recording star in the world, is inducted into the U.S. Army. Presley serves his two years honorably. ^[40]
• April 2: Herb Caen of the San Francisco Chronicle coins the term beatnik to refer to aficionados of the Beat Generation. ^[41]
• April 4–7: Over the Easter weekend, in London's Trafalgar Square, thousands protest in the first major Aldermaston march, organised by the Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War and supported by CND. The protests are accompanied by a festival with jazz and skiffle bands. ^{[42] [43]}
• SANE claims 25,000 members in 130 chapters. ^[44]
• The SLATE student political party, which resembles what later came to be termed the "New Left," is formed at the University of California, Berkeley. ^{[45] [46]}
• Eisenhower is the first U.S. president to ask a joint session of Congress to pass the long-debated Equal Rights Amendment. ^[47]
• The Affluent Society : Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith's highly influential work is published. ^[48]

1959

• January 1: Revolutionary forces under the leadership of Fidel Castro overthrow the corrupt Batista government in Cuba. Fifty years of repressive rule by the future Soviet ally ensue before Castro relinquishes control to his brother. ^{[49] [50] [51]}
• February 3: The Day the Music Died: Early rock stars Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper are killed along with the pilot of a small plane in bad weather near Clear Lake, Iowa. Guitarist Tommy Allsup "loses" his seat after a coin-flip with Valens, and Holly's bass player (and future country music legend) Waylon Jennings also misses the doomed flight when he allows the ill "Bopper" to take his seat. ^{[52] [53]} In 1972, Don McLean's "American Pie," a commemoration of the incident, is released, and is later called "the accessible farewell to the Fifties and Sixties." ^[54]
• June 16: Superman is dead?: Front-page headlines allege that actor George Reeves' shooting death is a suicide, shocking a generation of youngsters mourning the first major superhero of comic books and television.^{[ relevant? ]} Reeves' death is later considered by many to be a murder. ^{[55] [56] [57]}
• September 29: Beatnik goes TV: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis debuts, featuring Bob Denver as beat character Maynard G. Krebs. ^[58]
• How to Speak Hip : Improv pioneers Del Close and John Brent's satirical comedy record is released and formalizes hip parlance for a generation. ^{[59] [60]}

1960s

1960

• The Student League for Industrial Democracy changes its name to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and first meets in Ann Arbor, Michigan. SDS dissociates itself from LID in 1965, and becomes the most notable radical student political organization of the counterculture era. ^{[61] [62]}
• A beatnik community in Cornwall, UK noted for wearing their hair past their shoulders, and including a young Wizz Jones, is interviewed by Alan Whicker for BBC television. ^[63]
• Harvard University lecturer Timothy Leary and assistant professor Richard Alpert begin experimenting with hallucinogens at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The highly controversial Leary soon becomes the most notable advocate of LSD use during the era. ^{[64] [65]}
• February 1: The first of the Greensboro sit-ins in North Carolina sparks a wave of similar protests against segregation at Woolworth and other retail store lunch counters across the American South. ^[66]
• March 26: Governor Buford Ellington of Tennessee orders an investigation into a CBS news crew that filmed a Nashville sit-in. ^[67]
• April: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is organized by Ella Baker at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. ^[68]
• May 1: U-2 Incident: a U.S. spy plane searching for Soviet nuclear installations is shot down deep within the U.S.S.R. Presumed dead by the U.S., the CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers is captured alive and paraded in the Russian press after the White House enlists NASA in a botched and quickly exposed deception claiming that the plane went missing during a weather flight. ^{[69] [70]}
• May 9: The Pill: The U.S. Food & Drug Administration approves the use of the first reliable form of birth control: a 99%-effective pill. The Sexual revolution commences, at first in the bedrooms of married couples. ^{[71] [72]}
• May 13: Black Friday: 400 police using fire hoses force a student "mob" out of a HUAC meeting at City Hall in San Francisco. The counterculture era of student political protest, outside of the ongoing civil rights movement, begins. ^{[73] [74] [75]}
• May 19: SANE holds an anti-arms race rally at Madison Square Garden in New York, NY. 20,000 attend. ^[76]
• July 11: To Kill A Mockingbird : Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning story of racial inequality is published and becomes a classic of American literature. The story is adapted into a movie in 1962. ^[77]
• November 8: John F. Kennedy is elected 35th president of the United States, defeating sitting Vice President Richard Nixon in what is considered to be the closest and most intellectually charged US presidential election since 1916. ^{[78] [79] [80]} Nearly 70 million ballots are cast, but the margin of victory is approximately 100,000 votes. ^[81]

1961

• January: Look Magazine journalist George Leonard writes about "Youth of the Sixties: The Explosive Generation" and predicts that the "quiet generation" of the 1950s "is rumbling and is going to explode". ^{[82] [83]}
• January 17: U.S. President (and retired 5-Star Army General) Dwight Eisenhower gives his farewell address to the nation, and uses much of his time to warn of the undue influence of the "military–industrial complex". ^[84]
• January 20: In a powerful inaugural address, new U.S. President Kennedy calls upon citizens to "ask not what your country can do for you–-ask what you can do for your country". ^{[85] [86]}
• March 1: Kennedy signs an executive order creating the Peace Corps. ^[87]
• March 28: Although he supported the program during the 1960 campaign, Kennedy orders final cancellation of full production of the oft-resurrected USAF B-70 Bomber program, in a significant attempted to control the nuclear arms race. ^[88]
• March 30: The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is signed in New York City, tightening controls on international trade in opiates. ^[89]
• April 12: Vostok: Man in Space: The Western world is again shocked when the Soviet Union follows its Sputnik triumph by putting the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin. ^[90]
• April 17: Bay of Pigs: A secret CIA-led invasion force intent on overthrowing Communist dictator Fidel Castro lands on a remote beach in Cuba. Anti-Castro Cuban expatriates and CIA mercenaries are overtaken and captured by Cuban forces. President Kennedy attempts to cut losses and refuses to provide additional U.S. air support, dooming the operation. ^{[91] [92]}
• May 4: Freedom Riders: Civil rights activists travel on public buses and trains across the American South to personally confront and challenge segregation. ^[93]
• June 4: Kennedy meets with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, and reports no progress on issues concerning a partitioned Germany. Another Berlin Crisis ensues. ^{[94] [95]}
• July: Amnesty International is formed in London after British attorney Peter Benenson is outraged by the arrest of two students who raise a toast to freedom in Portugal. The human rights organization wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977. ^{[96] [97]}
• August 13: Berlin Wall: To stem the massive tide of emigration from the Communist East into the democratic West (200,000 escape East Germany in 1960 alone), the construction of a wall dividing the city of Berlin begins under Soviet direction. ^[98]
• October 25: U.S. and Soviet tanks face off at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin. ^{[99] [100]}
• November 1: Women Strike for Peace: 50,000 women march in 60 cities throughout the U.S. to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. ^{[101] [102]}
• November 30: Cuban Project: Aggressive covert operations against Fidel Castro's revolutionary rule in Cuba are authorized by President Kennedy and soon implemented under the direction of his brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Implementation of the plan is highly unorthodox, with command oversight bring given to the new Attorney General, and not career military or intelligence officers. ^{[103] [104] [105]}
• December 14: Kennedy signs an executive order establishing the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. ^{[106] [107]}

1962

• January: Black is Beautiful: The African Jazz-Art Society stages "Naturally '62," a fashion show in Harlem, popularizing the phrase which would become important to the culture of the civil rights movement. ^[108]
• January 12: Operation Chopper: U.S. forces participate in major combat in Vietnam for the first time. ^[109]
• January 18: Operation Ranch Hand: The U.S. military begins the use of extremely toxic and carcinogenic defoliants in Vietnam. Use of the dioxin-containing Agent Orange begins in 1965. ^[110] Agent Orange has a profound effect upon a large number of Vietnam veterans after the War ends.
• February 4: Vietnam War escalation: In another of the first air actions of the deepening conflict, U.S. helicopters assist the South Vietnamese Army in the capture of Hung My. ^[111]
• February 26: Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Valerian Zorin warns the UN that the Americans "are getting bogged down in a very disadvantageous and politically unjustified war (in Vietnam) which will entail very unpleasant consequences for them." ^[112]
• March 16: U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara reveals that American troops in Vietnam have engaged in ground combat.
• March 19: Bob Dylan's self-named first album is released. It reaches #13 in the UK, but does not chart on the Billboard 200 in the U.S. Dylan's second album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan , makes an enormous impact on the American folk and pop music scenes in 1963. ^[113]
• March 31: Cesar Chavez begins organizing migrant farm workers in California. ^[114]
• June 15: The SDS completes the Port Huron Statement , its manifesto calling for participatory democracy and non-violent civil disobedience as well as outlining its perceived problems with modern society. ^[115]
• July–August: The Albany Movement civil rights protest against segregation is active in Georgia.
• August 4: Film star Marilyn Monroe dies of a barbiturate overdose under suspicious circumstances in Los Angeles. Monroe's death is a precursor to an explosion of recreational use of highly addictive prescription drugs (and thousands of accidental pill overdose deaths) during the counterculture era, even as legitimate use of these drugs is already in decline. ^{[116] [117]}
• September 12: John F. Kennedy speaks at Rice University: "... we choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard ..." ^[118]
• September 27: Silent Spring : Following a growing groundswell of reports on the deleterious effects of DDT use on the ecosystem, Rachel Carson's exposé is published and the modern environmental movement begins. ^{[119] [120]}
• October 1: Following a riot which leaves 2 dead and over 300 injured on September 30, James Meredith is the first African-American student to enter the University of Mississippi, known popularly as "Ole Miss". ^{[121] [122]}
• October 5: "Love Me Do": The Beatles' first single is released in Great Britain. From this modest beginning the group eventually goes on to sell over 600 million records worldwide and remains as of 2023 the best selling musical group of all time. Earlier in the year, Decca Records and other labels chose not to sign the group to a contract. ^{[123] [124] [125]}
• October 16–28: The Cuban Missile Crisis brings the world to the brink of nuclear war after the U.S.S.R. attempts to station missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba, thereby directly challenging the longstanding Monroe Doctrine and threatening the U.S. On October 22, President Kennedy bluntly addresses the nation on the matter of "highest national urgency" and discusses the possibility of global nuclear war, terrifying the nation and world. Kennedy's generals advise him to invade Cuba, but he orders a naval blockade instead. The Soviets back down and remove the missiles. ^{[126] [127] [128]}
• December: The U.S. Air Force's Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile program is canceled by President Kennedy. ^[129]
• Inspired by Aldous Huxley's Human Potential Movement, Michael Murphy and Dick Price found the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California. ^[130]
• Sex and the Single Girl : Helen Gurley Brown's post-pill career and dating manual becomes a best-seller. Brown's attempted stunt to have the book "banned" for marketing purposes fails, but early sales top two million copies. Brown goes on to edit the influential Cosmopolitan Magazine for over 30 years. ^[131]
• The Other America : Michael Harrington's compelling study of the intractable plight of the poor in the U.S. is published. The book is later credited as an inspiration to President Lyndon Johnson's "War on poverty." ^[132]
• Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is published. The novel draws in part from Kesey's experiences as an MKUltra volunteer. An Oscar-winning adaptation hits theaters in 1975. ^{[133] [134]}
• Seven Days in May , a novel depicting a foiled military coup in the U.S., is published. A film follows in 1964 with an all-star cast. ^[135]

1963

• Bob Fass begins the long-running late night Radio Unnameable program on WBAI-FM in New York City, a non-commercial listener-supported station that is later remembered as "the pulse of the movement" by Wavy Gravy. ^{[136] [137] [138]}
• Principia Discordia is published, starting the Discordian movement. ^[139]
• February 19: Influenced by Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex , Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique is published. The modern feminist movement is born. ^[140]
• April: Chandler Laughlin organizes a Native American Church peyote ceremony, a forerunner to the Red Dog Experience.
• April–May: Birmingham Campaign: Civil rights activists organized by James Bevel and Martin Luther King are attacked by police in Birmingham, Alabama. Similar events occur at various locations across Southern states throughout the spring and summer.
• May: Louie Louie: The Kingsmen's version of the rock party standard is released. An FBI investigation revolves around the song's purportedly obscene lyrics but turns up no evidence. Extraneous to the garbled lyrics, the drummer yelling "fuck" is barely audible 54 seconds into the song. ^{[141] [142]}
• May: The first organized Vietnam War protests occur in England and Australia.
• May 1: Undercover Bunny: Gloria Steinem's Playboy Club exposé appears in Show Magazine. ^[140]
• June 10: A Strategy of Peace: President Kennedy delivers a powerful commencement speech at American University. ^[143]
• June 11: Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc self-immolates in Saigon. AP photographer Malcolm Browne's coverage of the horrific event reportedly motivates Kennedy to increase U.S. troop strength in the developing Vietnam War. ^{[144] [145]}
• June 12: NAACP Field Secretary Medgar Evers is assassinated in Jackson, Mississippi. ^[146]
• June 17: The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the Abington School District v. Schempp case that public school-sponsored Bible reading is not permitted by the First Amendment of the Constitution. ^{[147] [148]}
• July 26–28: The now-legendary Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island features Bob Dylan and fellow protest singers Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, and Peter, Paul & Mary. ^{[149] [150]}
• August 28: I Have a Dream: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his landmark speech before 200,000 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. ^[151]
• September 24: The U.S. Senate ratifies The Partial Test Ban Treaty as signed by the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom, ending testing of nuclear weapons under water, in the atmosphere, and in space. ^[152]
• September 26: The US Senate debates a report accusing folk music of promoting Communism. Two senators speak and conclude the musicians were entitled to speak their minds freely. The report was dismissed. ^[153]
• October 27: 225,000 students in Chicago public schools boycott classes in protest against ongoing segregation.
• October 31: Harvard University is scandalized by a disclosure that students have engaged in on-campus "sex orgies." ^[154]
• November 2: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated in Saigon. ^[155]
• November 22: U.S. President John F. Kennedy is assassinated while traveling in an open-air motorcade during a visit to Dallas, Texas at age 46. Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in as 36th president shortly thereafter, on a return plane to Washington before it takes off. ^[156]
• November 24: Suspected Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is himself murdered by a Dallas nightclub proprietor, Jack Ruby, while he is being transported by inadequate police security in Dallas. The episodes adds further shock and anguish to an already-grief-stricken American public and creates doubt in the minds of those predisposed toward conspiratorial explanations of historical events. Such individuals begin circulating myriad theories concerning the original Kennedy Assassination and the veracity of later government investigations. ^[157]

1964

• January: The Holy Modal Rounders' version of "Hesitation Blues" marks the first reference to the term psychedelic in popular music. ^[158]
• January 8: President Johnson's State of the Union address features a declaration of "War on poverty". ^{[159] [160]}
• January 13: The Times They Are A-Changin' : Bob Dylan's third album is released and the title track is soon considered to be the most prophetic and relevant American protest song of the era. Dylan disagrees with the interpretation, claiming instead that the song "is a feeling." ^{[161] [162]}
• January 23: The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified: the U.S. Congress and states are prohibited from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other forms of tax. ^[163] This is a direct attack on policies aimed to deter blacks from voting in Southern states.
• February 1: I Want to Hold Your Hand: The Beatles achieve their first hit No. 1 on Billboard with a 7-week run on top. Beatlemania has spread to America, and the monumental British Invasion of music across the free world is underway. ^{[164] [165]}
• February 3: Nearly half a million public school students participate in the New York City school boycott of classes in protest against segregation patterns. ^{[166] [167]}
• February 7–22: The Beatles make their first visit to the U.S. and are showcased three times on The Ed Sullivan Show . The February 9 telecast is seen by over 73 million viewers, and remains the largest audience for an American network broadcast television program to date in the US. ^{[168] [169]}
• February 25–26: Tens of thousands of school students in Boston and Chicago sit out of classes in protest against segregation in their respective cities.
• April 4: Beatles singles occupy the top five slots on the Billboard Hot 100. This is an unprecedented chart achievement that has yet to be equaled by another recording artist. ^{[170] [171]}
• April 13: Sidney Poitier becomes the first man of African descent to win the Oscar for Best Actor in Santa Monica, California. ^{[172] [173]}
• April 20: Approximately 85% of black students in Cleveland boycott classes to protest segregation. ^[174]
• May: Robert Jasper Grootveld's surreal happenings begin in Spui square in Amsterdam with his unpredictable performances and famous cries of "Klaas is Coming!" and "Uche, Uche, Uche". Later described as the "announcer of the international spirit of revolution," Grootveld gained a following of Nozems (Dutch rockers) and inspired the start of the Provo (Provocation) movement in both Holland and California, introducing a playful element into social protest. ^{[175] [176]}
• May: Appearance of the Faire Free Press (later the Los Angeles Free Press ), considered the earliest of many "underground" American newspapers of the time.
• May: San Francisco Sheraton Palace Hotel sit-ins result in arrests of University of California, Berkeley students protesting racially discriminatory hiring practices in the Bay area of California. ^[177]
• May 7: President Johnson first refers to "the Great Society" in a speech at Ohio University.
• May 12: The first public draft-card burning takes place in New York City. ^[178]
• June 14: The Merry Pranksters: Led by author Ken Kesey, an assemblage of adventure seekers departs California in the repurposed school bus Further en route to the 1964 World's Fair in Queens, New York City. ^[179]
• June 22: I Know it When I See it: The U.S. Supreme Court overturns the obscenity conviction of an Ohio theater operator. Although local obscenity battles continue for years, the decision clears the way for the commercial exhibition of sexually explicit film material throughout American, overriding state and local prohibitions. ^{[180] [181]}
• July 2: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed by President Johnson. Racial segregation in public places and race-based employment discrimination are now banned under Federal law. ^[182] Some Southern states and localities, however, begin a systematic program of opposition.
• August 2: An Undeclared War: what were later revealed to be spurious incidents in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam lead to the nearly unanimous passage of the a resolution by the U.S. Congress on August 7, giving the President broad authority, unprecedented in American history to engage in full "conventional" military escalation in Southeast Asia without obtaining a formal declaration of war. ^[183]
• August 28: The Beatles reportedly use marijuana for the first time, allegedly supplied by Bob Dylan in New York City. ^{[184] [185]}
• September: Two National Farmers Organization members are killed when they and about 500 others attempt to stop a truck from taking cattle to market. ^[186]
• October 1: The Free Speech Movement begins with a student sit-in at the University of California, Berkeley. ^{[187] [188] [189]}
• October 14: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize. ^[190]
• October 25: The Rolling Stones appear on The Ed Sullivan Show and create so much audience disruption that Sullivan bans the "lewd" group from his show. Sullivan, however, would rescind his ban due to the rock group's immense popularity during the remaining seven years of his program's duration. ^[191]
• November 3: Sitting President Lyndon B. Johnson is elected in his own right, defeating Republican Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater in a landslide. ^[192] Goldwater campaigns on a hard-line conservative platform that includes opposition to Civil Rights measures and is accused by the Johnson campaign of favoring nuclear weapons to settle world conflicts, a point made in a television advertisement that is considered the first modern-day political "attack ad."
• November 4: Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted on obscenity charges in New York City after performing a routine about Eleanor Roosevelt's "tits" and other "offensive" subject matter. Bruce is soon sentenced to a workhouse. ^[193]
• December 2: Put Your Bodies Upon the Gears: In a now-famous speech during a Berkeley sit-in, student Mario Savio tells supporters of the Free Speech Movement to protest the "machine" of the University of California's administration. ^{[194] [195]}

1965

• February 8: Aerial bombing of North Vietnam by the U.S. commences with Operation Rolling Thunder.
• February 9–15: Thousands demonstrate against American attacks on North Vietnam at the U.S. Embassies in Moscow, Budapest, Jakarta, and Sofia.
• February 21: Malcolm X, an Islamic cleric and the putative leader of the militant wing of the Civil Rights movement, is assassinated in New York City. ^[196]
• March: Several protestors are arrested for publicly uttering profanity in the "Filthy Speech Movement" at UC Berkeley. ^{[197] [198]}
• March 7–25: The SCLC stages the watershed Selma to Montgomery marches, initially organized by James Bevel.
• March 8: 1,400 Marines of the U.S. 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade begin to land on beaches near Da Nang. The arrival of the Marines heralds the direct involvement of American combat units in Vietnam.
• March 16: Alice Herz, an 82-year-old German émigré, burns herself to death in Detroit while protesting escalation of military activities in Vietnam. Herz dies 10 days later. ^[199]
• March 24–25: The first major "Teach-in" is held by the SDS in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Some 3000 persons attend.
• March 25: For Your Love: Already a guitar legend, blues purist Eric Clapton quits The Yardbirds after the release of the proto-psychedelic hit. Clapton recommends Jimmy Page to fill his spot. Page declines the offer, but suggests Jeff Beck, who accepts. In 1966, Page joins the group. ^{[200] [201]} He and several other British musicians would start the pioneering "heavy metal" band Led Zeppelin in 1968.
• Spring: Don't trust anyone over 30: Berkeley graduate student and Free Speech activist Jack Weinberg's quip is quoted in paraphrase, inadvertently generating a key catchphrase frequently used by people in that age group. ^[202]
• Spring: A circle of late-beat-era folk musicians including John Phillips, Michelle Phillips, Cass Elliot, and Denny Doherty rusticate in a communal beach tent on St. Thomas to party and create music. The working vacation, financed on Phillips' American Express card, results in the formation of The Mamas and the Papas, and a lucrative recording contract. The events are recounted in song on the group's hit 1967 single "Creeque Alley". ^[203]
• April: Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison experience LSD for the first time at a British dinner party hosted by Harrison's dentist. ^{[8] : 98  [204]}
• April: American combat troops in Vietnam total 25,000.
• April 16: Needle of Death: The debut album of Scottish folk musician Bert Jansch features a song of warning concerning the deadly dangers of heroin. ^{[205] [206]}
• April 17: The first major anti-Vietnam War rally in the U.S. is organized by the SDS in Washington, D.C. 20,000 attend the March Against the Vietnam War. Folk singers Joan Baez, Judy Collins, and Phil Ochs perform. ^[207]
• May: Owsley Stanley returns to the Bay Area of northern California with the first large batch of LSD to sell as a recreational drug. ^{[208] [209]}
• May 5: Draft card burnings take place in Berkeley. Several hundred University of California students confront the Berkeley Draft Board (BDB) and deliver a black coffin to the staff. ^[210]
• May: Jerry Rubin, Stephen Smale, Paul Montauk, Abbie Hoffman and other war opponents form the Vietnam Day Committee. ^[210]
• May 17: Hunter S. Thompson's article "The Motorcycle Gangs: A portrait of an outsider underground" appears in The Nation . A book based on the piece soon follows. ^[211]
• May 20–22: The Vietnam Day Committee organizes the largest Vietnam teach-in to date. Some 30,000 reportedly attend the 36-hour event in Berkeley, including Benjamin Spock, Norman Thomas, Norman Mailer, Mario Savio, Paul Krassner, Dick Gregory and Phil Ochs. Hundreds march, again, to the local draft board office, where President Johnson is hanged in effigy, and many burn draft cards. ^{[210] [212] [213]}
• May: Drop City: One of the earliest American hippie communes is founded in Colorado. The Droppers build geodesic domes constructed from trashed automobile hoods and roofs, notably involving collaborations with Steve Baer and Buckminster Fuller-inspired Zomes. ^{[214] [215]}
• June–August: Red Dog Experience comes into full flower at Virginia City, Nevada's Red Dog Saloon – a full-fledged "hippie" identity takes shape.
• June 7: Griswold v. Connecticut : The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Constitution's guarantee to a right to privacy invalidates a Connecticut statute banning use of contraceptives by married couples, a law enacted by a government composed largely of adherents to the Roman Catholic faith, which has always held birth control to be a sin worthy of eternal punishment. "Comstock-era" laws are likewise now moot in other states. In 1972, the Court rules that the protections must be applied to unmarried couples as well. ^{[216] [217] [218]}
• June 11: International Poetry Incarnation: Notables including Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Michael Horovitz, and William S. Burroughs participate in a breakthrough event for the UK underground, Royal Albert Hall, London. ^{[8] : 98  [219]}
• June 11: The Beatles are appointed as Members of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) by Queen Elizabeth for their contributions to British arts and commerce. The myth that the group smoked marijuana in a Palace bathroom after the investiture ceremony in October is later debunked by George Harrison. ^[220]
• July 25: Bob Dylan "goes electric" and is booed by some attendees at the Newport Folk Festival. ^[221] The musicians accompanying him would later form the critically acclaimed 1960s/1970s roots rock group The Band.
• July 30: Medicare is signed into law in the U.S., giving senior citizens the ability to afford health care, without worrying about being dependent upon children or losing their assets.
• August: Phil Ochs releases the satirical "Draft Dodger Rag" on the album I Ain't Marching Anymore . He later performs the song on the CBS News special Avoiding the Draft. Pete Seeger's version appears in 1966. ^{[222] [ deprecated source ]}
• August 6: The Voting Rights Act is signed into law in the U.S.; "Literacy tests", poll taxes and other local schemes to prevent voting by blacks are newly or further banned under Federal law.
• August 11: Watts: Six days of massive race riots erupt in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. 34 die, 1000 are injured, hundreds of buildings are looted or destroyed, and thousands of people are arrested. Meanwhile, smaller riots occur in Chicago. ^[223]
• August 24: She Said She Said: Shortly after setting a concert attendance record at Shea Stadium, Queens, New York, the Beatles briefly rest in Benedict Canyon, near the end of their grueling American tour. With ongoing Beatlemania preventing the band from leaving their rented home, they invite local company, including members of the Byrds, Peter Fonda, Joan Baez, and Peggy Lipton. Lennon writes a song, which appears on Revolver in 1966. As the era progresses, nearby Laurel Canyon becomes home to many prominent counterculture musicians. ^{[224] [225] [226] [227]}
• August 30: Bob Dylan's Highway 61 Revisited is released, featuring the six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone". ^[228]
• August 31: Destruction of draft cards becomes formally prohibited by U.S. law. ^[229]
• September 5: The word hippie is used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularise use of the term in the media. However, the term had appeared earlier, eg. in a remark about marijuana cookies by syndicated journalist Dorothy Kilgallen in her June 11, 1963, column. ^{[230] [231]}
• September 8: Actress Dorothy Dandridge, the first African-American nominated for a Best Actress Oscar, dies of an apparent accidental prescription drug overdose in Los Angeles, although a later analysis suggests a rare embolism may have been the cause. ^{[232] [233]}
• September 15: I-Spy: Comedian Bill Cosby becomes the first African-American to star in a dramatic American television series. (Amanda Randolph had starred in the comedy The Laytons on the short-lived DuMont Network in the late 1940s.) ^[234]
• September 25: The Beatles Saturday morning cartoon series debuts on U.S. television, aimed at an audience of children. ^[235]
• September 25: Eve of Destruction: Barry McGuire's version of P.F. Sloan's work becomes the first protest song to hit No. 1 in the charts. However, it draws heavy criticism and is banned by numerous radio stations. ^{[236] [237]}
• October: The Yardbirds, featuring Jeff Beck, release the single "Shapes of Things" with the B-side "Still I'm Sad." By this, psychedelic rock first makes the charts. ^[238]
• October 1: The East Village Other begins publication in East Village, Manhattan, New York City. ^[239]
• October 15–16: Vietnam War protests in cities across the U.S. draw 100,000.
• October 16: A Tribute to Dr. Strange: Dan Hicks helps organize a Family Dog event where 1,000 original San Francisco "hippies" party en masse at Longshoreman's Hall. Still yet to be prohibited by Federal or state law, Owsley's "White Lightning" acid (LSD) is made available to all. ^{[240] [241]}
• November: The Autobiography of Malcolm X is published posthumously by Grove Press. Derived from interviews of the slain activist by writer Alex Haley, it is considered to be one of the most influential works of non-fiction of the 20th century. Doubleday's cancellation of its original contract for the bestseller is later viewed by critics as the biggest mistake in publishing history. ^{[242] [243] [244]}
• November 2: Quaker leader Norman Morrison self-immolates at the Pentagon to protest the war. Secretary of Defense McNamara witnesses the scene from his office in the building. ^{[245] [246]}
• November 5: My Generation: The Who speak to the new youth. "This is my generation!" and "I hope I die before I get old" become mantras of the rising counterculture. ^{[247] [248]}
• November 9: Catholic peace activist Roger Allen LaPorte self-immolates at the United Nations building in New York City. ^[249]
• November 19: Fifth Estate : The first issue of the long-running anti-authoritarian newspaper is published in Detroit. ^[250]
• November 20: 8,000 anti-war protesters march from Berkeley to Oakland in California.
• November 27: Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters hold the first "Acid Test" at Soquel, California. ^[251]
• November 27: Up to 35,000 anti-war protesters march in front of the White House.
• November 30: Unsafe at Any Speed : Activist attorney Ralph Nader's wake-up call concerning automotive safety is published and fuels the modern Consumer Movement. Nader's ongoing work contributes to the passage of the U.S. National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. In 1972 alone, annual American highway deaths peak at 54,589, approaching the total number of war dead during the entire duration of U.S. combat involvement in Vietnam. ^{[252] [253] [254]}
• December: California Dreamin': A westward clarion call is released by The Mamas and the Papas. ^[255]
• December: The Pretty Things release Get the Picture?. The album includes a song entitled £.S.D. ^[256]
• December 3: The Beatles' Rubber Soul is released in the United Kingdom with a visually distorted image of the group on the cover. ^[257] The album contains "Norwegian Wood", which sparks the "great sitar explosion" in pop music. ^[258]
• December 23: Timothy Leary is arrested for drug possession at the U.S.-Mexico border. ^[259]

1966

• January 8: 2,400 attend when the "Acid Tests" arrive at the Fillmore West nightclub in San Francisco. ^{[260] [261]}
• January 21–23: Chet Helms' Family Dog "Trips Festival" is attended by 10,000 in San Francisco; half are reputedly under the influence of LSD. ^{[262] [263] [264] [265]}
• February 10: Valley of the Dolls : Jacqueline Susann's best-selling novel of sex and the perils of prescription drug abuse by women is published. ^{[266] [267]}
• March 8: London Free School is launched by John "Hoppy" Hopkins and Rhaune Laslett, leading to the start of the International Times/IT , the UFO Club and the Notting Hill Carnival as a street party featuring some of the earliest performances of Pink Floyd. ^[268]
• March 11: Timothy Leary is sentenced to 30 years for his 1965 Mexican border drug offense. ^[269]
• March 14: Eight Miles High: The Byrds' psychedelic 12-string-electric guitar anthem is released and briefly banned on radio due to perceived drug-culture subject matter. ^{[270] [271] [272]}
• March 16: 12 Australians burn their draft cards at a Sydney rally against Australia's participation in the Vietnam War. ^{[273] [274]}
• March 25–27: Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations take place in many cities across America and around the world.
• April: What a Drag it is Getting Old: "Mother's Little Helper", the Rolling Stones' single about prescription pill-popping housewives, is released in Great Britain. "Doctor Robert", the Beatles' similar nod to a liberally prescribing physician, appears in June. ^{[275] [276]}
• April 5: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns about the danger of LSD in a letter sent to some 2,000 universities.
• April 7: Sandoz, the sole legitimate manufacturer of pharmaceutical-grade LSD, stops supplying the drug to researchers. ^{[277] [278]}
• April 17: Millbrook: Under the auspices of then-prosecutor G. Gordon Liddy, Timothy Leary is arrested for possession of marijuana at his upstate New York retreat, a haven of East Coast hippie activity. Liddy cannot, however, prosecute Leary for possessing LSD, which is still legal. ^{[279] [280] [281]}
• May 7: Psychedelic bellwether "Paint It Black" is released in the U.S. by the Rolling Stones. ^{[282] [283]}
• May 12: Students take over the administration building at the University of Chicago in protest against the draft. ^[284]
• May 15: 10,000 anti-war protesters picket the White House.
• May 16: The Beach Boys release the highly influential album Pet Sounds . ^{[285] [286]}
• May 18: 10,000 students rally against the draft at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
• May 29: The phrase "Black Power" re-emerges among contenders for Civil Rights. ^[287]
• May 30: Featuring reversed sounds for the first time on a pop music recording, the Beatles' psychedelic "Rain" is released as the B-side of "Paperback Writer". ^[288]
• May/June: Resurgence magazine is first published in the United Kingdom. Notable contributors will include E. F. Schumacher, Ivan Illich, R. D. Laing and The Dalai Lama. ^{[289] [290]}
• June 4: The New York Times publishes a petition to end the Vietnam War, containing 6,400 signatures, including many prominent scholars and clergy. ^[291]
• June 10: After appearing in a television documentary in January, Donovan is arrested in London for possession of cannabis, and is perhaps the first notable counterculture musician to be targeted in the growing war on drugs. The incident is later derided as "ridiculous" and "comical". ^{[292] [293]}
• June 13: Miranda v. Arizona : The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides protection against self-incrimination, thus requiring Federal, state, and local law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated while in custody of the right to remain silent and the right to obtain an attorney. ^[294]
• June 25: Lenny Bruce performs for the last time. The show at the Fillmore West in San Francisco also showcases Frank Zappa. ^[295]
• June 27: Freak Out! , a pioneer concept album, is released by Frank Zappa's Mothers of Invention. ^[296]
• June 30: The National Organization of Women (NOW) is founded in Washington, D.C. ^[297]
• June 30: In their tour press conference in Tokyo, the Beatles speak out publicly against the Vietnam War for the first time, defying their manager Brian Epstein's insistence that they remain apolitical. ^[298] During the band's subsequent American tour, in August, George Harrison says: "War is wrong, and it's obvious it's wrong. And that's all that needs to be said about it." ^[299]
• July: Beatle backlash: Some American disc jockeys in the Southern and Midwestern U.S., responding to pressure by conservative religious groups hostile to the counterculture, incite thousands to burn Beatles records after John Lennon uttered a comment claiming that his band was "more popular than Jesus." ^[300]
• July: Sunshine Superman: Donovan's hit contains the first open reference to "tripping" in a chart-topping song. ^[301]
• July: After skipping an invitation to a breakfast reception from Philippines' dictators Ferdinand & Imelda Marcos, the Beatles find themselves stranded without police protection and in fear for their lives. John Lennon states that "if we go back, it will be with an H-Bomb." ^[302]
• July 16: Wes Wilson's rock concert poster for The Association, playing at the Fillmore, is the first significant psychedelic rock concert poster, ^[303] after which many follow for other concerts, and the style becomes significant.
• July 29: Bob Dylan crashes his motorcycle near Woodstock, New York, and begins a period of much-needed retreat from public life. ^[304]
• July–September: Riots break out throughout the summer in several American cities, with deaths in Chicago and Cleveland (July), Waukegan, Illinois, and Benton Harbor, Michigan (August), and damage in many other cities.
• August 3: Lenny Bruce, called "the most radically relevant of all contemporary social satirists" is found dead at age 40 from a morphine overdose in Los Angeles. ^[305]
• August 5: The Beatles release their album Revolver , which includes "Tomorrow Never Knows", a song that came to be widely regarded as "the most effective evocation of a LSD experience ever recorded". ^[306] The track is founded on a single-chord tambura drone and features tape loops, backward sounds and other musique concrète elements, and lyrics taken from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead . ^{[307] [308]}
• August 29: Candlestick Park: The Beatles perform their final concert in San Francisco, before retiring from live performances. ^[309]
• September 9: LSD is banned in Great Britain. ^{[8] : 125}
• September 12: An American television program debuts in response to the Beatles' popularlity, The Monkees , on NBC. In 1967, the band outsells the Beatles and the Rolling Stones combined, far exceeding creator Don Kirshner's expectations. ^[310]
• September 19: Timothy Leary begins his "Turn on, tune in, drop out" crusade in New York City, founding a de facto religion centered around LSD titled "League for Spiritual Discovery".
• September 20: Anti-establishment publisher Allen Cohen's underground newspaper The San Francisco Oracle begins publication in the Haight-Ashbury district.
• October 6: The use and sale of LSD is formally prohibited in the U.S. ^[311]
• October 6: Love Pageant Rally: A gathering of hippies, including many notable Haight-Ashbury luminaries is held in San Francisco, marking the LSD ban. The Grateful Dead and Janis Joplin perform for free. Despite the Federal ban, the illicit manufacture and use of LSD continues. ^{[312] [313]}
• October 10: Good Vibrations: The Beach Boys release Brian Wilson and Mike Love's psychedelic tour de force. ^[314]
• October 15: The Black Panther Party is established by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California. ^{[315] [316] [317]}
• November 9: Beatle John Lennon first meets avant-garde Japanese artist and future wife Yoko Ono at London's Indica Gallery. ^[318]
• November 12: For What It's Worth: The Sunset Strip teen curfew riots in West Hollywood, California inspire Stephen Stills to pen a protest song for his rock group Buffalo Springfield. ^{[319] [320] [321]}
• December 8: MGM releases the British film Blow-Up without approval of the movie ratings group MPAA, signalling the beginning of the end of enforcement of the Hays Code. In late 1968, the MPAA institutes the first voluntary system of movie ratings, intended as a guide for viewers as to a film's content and age-appropriateness. ^[322]
• December 17: Diggers "Death of Money" happening on Haight Street. Two Hells Angels who join the action are arrested, and a large crowd marches to the police station in spontaneous protest. ^{[323] [324] [325]}
• December 23 & 30: UFO Club, London's first psychedelic nightclub, opens. Hoppy and Joe Boyd hire an Irish venue, The Blarney Club, on Tottenham Court Road, bringing the sound/light show of Pink Floyd and Soft Machine to the West End. ^{[8] : 128  [326]}
• December 30: Hoppy's London flat is raided. Hoppy and four others are arrested for possession of marijuana. ^{[327] : 190}

1967

• January 12: LSD is the subject of the debut "Blue Boy" episode of the topical, but square and sermon-laden television police drama Dragnet '67 . ^[328] The program is a revival of a popular 1950s show and incessantly promotes the need for "law and order" in American life. Jack Webb, who portrays a middle-aged detective and produces the program, parlays the show's success among conservative and patriotic audiences into several other successful programs in the 1970s.
• January 14: Human Be-In: "The joyful, face-to-face beginning of the new epoch" is held in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. 20,000 attend. ^[329]
• January 28: The Million Volt Light and Sound Rave: The Beatles contribute a to-date unreleased experimental "sound collage" for early raves at the Round House Theatre, London. ^[330]
• January 29: The Mantra-Rock Dance is held at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. The Hare Krishna religion is promoted, and the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company and Moby Grape perform. Ginsberg, Leary and Owsley attend. ^{[331] [332]}
• February: Surrealistic Pillow by Jefferson Airplane is released. Grace Slick becomes the first major female rock music performer. Psilocybin mushrooms are visible on the album cover. Tracks include "White Rabbit", and "D.C.B.A.-25", referring to the song's chords and LSD-25. ^[333]
• February: Noam Chomsky's anti-Vietnam War essay The Responsibility of Intellectuals is published in The New York Review of Books . ^[334]
• February 5: The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour debuts on CBS television and soon pushes the boundaries of acceptable broadcast content to the limit. ^[335]
• February 10: A Day in the Life: The Beatles stage a gathering of rock and other celebrities including Donovan, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Mike Nesmith and Pattie Boyd to observe the recording of the final orchestral overdubs for Sgt. Pepper at Abbey Road Studios in London. ^[336]
• February 11: New York disc jockey Bob Fass uses the airwaves to inspire an impromptu gathering of thousands at Kennedy Airport, in what is later called a "prehistoric flash mob". ^{[337] [338]}
• February 13: The Beatles issue John Lennon's psychedelic masterwork "Strawberry Fields Forever" as part of a double A-side with "Penny Lane". Either the words "Cranberry sauce" or "I buried Paul" is heard after the song fades out, something disputed fiercely by listeners. ^[339]
• February 14: London's first Macrobiotic Restaurant run by Craig Sams opens at Centre House and also supplies food to the UFO Club. ^{[340] : 141}
• February 17: The cover of Life Magazine features Ed Sanders of The Fugs below "HAPPENINGS – The worldwide underground of the arts creates – THE OTHER CULTURE." ^[341]
• February 22: MacBird! opens at the Village Gate in New York City and runs for 386 performances. The controversial play compares Lyndon Johnson to Shakespeare's Macbeth, who caused the death of his predecessor. ^[342]
• March 26: 10,000 attend the New York City "Be-In" in Central Park. ^[343]
• April 4: Beyond Vietnam: Martin Luther King Jr. delivers a monumental anti-war speech. ^[344]
• April 8–10: Race riots break out in Nashville, Tennessee. Activist Stokely Carmichael and Allen Ginsberg are present. ^[345]
• April 15: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam: An estimated 400,000 protest the escalating Vietnam War in New York City, marching from Central Park to UN Headquarters. Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Benjamin Spock, and Stokely Carmichael speak. 75,000 assemble in San Francisco where Coretta Scott King speaks. ^[346]
• April 28: Boxing champion Muhammad Ali refuses induction into the U.S. Army in Houston, Texas, on the grounds that he is a conscientious objector to the war in Vietnam. ^[347]
• April 29: The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream: Pink Floyd featuring Syd Barrett headlines for 7,000 attending a groundbreaking televised psychedelic rave to promote love and peace at Alexandra Palace, London. ^{[268] [348]}
• May: The radical left-wing underground newspaper Seed begins publication in Chicago. ^[349]
• May 2: Armed Black Panthers led by Bobby Seale enter the chambers of the California State Assembly in Sacramento, protesting a bill to outlaw open carry of loaded firearms. Seale and five others are arrested. ^[350]
• May 5: Mr. Natural: Robert Crumb's soon-to-be ubiquitous underground comix counterculture icon makes his first appearance in the premiere issue of Yarrowstalks. ^[351]
• May 10: Rolling Stone Brian Jones is arrested for drug possession. He is arrested again in 1968. Jones' conviction record renders him largely unable to tour outside of Great Britain. ^[352]
• May 15–17: Student protesters confront police at the historically African-American Texas Southern University in Houston, resulting in the death of a police officer and over 400 arrests. ^[353]
• May 20–21: The Spring Mobilization Conference is held in Washington, D.C. Seven hundred anti-war activists gather to discuss the April 15 protests, and to plan future demonstrations. ^[354]
• June: Vietnam Veterans Against the War is formed in New York City. ^[355]
• June–July: Race riots create upheaval in cities across the U.S. ^[356]
• June–September: The "Summer of Love" in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco and recognition of the hippie movement. ^{[357] [358]}
• June 1: The Beatles' Sgt Pepper is released and widely recognized as the high-water mark of the brief psychedelic rock era. Some critics would, years later, rate it as the greatest rock album of all time. ^{[359] [360]}
• June 10–11: Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival: The Summer of Love kicks off at Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California. Over 30,000 see the Byrds, Doors, Jefferson Airplane, Country Joe & the Fish, and dozens of other acts perform in the first rock festival gathering of its kind. ^{[361] [362]}
• June 12: The U.S. Supreme Court, in Loving v. Virginia, rules that state laws prohibiting interracial marriage are unconstitutional. ^[363]
• June 16: Paul McCartney is the first Beatle to publicly discuss LSD use. Quotes from a British magazine are re-published in a Life Magazine article entitled "The New Far-Out Beatles." McCartney is interviewed on film concerning the controversy on the 19th. ^{[364] [365]}
• June 16–18: The Monterey Pop Festival in Monterey, California, organized principally by John Phillips of The Mamas and the Papas, draws thousands and is the first large, extended festival of the rock era. Jimi Hendrix returns from the U.K. and makes his U.S. "debut." David Crosby uses his time at the microphone to brashly condemn the Warren Report. ^{[366] [367]}
• June 25: The Beatles' contribute a performance of their summer U.K. hit All You Need Is Love to the first live global satellite TV broadcast, reaching an estimated 200–400 million people worldwide via the BBC. ^{[368] [369]}
• July 7: The cover of Time features "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." ^[370]
• July 15–30: Dialectics of Liberation Congress: A gathering of leftist intellectuals in London finds itself on the receiving end of a prank, when Digger Emmett Grogan delivers a speech to rousing applause. The audience then becomes irate when Grogan reveals that his words are culled entirely from a 1937 speech by Adolf Hitler. The episode later inspires a scene in the fictional 1971 cult film Billy Jack . ^[371]
• July 16: Hyde Park Rally: 5,000 gather in London to protest "immoral in principle and unworkable in practice" British marijuana laws. A petition signed by many notables is published. ^{[372] [373]}
• July 23–27: Detroit Riots: An arrest made on an early Sunday morning at a party where illegal liquor is sold provokes a youngster on a street outside to call for massive resistance to law enforcement, rapidly releasing years of aggravating tension between Detroit's Black community and the city's mostly White police force and local leaders. Within hours, the incident erupts into the worst outbreak of urban lawlessness of the century to date: 43 deaths, 467 injuries, over 7,200 arrests, and the burning of over 2,000 buildings to the ground. ^[374]
• August 27: Death of Brian Epstein: the man credited with "discovering" the Beatles, their manager and friend, dies of a prescription drug overdose in London at age 32. ^{[375] [376]}
• September 17: The Doors perform their hit "Light My Fire" on The Ed Sullivan Show, but fail to remove the perceived drug term "higher" from the lyric as instructed by producers. ^[377]
• September 30: Hip Radio 1 commences broadcast over the legitimate airwaves of the BBC following the U.K. ban on offshore "pirate" radio transmissions. ^[378]
• September: 18-year-old folk singer-songwriter Arlo Guthrie releases the 18-minute song Alice's Restaurant Massacree . ^[379] It becomes a staple of FM rock radio every Thanksgiving afterward.
• October 2: 710 Ashbury Street: Members of the Grateful Dead and others are busted for drug possession when their communal home is targeted and raided in San Francisco. ^[380]
• October 6: The "Death of Hippie" march is held in Haight-Ashbury by the Diggers as a mock funeral meant to signal the end of the Summer of Love and stop further commercialization of the hippie movement. ^[381]
• October 9: Death of Che Guevara: The Argentine revolutionary is executed in Bolivia. ^[382]
• October 17: Stop the Draft Week: Demonstrators attack the U.S. Army Induction Center in Oakland, California. Singer Joan Baez is among those arrested. Some are charged with sedition. ^{[383] [384] [385]}
• October 17: Hair : a timely stage play featuring controversial full-frontal nudity premieres to mature audiences off-Broadway in New York City. The play becomes a Broadway smash in 1968. ^[386]
• October 19: Thousands of students clash with police at Brooklyn College in New York after two military recruiters appear on campus. Students strike the following day. ^[387]
• October 20–21: "Mobe's" March on the Pentagon: 100,000 protest the war in Washington, D.C. Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and others lead attempts at "exorcism" and levitation of the Pentagon. ^{[388] [389]}
• October 27: Baltimore Four: Catholic priest Philip Berrigan and three others are jailed after pouring blood on conscription files in the SSS office, protesting the bloodshed in Vietnam. Berrigan is later convicted. ^[390]
• October 28: Black Panther leader Huey Newton is stopped by Oakland police. A shootout resulting in the death of an officer leads to Newton's conviction, which is later overturned. ^{[391] [392]}
• November 9: Rolling Stone Magazine : John Lennon is featured on the cover of the first issue in a photo from the film How I Won The War . Rolling Stone becomes a focal point for news and reviews aimed at young people during the era, and continues to the present day. ^[393]
• November 10: Disraeli Gears : Cream's quintessential psychedelic rock album is released. ^[394]
• November 10: The Moody Blues' masterpiece Days of Future Passed , featuring psychedelic themes and the London Festival Orchestra, is released. ^[395]
• November 20: Police, using tear gas, charge a large student demonstration against corporate recruiters for napalm manufacturer Dow Chemical at San Jose State College in California. ^[396]
• November 24: I Am the Walrus: The Beatles release John Lennon's psychedelic coda. The album Magical Mystery Tour is released on November 27. ^[397]
• December 4–8: Anti-war groups across the U.S. attempt to shut down draft board centers. Dr. Benjamin Spock and poet Allen Ginsberg are among the 585 arrested in association with the initiative.
• December 10: Monterey Pop Fest stand-out and soon-to-be soul legend Otis Redding dies in a plane crash at age 26. ^[398]
• December 22: Owsley Stanley is found in possession of 350,000 doses of LSD and 1,500 doses of STP, arrested, and sentenced to three years in prison.
• December 31: Yippies: "Yippie" is coined by radicals Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman, Anita Hoffman, Dick Gregory, Nancy Kurshan and Paul Krassner. In January, the Youth International Party is formed. Inspired by the Diggers, the humorous Yippies also take the counterculture protest movement into the realm of performance theater. ^[399]
• Originally a surgical anesthetic, PCP begins to appear as a recreational drug. ^{[400] [401]}

1968

• Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is published. ^[402]
• January: Owsley-inspired pioneer heavy metal rock band Blue Cheer release Vincebus Eruptum , while early metal ground-breakers Iron Butterfly release their debut, Heavy. ^{[403] [404]}
• January 22: Laugh-In : The sketch comedy "phenomenon that both reflected and mocked the era's counterculture" and brought it into "mainstream living rooms" debuts on American television, on the NBC network. ^{[405] [406]}
• January 31: The Tet Offensive is launched by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong (sympathizers of the North in South Vietnam). Western forces are victorious on the battlefield, but press coverage, especially that by television, begins to turn public opinion against American military operations there. ^{[407] [408]}
• February 1: Following the free-form programming experimentations at KFRC-FM in San Francisco, WABX-FM in Detroit and some other stations nationwide begin to officially change their formats. FM playlists and other content are increasingly chosen by local disc jockeys, instead of corporate executives or record companies. The Progressive Rock format takes hold. ^[409]
• February 4: Beat figure and Merry Prankster Neal Cassady dies in Mexico of unknown causes at age 41. ^[410]
• February 8: Orangeburg Massacre: Police fire on and kill three people protesting segregation at a South Carolina bowling alley. ^[411]
• February 15: The Beatles in India: All four Beatles, along with fellow devotees such as Mike Love, Donovan and Mia Farrow, journey to Rishikesh in India to study Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. John Lennon and George Harrison are the last of the celebrities to leave; they depart amid unsubstantiated rumors of the Maharishi's sexual impropriety toward some of the female students ^[412] and the band members' suspicions that he was using their fame for self-promotion. ^[413]
• February 29: Kerner Report: The Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is released after seven months of investigation into American urban rioting, and states that "our nation is moving towards two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal." ^{[414] [415]}
• March 16: My Lai Massacre in Vietnam. An apparently wanton rape and murder of civilians by American soldiers creates an enormous new anti-war outcry when the incident becomes public knowledge in 1969. ^{[416] [417] [418]}
• March 17: London police stop 10,000 anti-war marchers from violently storming the U.S. Embassy. Two hundred persons are arrested. The protest serves as partial inspiration for the Rolling Stones' most notable political foray, "Street Fighting Man". ^{[419] [420] [421]}
• March 18: RFK In: U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-New York), a long-time supporter of American policy in Vietnam, speaks out against the war for the first time, and announces his candidacy for president. ^[422]
• March 22: 3,000 Yippies take over Grand Central Station in New York City, staging a "Yip-In" that ultimately results in what was then termed an "extraordinary display of unprovoked police brutality" and 61 arrests. ^{[423] [424] [425]}
• March 31: LBJ Out: Embattled President Lyndon Johnson addresses the public about Vietnam on prime-time television and shocks the nation with his closing remark that, in order to focus on the war effort, he would forego pursuing a second elected term as president. The national political culture is thrown into chaos as a result. ^[426]
• Spring: Reggae: "Nanny Goat" by Larry Marshall, and Do the Reggay by Toots and the Maytals mark the arrival of a new musical genre to American shores. ^{[427] [428]} Johnny Nash ("Hold Me Tight"), and Paul McCartney ("Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da") are inspired by the Jamaican sound. ^[429]
• March–May: Columbia University protests occur in New York City. "Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers" becomes a protest slogan at this time, as well as the name of a radical activist group. ^[430]
• April: The U.S. Department of Defense begins calling-up reservists for duty in Vietnam. The Supreme Court turns down a challenge to that mobilization in October. ^[431]
• April 4: MLK Assassinated: The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated on the balcony of a Memphis, Tennessee motel while in the city to assist a sanitation workers' strike. James Earl Ray, a St. Louis, Missouri-area native who had no permanent residence, is soon arrested for the murder. The King family later expresses complete doubt as to Ray's guilt. ^[432] Violence erupts in cities across the nation, with thousands of Federal troops dispatched. Memphis, Chicago, Baltimore, Kansas City, and Washington, D.C., in particular experience strong rioting. ^[433]
• April 5: A Yippie plot to disrupt the upcoming Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August is reported by Time. ^[434]
• April 6: Oakland Shootout: Black Panther Bobby Hutton is killed, and another, Eldridge Cleaver, is wounded in a gun battle with police. Cleaver later claims that Hutton was murdered while in police custody. ^[435]
• April 8: The U.S. Bureau of Narcotics (Treasury Department) and Bureau of Drug Abuse Control (of the Food and Drug Administration) merge into the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, substantially ramping up efforts to rid the country of illegal substances. ^[436]
• April 14: The Easter Sunday "Love-In" is held in Malibu Canyon in California. ^[437]
• April 27: Anti-war protesters march in several American cities, including 87,000 in New York City's Central Park.
• May: The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers first appear in The Rag , an Austin, Texas underground paper. ^{[438] [439]}
• May 2: MAI 68: Massive student protests erupt in France which escalate and spread, leading to a general strike and widespread civil unrest during May and June, bringing the country to a virtual standstill. ^[440]
• May 10: The Paris Peace Talks commence in France, with the war in Southeast Asia the subject of the negotiations. ^{[441] [442] [443]}
• May 12: Martin Luther King's Poor People's Campaign establishes "Resurrection City", a shanty town on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which around 5,000 protesters occupy.
• May 17: Catonsville Nine: Catholic priests opposed to the war, including Daniel Berrigan, destroy records at a Maryland draft office. ^{[444] [445] [446]}
• May 24–27: Louisville Riots: After a claim of police brutality, police and thousands of National Guard in Kentucky confront rioting protesters and looters. Two Black teenagers die before order is restored. ^[447]
• June 3: Artist Andy Warhol is shot and wounded by a self-described "radical feminist" writer. ^{[448] [449] [450]}
• June 5: RFK Assassinated: Senator Robert Francis Kennedy, winner of the California Democratic Presidential Primary earlier that day, and the new presumptive front-runner in that hotly contested race, is mortally wounded at a hotel in Los Angeles during a victory party. He dies June 6. ^[451]
• June 19: A "Solidarity Day" protest at Resurrection City draws 55,000 participants.
• June 24: Remnants of "Resurrection City," with only some 300 protesters still remaining, are razed by riot police.
• July 17: The Beatles' post-psychedelic, pop-art animated film Yellow Submarine is released in the U.K. (November 13 in the U.S.). ^{[452] [453]}
• July 28–30: The University of California, Berkeley campus is shut down entirely by protests.
• August 21: Prague Spring: Communist tanks roll into Czechoslovakia and crush the popular anti-Soviet uprising which began in January. ^[454]
• August 25–29: Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The proceedings are overshadowed by massive protests staged by thousands of demonstrators of every political or social stripe. ^[455] Mayor Daley's desire to enforce rigid order in the city prompts local police to deal with the mostly peaceful protestors violently, a scene televised on national airwaves alongside the convention's proceedings. On the third night, police indiscriminately attack protesters and bystanders, including journalists Mike Wallace and Dan Rather and Playboy publisher Hugh Hefner. The next night police attack anti-war protesters in front of the Conrad Hilton Hotel as demonstrators chant "The whole world is watching". The spectacle amounts to a turning point for both supporters and critics of the larger movement.
• August 26: Revolution?: Lennon's B-side to McCartney's smash "Hey Jude" is released. Its eschewing of violent protest is seen as a betrayal by some on the left. A version recorded earlier is released in November and suggests indecision as to Lennon's stance on violence. ^[456]
• August 31: First Isle of Wight Festival featuring Jefferson Airplane, Arthur Brown, The Move, T-Rex and The Pretty Things takes place in Great Britain.
• September 7: Miss America Protest: Feminists demonstrate against what they call "The Degrading Mindless-Boob-Girlie Symbol," filling a "freedom trash can" with housekeeping items such as mops, pots and pans, copies of Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines, false eyelashes, high-heeled shoes, curlers, hairspray, makeup, girdles, corsets, and bras. The widely reported "burning of bras," despite not being substantiated by eyewitness evidence, becomes a potent urban legend for the burgeoning "women's lib" movement. ^{[457] [458]}
• September 24: The Mod Squad : "One Black, One White, One Blonde" is the tagline for a hip, troubled-kids-turned-cops television police drama, which debuts on this date on ABC. ^[459] It runs until 1973.
• September 28: Ten thousand people in Chicago protest on the one-month anniversary of the Convention violence.
• Fall: Stewart Brand begins publication of The Whole Earth Catalog . ^{[460] [461]}
• October 2: Tlatelolco massacre: Students and police violently clash in Mexico City. ^[462]
• October 16: Mexico '68: Medal-winning American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their gloved hands on the Olympic award podium to protest global human rights shortcomings. Their demonstration is met with both international praise and death threats alike, a sign of the polarization that is occurring among Americans outside youth and left-wing circles. ^{[463] [464]}
• October 18: John Lennon and Yoko Ono are arrested for drug possession in London. Lennon is only fined for his first offence, and more serious obstruction charges against the pair are dropped, but the arrest will later serve as a pretext for a politically motivated attempted deportation of Lennon from the U.S. in the 1970s. ^[465]
• October 25: Emile de Antonio's highly controversial and Oscar nominated anti-war documentary In the Year of the Pig (per the Chinese "Year of the Pig") is released. Although it is otherwise reported, as de Antonio aspires to the leftist badge of honor, he never actually appears on President Nixon's Enemies List. ^{[466] [467] [468]}
• October 27: Twenty-five thousand march in London against the Vietnam War, and particularly British participation in it. ^[469]
• October 31: President Johnson orders a halt to the aerial bombing of North Vietnam. ^{[470] [471]}
• November 5: Former Vice President Richard Milhous Nixon, who served during the Administration of Dwight David Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961, defeats both the sitting Vice President Hubert Humphrey and the far-right George Wallace/Curtis Lemay independent ticket in a close race. Nixon in January becomes the 37th president of the United States, ending eight years of Democratic Party control of the White House. ^{[472] [473]}
• November 6: Head : The Monkees delve into psychedelia in an ambitious but unpromoted and little-seen film co-written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson. ^{[474] [475]}
• November 6: Students demanding minority studies courses begin a strike at San Francisco State College, where demonstrations and clashes last into March 1969, making it the longest student strike in American history. ^{[476] [477] [478]}
• November 11: Two Virgins : John Lennon and Yoko Ono's experimental album is released. Beatles distributors EMI (for Parlophone/Gramophone labels) and Capitol (for the group's Apple vanity label) refuse distribution of the recording, as the cover features the couple with no clothes on at all. Lennon later describes the cover, considered obscene by general American moral standards of the time, as a "depiction of two slightly overweight ex-junkies." ^{[479] [480] [481]}
• November 22: The Beatles' self-titled double album, also known as the "White Album," is released. Band members grow their hair very long, and the musical content moves away from psychedelia. ^[482]
• December 24: Earthrise : A striking photograph of the Earth taken by Bill Anders of Apollo 8 from lunar orbit is called "the most influential environmental photograph ever taken." ^[483]

1969

• January 8–18: Students at Brandeis University occupy Ford and Sydeman Halls, demanding creation of an Afro-American department, which is approved by the University on April 24. ^[484]
• January 28: Santa Barbara Oil Spill: The environmental movement moves into high gear after an offshore oil well blows out and dumps 100,000 barrels of crude oil onto the California coast, killing wildlife and fouling beaches for years to come. ^[485]
• January 29: Sir George Williams Computer Riot: the largest student campus occupation in Canadian history results in millions of dollars in damage in Montreal. ^[486]
• January 30: Let it Be: The Beatles, plus Billy Preston, perform in public as a group for the last time on the roof atop their offices in London. Footage of the performance appears on the film documenting the sessions for the album. ^[487]
• January 30 – February 15: The Administration building of University of Chicago is taken over by around 400 student protesters in a "sit-in".
• February: Esquire Magazine features a cover story declaring: "Chicks Up Front! How Troublemakers Use Girls to Put Down the Cops" and other tactics of the radical left. ^[488]
• February 13: National Guard troops, armed with tear gas and riot sticks, crush demonstrations at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. ^[489]
• February 16: After three days of clashes between police and Duke University students in North Carolina, the school agrees to establish a Black Studies program.
• February 24: Tinker v. Des Moines: The U.S. Supreme court affirms public school students' First Amendment rights to protest the Vietnam War. ^[490]
• March 1: Do You Want to See My Cock?: Arrest warrants are issued for Doors frontman Jim Morrison after he allegedly exposes himself and simulates masturbation and fellatio at a concert in Miami, Florida. In 2010, Morrison is posthumously pardoned by the state's Clemency Board. ^{[491] [492]}
• March 12: George Harrison and Pattie Boyd are arrested for marijuana possession in London. ^[493]
• March 22: President Nixon condemns trend of campus takeovers and violence.
• March 25–31: Following their wedding at Gibraltar, John Lennon and Yoko Ono hold a "bed-in" peace event in Amsterdam. ^[494]
• April: American troop strength in Vietnam peaks at over 543,000 military personnel. ^{[495] [496]}
• April 3–4: The National Guard is called into Chicago, and Memphis residents are placed on curfew on the first anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination.
• April 4: After a decline in ratings and ongoing pressure by advertisers and the general public over the program's highly controversial content, CBS cancels the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour . Writers for the program, including Mason Williams, Carl Gottlieb, Bob Einstein, Rob Reiner, Steve Martin, and Pat Paulsen, move on to other projects. ^{[497] [498]}
• April 9: Three hundred students "sit-in" at offices of Harvard University protesting the presence of an ROTC program on campus. Four hundred policemen restore order on April 10. The university makes ROTC an extracurricular activity, rather than a mandatory curriculum, on April 19.
• April 19: Armed Black students take over Willard Straight Hall at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The university accedes to their demands the following day, promising an Afro-American studies program.
• April 25–28: Activist students takeover Merrill House at Colgate University, demanding Afro-American studies programs.
• May 7: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically Black college, occupy eight buildings. The buildings are cleared by U.S. Marshals two days later.
• May 8: City College of New York closes following a 14-day-long student takeover demanding minority studies; riots among students break out when CCNY tries to reopen.
• May 9–11: Zip to Zap: Several thousand college students flock to a party event in rural North Dakota, which degenerates into a "riot" later dispersed by the National Guard. ^[499]
• May 15: Bloody Thursday ^{[ broken anchor ]}: Alameda County Sheriff's deputies and National Guardsmen authorized by governor Ronald Reagan move to eject protestors deemed unlawful from the People's Park in Berkeley. Law enforcement and soldiers open fire with buckshot-loaded shotguns, mortally wounding student James Rector, permanently blinding carpenter Alan Blanchard, and inflicting lesser wounds on several others. ^[500]
• May 21–25: 1969 Greensboro uprising: student protesters battle police for five days on campus of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; one student is killed on May 22. National Guardsmen assault the campus using tear gas, going so far as to drop it by helicopter.
• May 23: Tommy : The Who's Rock Opera becomes one of the most celebrated albums of the era. ^[501]
• May 26 – June 2: Give Peace a Chance: Celebrities gather as John and Yoko conduct their second bed-in in Montreal, where the anti-war anthem is recorded live. ^[502]
• June: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) is published and becomes a bestseller. ^[503]
• June 18: Students for a Democratic Society convenes in Chicago; the groups ousts its Progressive Labor Party faction on June 28, which, in turn, sets up its own rival convention.
• June 22: Judy Garland, superstar of stage, screen, television, and song, and an early icon for the LGBT community, dies of an accidental barbiturate overdose in the Chelsea section of London. ^{[504] [505]}
• June 28: The Stonewall Riots in New York City, provoked by an erstwhile routine police raid, are the first major gay-rights uprisings in the U.S. ^[506]
• July 3: Brian Jones, founder of the Rolling Stones, dies "by misadventure" in his swimming pool in East Sussex, England under undetermined circumstances at age 27. ^[507]
• July 5: The Stones in the Park: Shocked by the overdose death of former bandmate Brian Jones, the grieving Rolling Stones continue with their much-anticipated free concert before a massive crowd at Hyde Park in London. ^{[508] [509]}
• July 14: Easy Rider : A low-budget, cocaine-dealing biker road movie is released and becomes a de facto cultural landmark. The film's success helps open doors for independent filmmakers during the 1970s. The soundtrack includes Steppenwolf's seminal ode to bikers, "Born to be Wild," and an early anti-drug dirge, "The Pusher." ^{[510] [511] [512]}
• July 15: Cover story on LOOK : "How Hippies Raise their Children" ^[513]
• July 18: Cover story on Life : "The Youth Communes – New Way of Living Confronts the U.S." ^[514]
• July 20: Apollo 11's Apollo Lunar Module lands. Humans walk on the Moon. A plaque with the inscription "We Came in Peace for All Mankind" is left by the astronauts on the lunar surface. ^[515]
• July 21: Andy Warhol's Blue Movie premieres at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre. The movie becomes a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and helps inaugurate the "porno chic" ^{[516] [517]} phenomenon in modern American culture, and later, in many other countries throughout the world. ^{[518] [519]}
• July 25: Vietnamization: The U.S. President's Nixon Doctrine calls on Asian regional allies, who were formerly guaranteed protection under treaty, to fend for themselves in non-nuclear conflicts. This ostensibly is part of a campaign directed at reducing domestic tension and violence at home.
• August 9–10: Helter Skelter: Actress Sharon Tate, Tate's unborn baby, and five others are viciously murdered at knifepoint by cult members acting under the direction of psychopath Charles Manson during a two-day killing spree in California. The events shock an already-overwhelmed nation. As such, many see the crimes and Manson's "family" as products of the counterculture. ^{[520] [521] [522] [523]}
• August 15–18: Woodstock: An estimated 300,000–500,000 people gather in upstate New York for a festival of "3 Days of Peace & Music," a watershed event in American youth culture. ^{[524] [525]}
• August 19: Immediately following Woodstock, David Crosby, Stephen Stills, Joni Mitchell and Jefferson Airplane appear on the Dick Cavett Show . The Airplane's lyric "Up against the wall, motherfuckers!" in the performance of its "We Can Be Together" slips past ABC censors and airs on national television. ^[526]
• August 30–31: The Second Isle of Wight Festival attracts 150,000 people to see acts including Bob Dylan and The Band, The Who, Free, Joe Cocker, and the Moody Blues.
• September: Penthouse : The first U.S. issue of Robert Guccione's explicit monthly magazine hits newsstands, and is later called "the adult magazine that wormed its way into the kinkier recesses of the libidinal subconscious and, arguably, did more to liberate puritan America from its deepest sexual taboos than any magazine before or since." ^[527]
• September 1–2: Race rioting in Hartford, Connecticut and Camden, New Jersey takes place.
• September 2: Ho Chi Minh, President of Communist North Vietnam, aggressor and prime mover of the Second Indochina War, dies. Ho's war rages on after his death, with his subjects refusing to be demoralized by the death. ^[528]
• September 6: H.R. Pufnstuf : a highly novel, surreal Saturday morning children's show debuts on American television. ^[529]
• September 24: The Chicago Eight trial commences. Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin et al. face charges, including a conspiracy to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. They become the Chicago Seven on November 5 after defendant Bobby Seale is bound, gagged, and severed from the proceedings.
• September 29: "Okie from Muskogee": Country music legend Merle Haggard's song is a huge hit with rural, blue-collar, and religious Americans (primarily Southerners and Midwesterners) opposed to drug use among young people and the protest activities of the counterculture. ^{[530] [531]} Personally, Haggard neither affirmed nor denied the perceived jingoistic and conservative politics contained within the lyrics during his lifetime.
• October 4: Television personality Art Linkletter's daughter Diane, 20, jumps to her death from the sixth story of an apartment building. The elder Linkletter, an outspoken political conservative, claimed for years that Timothy Leary and LSD were responsible. ^[532]
• October 8–11: Days of Rage: Elements of the SDS and the Weather Underground faction continue radical efforts to "bring the war home" in Chicago, and exchange brutalities with Chicago Police. ^[533]
• October 15: Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam: Massive anti-war demonstrations occur across the U.S. and worldwide.
• October 21: Jack Kerouac dies from complications of alcoholism in Florida at age 47. ^[534]
• October 29: "login": The first message on the ARPANET – precursor to the internet and World Wide Web – is sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline. ^[535]
• November 13: Vice President Spiro T. Agnew publicly criticizes the three mainstream television networks for a supposed bias against the Administration because they are perceived by him and President Nixon to hold sympathy with liberal and radical causes. That narrative developed steadily in American conservative circles over the next 50 years, eventually engendering by the 2000s a separate news culture, enabled mostly by technologies such as cable television and the internet that displaced traditional providers of American journalism.
• November 15: Moratorium redux: over 500,000 march in Washington, D.C. It is the largest anti-war demonstration in American history. ^[536]
• November 20: Native American protesters begin the Occupation of Alcatraz, which continues for 19 months. ^[537]
• December: Total U.S. casualties (dead and seriously wounded) in Vietnam total some 100,000.
• December 1: The first draft lottery in the U.S. since World War II is held in New York City and broadcast live on CBS television. Later statistical analysis indicates that the lottery method (birthdates in capsules pulled from a hand-rotated drum) is flawed, leaving certain birth dates more likely to be drawn than others. ^{[538] [539]}
• December 4: Black Panther Fred Hampton is killed by combined elements of Federal, Illinois, and Chicago law enforcement under circumstances which, to some, suggest political assassination. ^[540]
• December 6: Altamont: The Rolling Stones help organize and headline at a free concert attended by 300,000. The event, intended as a "Woodstock West," devolves into chaos and the killing of one young person at a speedway between Tracy and Livermore, California. ^{[541] [542]} Improper and capricious security enforcement by the Hells Angels is partly blamed for the incident.
• December 27–31: Flint War Council, Michigan. The SDS is abolished, with the Weathermen becoming autonomous, and one of the most significant seditious revolts since the American Civil War emerges. ^[543]
• Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm Hippie commune is established near Llano, New Mexico.
• Friends of the Earth is founded in the U.S. It becomes an international network in 1971.
• Making of a Counter Culture : Theodore Roszak's Reflections on the Technocratic Society is published. Roszak is later credited with coining the term "counterculture" in print. ^[544]

1970s

1970

• President Nixon establishes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The agency is activated in December 1970.
• January 1: The voting age in Britain is lowered from 21 to 18.
• January 10: Musician, hippie, and philanthropic margarine heir Michael J. Brody Jr. announces he will give away his fortune, which he reports to be between $25 and 50 million. ^{[545] [546] [547]}
• January 31: Set Up, Like a Bowling Pin: Nineteen people, including members of the Grateful Dead and Owsley Stanley, are busted for drug possession in New Orleans. The episode makes the cover of Rolling Stone in March, and is later referred to in the Dead song "Truckin' ". ^{[548] [549]}
• February: Weather Underground carries out bombings and arson in the U.S. states of New York, California, Washington, Maryland, and Michigan.
• February 18: The Chicago 7 verdicts are handed down: two are exonerated and five are soon sentenced for "crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot." However, all the convictions and sentences are later reversed.
• February 23–26: Students riot at the University of California-Santa Barbara.
• February 25–28: Students riot and occupy campus buildings at SUNY Buffalo, in New York state.
• March 6: Greenwich Village townhouse explosion: Three members of the Weather Underground are killed while assembling a bomb in New York City. ^[550]
• March 26: The documentary film Woodstock is released.
• Late March: Fleetwood Mac founder Peter Green and bandmate Danny Kirwan get waylaid at a bizarre party at the Highfisch-Kommune cult/commune in Munich. After apparently taking LSD, both Green and Kirwan thereafter reportedly suffer from lifelong mental illness. ^{[551] [552]}
• April 1: Jerry Rubin guest appears on the Phil Donahue Show and lambastes Donahue on air for his conservative appearance.
• April 7: California Governor Ronald Reagan is quoted on his views concerning college campus student unrest: "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with." ^[553]
• April 7: An X-rated film, Midnight Cowboy, wins three Oscars, including Best Picture in Hollywood. ^{[554] [555]}
• April 10: Paul McCartney, when promoting his first solo album, announces that the Beatles have disbanded.
• April 15: One hundred thousand persons gather on Boston Common to protest the Vietnam War; about 500 radicals attempt to seize the microphone, disrupting the event.
• April 22: Earth Day: The first event recognizing the precarious environmental state of planet earth is held. ^{[556] [557]} It is commemorated annually to this day.
• April 30: President Nixon reveals secret American military operations in Cambodia, next door to Vietnam. That nation underwent a coup d'état in March when its monarch, accused by the military and conservative subjects of tolerating North Vietnamese and Viet Cong within its borders, was deposed by a renegade general, who initiates a civil war against Cambodian Communists, known as the Khmer Rouge, and the foreign occupants that lasts until 1975, when the KR overthrows the regime just days before the Fall of Saigon in Vietnam. America pledges its support to the authoritarian government of Lon Nol.
• May 1–3: Thirteen thousand people take part in peaceful demonstrations at Yale University in support of defendants in the New Haven Black Panther trials.
• May 2: Radicals among students at Kent State University in Ohio protesting the spread of the war into Cambodia burn the ROTC building to the ground. Governor Jim Rhodes calls in the National Guard at the request of Kent's mayor. ^[558]
• May 4: In what becomes the greatest tragedy of the stateside anti-war protest movement and marks the beginning of the decline of the New Left in the United States, poorly trained soldiers of the Ohio National Guard are set loose into confrontation with – and open fire on – unarmed students at Kent State University, leaving four dead and nine wounded, including one man, Dean Kahler, who was paralyzed. ^[559]
• May 4: Holding Together: A benefit for Timothy Leary is held at the Village Gate in New York City. Jimi Hendrix and Johnny Winter perform. ^{[560] [561]}
• May 5: The International Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty takes effect.
• May 6: Student Strike of 1970: Many colleges across the U.S. shut down in protest against the continued American presence in Vietnam and the Kent State events.
• May 8: Hard Hat Riot: Socially conservative construction workers, erstwhile loyal labor union members and supporters of liberal economic policies in past decades, confront anti-war demonstrators on Wall Street in New York City. They march again on May 11. On May 20, some 100,000 construction workers and longshoremen demonstrate in favor of Administration war policy at New York City Hall. ^[562]
• May 8: Attempting to "rescue" his child from what he believes to be a hippie commune, a father, Arville Garland, murders his daughter Sandra and three others in their sleep in Detroit. The events are eerily similar to those depicted in the hippie-bashing film Joe, which was filmed prior to – but released after – the murders. ^{[563] [564]}
• May 9: 100,000 rally against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. At 4:15 a.m., President Nixon defies Secret Service forces and leaves the White House grounds to meet and talk with surprised protesters who are camping out at the Lincoln Memorial. ^{[565] [566] [567]}
• May 14: Jackson State killings: Police kill two and injure 11 during violent student demonstrations at Jackson State College, in Mississippi. This occurs two days after six African-American men were fatally shot in the back for violating a city curfew in Augusta by the Georgia National Guard.
• May 19: Student riot at Fresno State University in California.
• May 21: 5,000 National Guard troops occupy Ohio State University following violence.
• June 11: Daniel Berrigan is arrested by the FBI on charges of conspiring to kidnap persons and detonate a bomb.
• June 12: Major League Baseball pitcher Dock Ellis takes LSD on what he mistakenly believes is an off day, and throws a no-hitter. Ellis later quits drugs, becomes a recovery counselor, and expresses regret over drug abuse during his playing career. ^{[568] [569]}
• June 13: President Nixon appoints the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. The report issued in September finds a direct correlation between the unrest and the level of American military involvement in Indochina.
• June 15: The U.S. Supreme Court confirms the legality of conscientious objector protection on moral grounds.
• June 22: The U.S. voting age is lowered to 18 by Congressional legislation. The measure is soon challenged and overturned in the Supreme Court, leading to the swift adoption of the 26th Amendment on June 1, 1971, guaranteeing suffrage at 18 in Federal, state, and local elections taking place in all 50 states.
• June 27–28: The Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music happens at Shepton Mallet in Somerset, England, featuring Hot Tuna, Fleetwood Mac, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and other acts.
• July: Huston Plan: A broad, cross-agency scheme for illegal domestic surveillance of anti-war figures is concocted by a White House staffer, and accepted but then quickly quashed by President Nixon. Elements of the plan were, however, allegedly implemented in any event. ^{[570] [571] [572]}
• August 6: Riot police evacuate Disneyland in Anaheim, California after a few hundred Yippies stage a protest.
• August 17: Communist activist Angela Davis appears on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list after a firearm purchased in her name is linked to a murder plot involving a judge. ^[573]
• August 24: The Sterling Hall Bombing at the University of Wisconsin in Madison by anti-war activists kills physics researcher Robert Fassnacht. Four others are severely injured, and millions of dollars in damages occur. ^[574]
• August 26: Women's Strike for Equality: 50 years after suffrage was granted to American women by an amendment to the Constitution, 20,000 celebrate and march in New York City, demanding true equality for women in American life. ^[575]
• August 26–31: 600,000+ attend the Third Isle of Wight Festival in Great Britain. Over fifty acts, including The Who, Hendrix, Miles Davis, The Doors, Ten Years After, ELP, Joni Mitchell, and Jethro Tull play the event.
• August 29–30: Rioting and violence erupts at the Chicano Moratorium anti-war rally in Los Angeles; reporter Rubén Salazar is killed by a tear gas shell.
• September: Jesus Christ Superstar, a "Christian Rock Opera," debuts as an album. It later becomes a smash on Broadway and on film. ^[576]
• September: Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, acclaimed musician who co-founded the rock group Canned Heat, dies of a prescription barbiturate overdose at Topanga Canyon, California, at age 27. ^[577]
• September 12: Timothy Leary escapes prison with help from the Weather Underground, and joins Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers.
• September 16: London: The apolitical but stylistically pioneering hard rock act Led Zeppelin end the Beatles' eight-year run as Melody Maker's #1 group of the year.
• September 18: Influential musician Jimi Hendrix dies from complications of a probable drug overdose at age 27 in London.
• September 19: Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival: The first ever Glastonbury Festival features T-Rex and is attended by 1,500 people.
• October: The Female Eunuch : Germaine Greer's pro-feminist bestseller is published. ^[578]
• October: Keith Stroup founds NORML, a group working to end marijuana prohibition, in Washington, D.C.
• October 4: Janis Joplin, rock music's first solo female superstar, dies as the result of an apparent accidental heroin overdose at age 27 in Los Angeles.
• October 13: Political activist Angela Davis is arrested on kidnapping, murder, and conspiracy charges.
• October 26: Doonesbury debuts as a syndicated comic strip, acknowledges the counterculture, and continues to chronicle events into the 21st century. ^[579]
• October 29: President Nixon is pelted with eggs by a hostile crowd of 2,000 after giving a speech in San Jose, California.
• November 7: Jerry Rubin appears live on The David Frost Show and tries to pass a marijuana joint to the talk show host, which becomes a cue for Yippies in the audience to rush the stage and protest.
• December 6: The Maysles Brothers release their film documentary of the December 1969 Rolling Stone Altamont incident, Gimme Shelter.
• December 21: Elvis Presley arrives unannounced at the White House. "The King" meets and is photographed with President Nixon. They discuss patriotism, hippies, and the war on drugs. ^{[580] [581] [582]}
• December 25: Laguna Beach Christmas Happening: Thousands gather in Southern California for an extended hippie festival, featuring an airdrop of hundreds of Christmas cards, each containing a dose of "Orange Sunshine" LSD courtesy of The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, or the "Hippie Mafia," an acid-manufacturing and hash-smuggling organization bent on "psychedelic revolution." ^{[583] [584]}
• December: Paul McCartney sues to legally dissolve the Beatles.
• The violent Black Liberation Army is formed in the U.S. A series of bombings, murders, robberies, prison breaks, and an airline hijacking ensue before the group fades from view in the early 1980s. ^[585]

1971

• January 1: Punishment Park is released in theaters. ^[586]
• January 2: A ban on cigarette advertising on American television and radio takes effect. ^[587] The measure, intended to discourage smoking, has a profound impact on the broadcasting business, causing many television stations in particular to lose revenue for the first time since their establishments in the 1950s and 1960s.
• January 12: Styled after the popular British television situation comedy Till Death Us Do Part , the long-running American smash All in the Family debuts on CBS with Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic, the counterculture's college-educated answer to the working-class "Silent Majority"/Nixon devotee Archie Bunker. ^{[588] [589]} The program soon becomes the nation's most popular, a status it holds for several years, and launches Norman Lear's career as a major producer of other successful comedies through the 1980s. At least one reference book calls it the most important show in U.S. television history that had aired up to that point.
• January 31: Police fire on participants in a peace march in Los Angeles, killing one.
• February 4: A military induction center in Oakland, California is bombed.
• February 4–8: Rioting in Wilmington, North Carolina, related to poor local implementation of school desegregation over the past 18 months or so leaves two dead.
• February 13: An induction center in Atlanta, Georgia is bombed.
• February 21: The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed in Vienna, with the intention of controlling psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics at the international level. ^[89]
• March 1: The U.S. Capitol building is bombed by war protesters; no injuries occurred, but extensive damage results. The incident, little reported in the media, disturbs the Nixon Administration enough to begin considering extra-legal measures to stop left-wing violence and repress political dissent.
• March 5: The FCC declares that it will penalize radio stations for playing music that seems to glorify or promote illegal drug usage.
• March 8: The Fight of the Century: Conscientious Objector and counterculture hero Muhammad Ali loses to the default symbol of the pro-war right, Joe Frazier, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, in what is widely considered to be the greatest heavyweight fight in boxing history. ^{[590] [591] [592]}
• March 11: Rioting at the University of Puerto Rico leaves three dead.
• April 23: Some Vietnam veterans protest against the War at the U.S. Capitol, physically discard and throw their medals on the steps, and testify that the American military has, in the view, committed war crimes (see Vietnam Veteran Medal Throwing Protest).
• April 24: Approximately 500,000 protesters rally at the U.S. Capitol to petition for an end to the War; meanwhile, 200,000 rally against the War in San Francisco.
• May 3: Over 12,000 anti-War protesters are arrested on the third day of the 1971 May Day Protests in Washington, D.C.
• May 10: Attorney General John N. Mitchell compares the anti-War protesters to Nazis, and on May 13, denounces them as Communists.
• May 12: The wedding of Mick Jagger and Nicaraguan beauty Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias is celebrated by hippies and jet-setters alike, but is marred by a media circus involving fisticuffs at Saint-Tropez on the French Riviera. The couple breaks up in 1977. ^{[593] [594] [595]}
• May 17: The play Godspell opens in New York, depicting Jesus and his disciples in a contemporary, countercultural milieu.
• May 21: Marvin Gaye releases the socially conscious album What's Going On, a drastic departure from his traditional soul-music themes of romance and African-American struggles. ^{[596] [597]}
• May 31: American military personnel stationed in London petition at the U.S. Embassy against the Vietnam War.
• June 13: Pentagon Papers : The New York Times publishes the first excerpt of illegally-leaked secret Department of Defense documents detailing American intervention in Indochina since 1945. A Federal court injunction on June 15 temporarily stops the releases. ^[598]
• June 18: The Washington Post publishes excerpts from the Pentagon Papers, halted by a court order the following day.
• June 20–24 : 'Glastonbury Fayre', the second Glastonbury Festival, features David Bowie, Traffic, Fairport Convention, and the first incarnation of the "Pyramid Stage".
• June 22: The Boston Globe publishes the Pentagon Papers excerpts; this is also halted by an injunction on the 23rd, and the newspapers are impounded.
• June 28: Muhammad Ali's conviction for draft resistance is unanimously overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court.
• June 28: President Nixon releases all 47 volumes of the Pentagon Papers to the U.S. Congress.
• June 30: The Supreme Court rules 6–3 that newspapers have a right to publish the Pentagon Papers. The Times and Post resume publication the following day.
• July 3: Jim Morrison, founding member of The Doors, dies of a probable heroin overdose at age 27 in Paris. ^[599]
• July 7: Two-Lane Blacktop : The cult classic starring Dennis Wilson and James Taylor premieres. ^[600]
• August 1: Concert for Bangladesh: George Harrison and Ravi Shankar and friends including Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Leon Russell, Billy Preston and Bob Dylan stage a landmark charity event in New York City. Popular albums and a film follow, and the shows become a model for future huge rock benefit concerts such as 1985's Live Aid. ^[601]
• August 18: Attorney General Mitchell announces that there will be no Federal investigation of the 1970 Kent State shootings.
• August: Cheech & Chong's eponymous first album is released. ^[602]
• September 3: Burglars, later revealed to be operating under the direction of White House officials, break into the office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis Fielding, in California in a botched attempt to locate files that might impugn and thus discredit the Pentagon Papers leaker. ^[603]
• September 9: Attica: Prisoners take control, hold hostages and riot over perceived violations of their civil rights and poor living conditions at Attica State Prison in New York state. Thirty-nine persons die (including 10 corrections officers) before most prisoner demands are met and order is restored. ^[604]
• September 15: Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and soon becomes the most prominent, and most controversial, international activist environmental organization. ^{[605] [606]}
• October: est, the controversial self-improvement training program, holds its first conference in San Francisco. ^[607]
• October 8: Three FBI informants reveal on a Public Broadcasting System television program that they were paid to infiltrate anti-War groups and instigate them to commit violent acts which could be prosecuted.
• October 19–23: Rioting in Memphis, Tennessee leaves one dead.
• October 29: Rock guitar phenomenon Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers Band is killed in a motorcycle accident in Macon, Georgia at age 24. Allman bassist Berry Oakley dies, also in a motorcycle crash, only blocks away the following year. ^[608] The ABB is credited with founding the genre of Southern Rock, a mix of hard rock, blues, country, jazz, and gospel influences. It appeals primarily to Southern White teenagers as an alternative to their parents' typical preferences for country music and Northern and Western young people's fondness for musically sophisticated progressive rock. Future groups performing this style of music include Lynyrd Skynyrd, Wet Willie, the Marshall Tucker Band, and the Charlie Daniels Band.
• November 10: The Berkeley, California City Council votes to provide sanctuary to all military deserters.
• November 10: Ringo Starr and Keith Moon co-star with Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention in Zappa's "surrealistic documentary" 200 Motels . ^[609]
• November 16: Socialite, early supermodel, and Andy Warhol "Superstar" Edie Sedgwick dies at 28 after an overdose of alcohol and barbiturates in Santa Barbara, California. ^[610]
• November: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Hunter S. Thompson's drug-drenched indictment of the 1960s counterculture, is published in Rolling Stone magazine in two parts. Thompson parlays the piece into a long career writing so-called "gonzo journalism."
• December 4: Smoke on the Water: Rockers Deep Purple are disrupted in the process of recording Machine Head when the hall they intend to use for recording is burned down by a fan during a Frank Zappa concert in Montreux, Switzerland. ^{[611] [612] [613]}
• December 10: John Sinclair Freedom Rally: John Lennon and other notables including Stevie Wonder and Bob Seger perform, and Bobby Seale, Jerry Rubin, Allen Ginsberg, Rennie Davis, Ed Sanders and others speak at Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor, Michigan to protest the treatment of Sinclair, who inadvertently gave two marijuana joints to an undercover cop and was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the offense. ^{[614] [615]}
• December 26–28: 15 Vietnam veterans occupy the Statue of Liberty to protest the War's continuation after nearly seven years of active American involvement.
• December 28: Anti-War veterans attempt a takeover of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., but 80 are arrested.
• December 29: Boys in the Sand , a milestone ^[616] American gay pornographic film, presented at the beginnings of the Golden Age of Porn, premiers at the 55th Street Playhouse in New York City. Boys in the Sand was the first such film to be reviewed by Variety Magazine , ^[617] and one of the earliest openly pornographic films, after 1969's Blue Movie ^{[618] [619] [620] [621]} by Andy Warhol, to gain mainstream appreciation.
• December: Feminism comes of age: Gloria Steinem's Ms. magazine is first published as an insert in New York magazine. The first stand-alone issue is released the following month.
• Stephen Gaskin establishes "The Farm" hippie commune in Lawrence County, Tennessee. ^[622]
• Saul Alinsky's Rules for Radicals is published. ^[623]
• Abbie Hoffman's Steal This Book is published.
• The Anarchist Cookbook is published.
• Our Bodies, Ourselves is published. ^[624]
• Rainbow Bridge , Chuck Wein's film depicting the counterculture on Maui, and featuring the second-to-last live performance by Jimi Hendrix, is released. ^[625]

1972

• February 1: The Needle and the Damage Done: Neil Young releases a moving musical testimonial of friends lost to deadly narcotics during the era. The growth of heroin use flattens out in the 1970s, but the drug is still considered "hip" and use explodes again among newer generations in the 1990s and beyond, who were unable to witness the original phenomenon. ^{[626] [627] [628]}
• March: The Nixon Administration begins deportation proceedings against John Lennon, on the pretext of his 1968 hashish charge in London. ^{[629] [630]}
• March 22: The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, appointed by President Nixon, finds "little danger" in cannabis and recommends abolition of all criminal penalties for possession. The advice is ignored by Federal officials, the Administration, and the Congress.
• April 1: The first Hash Bash is held on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. ^[631]
• April 16: Facing heavy ground losses, American forces resume the bombing of North Vietnam.
• April 17–18: Students at the University of Maryland who protest the bombing do battle with the police and National Guardsmen are sent in to suppress the uprising.
• April 22: Large anti-War marches take place in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
• May 2: Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover dies at 77, after nearly 50 years of him having virtually unchallenged control over the principal Federal law enforcement agency, with even Presidents deferring to his authority. ^[632]
• May 15: Wallace Shot: Segregationist 1968 Presidential candidate and Alabama Governor George Wallace is shot and paralyzed at a Presidential primary campaign event in Laurel, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., by a young Milwaukee, Wisconsin man, Arthur Bremer, who had undetermined motives. ^[633] Wallace was running as a Democrat in that primaries for the 1972 race; the Maryland primary was to take place the next day. Although he recovers and makes a final attempt at a Presidential run in 1976, the incident effectively ends his national political career. He goes on to re-election in Alabama for two more terms, in 1974 and 1982.
• May 19: A Weather Underground bomb at the Pentagon causes damage but no injuries.
• May 21–22: Fifteen thousand persons demonstrate in Washington against the War.
• June 4: Angela Davis is acquitted on all counts in her trial on weapons charges.
• June 12: John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band releases the politically charged double album Some Time in New York City .
• June 17: In a second attempt to obtain potentially damaging information on the Democratic Party that might benefit President Nixon's reelection campaign, five men are caught burglarizing the Party headquarters located in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. All are arrested, and, initially, the story receives minimal notice from most national media.
• June 23: U.S. public schools can no longer require girls to wear dresses or skirts and must permit them to wear pants, by act of the Education Amendments of 1972. Disputes over proper student attire had been for some years a source of friction between young people and their parents and other authority figures.
• July 21: Comedian George Carlin is arrested at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, after performing his routine, "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television," from his fourth stand-up album, Class Clown .
• July 28: Actress Jane Fonda visits North Vietnam. Fonda's return incites outrage among non-liberal Americans when a photograph ^[634] of her seated on an enemy anti-aircraft gun is published, and she insists that Prisoners of Wars held captive have not been tortured or brainwashed by the communists. Fonda continues to this day to apologize for aspects of the episode. ^{[635] [636]}
• July: The first Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes is held over four days in Colorado.
• October 26: October Surprise?: U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger tells a White House press conference that "we believe that peace is at hand" in Indochina. ^[637]
• November 2–8: About 500 protesters from the American Indian Movement take over the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington.
• November 7: Republican Richard Nixon is re-elected in a landslide over left-wing Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota.
• November 16: Police kill two students during campus rioting at this historically-Black Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• November 21: A Federal Appeals Court overturns the conviction of the "Chicago 7" indicted for rioting near the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
• December 18–29: Operation Linebacker II (a/k/a the "Christmas Bombings of 1972") becomes the most intensive bombing campaign of the war. President Nixon orders it with the aim of coercing North Vietnam to the negotiating table at the Paris Peace Accords, but some critics see his action as a flexing of political muscle to intimidate his domestic opponents, in light of his overwhelming victory some weeks earlier.
• The Joy of Sex : Unthinkable a decade earlier, the widely read sex manual for the supposedly liberated 1970s is published and openly displayed in mainstream bookstores.
• Michael X, a self-styled black revolutionary and civil rights activist in 1960s London, is convicted of murder. He is executed by hanging in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago in 1975. ^[638]

1973

• January 1: Bangladeshis burn down the U.S. Information Service in Dacca in protest against the "Christmas Bombing" of North Vietnam some days earlier.
• January 2: Aerial bombing of North Vietnam resumes after a 36-hour New Year's truce.
• January 4: Forty neutral member nations of the United Nations formally protest the American bombing campaign.
• January 5: Canada's Parliament votes unanimously to condemn the U.S. bombing actions and implores that the Nixon Administration cease them.
• January 10: Anti-War demonstrators attack the U.S. consulate in Lyons, France, and burn down the library of America House in Frankfurt, West Germany.
• January 10: The Environmental Protection Agency is sued by activists to force it to take action to begin reducing the permissible amount of tetraethly lead in gasoline; David Schoenbrod of the Natural Resources Defense Council successfully wins the case on appeal. ^{[639] [640] [641]}
• January 15: Anti-War protesters occupy the American consulate in Amsterdam.
• January 15: President Nixon suspends the bombing, citing progress in the peace talks with Hanoi. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt warns Nixon that U.S. relations with Western Europe are at risk if he continues aggression against North Vietnam. ^[642]
• January 22: Former U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson dies at age 64 after suffering a heart attack at his Texas ranch. ^[643]
• January 22: The Supreme Court hands down the landmark Roe v. Wade ruling, invalidating numerous state laws against abortion and declaring the procedure a Constitutional right for women, based on a fundamental concern for privacy between consenting adults. ^{[644] [645]} Some believe the decision to represent the apex of the Sexual Revolution, and immediately, numerous conservative religious bodies, namely the Roman Catholic Church and, later, fundamentalist Protestants, begin advocacy, both peaceful and violent, for the decision's repeal or else an amendment to the Constitution banning the procedure. Over the next 49 years, the decision stays in effect despite some serious modifications, until June 2023, when a strongly anti-feminist Court overturns the decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , a ruling that directly attacks the legal reasoning of Roe.
• January 28: American combat military involvement in Vietnam ends with a ceasefire and commencement of withdrawal as called for under the Paris Peace Accords. ^[646]
• February 27 – May 8: Wounded Knee incident: Native American activists occupy the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota; two protesters and one Federal Marshal are killed during a lengthy standoff. ^[647]
• March: The first military draftees who are not subsequently called to service are selected, unceremoniously ending the Vietnam era of conscription in the US.
• March 8: Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, a founding member of the Grateful Dead, dies of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage at age 27 in Corte Madera, California. ^[648] McKernan was known to have a serious drinking problem.
• March 29: War Ends: President Nixon announces that the last American combat troops have departed Vietnam, and U.S. POWs have been released. ^[649]
• May 17: The Senate Watergate Committee begins televised hearings on the ever-growing Watergate scandal implicating the President for gross abuses of power. The matter is thrust into national attention thanks to tireless reportage by The Washington Post's Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, two beat reporters for the paper who happened to get the first "scoop" on the June 1972 story. Their leads uncovered trails of involvement in the affair by President Nixon's 1972 campaign arm.
• July 1: The Drug Enforcement Administration supplants the BNDD. ^[650]
• July 10: John Paul Getty III, 16, the grandson of miserly oil billionaire and the world's richest man, Jean Paul Getty, is kidnapped for ransom in Rome. The negotiated payment of about $3 million is only made after the junior Getty's ear is excised and mailed back to a newspaper. The youth survives, but becomes a drug addict and stroke victim, and dies in 2011 at age 54. ^[651]
• July 28: The Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, New York draws a crowd of 600,000 to see the Grateful Dead, The Band, and the Allman Brothers – the largest rock concert in the U.S. since the 1969 Woodstock festival. ^[652]
• August 15: All American military involvement in Indochina conflict officially ends under the Case–Church Amendment. Two years later, invocation of the law by an overwhelmingly Democratic Congress, would constrain President Gerald Ford from sending military financial aid and weaponry to South Vietnam in order to save the nation from falling to the North in April 1975.
• September 19: In one of the most bizarre series of events of the era, celebrated journeyman country rock musician Gram Parsons dies of a morphine overdose after visiting Joshua Tree National Monument; his body is "stolen" by well-meaning friends attempting to fulfill Parson's funerary wishes and set afire at Joshua Tree. A film account of the misadventures is released in 2003. ^[653]
• September 20: Folk-rock singer-songwriters Jim Croce and Maury Muehleisen are killed along with five others after their chartered tour plane crashes shortly after takeoff in Louisiana. ^[654] Croce is at the height of his popularity at the time of the fatality, and further songs of his are released posthumously during 1974.
• September 20: The Battle of the Sexes: In a match heavily hyped by the media and promoted as a sports battle between male and female, tennis champions Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs compete at the Astrodome. King defeats Riggs in three straight sets. ^{[655] [656]}
• October 10: In a matter related to corrupt conduct while serving as Governor of Maryland and unrelated to the Watergate drama, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns his office in a plea deal to avoid a Federal prison sentence for bribery. Agnew is only the second American Vice President to depart his position before the end of a term; John C. Calhoun was the first, in the 19th century. Reflecting his precarious political position and thus inability to nominate a strongly partisan and conservative Republican replacement due to almost-certain Democratic opposition, President Nixon names Congressman Gerald R. Ford of Michigan, the Minority Leader in the U.S. House of Representatives and someone who worked well with members of both parties, on October 12. ^[657]
• October 23: Congress begins to consider articles of impeachment against Nixon in response to the "Saturday Night Massacre" several days earlier, where Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox and several underlings are either fired or resign in succession. Cox and his staff had been pressing Nixon strongly to release secretly-made audio recordings made while he and his staff were discussing the implications of the Watergate affair during the Summer of 1972. The episode turns even hard-line Nixon supporters who readily supported him barely a year earlier against him, and public support for the Administration drops drastically, coinciding with a series of domestic and international crises, including the Yom Kippur mideastern war and consequent Oil Shortage of 1973 that would bring the American post-World War II prosperity to an ignoble end.
• November 14: Greece: Students at Athens Polytechnic strike against the military junta. Tanks roll the 17th and at least 24 die. ^[658]
• November 17: At a session with 400 Association Press editors who practically harass him over his alleged attempt to cover up involvement in the Watergate matter, President Nixon defensively proclaims, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got." ^[659]

1974

• Saddled by a decade of drug-related legal problems, Timothy Leary reportedly becomes an informant for the FBI. ^[660]
• January 3: A Federal judge dismisses charges against 12 members of the Weathermen involved in the October 1969 "Days of Rage".
• February 5: Patty Hearst, an heiress to the Hearst family fortune of San Francisco, is kidnapped by the far-left extremist group the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) and, shockingly to the American public, eventually identifies with them and their aims, possibly after becoming a victim of Stockholm syndrome.
• March–April: The short-lived fad of "streaking" (running in public while naked) reaches its height in the U.S. ^{[661] [662]}
• April 20: Disco music, following the success of The O'Jays' "Love Train" and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes' "The Love I Lost" a year earlier, again hits number one on the Billboard charts with the instrumental "TSOP", a clear sign that the post-"sixties counterculture" era is now at hand. At another end of the musical spectrum, with a following largely among jaded college-educated White youngsters on the coasts, the punk rock subculture traces its genesis to around this time, with groups like Ramones and Television playing the CBGB club in New York City. About two and a half years later, several British acts, most notably the Sex Pistols, attract widespread attention with their rapid-speed music featuring abrasive or even offensive lyrics, a movement that runs until about 1980.
• May 17: Five SLA members, including their leader, are killed fighting police during a standoff in Los Angeles. ^[663]
• Summer: The first issue of High Times, a magazine celebrating cannabis culture, is published.
• July 29: Singing star "Mama" Cass Elliot, 32, dies after a heart attack in the London flat of Harry Nilsson. The Who drummer Keith Moon, also 32, dies from overdosing on an anti-alcoholism drug in the same home in 1978. ^{[664] [665]}
• August 5: Having lost a long battle with the Supreme Court and Federal attorneys to keep from releasing incriminating information that indicates that he directed the CIA to have the FBI refrain from investigating the burglary of the Democratic Party National Headquarters in June 1972, President Nixon is forced to admit his complicity in the matter when the recording disclosing the instruction is released publicly. Almost all his remaining supporters in the U.S. Congress desert him upon the revelation of the new information and demand that he leave office as soon as possible.
• August 8: Facing imminent impeachment from representatives and certain impeachment from senators, Richard Milhous Nixon announces his resignation as President of the United States, the first (and to date, only) ever to do so, from the White House on television and radio that evening.
• August 9: Nixon returns to his California home as a private citizen (effected when Secretary of State Henry Kissinger receives his formal letter of resignation at approximately 11:35 a.m. Eastern Time). Thirty minutes later, in the White House East Room, Gerald Ford is sworn in as president and declares in his inaugural speech that "our long national nightmare is over." Ford is the only person to have occupied the White House without actually running for either that office or that of the Vice Presidency. His last election was to a final term for his U.S. House district in Michigan in 1972, and he had, in years past, set his hopes on becoming Speaker of the House of Representatives should the Republican Party assume control of that chamber in the future. He immediately declares rampant inflation, caused mostly by massive spending occurring during the Johnson years on both social programs and military operations abroad, as the nation's most serious problem.
• September–December: Police repeatedly quell unrest among White parents, mainly Irish-Americans, as desegregation comes to Boston public high schools. Many begin sending their children to parochial (Catholic) schools instead, or else they move to the area's suburbs, reflecting an increasing trend in much of metropolitan America at the time.
• September 8: In a decision that political observers retrospectively claim cost him any chance to obtain a full term in his own right in 1976, President Ford fully pardons former Richard Nixon during a surprise Sunday morning televised address, putting a final end to the Watergate saga outside the American judiciary. Charitable speculations abound that Ford wants desperately to deter a re-ignition of recently quelled social conflict in the country, while cynics, on the other hand, postulate that Ford and Nixon worked out a quid pro quo deal. The outrage on the part of many legislators spills over into the confirmation process for Nelson Rockefeller to become Ford's vice president; he is not confirmed and sworn in until a few days before Christmas, due to hypersensitivity over suspected corruption by Rockefeller (by Democrats especially) on certain business dealings.
• September 16: President Ford offers a conditional amnesty to military deserters and evaders of the Vietnam-era draft, creating a possible path for the re-entry of some into the U.S. ^[666]
• December 13: President Ford invites George Harrison to a luncheon at the White House, a sign of the "Establishment's" increasing acceptance of the youth culture of recent years. ^[667] Another British rock star, Peter Frampton, would pay a visit in 1976.
• December 21: The New York Times reports that the Central Intelligence Agency illegally spied on 10,000 anti-War dissidents during Nixon's presidency. ^{[668] [669]} Espionage on American citizens is directly prohibited by the CIA's charter.

1975

• January 1: In a special New Year's Day court session, John Mitchell and three other Watergate conspirators are found guilty and sentenced to prison on February 21.
• January 27: Church Committee: The U.S. Senate votes to begin unprecedented investigation into US intelligence activities, including illegal spying on domestic radicals. ^[670] Democratic Senator Frank Church of Idaho is the chairman, and he has an overwhelmingly favorable Congress to work with due to the party's strong performance in the November 1974 midterm elections. The freshmen become collectively known as "Watergate Babies," and, along with President Ford, help to move American economic and foreign policy into a more libertarian direction, prizing recently-won social freedoms but turning, at least rhetorically, against large-scale governmental spending and aggressive military activity abroad. Eventually, this develops through the presidency of Jimmy Carter and mutates into the neoliberal paradigm that dominates 1980s and 1990s Washington, from Ronald Reagan through George W. Bush.
• January 29: A Weather Underground bomb explodes at the U.S. State Department, but none were injured. This transpires to be the final significant incident of violence caused by the New Left.
• April 17: Cambodia Falls:
• April 30: Operation Frequent Wind: With the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong openly violating the terms of the 1973 Paris Peace Accords under the realization that the U.S. would not come to the aid of South Vietnam due to overwhelming political opposition in light of Nixon's resignation and the Ford Administration's sharp focus on ridding America of high inflation, Communists begin steamrolling most of the country, which begins early in the year. Most of the populace and leaders in the South opt to abandon the nation to those forces rather than face certain death. Moving progressively southward, soldiers eventually reach Saigon by late April. President Ford orders help for the last remaining U.S. military and intelligence personnel to escape Saigon, in time before tanks approach the presidential palace and the South Vietnamese government surrenders, putting an end to a 21-year effort by the. Viet Minh to reunite the people under a Communist regime. ^[671]
• September 5: Political Assassinations Briefly Return to Fashion: President Ford survives an assassination attempt by a devoteé of convicted murderer and cult leader Charles Manson, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, who seeks to draw attention to both his plight and her belief that American environmental policy did not sufficiently control industrial pollution. ^{[672] [673]} The incident occurs near a gathering of Republican businessmen in the California state capital of Sacramento; the industrialists are a target of Fromme's ire. Despite Fromme coming within inches of the President as he walks through downtown Sacramento greeting well-wishers along the way, her firearm fails on her, and she is immediately subdued and arrested by the Secret Service. She is convicted two months later and stays in prison until 2009.
• September 18: Patty Hearst is arrested by the FBI. ^[674]
• September 22: Seventeen days after the botched Fromme attempt on President Ford's life, another California woman, Sara Jane Moore, makes an attempt in San Francisco.
• October 7: A New York State Supreme Court judge reverses the deportation order against John Lennon, allowing Lennon to legally remain in the U.S. ^[675] Lennon would never again perform publicly. Yoko Ono did not perform publicly until after Lennon's death.
• October 11: Saturday Night Live : The counterculture comes of age as George Carlin hosts the first episode of the mainstream television revue, conceived as an experimental program to replace reruns of Johnny Carson's Tonight Show, which the talk show host demanded as a condition of renewing his contract with NBC. The series, still running as of 2023 after 48 seasons, soon features many notable American television firsts, including things like an open depiction of marijuana use in comedy sketches. ^{[676] [677] [678]}

1977

• January 21: Newly inaugurated US President Jimmy Carter unconditionally pardons thousands of Vietnam draft evaders, allowing them to re-enter the US, mostly from Canada. ^[679]
• August 16: Elvis Presley, the most significant progenitor of the rock era, early critic of the counterculture, and biggest selling individual recording artist of all time dies at age 42 from complications of prescription drug abuse in Memphis, Tennessee. ^{[680] [681]}

1980s

1980

• December 8: John Lennon, 40, founding member of the Beatles and standard-bearer of the counterculture generation, is murdered in New York, triggering an outpouring of grief around the world. ^[682]

See also

• Counterculture of the 1960s
• Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War: Timeline
  • List of protests against the Vietnam War
• Timeline of the civil rights movement

References

1. Hoffer, Eric (1951). The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements. New York: Harper & Brothers. ISBN   0-060-50591-5.
2. Dirda, Michael (May 9, 2012). "Book World: Blue-collar Intellectual by 'Eric Hoffer: The Longshoreman Philosopher'". The Washington Post. Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
3. Rothstein, Edward (April 13, 2009). "MAD Magazine". The New York Times . Retrieved July 7, 2014. Adapted from Is It Still a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World?" by Edward Rothstein, The Times, Sept. 18, 1999, and other Times articles
4. Larry E. Sullivan (August 31, 2009). The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 156. ISBN   978-1-4522-6151-5.
5. "National Book Awards – 1953". nationalbook.org. National Book Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Winner: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man
6. Kurt Hemmer (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of Beat Literature. Infobase Publishing. p. 114. ISBN   978-1-4381-0908-4.
7. US Senate (August 3, 1977). Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification: Joint Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, August 3, 1977. Washington, DC: US Senate. p. 70.
8. Andy Roberts (September 30, 2008). Albion Dreaming: A popular history of LSD in Britain (Revised Edition with a new foreword by Sue Blackmore). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN   978-981-4328-97-5.
9. "Playboy re-releases iconic Marilyn Monroe first issue 60 years later (Text & Photos)". New York Daily News. The New York Daily News. April 16, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
10. Douglas Brode (January 27, 2009). Multiculturalism and the Mouse: Race and Sex in Disney Entertainment. University of Texas Press. p. 132. ISBN   978-0-292-78330-0.
11. "Brown v. Board of Education (1954)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 4, 2014.
12. "Brown v. Board of Education". civilrights.org. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights/The Leadership Conference Education Fund. 2014. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2014. On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional. The Brown case served as a catalyst for the modern civil rights movement, inspiring education reform everywhere and forming the legal means of challenging segregation in all areas of society. After Brown, the nation made great strides toward opening the doors of education to all students. With court orders and active enforcement of federal civil rights laws, progress toward integrated schools continued through the late 1980s. Since then, many states have been resegregating and educational achievement and opportunity have been falling for minorities.
13. Krock, Arthur (1968). Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p.  411. ISBN   978-1122260817. Arthur Krock, three-time Pulitzer Prize winner, was for more than 30 years Washington Correspondent at the New York Times
14. Bronson, Fred (1988). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (2 ed.). New York. p.  1. ISBN   0-8230-7545-1.
15. Jim Dawson (2005). Rock Around the Clock: The Record that Started the Rock Revolution!. Backbeat books. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-87930-829-2.
16. Callard, Abby (November 1, 2009). "Emmett Till's Casket Goes to the Smithsonian: Simeon Wright recalls the events surrounding his cousin's murder and the importance of having the casket on public display". In 1955, Emmett Till – a 14-year-old African-American visiting Mississippi from Chicago – was murdered after whistling at a white woman. His mother insisted that her son be displayed in a glass-topped casket, so the world could see his beaten body. Till's murder became a rallying point for the civil rights movement, and his family recently donated the casket in which he was buried to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture.
17. Italie, Hillel (2017-01-28). "Emmett Till accuser admits fabricated testimony". AP via The Detroit News. Retrieved 2017-02-04. The woman at the center of the trial of Emmett Till's alleged killers has acknowledged that she falsely testified he made physical and verbal threats, according to a new book
18. "James Dean dies in car accident". history.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
19. Berman, Eliza (2015-10-20). "See Photos of James Dean on the Cusp of Stardom". time.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
20. Cosgrove, Ben (2013-06-20). "Beautiful Enigma: LIFE With James Dean". Time . Life via Time Inc. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
21. Raskin, Jonah (30 September 2005). "'Six at the Six' at 50 – Return of S.F.'s poetic beat". San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved 2 February 2016. In cocky, competitive San Francisco, where poetry slams outdraw Sunday sermons, the Six Gallery poetry reading that took place Oct. 7, 1955 has become nearly as much a part of the city's mystique as the 1849 Gold Rush or the 1906 earthquake.
22. Allen Ginsberg (10 October 2006). Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript, and Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Presursor Texts, and Bibliography. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-06-113745-7.
23. Walljasper, Jay (September–October 1996). "The Father of Alternative Journalism Remembering Dan Wolf, the cofounder and original editor of The Village Voice". utne.com. Ogden Publications, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
24. Italiano, Laura (2018-08-31). "The Village Voice is no more". New York Post. Retrieved 2018-09-16. The storied New York tabloid the Village Voice – already down to around two dozen employees – is now officially dead, its owner announced Friday. Half of the staff will be fired, with the other half hanging on briefly to work on an online archive, owner Peter Barbey told them, according to the Gothamist website. The publication has stopped publishing new material.
25. Corley, Cheryl (October 25, 2005). "Audio: Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies, A Remembrance". NPR. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
26. Max Décharné (December 9, 2010). A Rocket in My Pocket: The Hipster's Guide to Rockabilly Music. Profile Books. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-84765-241-6.
27. Wesley K. Wark (September 13, 2013). Twenty-First Century Intelligence. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN   978-1-135-17540-5.
28. Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1990), The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Domestic Dissent, Boston: South End Press.
29. Hess, Amanda (2013-07-25). "RIP Virginia Johnson, Pioneering Femalesplainer". Slate. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
30. "SCLC:Our History". sclcnational.org. Southern Christian Leadership Council. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
31. Andito (September 5, 2012). ""On the Road" Published 55 Years Ago Today". gvshp.org. Greenwich Village Society for Historical Preservation . Retrieved July 15, 2014. Reference contains: Blog Text, Links, & Photos
32. Jack Kerouac (August 16, 2007). On the Road: The Original Scroll (Penguin Classics Deluxe ed.). Penguin Group US. ISBN   978-1-101-20157-2.
33. "Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 5, 2014.
34. Garber, Steve (October 10, 2007). "Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age". nasa.gov. US National Aeronautics & Space Administration. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
35. Bergaust, Erik; Beller, William (1957). Satellite! (Bantam, 1957-11 ed.). New York: Doubleday.
36. Paul Dickson (26 May 2009). Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 269. ISBN   978-0-8027-1804-4.
37. Ferreira, Becky (2015-12-06). "Watch the Spectacular Inferno of America's First Satellite Attempt". motherboard.vice.com. Vice Media. Retrieved 2016-03-02. When Sputnik was launched into orbit on October 4, 1957, people around the world understandably flipped out. Even today, Sputnik is remembered less as a scientific experiment than as a cultural sea change, and the spectacular cold open of the Space Race.
38. "History". Peace Action.
39. Abbe A. Debolt; James S. Baugess (December 12, 2011). Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture [2 volumes]: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture. ABC-CLIO. p. 504. ISBN   978-1-4408-0102-0.
40. "Elvis Presley is inducted into the U.S. Army". History.com. History Channel/A&E Networks. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
41. Hamlin, Jesse (November 26, 1995). "How Herb Caen Named a Generation". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Chronicle columnist Herb Caen coined the word "beatnik" on April 2, 1958, six months after the Soviets launched the Sputnik satellite into space.
42. John Hostettler (2012). Dissenters, Radicals, Heretics and Blasphemers: The Flame of Revolt that Shines Through English History. Waterside Press. p. 239. ISBN   978-1-904380-82-5.
43. "Early defections in march to Aldermaston". The Guardian. April 5, 1958. Retrieved July 31, 2014. The march bore the signs of careful planning. The column with its banners – "Which is to be banned, the H-bomb or the human race?" – got off on time, and the long snake that slid down Piccadilly, Kensington High Street, and Chiswick High Road, managed with only discreet help from the police, not to obstruct what little traffic there was.
44. "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)". stanford.edu. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. 12 June 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2019. On 15 November 1957, SANE ran a full-page advertisement in the New York Times warning Americans: We are facing a danger unlike any danger that has ever existed. Inspired by the enthusiastic response to its Times advertisement, SANE redefined itself as a mass membership organization, gaining 130 chapters and 25,000 members by the following summer.
45. "SLATE Digital Archives". SLATE Archives Committee. Retrieved July 31, 2014. SLATE officially organizes. Temporary SLATE Coordinating Committee includes Charleen Rains, Owen Hill Pat Hallinan, Peter Franck, Fritjof Thygeson and Mike Miller.
46. W.J. Rorabaugh Professor of History University of Washington (May 4, 1989). Berkeley at War : The 1960s: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-19-802252-7.
47. Randall Balmer (May 13, 2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. Basic Books. p. 95. ISBN   978-0-465-02958-7.
48. Robert B. Ekelund, Jr.; Robert F. Hébert (August 30, 2013). A History of Economic Theory and Method: Sixth Edition. Waveland Press. p. 499. ISBN   978-1-4786-1106-6.
49. "Fidel Castro- Fulgencio Batista (1901–1973)". pbs.org. PBS Online/WGBH/The American Experience. December 21, 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2014. He was called El Hombre, "the Man," and for three decades he was one of Cuba's most controversial leaders. It would take Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution to unseat him.
50. CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution. Human Rights Watch. 1999. ISBN   1-56432-234-3. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-63561. Retrieved July 9, 2014.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
51. Kemp, Susan. "Human Rights in Cuba" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (University of Denver). Retrieved July 9, 2014. This section provides General Background information on the recent human rights situation in Cuba. The subcategory of Spanish Resources includes eight books on human rights in Cuba. The Socialism subcategory includes sources discussing the changing political environment in Cuba since the Cold War and the impact of the instability of Cuba's socialist system.
52. Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died (A Brief History)". Time . Retrieved May 28, 2014.
53. "Guitarist who avoided Buddy Holly plane crash dies at 85". Fox News. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Tommy Allsup was part of Holly's band when the Lubbock, Texas, singer died in the Feb. 3, 1959, plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. Allsup flipped a coin to see who between him and Valens would get a seat on the plane and who would have to take the bus to the next stop on the tour.
54. Moyer, Justin Wm. (2015-04-08). "Gloomy Don McLean reveals meaning of 'American Pie' – and sells lyrics for $1.2 million". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-01-17. Shoved into unheated buses on a "Winter Dance Party" tour in 1959, Holly – tired of rattling through the Midwest with dirty clothes – chartered a plane on Feb. 3 to fly from Clear Lake, Iowa, to Fargo, N.D., where he hoped he could make an appointment with a washing machine. Joining him on the plane were Ritchie Valens and, after future country star Waylon Jennings gave up his seat, J.P. Richardson, a.k.a. "the Big Bopper." Taking off in bad weather with a pilot not certified to do so, the plane crashed, killing everyone aboard. The toll was incalculable: The singers of "Peggy Sue" and "Come On Let's Go" and "Donna" and "La Bamba" were dead. Holly was just 22; incredibly, Valens was just 17. Rock and roll would never be the same.
55. Hal Erickson (2014). "George Reeves Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
56. Patterson, John (November 17, 2006). "Who killed Superman?". The Guardian Limited. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
57. Riedel, Michael (2016-02-01). "Meet the sleezebag agent who inspired the new Coen Bros movie". New York Post. The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-02-01. The real Eddie Mannix was a thug from New Jersey who bribed cops, bedded hundreds of would-be actresses, ran with the mob and may have ordered the killing of "Superman" George Reeves.
58. Reid, Jefferson (September–October 2002). "The Revolution Will Be Televised: The top 10 counterculture characters in TV history". utne.com. Ogden Publications, Inc. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
59. Kim Howard Johnson (April 1, 2008). The Funniest One in the Room: The Lives and Legends of Del Close. Chicago Review Press. p. 262. ISBN   978-1-56976-436-7.
60. Woo, Elaine (1999-03-08). "Del Close – Improvisational Comedy Pioneer". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015-11-30. Much of Close's own humor on stage was morbidly satirical. A gypsy of the counterculture – he hung out with Ken Kesey and Timothy Leary, was a prolific and proud abuser of drugs, and ran light shows for the Grateful Dead – Close said his comic sensibility was fueled by "social rage."
61. Drury, Jeffrey P. (2006). "Paul Potter, "The Incredible War" (17 April 1965)". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014. Although the beginnings of the 1965 March on Washington can be located in a number of places, it is perhaps best to begin with the origins of the chief organization behind the march: the Students for a Democratic Society. As a social movement organization, the SDS grew out of a parent group founded in 1905 called the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). The LID embraced a largely socialist orientation toward democratic governance; the organization was initially called the Intercollegiate Socialist Society before changing its name in 1921. Many prominent political thinkers were members of the LID, including Upton Sinclair, Walter Lippmann, Michael Harrington, and John Dewey (who was president for a short time). Growing out of the larger organization, the student section of the LID – aptly titled the Student League for Industrial Democracy, or SLID – existed in early 1960 on only three campuses: Yale, Columbia, and the University of Michigan.
62. Walker, Jack (June 1983). "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America" (PDF). The American Political Science Review. 77 (2). American Political Science Association: 390–406. doi:10.2307/1958924. JSTOR   1958924. S2CID   145465411 . Retrieved January 14, 2015. From: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 77, No. 2, (Jun., 1983), pp. 390–406
63. Whicker, Alan; Jones, Wizz; et al. (1960). "(Nominal) BBC Interview". YouTube. BBC. Retrieved September 22, 2014. The original broadcast air date of the report has not been verified.
64. Thompson, Nathan (June 8, 2014). "True secrets of psychedelics: Are they everything they're cracked up to be?". Salon. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
65. Sigel, Efrem (December 12, 1962). "Psilocybin Expert Raps Leary, Alpert on Drugs". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Original article was updated on 2014-01-27
66. "Freedom Struggle – Sitting for Justice: Woolworth's Lunch Counter". A collective effort of the staff of the National Museum of American History, Behring Center via Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 22, 2014. On February 1, 1960, four African American college students sat down at a lunch counter at Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, and politely asked for service. Their request was refused. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats. Their passive resistance and peaceful sit-down demand helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South. (text and photos)
67. "Investigation is Ordered in Sit-In Demonstration" (PDF). March 26, 1960. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2015. Governor Buford Ellington ordered today a full investigation into the activities of a television network camera crew...
68. "SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)". northcarolinahistory.org. North Carolina History Project via John Locke Foundation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2014. SNCC evolved out of that Easter weekend at Shaw University. Students in the SCLC had wished, for some time, for a student-led organization. (There were student chapters within the SCLC, but Martin Luther King Jr. had not been pushing for an official student organization). Students wanted leadership opportunities and had different strategies than the SCLC leadership, which they believed moved toward progress at a glacial speed. At the 1960 Shaw meeting, students also expressed a fear that a strong centralized organization (even if student-led) would be a foe of democracy. Therefore, Baker and others established SNCC as a decentralized organization, with the national headquarters providing support and literature, including a newspaper, but not the strategy and leadership.
69. "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume X, Part 1, Eastern Europe Region, Soviet Union, Cyprus May–July 1960: The U–2 Airplane Incident". history.state.gov. US Department of State. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
70. Wise, David; Ross, Thomas (1962). The U-2 Affair (Bantam, 1962-11 ed.). New York: Random House / Bantam. Here, told for the first time, is the remarkable story behind the most explosive espionage case of the 20th century...
71. "FDA Approves the Pill". History Channel.
72. Fink, Brenda (September 29, 2011). "The pill and the marriage revolution". gender.stanford.edu. Clayman Institute / Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved November 26, 2014. The birth control pill arrived on the market in 1960. Within two years, 1.2 million American women were "on the pill." By 1964, it was the most popular contraceptive in the country. Looking back, Americans credit – or blame – the pill with unleashing the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. The pill is widely believed to have loosened sexual mores, including the double standard that sanctioned premarital sex for men but not for women. But, according to historian Elaine Tyler May, this idea is largely a myth. As May explained to a Stanford audience, the pill's impact on the sexual revolution is unclear. What is clear is that the drug had a far greater impact within marriage itself.
73. "The Sixties: House Un-American Activities Committee" at PBS.org
74. Carl Nolte (May 13, 2010). "'Black Friday,' birth of U.S. protest movement". San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 17, 2010.
75. Stack, Barbara. "HUAC Black Friday Police Riot – May 13, 1960 (Archival Material: Free Speech Movement)". btstack.com. Barbara Toby Stack. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
76. "Timeline". Peace Action. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
77. Mejia, Paula (2016-02-19). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". newsweek.com. Newsweek. Retrieved 2016-02-20. Lee became a literary phenomenon upon the publication of Mockingbird on July 11, 1960. It was a best-seller and earned the author the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961 – an astonishing feat for a debut novel. "No book in years has commanded the kind of volunteer claque which is now pushing an unassuming first novel toward the best-seller list's summit," wrote Newsweek in its profile of Lee that same year. The following year the Mockingbird film adaptation, starring Gregory Peck as the white lawyer Atticus Finch who defends a black man wrongfully accused of rape, was released. The film was also hailed an instant classic.
78. Wooley, John; Peters, Gerhard. "Election of 1960". presidency.ucsb.edu. Gerhard Peters – The American Presidency Project via University of California-Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
79. "Key Counties May Indicate Closest Election Since 1916". AP via The Milwaukee Journal (Google capture). October 20, 1960. Retrieved June 12, 2014.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
80. Shribman, David (October 24, 2010). "Nixon v. Kennedy: 50 years ago America chose between two men who were dramatically different – and eerily similar". post-gazette.com. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette/PG Publishing Co. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
81. White, Theodore H. (1961). The Making of the President 1960 (First ed.). New York: Atheneum House. p. 386. ISBN   9780689708039.
82. Jones, Carolyn (January 7, 2010). "Human potential pioneer George Leonard dies". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
83. Martin, Douglas (January 18, 2010). "George Leonard, Voice of '60s Counterculture, Dies at 86". The New York Times . Retrieved May 20, 2014.
84. "President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961): On January 17, 1961, in this farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the establishment of a "military-industrial complex."". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 4, 2014.
85. "President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (1961)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 4, 2014.
86. Kennedy, John. "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Transcription as posted by University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
87. "Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)". Ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
88. Gunston, Bill (1973). Bombers of the West. New York: Scribner. p.  254. ISBN   978-0684136233.
89. "International Drug Control Conventions". unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
90. Glines, Jr., Carroll V (1963). The Compact History of the United States Air Force (New & Revised, May 1973 ed.). New York: Hawthorn Books. pp.  319–320. ISBN   0-405-12169-5.
91. "The Bay of Pigs". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved September 22, 2014. Before his inauguration, John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States.
92. Cia History Office Staff; Jack B. Pfeiffer (September 2011). CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Volume IV: The Taylor Committee Investigation of the Bay of Pigs. Military Bookshop. ISBN   978-1-78039-476-3.
93. "The Freedom Rides: CORE Volunteers Put Their Lives on the Road". core-online.org. Congress of Racial Equality. Retrieved September 22, 2014. In 1961 CORE undertook a new tactic aimed at desegregating public transportation throughout the south. These tactics became known as the "Freedom Rides". The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. In the first few days, the riders encountered only minor hostility, but in the second week the riders were severely beaten. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned, and in Birmingham several dozen whites attacked the riders only two blocks from the sheriff's office. With the intervention of the U.S. Justice Department, most of CORE's Freedom Riders were evacuated from Birmingham, Alabama to New Orleans. John Lewis, a former seminary student who would later lead SNCC and become a US congressman, stayed in Birmingham. CORE Leaders decided that letting violence end the trip would send the wrong signal to the country. They reinforced the pair of remaining riders with volunteers, and the trip continued. The group traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery without incident, but on their arrival in Montgomery they were savagely attacked by a mob of more than 1000 whites. The extreme violence and the indifference of local police prompted a national outcry of support for the riders, putting pressure on President Kennedy to end the violence. The riders continued to Mississippi, where they endured further brutality and jail terms but generated more publicity and inspired dozens more Freedom Rides. By the end of the summer, the protests had spread to train stations and airports across the South, and in November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities.
94. "Berlin Crises". Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014. At the Vienna Summit in June 1961, Khrushchev reiterated his threat to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany if the West did not come to terms over Berlin by the end of the year. Rather than submit to such pressure, President John F. Kennedy replied that it would be a "cold winter." When he returned to the United States, Kennedy faced instead a summer of decision. On July 25 he announced plans to meet the Soviet challenge in Berlin, including a dramatic buildup of American conventional forces and drawing the line on interference with Allied access to West Berlin. This warning, in fact, contained the basis for resolving the crisis. On August 13 the East German Government, supported by Khrushchev, finally closed the border between East and West Berlin by erecting what eventually became the most concrete symbol of the Cold War: the Berlin Wall. Although the citizens of Berlin reacted to the wall with outrage, many in the West – certainly within the Kennedy administration – reacted with relief. The wall interfered with the personal lives of the people but not with the political position of the Allies in Berlin. The result was a "satisfactory" stalemate – the Soviets did not challenge the legality of Allied rights, and the Allies did not challenge the reality of Soviet power.
95. Kennedy, John F. "Report on the Berlin Crisis (July 25, 1961) by John F. Kennedy". millercenter.org. Miller Center / University of Virginia. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2014. So long as the Communists insist that they are preparing to end by themselves unilaterally our rights in West Berlin and our commitments to its people, we must be prepared to defend those rights and those commitments. We will at all times be ready to talk, if talk will help. But we must also be ready to resist with force, if force is used upon us. Either alone would fail. Together, they can serve the cause of freedom and peace.
96. "Amnesty International: Where it All Began". amnesty.org. Amnesty International. Retrieved 2016-04-29. In 1961, British lawyer Peter Benenson was outraged when two Portuguese students were jailed just for raising a toast to freedom. He wrote an article in The Observer newspaper and launched a campaign that provoked an incredible response. Reprinted in newspapers across the world, his call to action sparked the idea that people everywhere can unite in solidarity for justice and freedom. This inspiring moment didn't just give birth to an extraordinary movement, it was the start of extraordinary social change.
97. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 Amnesty International". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 2016-04-30. Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by Peter Benenson, a British lawyer. It was originally his intention to launch an appeal in Britain with the aim of obtaining an amnesty for prisoners of conscience all over the world. The committee working for this cause soon found that a detailed documentation of this category of prisoners would be needed. Gradually they realized that the work would have to be carried out on a more permanent basis; the number of prisoners of conscience was enormous and they were to be found in every part of the world.
98. "The construction of the Berlin Wall". berlion.de. Governing Mayor of Berlin – Senate Chancellery. Retrieved 2017-01-12. Around 2.7 million people left the GDR and East Berlin between 1949 and 1961, causing increasing difficulties for the leadership of the East German communist party, the SED. Around half of this steady stream of refugees were young people under the age of 25. Roughly half a million people crossed the sector borders in Berlin each day in both directions, enabling them to compare living conditions on both sides. In 1960 alone, around 200,000 people made a permanent move to the West. The GDR was on the brink of social and economic collapse.
99. Brian J. Collins (January 2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN   978-0-313-35491-5.
100. File:EUCOM Checkpoint Charlie Standoff 1961.jpg
101. "Women Strike for Peace". jwa.org. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved September 22, 2014. On November 1, 1961, Women Strike For Peace (WSP) was inaugurated with a day-long strike by an estimated 50,000 women in 60 cities, all pressing for nuclear disarmament. The organization was composed primarily of mothers who feared the effects of nuclear proliferation on the short- and long-term health of their children. They were particularly concerned with levels of irradiation in milk and the increase in nuclear testing. WSP had the slogan "End the Arms Race – Not the Human Race," as well as "Pure Milk, Not Poison." Bella Abzug joined the group in its early organizational stages as an active participant in the New York contingent and as creator and chairperson of WSP's legislative committee. By pushing the organization to incorporate legislative lobbying into its efforts, she helped it to become an effective political force. By 1964, the emphasis of Women Strike for Peace had shifted to focus as much on the Vietnam War as on disarmament, protesting against the draft and the war's effects on Vietnamese children. Abzug remained active in WSP until she was elected to Congress in 1970.
102. Marder, Dorothy. "Photographs of Dorothy Marder – Women Strike for Peace, 1961–1975". swarthmore.edu. Elizabeth Matlock and Wendy Chmielewski via Swarthmore College (Swarthmore College Peace Collection). Retrieved September 22, 2014. Women Strike for Peace (WSP) was formed in 1961 after over 50,000 women across the country marched for peace and against above ground testing of nuclear weapons. By the mid 1960s the focus of the organization shifted to working against the Vietnam war. Dorothy Marder took photographs at many WSP demonstrations on the East Coast and her images appeared in WSP publications. Her photographs show the women behind WSP who wanted to protect their families from nuclear testing and a male-dominated militarism. Leaders of the organization include Dagmar Wilson, Bella Abzug, Amy Swerdlow, Cora Weiss, and many more are featured in Dorothy Marder's photography.
103. "Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents" (PDF). February 16, 1962. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
104. Lansdale (February 20, 1962). "[Internal Memo] The Cuba Project". p. 1. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
105. Weiner, Tim (1997-11-23). "Stupid Dirty Tricks; The Trouble With Assassinations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-11-30. Editor's Note: October 30, 1998, Friday An article on Sept. 29 discussed the release of 60,000 secret documents on the killing of President John F. Kennedy. Their declassification occurred over a period, leading up to the final report of a citizens' commission created by Congress six years ago to dispel lingering suspicions that the truth had been hidden. Discussing criticism of the Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination at the time, the article said that one member, Allen W. Dulles, a former Director of Central Intelligence, had failed to tell fellow members that Kennedy had ordered the C.I.A. to assassinate Castro. The article did not cite evidence or authority for the assertion about the President. Earlier articles, on July 20, 1997, and Nov. 23, 1997, also declared without qualification that Kennedy ordered Fidel Castro's assassination. A number of prominent historians and officials with knowledge of intelligence matters in that era have asserted in interviews that President Kennedy gave such an order. But others, also close to the President, dispute their account. The Times's practice is to attribute or qualify information that it is unable to report firsthand. That should have been done in these cases.
106. "Betty Friedan and the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women". Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study / Harvard University. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2014. Text & Video
107. American Women: Report of The President's Commission on the Status of Women. 1963 (PDF). US Government via University of Michigan via Hathitrust.org. 1963. Retrieved November 26, 2014. Google digitized pdf from U-M library
108. Laneri, Raquel (2018-02-05). "How a Harlem fashion show started the 'Black is Beautiful' movement". New York Post. Retrieved 2018-02-06. The event, held in the basement of the Harlem Purple Manor, a popular nightclub on East 125th Street, was called "Naturally '62" and was intended to promote African culture and fashion. What made the show revolutionary were the models: a group of nonprofessionals with unabashedly dark skin and natural, unprocessed, curly hair. They were part of the newly formed Grandassa Models, and they were as unlike any fashion plates as the crowd had ever seen. "It was a pioneering concept, women coming out on stage wearing their hair in a natural state," former AJASS member Robert Gumbs told The Post. "We didn't know how the community would respond. I think a number of people came to laugh." Yet by the end of the evening, audience members were cheering the models. And the show's slogan, "Black Is Beautiful" – printed on fliers and posters announcing the event – would become a rallying cry and movement celebrating natural hair, darker skin and African heritage.
109. "Battlefield: Timeline". PBS. Retrieved 2016-02-11. In Operation Chopper, helicopters flown by U.S. Army pilots ferry 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers to sweep a NLF stronghold near Saigon. It marks America's first combat missions against the Vietcong.
110. Buckingham, Jr., William (1983). "Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia". Air University Review (United States Edition). 34 (5). Air University Review: 42–53. PMID   12879499. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
111. Essoyan, Roy (1962-02-05). "U.S. Copter Shot Down in Viet Nam". The Chicago Tribune. Vol. CXXI, no. 31. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
112. "UN Session Seen as Help to U.S., Red Space Ties". news.google.com/newspapers. AP via Schenectady Gazette. February 27, 1962. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
113. "Bob Dylan". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
114. "The Official Web Page of the United Farm Workers of America". UFW. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
115. "The Statement". University of Michigan Department of History. 2012. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014. The Port Huron Statement was the declaration of principles issued June 15, 1962, by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a major radical student organization in the United States during the 1960s. Having only a few hundred members across the country at the time the Statement was drafted, SDS drew tens of thousands of students into its ranks as the movement against the Vietnam War grew – before a deep factional split destroyed the organization in 1969. During SDS's history of activism, 60,000 copies of the Statement were distributed. It has become a historical landmark of American leftwing radicalism and a widely influential discourse on the meaning of democracy in modern society.
116. Lopez-Munoz, Francisco; Ucha-Udabe, Ronaldo; Alamo, Cecilio (December 2005). "The History of Barbiturates a Century after their Clinical Introduction". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4). Dove Press via US National Institutes of Health: 329–343. PMC   2424120 . PMID   18568113. In relation to the frequent cases of death by overdose, given the small therapeutic margin of these substances, it should be pointed out that this was a common method in suicide attempts. It suffices to recall, in this regard, the famous case of Marilyn Monroe, on whose death certificate it clearly states "acute poisoning by overdose of barbiturates" (Figure 7). The lethal effect of these compounds was such that a mixture of barbiturates with other substances was even employed in some USA states for the execution of prisoners sentenced to death. Furthermore, there are classic reports of fatal overdose due to the "automatism phenomenon", whereby the patient would take his or her dose, only to forget that he or she had already taken it, given the amnesic effect of the drug, and take it again, this process being repeated several times (Richards 1934). Figure 8 shows the evolution of number of deaths (accidental or suicide) by barbiturate overdose in England and Wales for the period 1905–1960. In this regard, and in the city of New York alone, in the period 1957–1963, there were 8469 cases of barbiturate overdose, with 1165 deaths (Sharpless 1970), whilst in the United Kingdom, between 1965 and 1970, there were 12 354 deaths attributed directly to barbiturates (Barraclough 1974). These data should not surprise us, since in a period of just one year (1968), 24.7 million prescriptions for barbiturates were issued in the United Kingdom (Plant 1981). In view of these data, the Advisory Council Campaign in Britain took measures restricting the prescription of these drugs. Meanwhile, the prescription of prolonged-acting sedative barbiturates was strongly opposed through citizens' action campaigns such as CURB (Campaign on the Use and Restrictions of Barbiturates), especially active during the 1970s.
117. "Top 10 Mistresses: #4, Marilyn Monroe". Time. July 1, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2014. Monroe died later in 1962 of a drug overdose, but tales about her alleged fling with the President grew increasingly tall. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover tried to prove that the man on a secret FBI sex tape of Monroe was Kennedy, but he lacked definitive proof. Others claim Kennedy was involved in her death. Needless to say, the rumors are even less substantiated than the affair itself.
118. Kennedy, John (30 March 2022). "John F. Kennedy Moon Speech – Rice Stadium". US National Aeronautical & Space Administration.
119. Griswold, Eliza (September 21, 2012). "How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental Movement". The New York Times . Retrieved June 3, 2014.
120. Meyer, Michal; Kenworthy, Bob (2016-02-02). "DDT: The Britney Spears of Chemicals (Audio Podcast)". Science History Institute. Retrieved 20 March 2018. Americans have had a long, complicated relationship with the pesticide DDT, or dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, if you want to get fancy. First we loved it, then we hated it, then we realized it might not be as bad as we thought. But we'll never restore it to its former glory. And couldn't you say the same about America's once-favorite pop star?
121. James Meredith (August 7, 2012). A Mission from God: A Memoir and Challenge for America. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-4516-7474-3.
122. "The Integration of Ole Miss (Historical video and text resources)". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
123. "The Beatles' 'Love Me Do' Hits the Public Domain in Europe". Rolling Stone. January 12, 2013.
124. Hotten, Russell (2012-10-04). "The Beatles at 50: From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy". BBC. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
125. Viner, Brian (2012-02-11). "The man who rejected the Beatles" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2016-02-09. Exactly 50 years ago, Decca's Dick Rowe turned down the Fab Four, so heading an unenviable club of talent-spotters who passed up their biggest chance. But is it all an urban myth? A new book suggests so
126. Dobbs, Michael; Dobbs, Rachel (2012-10-08). "Thirteen Days in October (Annotated Slideshow)". Foreignpolicy.com. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
127. "Aerial Photograph of Missiles in Cuba (1962)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 4, 2014.
128. Kennedy, John (1962-10-22). "JFK Addresses Nation". YouTube. US Government (original). Retrieved 2017-02-15. Complete and uncut footage of speech.
129. Schwartz, Stephen (August 1998). "Skybolt Air-Launched Ballistic Missile (AGM-48A) (Archive Document)". brookings.edu. The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
130. Anderson, Walter Truett. The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the American Awakening, Addison Wesley Publishing Company (1983, 2004) p. 64
131. Fox, Margalit (2012-08-13). "Helen Gurley Brown, Who Gave 'Single Girl' a Life in Full, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-11-30. As Cosmopolitan's editor from 1965 until 1997, Ms. Brown was widely credited with being the first to introduce frank discussions of sex into magazines for women. The look of women's magazines today – a sea of voluptuous models and titillating cover lines – is due in no small part to her influence.
132. Isserman, Maurice (June 19, 2009). "Essay Michael Harrington: Warrior on Poverty". The New York Times . Retrieved July 13, 2014. Among the book's readers, reputedly, was John F. Kennedy, who in the fall of 1963 began thinking about proposing antipoverty legislation. After Kennedy's assassination, Lyndon Johnson took up the issue, calling in his 1964 State of the Union address for an "unconditional war on poverty." Sargent Shriver headed the task force charged with drawing up the legislation, and invited Harrington to Washington as a consultant.
133. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (November 11, 2001). "Ken Kesey, Author of 'Cuckoo's Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66". The New York Times . Retrieved July 7, 2014. Ken Kesey, the Pied Piper of the psychedelic era, who was best known as the author of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, died yesterday in a hospital in Eugene, Ore., said his wife, Faye. He was 66 and lived in Pleasant Hill, Ore.
134. Hoffman, Jordan (2015-11-19). "'One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest' Still Resonates 40 Years Later". biography.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20. Milos Forman's adaptation of Ken Kesey's novel 'One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest' is, in some ways, the essential film document about the 1960s counter-culture.
135. Dunlap, David (January 4, 2012). "Charles W. Bailey, Journalist and Political Novelist, Dies at 82". The New York Times . Retrieved February 7, 2015. Written with Fletcher Knebel and published in 1962, Seven Days in May tells of an attempted coup by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in May 1974 after the president negotiates a disarmament treaty with Russia. It was at the top of The New York Times's best-seller list in early 1963 and was made into a movie, with Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas and Fredric March, in 1964.
136. Jesse Walker (June 1, 2004). Rebels on the Air: An Alternative History of Radio in America. NYU Press. p. 91. ISBN   978-0-8147-8477-8.
137. Hinckley, David (September 20, 2012). "Documentary 'Radio Unnameable' captures the wee-hour WBAI broadcasts of Bob Fass". New York Daily News. The New York Daily News. Retrieved July 24, 2014. Legendary jock entertained and informed New Yorkers in the '60s and '70s by bringing on guests like Bob Dylan and Abbie Hoffman.
138. Paul Lovelace & Jessica Wolfson (2012). Radio Unnameable (Film Documentary). New York: Lost Footage Films.
139. Wilson, Robert Anton (1992). Cosmic Trigger I: Final Secret of the Illuminati . Scottsdale, AZ: New Falcon Publications. p. 65. ISBN   978-1-56184-003-8.a
140. Cochrane, Kira (May 6, 2013). "1963: the beginning of the feminist movement – Fifty years on, we look back at the year that signalled the beginning of the modern era". The Guardian Limited. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
141. "Louie Louie (The Song)". fbi.gov. US Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2016-05-12. In 1963, a rock group named the Kingsmen recorded the song "Louie, Louie." The popularity of the song and difficulty in discerning the lyrics led some people to suspect the song was obscene. The FBI was asked to investigate whether or not those involved with the song violated laws against the interstate transportation of obscene material. The limited investigation lasted from February to May 1964 and discovered no evidence of obscenity.
142. McArdle, Terence (2015-04-29). "Jack Ely, whose garbled version of 'Louie Louie' became a sensation, dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-05-13. According to rock music historian Peter Blecha, advances in recording technology have revealed an actual obscenity on the Kingsmen's recording of "Louie Louie." About 54 seconds in, Blecha said, Easton uses a barely audible profanity after fumbling with a drumstick.
143. File:President Kennedy American University Commencement Address June 10, 1963.jpg
144. "The Burning Monk: A defining moment photographed by AP's Malcolm Browne". ap.org. Associated Press. 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Nevertheless, it was that picture which shocked President John F. Kennedy, who immediately ordered a review of his administration's Vietnam policy. The review led to more troops, not fewer.
145. Schudel, Matt (August 28, 2012). "Malcolm W. Browne, Pulitzer-winning journalist who captured indelible Vietnam image, dies at 81". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2015. He chronicled the regime of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and the homegrown opposition led by Buddhist monks. On June 11, 1963, Mr. Browne was present when an elderly monk named Thich Quang Duc, wearing sandals and a robe, calmly sat cross-legged on a cushion in the center of an intersection in Saigon. Other monks poured fuel over him, and the monk struck a match and was immediately engulfed in flames. Mr. Browne shot roll after roll of film, documenting the self-immolation.
146. Cosgrove, Ben; Loengard, John (June 11, 2013). "Behind the Picture: Medgar Evers' Funeral, June 1963 (Story and Photos)". Time . Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014. In its June 28, 1963, issue, LIFE confronted the assassination with a combination of scorn (for the Klan and for white supremacists in general), anger (at the waste of such a life as Evers') and an occasionally sardonic venom.
147. "School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp". Cornell University Law School / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2015. Syllabus: Because of the prohibition of the First Amendment against the enactment by Congress of any law "respecting an establishment of religion," which is made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, no state law or school board may require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lord's Prayer be recited in the public schools of a State at the beginning of each school day – even if individual students may be excused from attending or participating in such exercises upon written request of their parents.
148. "God in America – People & Ideas: Madalyn Murray O'Hair". US PBS. Retrieved February 27, 2015. Madalyn Murray O'Hair was an outspoken advocate of atheism and the founder of the organization American Atheists. In 1960 O'Hair gained notoriety when she sued Baltimore public schools for requiring students to read from the Bible and to recite the Lord's Prayer at school exercises.
149. Scherman, Rowland (July 31, 2009). "Dylan In Pictures: Newport 1963". NPR. US National Public Radio. Retrieved February 27, 2015. That seminal moment at the 1963 Newport Folk Festival, Dylan went from zero to hero in the course of a weekend.
150. Ulrich Adelt (2010). Blues Music in the Sixties: A Story in Black and White. Rutgers University Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-8135-4750-3.
151. Suarez, Ray (28 August 2003). "Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Remembered". pbs.org. Public Broadcasting Service (US). Retrieved May 16, 2014.
152. "Test Ban Treaty (1963):On August 5, 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. After Senate approval, the treaty that went into effect on October 10, 1963, banned nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Retrieved June 4, 2014.
153. Richard A. Reuss (2000). American Folk Music and Left-wing Politics, 1927–1957. Scarecrow Press. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-8108-3684-6.
154. "Harvard Sex Orgies Disclosed by Dean". The Chicago Tribune. UPI. 1963-11-01. Archived from the original on 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
155. Robert S. McNamara; James Blight; Robert K. Brigham; Thomas J. Biersteker; Col. Herbert Schandler (2 November 2007). Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy. PublicAffairs. p. 328. ISBN   978-1-58648-621-1. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
156. Lane, Mark (1966). Rush to Judgment (Paperback, 1992 ed.). New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. p.  7. ISBN   1-56025-043-7.
157. Marrs, Jim (1989). "Preface". Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy (1st Paperback, 1990 ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN   0-88184-648-1.
158. Jeanette Leech (2010). Seasons They Change: The Story of Acid and Psychedelic Folk . Jawbone Press. p.  37. ISBN   978-1-906002-32-9.
159. Johnson, Lyndon Baines. "Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union. January 8, 1964". .presidency.ucsb.edu. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley – The American Presidency Project via UCSB. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined; as the session which enacted the most far-reaching tax cut of our time; as the session which declared all-out war on human poverty and unemployment in these United States; as the session which finally recognized the health needs of all our older citizens; as the session which reformed our tangled transportation and transit policies; as the session which achieved the most effective, efficient foreign aid program ever; and as the session which helped to build more homes, more schools, more libraries, and more hospitals than any single session of Congress in the history of our Republic.
160. "For LBJ, The War On Poverty Was Personal". NPR. January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2015. President Lyndon Johnson stood in the Capitol on Jan. 8, 1964, and, in his first State of the Union address, committed the nation to a war on poverty. "We shall not rest until that war is won," Johnson said. "The richest nation on Earth can afford to win it. We cannot afford to lose it." It was an effort that had been explored under President Kennedy, but it firmly – and quickly – took shape under Johnson.
161. Sanburn, Josh (2011-05-09). "The 10 Best Bob Dylan Songs: 'The Times They Are A-Changin'" . Retrieved 2015-11-07.
162. "500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 59 Bob Dylan, 'The Times They Are A-Changin'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
163. "Historical Highlights: The 24th Amendment". history.house.gov. U.S. House of Representatives (History, Art & Archives). Retrieved March 1, 2015. On this date in 1962, the House passed the 24th Amendment, outlawing the poll tax as a voting requirement in federal elections, by a vote of 295 to 86. At the time, five states maintained poll taxes which disproportionately affected African-American voters: Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. The poll tax exemplified "Jim Crow" laws, developed in the post-Reconstruction South, which aimed to disenfranchise black voters and institute segregation.
164. "Beatlemania Comes to the United States". rockhall.com. Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. February 3, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015. In Britain, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" saw its official release on December 5, 1963, reaching Number One the following week. It held the position for five weeks. Soon thereafter, American DJs began spinning the import single and the immediate, positive response prompted Capitol to not only bump up the release date to December 26, but also increase the press run from 200,000 copies to one million. A media blitz followed, as reporters from the Associated Press, CBS, Life, New York Times and more were assigned to cover the Beatles. "I Want to Hold Your Hand" reached Number One on the Billboard charts on February 1, 1964, and remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks.
165. Barry Miles (2009). The British Invasion. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN   978-1-4027-6976-4.
166. "New York School Boycott". crdl.usg.org. Civil Rights Digital Library/Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
167. Khan, Yasmeen (2016-02-03). "Demand for School Integration Leads to Massive 1964 Boycott – In New York City". wnyc.org. Retrieved 2017-03-17. After hearing too many "vague promises" from the New York City Board of Education to integrate the schools, civil rights activists in 1964 called for swift action: desegregate the city's schools and improve the inferior conditions of many that enrolled black and Latino students. To force the issue, they staged a one-day school boycott on Feb. 3, when approximately 460,000 students refused to go to school.
168. "The Beatles". edsullivan.com. SOFA Entertainment. 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
169. Harding, Barrie (1964-02-08). "5,000 scream 'welcome' to the Beatles". Daily Mirror. No. 18,704. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
170. Trust, Gary (2013-04-04). "April 4, 1964: The Beatles Control Entire Top Five On Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-08-11. On the Billboard Hot 100 dated April 4, 1964, 49 years ago today, the Beatles made history as the only act ever to occupy the chart's top five positions in a week. With a 27–1 second-week blast to the top for "Can't Buy Me Love," the Fab Four locked up the chart's entire top five: No. 1, "Can't Buy Me Love" No. 2, "Twist and Shout" No. 3, "She Loves You" No. 4, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" No. 5, "Please Please Me"
171. Bronson, p. 145.
172. The New York Times (10 June 2014). The New York Times The Times of the Sixties: The Culture, Politics, and Personalities that Shaped the Decade. Running Press. p. 1136. ISBN   978-1-60376-366-0.
173. France, Lisa Respers (2018-03-01). "All the best actor Oscar winners through the years". CNN. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
174. "The 1964 Cleveland schools' boycott to protest segregation: Black History Month". 2013-02-24.
175. Winner, David (19 May 2009). "Robert Jasper Grootveld: Artist and activist who helped found the Dutch Provos in the 1960s". www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved 3 December 2016. No single person can be said to have created the worldwide cultural phenomenon we call "the Sixties". But the Dutch anti-smoking "magician" and voodoo showman Robert Jasper Grootveld has a better claim than most. In the early Sixties, his surreal, dadaist "happenings" in Amsterdam electrified the city's bored youth and led to the creation of the playful Provo movement (short for "provocation"). With the charismatic, flamboyantly transvestite Grootveld as a spokesman, Provo was a catalyst for cultural revolution. The group provided free bicycles, subverted a royal wedding and humiliated the stiff-necked Dutch establishment and Amsterdam police force so effectively that both groups – and the country – underwent a near-total personality change. Provo lasted only from 1965 to 1967 but the spirit of what Grootveld dubbed "International Magic Centre Amsterdam" broke old Holland, inspired hippies in San Francisco and musicians and artists in London and paved the way, among other things, for the summer of love, Dutch total football and the green movement.
176. International Institute of Social History – Grootveld flyers
177. Enfield, Robert. "Photographs:Sheraton Palace Demonstration, May 1964". cdlib.org. University of California. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
178. James J. Farrell (January 1997). The Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism. Psychology Press. p. 180. ISBN   978-0-415-91385-0.
179. Peter Bacon Hales (11 April 2014). Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now. University of Chicago Press. p. 317. ISBN   978-0-226-12861-0.
180. Green; Nicholas J. Karolides (January 1, 2009). Encyclopedia of Censorship. Infobase Publishing. p. 301. ISBN   978-1-4381-1001-1.
181. "Jacobellis v. Ohio – 378 U.S. 184 (1964)". supreme.justia.com. justia.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
182. "Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". senate.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
183. Krock, p. 411
184. The Beatles (1 September 2000). The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books. p. 158. ISBN   978-0-8118-2684-6.
185. Cusick, Rick (2014-08-28). "Bob Dylan Smoked Out The Beatles 50 Years Ago Today". hightimes.com. High Times. Retrieved 2016-10-04. Perhaps the mostly influential sesh in history happened on August 28, 1964 when Bob Dylan got The Beatles high at The Delmonico Hotel in New York City. While this was not technically The Moptops first-time toking – they shared a joint in Hamburg but couldn't agree whether or not they got high – they definitely copped a buzz with Dylan in New York.
186. NFO PROTEST CANCELLED Truck Crushes Two to Death
187. "Visual History: Free Speech Movement, 1964-Mario Savio addresses the crowd" . Retrieved March 1, 2015. Mario Savio addresses the crowd Mario Savio climbs on top of the police car containing Jack Weinberg to address the crowd of demonstrators. Savio demands Weinberg's release and the lifting of University prohibitions against political activity on campus.
188. Robert Cohen (30 July 2009). Freedom's Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-976634-5.
189. Seth Rosenfeld (21 August 2012). Subversives: The FBI's War on Student Radicals, and Reagan's Rise to Power. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-1-4299-6932-1.
190. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1964". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved March 1, 2015. He is the first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence. He is the first to make the message of brotherly love a reality in the course of his struggle, and he has brought this message to all men, to all nations and races. Today we pay tribute to Martin Luther King, the man who has never abandoned his faith in the unarmed struggle he is waging, who has suffered for his faith, who has been imprisoned on many occasions, whose home has been subject to bomb attacks, whose life and the lives of his family have been threatened, and who nevertheless has never faltered.
191. Barry Miles (2009). The British Invasion. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 129. ISBN   978-1-4027-6976-4.
192. "Election of 1964". University of California, Santa Barbara / American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
193. Moylan, Brian (December 22, 2014). "'Offensive' Is the New 'Obscene'". Time. Retrieved March 1, 2015. On Dec. 21, 1964, Bruce was sentenced to four months in a workhouse for a set he did in a New York comedy club that included a bit about Eleanor Roosevelt's "nice tits..."
194. Robert Cohen; Reginald E. Zelnik (2002). The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s . University of California Press. p.  534. ISBN   978-0-520-23354-6.
195. Jackman, Michael (December 1, 2014). "Mario Savio's 'bodies upon the gears' speech – 50 years later". metrotimes.com. Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved March 1, 2015. It's a short but bold and defiant oration that says free human beings aren't going to be pushed around by anybody, from lawmakers and police to liberals and labor leaders. Standing in front of a crowd of 4,000 people, Savio described his meeting with university officials, who compared the president of the university to the president of a corporation.
196. Drash, Wayne (2010-04-28). "Malcolm X killer freed after 44 years". CNN. Retrieved 2016-10-04. Malcolm X is best known as the fiery leader of the Nation of Islam who denounced whites as "blue-eyed devils." But at the end of his life, Malcolm X changed his views toward whites and discarded the Nation of Islam's ideology in favor of orthodox Islam. In doing so, he feared for his own life from within the Nation.
197. W.J. Rorabaugh Professor of History University of Washington (May 4, 1989). Berkeley at War : The 1960s: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN   978-0-19-802252-7.
198. Enfield, Robert. "Photographs:Filthy Speech Rally, Spring, 1965". cdlib.org. University of California. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
199. Spencer C. Tucker (May 20, 2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 775. ISBN   978-1-85109-961-0.
200. Barry Miles (2009). The British Invasion. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 133. ISBN   978-1-4027-6976-4.
201. "The Yardbirds Announce New Lineup – Including Pre-Eric Clapton Guitarist Top Topham – and 2015 Tour Dates". guitarworld.com. February 10, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
202. Raasch, Chuck (May 16, 2014). "Never trust anyone over 30? A second thought". stltoday.com. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
203. Matthew Greenwald (30 April 2002). Go Where You Wanna Go: The Oral History of The Mamas and The Papas. Cooper Square Press. p. 212. ISBN   978-1-4616-2290-1.
204. Herbert, Ian (2006-09-08). "Revealed: Dentist who introduced Beatles to LSD" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
205. Cromelin, Richard (2011-10-06). "Bert Jansch dies at 67; Scottish singer-guitarist influenced rock, folk greats". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018-06-06.
206. Martin Charles Strong (2002). The Great Scots Musicography: The Complete Guide to Scotland's Music Makers. Birlinn, Limited. ISBN   978-1-84183-041-4.
207. Roger Chapman (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 545. ISBN   978-0-7656-2250-1.
208. Greenfield, Robert (March 14, 2011). "Owsley Stanley: The King of LSD". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 6, 2015. By May 1965, he was back in the Bay Area with 3,600 capsules of extraordinarily pure LSD, dubbed "Owsley" by a pot-dealing folk guitarist friend. "I never set out to 'turn on the world,' as has been claimed by many," Owsley says.
209. McGee, Rosie (1969). "Owsley Stanley, left, with Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead in a 1969 publicity photograph". The New York Times . Retrieved February 6, 2015.
210. "The Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project:Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond". University of California Berkeley Library. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
211. Thompson, Hunter (2005-03-02). "The Motorcycle Gangs: A portrait of an outsider underground". The Nation. Retrieved 2018-07-06. This article first appeared in the May 17, 1965 issue.
212. "Unforgettable Change: 1960s: 1960s in Vietnam and in Berkeley (Text and Audio Content)". museumca.org. Oakland Museum of California. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
213. Enfield, Robert. "Photographs:Vietnam Day, Spring, 1965". cdlib.org. University of California. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
214. Knopper, Steve (2015-09-01). "Colorado's Famous Historic Artist Commune". 5280.com. 5280 The Denver Magazine. Retrieved 2015-12-30. At the time, the idea of a commune – a place where young artists would live off sales of their work and share a bank account to buy food and supplies – was new and exciting. The concept attracted those who identified with the blossoming '60s counterculture. Prominent figures in the movement, including eventual Woodstock Nation members such as LSD guru Timothy Leary and the Doors' Jim Morrison, ventured to this plot of land in Trinidad. What they found when they arrived was a utopia born from the zeitgeist of 1960s America – a place unlike anywhere else in Colorado.
215. "America and the Utopian Dream – Utopian Communities". brbl-archive.library.yale.edu.
216. William E. Hudson (December 28, 2007). The Libertarian Illusion: Ideology, Public Policy and the Assault on the Common Good. SAGE Publications. p. 191. ISBN   978-1-4833-0122-8.
217. "Margaret Sanger (1879–1966)". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Harvard University Library. Retrieved August 13, 2014. In 1965, the Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut legalized contraception for married couples.
218. CNN (August 7, 2014). "The Times they are a Changin'". The Sixties (Documentary Series). CNN.
219. Hodgkinson, Will (June 13, 2005). "Snapshot: Allen Ginsberg at the Albert Hall". The Guardian Limited. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
220. Gary Graff; Daniel Durchholz (12 June 2012). Rock 'n' Roll Myths: The True Stories Behind the Most Infamous Legends. Voyageur Press. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-7603-4230-5.
221. Righthand, Jess (2010-07-23). "July 25, 1965: Dylan Goes Electric at the Newport Folk Festival". smithsonian.com. Retrieved 2015-02-14. It was during that concert, 45 years ago today, that Bob Dylan plugged in his electric guitar, an action that would alter the landscape of American popular music for generations to come. On that day, as boos, shouts and cries for "the old Dylan" rose above the music, Dylan departed from his acoustic roots and ventured into the realm of rock 'n' roll, a genre generally disdained as commercial and mainstream by Dylan's bohemian peers of the 1960s American folk music revival. In doing this, the artist forged the way for the folk-rock genre, merging his lyrical songwriting style with the hard-driving sounds of rock.
222. "I Ain't Marching Anymore by Phil Ochs".
223. "Watts Riots". crdl.usg.edu. Civil Rights Digital Library/Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 2018-04-28. The Watts Riot, which raged for six days and resulted in more than forty million dollars worth of property damage, was both the largest and costliest urban rebellion of the Civil Rights era. The riot spurred from an incident on August 11, 1965 when Marquette Frye, a young African American motorist, was pulled over and arrested by Lee W. Minikus, a white California Highway Patrolman, for suspicion of driving while intoxicated. As a crowd on onlookers gathered at the scene of Frye's arrest, strained tensions between police officers and the crowd erupted in a violent exchange. The outbreak of violence that followed Frye's arrest immediately touched off a large-scale riot centered in the commercial section of Watts, a deeply impoverished African American neighborhood in South Central Los Angeles. For several days, rioters overturned and burned automobiles and looted and damaged grocery stores, liquor stores, department stores, and pawnshops. Over the course of the six-day riot, over 14,000 California National Guard troops were mobilized in South Los Angeles and a curfew zone encompassing over forty-five miles was established in an attempt to restore public order. All told, the rioting claimed the lives of thirty-four people, resulted in more than one thousand reported injuries, and almost four thousand arrests before order was restored on August 17. Throughout the crisis, public officials advanced the argument that the riot was the work outside agitators; however, an official investigation, prompted by Governor Pat Brown, found that the riot was a result of the Watts community's longstanding grievances and growing discontentment with high unemployment rates, substandard housing, and inadequate schools. Despite the reported findings of the gubernatorial commission, following the riot, city leaders and state officials failed to implement measures to improve the social and economic conditions of African Americans living in the Watts neighborhood.
224. Miles, Barry (1998). The Beatles: A Diary. Omnibus Press. ISBN   978-0-7119-9196-5.
225. Montagne, Renee (2012-12-12). "Music and Mayhem in 'Laurel Canyon'". NPR. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
226. Robinson, Lisa (2015-02-28). "An Oral History of Laurel Canyon, the 60s and 70s Music Mecca". Vanity Fair/Conde Nast. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
227. Reed, Ryan (2015-09-15). "Paul on Drums, George on Bass: 10 Great Beatles Instrument Swaps". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-05-19. McCartney's melodic bass work is a signature of the Beatles' oeuvre, but Harrison did a great job approximating it on the psychedelic Revolver meditation "She Said She Said" – one of the band's only tracks not to feature Sir Paul. "I think we'd had a barney or something, and I said, 'Oh, fuck you!' and they said, 'Well, we'll do it,'" McCartney told Barry Miles in the 1998 biography Many Years From Now. The song was inspired by Lennon's 1965 LSD trip with Byrds members Roger McGuinn and David Crosby, during which actor Peter Fonda told a frightened Harrison that he knew "what it's like to be dead." And the result plays like both a celebration and a mockery of the acid movement, driven by Harrison's stoned guitar shrapnel and dextrous, Macca-styled bass runs.
228. Cornish, Audie (2015-08-28). "A New Ride Down Dylan's 'Highway': What Do Millennials Think Of The Album?". NPR. US National Public Radio. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
229. Rothman, Lily (2015-10-15). "This Photo Shows the Vietnam Draft-Card Burning That Started a Movement". Time. Retrieved 2018-04-28. David Miller was not the first person to destroy a draft card. As protests against the Vietnam War increased in the 1960s, the destruction of Selective Service registration certificates became common enough that in August of 1965 President Johnson signed a law making it a federal crime to destroy or mutilate the cards. But after Miller publicly burned his draft card on Oct. 15, 1965 – exactly 50 years ago – he became the first person to be prosecuted under that law and a symbol of the growing movement against the war.
230. Howard Smead (November 1, 2000). Don't Trust Anyone Over Thirty: The First Four Decades of the Baby Boom. iUniverse. p. 155. ISBN   978-0-595-12393-3.
231. Kilgallen, Dorothy (June 11, 1963). "Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway". Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved July 10, 2014. New York hippies have a new kick – baking marijuana in cookies...
232. "Dandridge death caused by drugs". UPI via Baltimore Afro-American. 1965-11-20. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
233. "Starring Dorothy Dandridge". tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2016-06-19. She was beautiful, she could dance, she could sing, and she could act. Most importantly, she had that indefinable magnetism that attracts an audience and holds their attention. In short, she had everything it took to be a major star in the 1950s. Everything, that is, except white skin.
234. Kathleen Fearn-Banks (November 15, 2005). Historical Dictionary of African-American Television. Scarecrow Press. p. 90. ISBN   978-0-8108-6522-8.
235. Fleming, Colin (2015-09-25). "Revisiting Beatles' Wonderfully Wacky Cartoon Series, 50 Years Later". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-04-28. Even Beatles completists sometimes have a blind spot when it comes to the band's eponymous cartoon, which ran on ABC for four years – starting exactly 50 years ago, on September 25th, 1965. If you like your Beatles animated, chances are your thing is for the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, the rare cinematic venture that works just as well for the kiddies as the adults.
236. Report (2 August 2013). "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: Every No. 1 Song (1958–2013)". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-12-07. Eve Of Destruction, Barry McGuire, 9/25/1965
237. Chawkins, Steve (2015-11-17). "P.F. Sloan dies at 70; wrote '60s protest song 'Eve of Destruction'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
238. Unterberger, Richie. "The Yardbirds – Biography". AllMusic . Rovi Corp. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
239. Rosenkranz, Patrick. "The East Village Other: The Rise of Underground Comix and the Alternative Press". eastvillageother.org. The Local East Village, NYU Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, Fales Library and Special Collections, et al. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
240. Wiegand, David (2016-02-06). "Dan Hicks, a true original of S.F. music scene, dies at 74". San Francisco Chronicle via sfgate.com. Retrieved 2016-07-04. Today the band is little recalled by those who weren't there, but the Charlatans were the first important new rock band in San Francisco when LSD first rolled through town and things started getting weird. When the five-man band of Edwardian dandies in immaculate vintage wear returned from playing all summer 1965 at the Red Dog Saloon in Virginia City, the Charlatans were the headline attraction at A Tribute to Dr. Strange, the Longshoreman's Hall dance/concert that was ground zero for the '60s San Francisco rock scene. ...Farther down the program that evening was another new band just starting out at a former pizza parlor in the Marina with the peculiar name of Jefferson Airplane.
241. Jones, Kevin (2016-02-06). "Dan Hicks, San Francisco Folk Jazz Pioneer, Dead at 74". kqed.org. KQED. Retrieved 2017-03-03. In 1965, Hicks would become the drummer for The Charlatans, who, along with groups such as the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead, would help define the city's psychedelic sound. Later, rock historians would cite the group's extended residency at the Red Dog Saloon in Nevada in the summer of '65 as being the precursor to San Francisco's LSD-focused rock shows of the later '60s because of the trippy rock posters used to advertise the residency, and the fact that the band would ingest psychedelic drugs while playing.
242. Gray, Madison (August 11, 2011). "All-TIME 100 Nonfiction Books: #13, The Autobiography of Malcolm X". Time. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Malcolm X predicted that he would not live to see its publication, a prophecy fulfilled as friction between himself and the Nation of Islam, and a subsequent falling-out culminated in his 1965 assassination. But the pages chronicling the years leading up to it reveal the world of a man who had gone from being a hustler to being one of history's most controversial civil rights icons.
243. Manning, Marable; Goodman, Amy (May 21, 2007). "Manning Marable on "Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention" (transcribed from radio program)". democracynow.org. Retrieved September 21, 2014. But what we do know that is true is that when Malcolm is assassinated on February 21, 1965, within two-and-a-half weeks the original publisher, Doubleday, exes the deal on the book. And in early March '65, they cancel the contract. That's why the book is published at the end of the year by Grove, not Doubleday. It was the most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history. They lost millions of dollars on this.
244. "The Autobiography of Malcolm X: Epilogue By Alex Haley – Minister Malcolm X – The Honorable Elijah Muhammad". www.alex-haley.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
245. Mitchell, Greg (2010-11-13). "When Antiwar Protest Turned Fatal: The Ballad of Norman Morrison". The Nation.
246. Ruane, Michael (2015-11-01). "Vietnam critic's end was the start of family's pain". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-07. Morrison had set himself ablaze 40 feet from the Pentagon office window of then-Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, one of the chief organizers of the U.S. involvement in the war. Years later, a contrite McNamara wrote that Morrison's death was a tragedy "for me and the country."
247. Donna E. Alvermann (2002). Adolescents and Literacies in a Digital World. Peter Lang. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-8204-5573-0.
248. "The Who and the New Generation". historyengine.richmond.edu. University of Richmond (Digital Scholarship Lab). Retrieved July 26, 2014. "Things they do look awful c-cold," Daltry continued stuttering, "Hope I die before I get old." Daltry then screamed, drilling the purpose of the song into everyone's heads, "This is my generation!" And this truly was the youths' generation. All the years of old men from bygone eras had to pave way to Roger Daltry's generation, for the young men and women of the Western world were finally speaking up and letting their voices be heard. "It's my generation, baby," Daltry repeated his mantra.
249. Reinholz, Mary (2015-11-26). "Sixties draft-card burners recall inflammatory time at Maryhouse panel talk". The Villager/NYC Community Media. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
250. "We Look Back at Detroit's Alternative Paper 'The Fifth Estate', Founded 50 years Ago". wdet.org. WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University. 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2016-01-31. Text and Link to Audio Program
251. Jarnow, Jesse (2015-11-30). "Acid Tests Turn 50: Wavy Gravy, Merry Prankster Ken Babbs Look Back". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-04-28. This week in Santa Cruz, California, a concert, reading and site dedication will commemorate the 50th anniversary of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters' first LSD-fueled Acid Test, held in the small neighborhood of Soquel on November 27th, 1965.
252. Hyde, Justin (24 June 2013). "June 24: Ralph Nader wins Senate passage of Highway Safety Act on this date in 1966". autos.yahoo.com. Yahoo News / Motoramic. Retrieved June 25, 2014. Article includes video of Nader reflecting on auto safety legislation.
253. Nader, Ralph (1965). Unsafe at Any Speed . New York: Grossman Publishers. ISBN   978-1561290505.
254. US NHTSA. "Highway Safety Act of 1966, 23 USC Chapter 4, As Amended by SAFETEA-LU Technical Corrections Act of 2008, Revision June 2008". nhtsa.gov. US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
255. "The Mamas and the Papas, California Dreamin". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone Magazine. 2011-04-07. Retrieved July 11, 2014. #89 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
256. Alan Clayson (2002). The Yardbirds: The Band that Launched Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page. Backbeat Books. p. 107. ISBN   978-0-87930-724-0.
257. Myers, Marc (2015-12-02). "The Beatles' 'Rubber Soul' Turns 50". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-07. For most American teens, the arrival of the Beatles' "Rubber Soul" 50 years ago was unsettling. Instead of cheerleading for love, the album's songs held cryptic messages about thinking for yourself, the hypnotic power of women, something called "getting high" and bedding down with the opposite sex. Clearly, growing up wasn't going to be easy.
258. Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York, NY: Continuum. pp. 171–72. ISBN   0-8264-2819-3.
259. "Leary Arrested On Drug Charge". thecrimson.com. 1966-01-03. Retrieved 2018-04-28. Timothy Leary, former lecturer in Clinical Psychology, was arrested at the Mexican border Dec. 23 and charged by U.S. customs officials with the illegal possession of marijuana. The agents seized five ounces of the drug. Leary, his two children, and two associates posted $2500 bond in Laredo, Tex., and were released pending action on the charge. In a telephone interview last night from his home in Millbrook, N.Y., Leary said he was unsure whether he would be indicted before a Texas grand jury and was awaiting word from his lawyer. Leary was dismissed from his Harvard lectureship in 1962 for absenting himself from classes without University permission. He and Richard Alpert, assistant professor of Clinical Psychology, who was dismissed at the same time, had been conducting experiments with psychedelic drugs. Alpert was fired because he violated an agreement with the University and administered drugs to an undergraduate.
260. William S. McConnell (May 14, 2004). The Counterculture Movement of the 1960s. Greenhaven Press. ISBN   978-0-7377-1819-5.
261. "Archived: Grateful Dead Live at Fillmore Auditorium on 1966-01-08". archive.org. 1967. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
262. Tom Wolfe (August 19, 2008). The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 353. ISBN   978-1-4299-6114-1.
263. William McKeen (2000). Rock and Roll is Here to Stay: An Anthology . Norton. p.  173. ISBN   978-0-393-04700-4.
264. R. Serge Denisoff (January 1, 1975). Solid Gold: The Popular Record Industry. Transaction Publishers. p. 339. ISBN   978-1-4128-3479-7.
265. Getlen, Larry (2016-11-19). "This guy made the best LSD of the '60s". New York Post. Retrieved 2016-11-19. For many, the psychedelic Sixties began at an event called the Trips Festival that took place in San Francisco the third weekend of January 1966. At the three-day blowout, between 3,000 and 5,000 people tripping on LSD – more than had ever experienced the drug together – let loose. Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia called it "total, wall-to-wall gonzo lunacy", noting there were "people jumping off balconies onto blankets and then bouncing up and down". Hell's Angels fought with other biker gangs while a member of the Merry Pranksters, the experimental LSD crew of author Ken Kesey – who attended the event in a "silver space suit with a helmet" – tried to pull Janis Joplin and her band off stage after just one song.
266. Symonds, Alexandria (2016-02-09). "'Valley of the Dolls,' by the Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-18. When the actress Jacqueline Susann was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1962, she made a deal with God: She would settle for 10 more years of life. . . if she could become the world's most popular writer. In the 12 years that followed, she became just that: the first novelist to achieve three consecutive New York Times No. 1 best sellers, and one of the richest self-made women in America. Her first novel, Valley of the Dolls, remains a pop-culture touchstone: a gleefully salacious story of friendship, sex, backstabbing and pills (or dolls) that won famous fans and detractors alike. (Susann, who died in 1974, made hundreds of appearances to support the novel and is credited with inventing the modern book tour.) Now celebrating its 50th anniversary, the tawdry tale of Anne Welles, Jennifer North and Neely O'Hara hasn't lost its punch. Here, a look at the vital stats behind one of the most talked-about books of all time.
267. Meltzer, Marisa (2016-03-12). "'Valley of the Dolls,' Pitched to a New Generation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-18.
268. Barry Miles (March 1, 2010). London Calling: A Countercultural History of London since 1945. Atlantic Books, Limited. p. 142. ISBN   978-1-84887-554-8.
269. Weil, Andrew (1966-03-14). "Leary Plans Drug Conviction Appeal, Urges Test Case of Marijuana Laws". thecrimson.com. Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2016-02-25. Timothy F. Leary, convicted Friday on marijuana charges, told the Boston CRIMSON yesterday that a "battery of lawyers" would appeal his sentence of 30 years imprisonment and a $30,000 fine. The former Harvard lecturer on Psychology said he would also try to make his case a legal test of current laws on marijuana.
270. "Song Stories: Eight Miles High". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
271. Richie Unterberger (2003). Eight Miles High: Folk-rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock . Backbeat Books. p.  42. ISBN   978-0-87930-743-1.
272. Fong-Torres, Ben (1970-07-23). "David Crosby: The Rolling Stone Interview". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
273. Shirleene Robinson; Julie Ustinoff (17 January 2012). The 1960s in Australia: People, Power and Politics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 207. ISBN   978-1-4438-3676-0.
274. "Australian women protest conscription during Vietnam War [Save Our Sons (SOS)], 1965–1972". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Swarthmore College, etal. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
275. David Luhrssen; Michael Larson (28 February 2017). Encyclopedia of Classic Rock. ABC-CLIO. p. 305. ISBN   978-1-4408-3514-8.
276. McCormack, Ed (2014-01-13). "A Last Waltz on the Wild Side". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2017-03-16. The doctor turned out to be the notorious society and show-business croaker Robert Freymann, supposedly the original "Dr. Feelgood." His past patients were rumored to range from J.F.K. to the Beatles, and a veritable Who's Who of prominent speed freaks still gathered in his office at an ungodly hour for his magic vitamins. ("Day or night he'll be there, any time at all," the Beatles sang in their musical tribute "Doctor Robert," which Paul McCartney admitted was inspired by the doctor "who kept New York high.")
277. Erika Dyck (1 October 2010). Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus. JHU Press. p. 131. ISBN   978-1-4214-0075-4.
278. John Bassett Mccleary (22 May 2013). Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 315. ISBN   978-0-307-81433-3.
279. "Timothy Leary: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center". lib.utexas.edu. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2016-02-25. From as early as 1962 until 1970, Leary had been arrested and incarcerated on drug-related charges in Mexico, British West Indies, Texas, New York, Michigan, and California. In April 1966, the Millbrook estate was raided by local police, led by G. Gordon Liddy then of the Dutchess County Sheriff's Department, and four people, including Leary, were arrested for possession of drugs. Following his arrest, Leary, to avoid constant harassment, founded the League for Spiritual Discovery which was a religious movement that sought constitutional protection for the right to take LSD as a sacramental substance.
280. Simmons, Bob (2012-02-19). "Bob Simmons on Timothy Leary and the Raid on Millbrook". The New York Times . Retrieved 2016-02-25. Images of original EVO pages included.
281. "Neal Cassady at Timothy Leary's Millbrook Estate". corbisimages.com. Corbis. Neal Cassady at Millbrook
282. Christopher Partridge (20 June 2006). The Re-Enchantment of the West, Vol 2: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture and Occulture. A&C Black. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-567-04123-4.
283. Jim DeRogatis (1 January 2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 53. ISBN   978-0-634-05548-5.
284. "Students Keep Up Anti-Draft Sit-in at U.C." The Chicago Tribune. 1966-05-16. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
285. Charles L. Granata; Tony Asher (1 October 2016). Wouldn't It Be Nice: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds. Chicago Review Press. ISBN   978-1-61373-840-5.
286. Guriel, Jason (2016-05-16). "How Pet Sounds Invented the Modern Pop Album". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 2018-06-03. It was a record of a great artist's mind, popular music's first long-form investigation into the psyche of an auteur.
287. Shapiro, Fred (2006). Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-10798-2.
288. Bronson, p. 201
289. E .F. Schumacher: His Life and Thought by Barbara Wood. Harper & Row, 1984. ISBN   0-06-015356-3, (pp. 348–349).
290. "Resurgence • Magazine issues 1966–1969". www.resurgence.org.
291. Howard Friel (21 September 2013). Chomsky and Dershowitz: On Endless War and the End of Civil Liberties. Interlink Publishing Group, Incorporated. p. 23. ISBN   978-1-62371-035-4.
292. Peter Hitchens (6 December 2012). The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs. A&C Black. p. 103. ISBN   978-1-4411-7206-8.
293. Simon Wells (19 January 2012). The Great Rolling Stones Drugs Bust. Music Sales Group. p. 94. ISBN   978-0-85712-711-2.
294. "Miranda v. Arizona; et al, Facts and Case Summary". uscourts.gov. Administrative Office of the US Courts. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
295. Dave Marsh; James Bernard (1 November 1994). New Book of Rock Lists . Simon and Schuster. p.  398. ISBN   978-0-671-78700-4.
296. Chris Woodstra; John Bush; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (2007). All Music Guide Required Listening: Classic Rock. Backbeat Books. p. 251. ISBN   978-0-87930-917-6.
297. Anna L. Harvey (13 July 1998). Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 1920–1970. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN   978-0-521-59743-2.
298. Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York, NY: HarperLuxe. p. 353. ISBN   978-0-06-249713-0.
299. Stuart Shea; Robert Rodriguez (2007). Fab Four FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the Beatles-- and More!. Hal Leonard. p. 75. ISBN   978-1-4234-2138-2.
300. Wolcott, James (2016-02-05). "Why the Cinema of Swinging London Matters, 50 Years Later". Vanity Fair. Conde Nast. Retrieved 2016-02-25. A heavy whiff of fascism attended the rise to cultural power of teenyboppers and twentysomethings and the emergence of the pop messiah. "We're more popular than Jesus now," John Lennon infamously told London's Evening Standard in 1966, a comment that caused little stir in England but set off a fury here in the States, especially in the Bible Belt, where Beatles records and souvenirs were fed to bonfires, much as disco albums would be a decade later.
301. Richie Unterberger (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution. Backbeat Books. p. 234. ISBN   978-0-87930-703-5.
302. "Beatles to avoid Philippines". No. 64th Year–No. 221. AP via Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 1966-07-08. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
303. Skirboll, Aaron. "How a Psychedelic Concert Poster Rocked the World". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
304. Thomson, Elizabeth (2014-02-14). "Five myths about Bob Dylan". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
305. "Lenny Bruce, Uninhibited Comic, Found Dead in Hollywood Home". The New York Times . August 3, 1966. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
306. Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 1. Muze. p. 489. ISBN   0-19-531373-9.
307. Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York, NY: Continuum. p. 175. ISBN   0-8264-2819-3.
308. David Scott Kastan (2006). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-19-516921-8.
309. Ghosh, Palash (August 29, 2012). "Beatles Last Concert At Candlestick Park: The Dream Is Over (Analysis)". ibtimes.com. International Business Times/IBT Media. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
310. "The Monkees – 1967". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2016-02-07. In 1967 the Monkees sold more records than the Beatles and Rolling Stones combined...
311. J. Harold Ellens; Thomas B. Roberts Ph.D. (18 August 2015). The Psychedelic Policy Quagmire: Health, Law, Freedom, and Society: Health, Law, Freedom, and Society. ABC-CLIO. p. 52. ISBN   978-1-4408-3971-9.
312. "Love Pageant". pbs.org. American Experience/PBS. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
313. Unknown (1966). "Love Pageant Rally". centerforhomemovies.org. Retrieved 2016-03-24. About the Film On October 6, 1966, the day LSD was made illegal in California a group of hippies, said to fall somewhere around 1,000 in number, gathered on San Francisco's Panhandle for the Love Pageant Rally. The organizers, Allen Cohen and Michael Bowen, were key figures with the San Francisco Oracle (12 issues between September 1966 and February 1968), an underground publication credited for shaping Haight-Ashbury's burgeoning counterculture. Cohen and Bowen framed the event not as a protest, but as a celebration of "transcendental consciousness" and the "beauty of being." While less known than events that followed, this gathering marked a seminal moment in the counterculture revolution of the 1960s. This short document of the Love Pageant Rally features several notable figures from the Haight-Ashbury scene at the time. Striking in the film is how clearly the movement is on the cusp of both of breaking through and falling, if not apart, at least away from its idyllic core. There are two primary focuses in its three minutes: Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters and a performance by Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin. Some groovy dancing does receive significant screen time, but for the sake of this brief essay, lets imagine they're grooving to Big Brother. The differences between where each stood in regards to their participation in hippie culture presents an interesting glimpse at the seismic shift the countercultural revolution rested at the edge of.
314. Domenic Priore; Brian Wilson; Van Dyke Parks (2005-03-07). Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece. Music Sales Limited. p. 115. ISBN   978-1-78323-198-0.
315. Caswell, Tasha (September 14, 2014). ""Free Bobby, Free Ericka": The New Haven Black Panther Trials". wnpr.org. WNPR / Connecticut Public Broadcasting. Retrieved October 6, 2014. The Black Panther Party, formed in 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, was a revolutionary socialist organization that strove to end the oppression of black people in the United States. It adopted a ten-point plan that called for autonomy, employment, free healthcare, decent housing, financial reparations for slavery, the end of police brutality against black people, the release of black prisoners from jails, fair trials, and black nationalism. In practice, the Panthers focused much of their attention on policing the police, often resorting to violence. The FBI had taken notice. J. Edgar Hoover said in 1968 that the Black Panther Party was "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." By 1969, the Black Panther Party was well known nationally and had spread across the country.
316. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Internal Security (1970). The Black Panther Party, its origin and development as reflected in its official weekly newspaper, the Black panther: black community news service; staff study, Ninety-first Congress, second session. U.S. Government Printing Office.
317. "The Black Panther". The British Library Board. Retrieved 2016-02-06. The Black Panther: The Black Panther Party was a radical, revolutionary political group formed in October 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The Black Panther symbol had been used previously by the Lowndes County Freedom Organization which fought for black voting rights in Alabama.
318. "On this day in 1966: John meets Yoko". pbs.org/newshour. MacNeil / Lehrer Productions. 2013-11-09. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
319. Rasmussen, Cecilia (August 5, 2007). "Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6, 2014. Young rock fans take to the streets after the shuttering of Pandora's Box in 1966. The unrest inspired Stephen Stills' landmark anthem.
320. John Einarson (January 1, 2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield. Cooper Square Press. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-8154-1281-6.
321. Lopez, Steve (2016-11-16). "50 years ago, the Sunset Strip riots made L.A. the 'magical' epicenter of a revolution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-11-16. Los Angeles was the epicenter of rupture in the '60s – a civil rights uprising, a growing antiwar movement and a cultural revolution that was built in large part around the rock, folk and psychedelic music scene on Sunset Boulevard, which had quickly evolved from Frank Sinatra to Frank Zappa. For several years, the Strip was the international center of a movement that John Densmore, the Doors drummer, refers to as magical. "So we're the house band at the Whiskey a Go Go, and I'm sitting upstairs looking out the window," Densmore said. "It's like a Tuesday night, and it's complete gridlock and thousands of hippies on the street and I said, 'Wow, we're taking over.'" But the nightly throngs rattled the nerves of homeowners and some merchants. Local officials ordered a curfew and a crackdown. Pandora's Box, a popular club at Sunset and Crescent Heights Boulevard, had been scheduled for demolition, and rebels rallied Nov. 12, 1966, in an effort to save it. The Times reported that Sonny and Cher, Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda were among the demonstrators, and that Fonda was carted away in handcuffs.
322. "Film Censorship: Noteworthy Moments in History". aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Rather than cut nude scenes from Blow-Up, Michelangelo Antonioni chooses to release it without an MPAA seal.
323. Mikulecky, Don (8 June 2015). "Does anyone remember the Diggers?". Daily Kos. Retrieved 30 November 2016. On December 17, 1966, the Diggers held a happening called "The Death of Money" in which they dressed in animal masks and carried a large coffin full of fake money down Haight Street, singing "Get out my life, why don't you babe?" to the tune of Chopin's "Death March."
324. "Gene Anthony Gallery of Digger Photographs". The Digger Archives. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
325. "Comprehensive information about Richard Brautigan, his life, and writings – 1960s Chronology". BRAUTIGAN.net. John F. Barber, Curator and Archivist. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
326. "IT – International Times Archive". www.internationaltimes.it.
327. Miles, Barry (2002). In the Sixties. Jonathon Cape. ISBN   9780224062404 . Retrieved 23 December 2016.
328. David Marc (January 1, 2011). Demographic Vistas: Television in American Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. ISBN   978-0-8122-0271-7.
329. Sanking, Aaron (September 11, 2012). "Human Be-In Planned In Golden Gate Park This Weekend (PHOTOS)". HuffPost. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
330. Mark Brend (6 December 2012). The Sound of Tomorrow: How Electronic Music Was Smuggled into the Mainstream. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. ISBN   978-1-62356-529-9.
331. Haripada Adhikary (2012). Unifying Force of Hinduism: The Harekrsna Movement. AuthorHouse. p. 213. ISBN   978-1-4685-0393-7.
332. File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg
333. "Paul Kantner: Leader of Jefferson Airplane whose psychedelic harmonies became the soundtrack to the counter-culture". The Telegraph. 29 Jan 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
334. Chomsky, Noam (February 23, 1967). "A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals". The New York Review of Books. NYREV, Inc. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
335. Bodroghkozy, Aniko. "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". museum.tv. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
336. Robinson, Will. "Watch the never-before-seen Beatles video for 'A Day in the Life'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
337. Jeff Land (1999). Active Radio: Pacifica's Brash Experiment. University of Minnesota Press. p. 118. ISBN   978-1-4529-0372-9.
338. Scott, A.O. (September 18, 2012). "Rekindling the Spirit of the '60s, Even for Those Who Can't Remember". The New York Times . Retrieved July 26, 2014. On the night of Feb. 11, 1967, hundreds – maybe thousands – of people congregated in the international terminal of Kennedy Airport, not to embark on flights to far-flung places but rather, well, it isn't entirely clear or relevant. The gathering was an impromptu party, a nonpolitical demonstration, a happening named, in the spirit of the times, a fly-in. Now we might be inclined to see it as a prehistoric flash mob, an example of the power of communication technology to create instantaneous, ephemeral but nonetheless meaningful communities.
339. Sheila Whiteley (September 2, 2003). The Space Between the Notes: Rock and the Counter-Culture. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN   978-1-134-91662-7.
340. Green, Jonathon (1988). Days In The Life: Voices from the English Underground 1961–1971. Heinemann. ISBN   978-1-448-10444-4. I remember Christopher Hills, who ran the Centre House, calling down one day, 'Can you please not smoke marijuana – we can smell it on the third floor.' After that we put in a guest book which said, 'I am not in possession of any kind of drugs,' and everyone signed it including Yoko Ono
341. Ratliff, Ben (January 11, 2012). "Present at the Counterculture's Creation". The New York Times . Retrieved May 6, 2014.
342. Horwitz, Jane (September 5, 2006). "Backstage: She Hopes 'MacBird' Flies in a New Era". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
343. McNeill, Don (March 30, 1967). "The 1967 Central Park Be-In: A 'Medieval Pageant'". villagevoice.com. Village Voice. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
344. "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle (sourced)". stanford.edu. Martin Luther King, Jr. Research & Education Center. 25 April 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
345. "Photos: Nashville race riots 1967". tennessean.com (archive.tennessean.com). February 29, 2008. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
346. "The MOBE: "What are we waiting for?"". pbs.org. PBS / Independent Television Service (ITVS). Retrieved August 11, 2014. After the elections, the committee became the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which organized major anti-war demonstrations that took place in April 1967. In New York City, 400,000 protesters marched from Central Park to the United Nations, with speakers including Martin Luther King Jr., and Stokely Carmichael. 75,000 gathered for a similar rally in San Francisco.
347. Hlavaty, Craig (April 28, 2014). "47 years ago today, Muhammad Ali refused the draft in Houston". chron.com. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 5, 2014. (Report with photos) Forty-seven years ago today, Muhammad Ali made headlines for refusing to be drafted into the U.S. Army on the grounds of being a conscientious objector, and it all happened here in Houston. It would set off a chain of events that wouldn't cease until a 1971 Supreme Court decision reversed his conviction.
348. "Pink Floyd – John Lennon & The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream". YouTube. Retrieved 2018-08-08. Footage from the 14 Hour Technicolor dream
349. Walt Crowley (1995). Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle. University of Washington Press. p. 83. ISBN   978-0-295-97492-7.
350. Winkler, Adam (July 24, 2011). "The Secret History of Guns". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved October 10, 2014. It was May 2, 1967, and the Black Panthers' invasion of the California statehouse launched the modern gun-rights movement.
351. "Yarrowstalks Archives". library.temple.edu. Temple University. 1977. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014. Twelve issues of Yarrowstalks were published in Philadelphia from 1967 until 1975. Most of the activity was concentrated at the beginning of the period, in the heyday of underground press activity. The "summer of love" in 1967 saw the birth of about 100 underground publications nationwide, and Yarrowstalks was one of the first. It was the most physically appealing of the first wave in its creative use of color and artwork. In contrast to the other Philadelphia papers, Yarrowstalks leaned away from the politics. Like New York's East Village Other and the San Francisco Oracle, Yarrowstalks was among the first underground paper to explore the graphic possibilities of cold-type offset printing. Color was splashed over pages with sketches and text. The Oracle, particularly, was responsible for making newspaper graphics an art form, and it published some of the most beautiful and trend-setting psychedelic art of the 1960s. Yarrowstalks was Philadelphia's Oracle, and it was the first of the undergrounds to publish the cartoons of Robert Crumb, an ex-Hallmark illustrator who has become the leading artist of underground "commix." In his character, Mr. Natural, he captured the feeling of the movement. Mr. Natural graced Yarrowstalks that summer and subsequently appeared in most of the alternative publications in the country.
352. Peter Hitchens (January 3, 2013). The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs. A&C Black. p. 107. ISBN   978-1-4411-7331-7.
353. Bryson, William (May 22, 1967). "Texas Southern University: Born in Sin, A College Finally Makes Houston Listen". thecrimson.com. Retrieved October 15, 2014. Since this article was written, the situation at Texas Southern has become even worse. A policeman was killed in rioting last week, and 488 people were arrested.
354. Crane, Ralph (April 1967). "1967: Pictures from a Pivotal Year". Time. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
355. "VVAW / FAQ / Who founded Vietnam Veterans Against the War?". vvaw.org. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Retrieved October 15, 2014. On June 1, 1967, six Vietnam veterans gathered in Barry's apartment to form VVAW. Another vet associated with the early days of VVAW is Carl Rogers. Rogers held a press conference upon his return from his Vietnam service as a chaplain's assistant announcing his opposition to the war. Barry recruited him and at some point he became "vice president" of VVAW. Other early influential members who are mentioned are David Braum, John Talbot, and Art Blank. Jan Barry also lists Steve Greene and Frank (Rocky) Rocks
356. Walter C. Rucker; James N. Upton (2007). Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-33302-6.
357. Light, Alan (2007-07-12). "Summer of Love: London – Tightly knit, decadent and explosively creative, the scene was too good to last". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
358. • Selvin, Joel (1999). Summer of Love The Inside Story of LSD, Rock & Roll, Free Love, and High Times in the Wild West. Cooper Square Press. ISBN   9780815410195.
     • Selvin, Joel; Young, Malcolm C. (June 11, 2017). "The Summer of Love". The Forum at Grace Cathedral. Grace Cathedral, San Francisco – via vimeo.
     • Selvin, Joel; Young, Malcolm C. (June 11, 2017). "The Summer of Love". The Forum at Grace Cathedral. Grace Cathedral, San Francisco – via YouTube. With the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love sparking celebrations and events throughout San Francisco, we invite the New York Times best-selling author of Summer of Love: The Inside Story of LSD, Rock & Roll, Free Love and High Times in the Wild West and former San Francisco Chronicle senior pop music critic Joel Selvin to offer his insights into the lasting impact of the 1967 cultural revolution that was born in the Haight-Ashbury.
     • Gene Anthony (1980). The Summer of Love: Haight-Ashbury at Its Highest (PDF). John Libbey Eurotext. ISBN   0867194219. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2007.
359. "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: #1- The Beatles, 'Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 2012-05-31. Retrieved October 18, 2014. At the same time, Sgt. Pepper formally ushered in an unforgettable season of hope, upheaval and achievement: the late 1960s and, in particular, 1967's Summer of Love. In its iridescent instrumentation, lyric fantasias and eye-popping packaging, Sgt. Pepper defined the opulent revolutionary optimism of psychedelia and instantly spread the gospel of love, acid, Eastern spirituality and electric guitars around the globe. No other pop record of that era, or since, has had such an immediate, titanic impact. This music documents the world's biggest rock band at the very height of its influence and ambition.
360. The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-19-516921-8.
361. Paul Hegarty; Martin Halliwell (June 23, 2011). Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN   978-1-4411-1480-8.
362. Newman, Jason (2014-06-14). "The Untold and Deeply Stoned Story of the First U.S. Rock Festival: How the Doors, Byrds and nearly 30 other bands, a pack of Hells Angels and a lot of drugs made history at Fantasy Fair & Magic Mountain". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-03-20. On June 10th and 11th, 1967 – one week before the Monterey Pop Festival and two years before Woodstock – tens of thousands of Bay Area music fans converged on the Sydney B. Cushing Memorial Amphitheatre on Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California, for the first U.S. rock festival. Conceived as a promotion for the KFRC 610 AM radio station, the Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival featured more than 30 acts, including the Doors, Jefferson Airplane, the Byrds and Captain Beefheart & the Magic Band, as well as a group of Hells Angels and an "acid doctor" to mitigate bad trips. Arguably, the festival was the true start of the Summer of Love, and this is its previously untold story.
363. Coleman, Arica (2016-06-10). "What You Didn't Know About Loving v. Virginia". Time. Retrieved 2016-08-10. The landmark civil rights Supreme Court case – which made it illegal to ban interracial marriage – was about more than black and white
364. "Paul McCartney admits taking LSD". 94.7 WCSX-Greater Media. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-06. Video of McCartney Interview
365. Thompson, Thomas (16 June 1967). "Life – New Far-Out Beatles".
366. Barney Hoskyns (December 9, 2010). Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN   978-1-118-04050-8.
367. "The Monterey Pop Festival reaches its climax". history.com. A&E Television Network. Retrieved 2018-05-29. Some 200,000 people attended the Monterey Pop Festival over its three-day schedule, many of whom had descended upon the west coast inspired by the same spirit expressed in the Scott McKenzie song "San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Flowers In Your Hair)," written by festival organizer John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas expressly as a promotional tune for the festival. The Summer of Love that followed Monterey may have failed to usher in a lasting era of peace and love, but the festival introduced much of the music that has come to define that particular place and time.
368. Roger Beebe; Jason Middleton (September 5, 2007). Medium Cool: Music Videos from Soundies to Cellphones. Duke University Press. p. 256. ISBN   978-0-8223-9020-6.
369. George Martin (October 15, 1994). All You Need Is Ears: The Inside Personal Story of the Genius who Created The Beatles. St. Martin's Press. p. 193. ISBN   978-0-312-11482-4.
370. "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture". Time Magazine. 1967-07-07. Retrieved 2015-11-16. Article Summary: One sociologist calls them "the Freudian proletariat." Another observer sees them as "expatriates living on our shores but beyond our society." Historian Arnold Toynbee describes them as "a red warning light for the American way of life." For California's Bishop James Pike, they evoke the early Christians: "There is something about the temper and quality of these people, a gentleness, a quietness, an interest – something good." To their deeply worried parents throughout the country, they seem more like dangerously deluded dropouts, candidates for a very sound spanking and a cram course in civics – if only they would return...
371. Preston, John (2010-03-07). "London Calling by Barry Miles: review – The louche, the drunk, the ridiculously avant garde... London Calling by Barry Miles offers an entertaining tour of the capital's counterculture". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-06-17. That said, it's worth ploughing through almost any amount of detail to get to the story of Emmett Grogan, who in 1967 was one of the speakers who addressed the deeply unalluringly titled Dialectics of Liberation Congress at the Roundhouse in Chalk Farm. Grogan delivered a 10-minute speech all about 'effecting a real inner transformation' that was rapturously received by the assembled hippies. After the applause had died down, Grogan thanked the audience for their generosity, but pointed out that he was not, in fact, the first person to make this speech: it had originally been delivered by Adolf Hitler at the Reichstag in 1937. Whereupon the rapturous audience immediately turned into a baying lynch-mob.
372. Cullen, Tom A. (September 14, 1967). "Americans in London – England is Hippie Heaven". news.google.com/newspapers. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
373. "Photos: Pot Rally at Hyde Park, London (July 16th, 1967)". herbmuseum.ca. The Herb Museum. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2014. "July 1967: A 'Legalise Pot' rally is held in London's Hyde Park; an advertisement in The Times, sponsored by SOMA, a drug research organisation, states: 'The law against marijuana is immoral in principle and unworkable in practice.' Signatories include the Beatles, RD Laing and Graham Greene." – from 100 Years of Altered States, The Guardian Newspaper (July 21, 2002)
374. "Photos and Detroit News page image captures". detroitnews.mycapture.com. The Detroit News. July 1967. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
375. "Beatles' manager Epstein dies". BBC. August 27, 1967. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
376. File:The_Daily_Mirror,_Brian_Epstein_death.jpg
377. Greil Marcus (9 April 2013). The Doors: A Lifetime of Listening to Five Mean Years. PublicAffairs. p. 87. ISBN   978-1-61039-236-5.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
378. Tony Currie (2001). The Radio Times Story . Kelly. p.  118. ISBN   978-1-903053-09-6.
379. Deborah Cartmell (3 August 2012). A Companion to Literature, Film and Adaptation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 448. ISBN   978-1-118-31204-9.
380. Hartlaub, Peter (2013-07-25). "Grateful Dead and the 710 Ashbury St. drug bust of 1967". sfgate.com. Hearst. Retrieved 2016-02-27. SF Chronicle excerpts and photos."
381. "Love on Haight: The Grateful Dead and San Francisco in 1967, University of California Santa Cruz". Death of Hippie was a mock funeral staged on October 6, 1967 meant to signal the end of the Summer of Love. Organized by the Diggers to convince the media to stop covering the Haight, attendees burned underground newspapers and hippie clothing. Leaders carried a coffin down Haight Street and the crowd stopped for a "kneel-in" at the corner of Haight and Ashbury.
382. Bourne, Richard (October 10, 1967). "Che Guevara, Marxist architect of revolution". guardian.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014. Rumours of disagreements with Castro grew. After months of mystery Castro announced that Guevara, who was known to have a garibaldian yearning to liberate the entire Latin American land mass, had resigned Cuban citizenship and left for "a new field of battle in the struggle against imperialism". [web story is reprint of original article]
383. W.J. Rorabaugh Professor of History University of Washington (May 4, 1989). Berkeley at War : The 1960s: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-19-802252-7.
384. Richards, Harvey; Richards, Paul (2013-02-18). "Stop the Draft, December, 1967 – Draft Cards Burning, Sit ins, Stop the Draft Week". Estuary Press. Harvey Richards Media Archive / Paul Richards. Retrieved October 18, 2014. Photos & Text: top the Draft Week in December, 1967 at the Oakland Army Induction Center on Clay Street in downtown Oakland, California had many of the same actions that happened in October, 1967, just two months earlier. There was civil disobedience. Protesters blocked the doorway of the Center and were arrested. This time, protesters also sat down in front of the buses full of draftees. Draft eligible protesters publicly burned their draft cards in an open show of defiance against the draft and the laws that made it illegal to burn your draft card. Noticeably different in these photos is moderation of the police response. The streets were not cleared of protesters. Police did not stand with billy clubs at the ready. In the end, the draftees went into the center and the war machine continued.
385. "1967: Joan Baez arrested in Vietnam protest". BBC News. BBC. October 16, 1967. Retrieved October 18, 2014. Rallies across America have taken place in 30 US cities, from Boston to Atlanta, to protest against the continuing war in Vietnam. In Oakland, California, at least 40 anti-war protesters, including the folk singer Joan Baez, were arrested for taking part in a sit-in at a military induction centre. As many as 250 demonstrators had gathered to try and prevent conscripts from entering the building when the arrests were made. The 'Stop the Draft Week' protests are forming part of a nationwide initiative organised by a group calling itself 'the Resistance'. Accompanied by singing from Baez and others, the sitting protesters forced draftees to climb over them in order to get inside the building. As they entered they were handed leaflets asking them to change their minds, refuse induction and join the protests. Human barricade Police formed a human barricade to enable inductees to pass and then made their arrests. In New York, around 500 demonstrators marched to protest against the draft. Young men placed draft cards into boxes marked 'Resisters'. 181 draft cards and several hundred protest cards were presented to a US Marshal but he refused to accept them. The group then marched to a post office and posted them directly to the Attorney General in Washington. The anti-war movement took on an added gravity yesterday when Florence Beaumont, mother of two, burned herself to death. After soaking herself in petrol she set herself alight in front of the Federal Building, Los Angeles. Counter-demonstrations have been planned by the National Committee for Responsible Patriotism, based in New York. Parades have been scheduled for the weekend in support of "our boys in Vietnam".
386. John Rockwell (3 June 2014). The New York Times the Times of the Sixties: The Culture, Politics, and Personalities That Shaped the Decade. Hachette Books. p. 1. ISBN   978-1-57912-964-4.
387. "N.Y. Police, Students Battle". Chicago Tribune. UPI (1967-10-19) via Chicago Tribune (1967-10-20). 1967-10-20. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
388. Sharin N. Elkholy (March 22, 2012). The Philosophy of the Beats. University Press of Kentucky. p. 239. ISBN   978-0-8131-4058-2.
389. Leen, Jeff (September 27, 1999). "The Vietnam Protests: When Worlds Collided". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2014. The Pentagon march was the culmination of five days of nationwide anti-draft protests organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam – "the Mobe." But a singular spark was provided by the Youth International Party (Yippies), a fringe group whose leaders, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, had announced that they planned an "exorcism" of the Pentagon. They would encircle the building, chant incantations, "levitate" the structure and drive out the evil war spirits.
390. Ron Chepesiuk (January 1, 1995). Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations with Those Who Shaped the Era. McFarland. p. 303. ISBN   978-0-7864-3732-0.
391. "Huey P. Newton Biography: Civil Rights Activist (1942–1989)". biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Newton himself was arrested in 1967 for allegedly killing an Oakland police officer during a traffic stop. He was later convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to two to 15 years in prison. But public pressure – "Free Huey" became a popular slogan of the day – helped Newton's cause. The case was eventually dismissed after two retrials ended with hung juries.
392. Huey P. Newton (September 29, 2009). Revolutionary Suicide (Penguin Classics Deluxe ed.). Penguin Group US. ISBN   978-1-101-14047-5.
393. Fagan, Alexandra. "Rolling Stone's First Issue". rockhall.com. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
394. Barker, Andrew (2014-10-24). "Cream Bassist Jack Bruce Dies at 71". Variety. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
395. James E. Perone (17 October 2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-313-37907-9.
396. "Students Demonstrate Against Dow Chemical Company". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
397. Jim DeRogatis (1 January 2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-634-05548-5.
398. Wenner, Jann (1968-01-20). "Otis Redding: The Crown Prince of Soul Is Dead – The singer dies in a plane crash at 26 years old". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-05-09. Otis Redding, 26 years old, a former well-driller from Macon, Georgia, died in a plane crash in an icy Wisconsin lake on December 10. With him were the five teen-age members of the Bar-Kays, a group which made the popular instrumental, "Soul Finger," and who backed Otis on his recent tours and appearances. Otis was headed from Cleveland, Ohio, to a Sunday evening concert in Madison, Wisconsin. It was his first tour in the private plane he had just purchased. His plane hit the surface of the fog-shrouded Madison lake with tremendous force, widely scattering the debris. He was only four miles from the Madison Municipal Airport. On Tuesday, teams of divers were still dredging the bottom of the lake in a search for the bodies.
399. Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald (23 October 2008). Social History of the United States [10 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 6. ISBN   978-1-59884-128-2.
400. James A. Inciardi (1990). Handbook of Drug Control in the United States . Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  16. ISBN   978-0-313-26190-9.
401. "PCP Fast Facts". www.justice.gov. National Drug Intelligence Center, a component of the U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2018-05-29. PCP is an addictive drug; its use often results in psychological dependence, craving, and compulsive behavior. PCP produces unpleasant psychological effects, and users often become violent or suicidal.
402. Gross, Terry (October 29, 1987). "Tom Wolfe: Chronicling Counterculture's 'Acid Test'". NPR. National Public Radio (US). Retrieved July 9, 2014. Fresh Air: Text & Audio of Interview w/Wolfe
403. "Blue Cheer Biography". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone Magazine. 2001. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2014. Blue Cheer appeared in spring 1968 with a thunderously loud remake of Eddie Cochran's "Summertime Blues" that many regard as the first true heavy-metal record. One of the first hard-rock power trios, the group was named for an especially high-quality strain of LSD. Its manager, Gut, was an ex-Hell's Angel. (This biography originally appeared in The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001))
404. "The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-10-08. With a crash of thunder, the ringing of ominous church bells and one of the loudest guitar sounds in history, a heavy new music genre was born in earnest on a Friday the 13th early in 1970. Its roots stretch back to the late Sixties, when artists like Blue Cheer, Iron Butterfly and Led Zeppelin cranked their amps to play bluesy, shit-kicking rockers, but it wasn't until that fateful day, when Black Sabbath issued the first, front-to-back, wholly heavy-metal album – their gloomy self-titled debut – that a band had mastered the sound of the genre, one that still resonates nearly 50 years later: heavy metal.
405. "'Laugh-In' Comic Alan Sues Dies At 85". sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com. CBS/AP. December 4, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
406. Cheng, Jim (May 26, 2008). "'Laugh-in' comic Dick Martin dies at 86". USA Today. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
407. Oberdorfer, Don (November 2004). "TET: Who Won?; A North Vietnamese battlefield defeat that led to victory, the Tet Offensive still triggers debate nearly four decades later". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
408. James Arnold (September 20, 2012). Tet Offensive 1968: Turning point in Vietnam. Osprey Publishing. p. 88. ISBN   978-1-78200-428-8.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
409. Billboard. March 30, 1968. p. 35. ISSN   0006-2510.
410. Staton, Scott (December 12, 2012). "Neal Cassady: American Muse, Holy Fool". The New Yorker Magazine. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
411. Bass, Jack (2003). "Documenting the Orangeburg Massacre". www.nieman.harvard.edu. Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard / Harvard University. Retrieved July 9, 2014. Campus killings of black students received little news coverage in 1968, but a book about them keeps their memory alive.
412. Goldberg, Philip (2010). American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation – How Indian Spirituality Changed the West . New York, NY: Harmony Books. p.  161. ISBN   978-0-385-52134-5.
413. Paytress, Mark (2003). "A Passage to India". Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970). London: Emap. pp. 15–17.
414. Moyers, Bill (March 28, 2008). "The Kerner Commission – 40 Years Later". pbs.org. Bill Moyers Journal / Public Affairs Television. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ... the Kerner Report, with its stark conclusion that "Our nation is moving towards two societies – one white, one black – separate and unequal" – was a best-seller. It was also the source of great controversy and remains so today.
415. Thernstrom, Stephan; Siegel, Fred; Woodson, Robert (June 24, 1998). "The Kerner Commission Report". heritage.org. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 10, 2014. This lecture was held at The Heritage Foundation on March 13, 1998.
416. "3 Honored for Saving Lives at My Lai". The New York Times . March 7, 1998. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Thirty years after one of the darkest moments in United States military history, three soldiers who happened upon the My Lai massacre and risked their lives to save Vietnamese civilians by aiming their weapons at fellow Americans were proclaimed heroes today by the Army.
417. William Thomas Allison (July 21, 2012). My Lai: An American Atrocity in the Vietnam War. JHU Press. p. 10. ISBN   978-1-4214-0706-7.
418. "Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident: Vol. 1, the Report of the Investigation" (PDF). loc.gov. United States Army. March 14, 1970. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
419. "1968: Anti-Vietnam demo turns violent". BBC. BBC (UK). 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2014. The trouble followed a big rally in Trafalgar square, when an estimated 10,000 demonstrated against American action in Vietnam and British support for the United States.
420. Hoyland, John (2008-03-14). "Power to the people: The year was 1968 and, worldwide, there was revolution in the air. But when John Hoyland attacked John Lennon's politics in a radical paper, he didn't expect the fiery Beatle to rise to the bait" . Retrieved 2016-04-14.
421. Burley, Leo (March 9, 2008). "Jagger vs Lennon: London's riots of 1968 provided the backdrop to a rock'n'roll battle royale" . The Independent. The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved July 11, 2014. Forty years ago, the world was on the brink of revolution. But while Mick was urging insurrection on the streets of London, John was preaching peace and love. In a series of incendiary, rediscovered interviews, Jagger and Lennon reveal themselves as never before or since: battling one another for the soul of rock'n'roll
422. Kennedy, Robert Francis (March 18, 1968). "Robert F. Kennedy Speeches: Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Library & Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2014. I don't want to be part of a government, I don't want to be part of the United States, I don't want to be part of the American people, and have them write of us as they wrote of Rome: "They made a desert and they called it peace."
423. McNeill, Don; Ortega, Tony (March 28, 1968). "The Grand Central Riot: Yippies Meet the Man". villagevoice.com. The Village Voice. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2014. Clip Job: Yip-In Turns Into Bloody Mess as Police Riot at Grand Central (headline from archived article published 2010-04-10)
424. Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 752. ISBN   978-1-57607-812-9.
425. Boxer, Tim. "Photo: Yippies In Grand Central Station". gettyimages.com. Getty Images. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Caption:Members of the Youth International Party, or Yippies, gathering Grand Central Station for a sit-down demonstration New York, New York, March 22, 1968. (Photo by Tim Boxer/Pictorial Parade/Getty Images)
426. Johnson, Lyndon Baines (March 31, 1968). "Presidential Johnson's Address to the Nation, 3/31/68". lbjlibrary.net. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library (video via YouTube). Retrieved July 10, 2014. I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president.
427. Campbell, Howard (September 12, 2012). "Larry Marshall makes sweet Nanny Goat". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2014. The song he recorded at Dodd's Studio One was Nanny Goat which some musicologists and reggae historians say is the first reggae song. Others argue that Toots and the Maytals' Do The Reggay, also done in 1968, and Games People Play by Bob Andy the following year, marked the transition from rocksteady to reggae. But for most, Nanny Goat was the game-changer.
428. Kevin O'Brien Chang; Wayne Chen (1998). Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music . Temple University Press. p.  129. ISBN   978-1-56639-629-5.
429. Don Voorhees (October 4, 2011). The Super Book of Useless Information: The Most Powerfully Unnecessary Things You Never Need to Know. Penguin. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-101-54513-3.
430. Cox Commission (1968). Crisis at Columbia (Cox Commission Report) (Paperback). Random House / First Vintage Press. p. 222. Report of the Fact Finding Commission Appointed to Investigate the Disturbances at Columbia University in April and May 1968
431. "Reservists Lose Plea, High Court OK's Vietnam Duty". AP via Milwaukee Journal. October 28, 1968. Retrieved July 10, 2014.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
432. "Complete Transcript of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial" (PDF). thekingcenter.org. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
433. Flock, Elizabeth (April 12, 2012). "Martin Luther King assassination in 1968 a 'cruel and wanton act'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2014. After King's death, riots spread through Memphis. Some 4,000 National Guard troops were ordered into the city, and a curfew was imposed on the city...The riots soon spread across the nation – to Chicago, Baltimore, Kansas City and Washington, D.C.
434. "Youth: The Politics of YIP". Time Magazine. No. April 5, 1968. April 5, 1968. Vol. 91 No. 41
435. "Interview: Eldridge Cleaver". PBS / Frontline (US). Retrieved July 10, 2014. Bobby Hutton didn't get wounded during the shootout, but they murdered him after we were in custody.
436. Pear, Robert (July 12, 1981). "Plan to Merge FBI and Drug Agency Pressed ( NY Times)". The New York Times . Retrieved July 11, 2014. The Bureau of Narcotics, a Treasury Department agency established in 1930, was combined in 1968 with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, a unit of the Food and Drug Administration, to form the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, within the Justice Department. Then, with the transfer of more than 500 narcotics investigators from the Treasury's old Bureau of Customs, the Drug Enforcement Administration was created in 1973.
437. Law, Lisa. "Lisa Law Photo Index". americanhsitory.si.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
438. Emmis Communications (November 1991). "Texas Monthly". Domain: The Lifestyle Magazine of Texas Monthly. p. 118. ISSN   0148-7736.
439. Alverson, Brigid (27 June 2014). "Felix Dennis, defendant in Rupert Bear obscenity case, dies". comicbookresources.com. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
440. Poggioli, Sylvia (May 13, 2008). "Marking the French Social Revolution of '68". NPR. Morning Edition /National Public Radio (US). Retrieved July 10, 2014. Audio, Text & Photos
441. "People & Events: Paris Peace Talks". pbs.org. PBS/WGBH/American Experience (US). Retrieved July 10, 2014.
442. Robert Dallek (March 19, 1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 . Oxford University Press. p.  738. ISBN   978-0-19-977190-5.
443. Christine Bragg (2005). Vietnam, Korea and US Foreign Policy 1945-75. Heinemann. p. 153. ISBN   978-0-435-32708-8.
444. ""Catonsville 9" All Get Prison". AP via Milwaikee Journal. November 8, 1968. Retrieved July 10, 2014.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
445. "Actor, Director Tim Robbins Takes Up Historic Vietnam War Protest in Production of "The Trial of the Catonsville Nine"". Democracy Now . Juan Gonzalez. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Tim Robbins: Nine Catholic activists – Father Daniel Berrigan, his brother Philip Berrigan and seven others – broke into the draft board, Catonsville, Maryland, and burned about 350 draft records, dragged them outside and burned them with homemade napalm in an act of protest against the Vietnam War... They waited for the police to arrive, and they waited for the trial to happen... it became a very large issue and went nationwide, and these moral questions that these Catholics were asking did become part of the national conversation.
446. Lewis, Daniel (30 April 2016). "Daniel J. Berrigan, Defiant Priest Who Preached Pacifism, Dies at 94". The New York Times . Retrieved 16 December 2016. A defining point was the burning of Selective Service draft records in Catonsville, Md., and the subsequent trial of the so-called Catonsville Nine, a sequence of events that inspired an escalation of protests across the country; there were marches, sit-ins, the public burning of draft cards and other acts of civil disobedience.
447. "Rioting in Louisville, KY (1968)". nkaa.uky.edu. University of Kentucky. 2003–2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2014. The skirmish escalated, growing into a full-fledged riot in the West End, lasting for almost a week. Six units of the national guard, over 2,000 guardsmen, were ordered to Louisville. Looting and shooting occurred, buildings were burned, two teens were killed, and 472 people were arrested
448. Robert Niemi (January 1, 2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 305. ISBN   978-1-57607-952-2.
449. Smith, Jack (June 3, 1968). "Photo: Andy Warhol being lifted into an ambulance after he was shot, June 3, 1968". warhol.org. The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
450. Kaplan, Michael (2018-06-02). "I could have saved Andy Warhol from being shot". New York Post. The New York Post. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
451. Granberry, Michael (June 5, 2014). "Forty-six years ago today, an assassin shot Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, stamping 1968 as the year that forever changed America". dallasnews.com. The Dallas Morning News Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
452. Christopher P. Lehman (October 26, 2006). American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961–1973. McFarland. p. 116. ISBN   978-0-7864-5142-5.
453. "The Beatles' 1968 Pop Art masterpiece Yellow Submarine has been digitally restored and re-released to huge acclaim". thebeatles.com. Apple Corps. June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
454. Günter Bischof; Stefan Karner; Peter Ruggenthaler (2010). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-0-7391-4304-9.
455. "The 1968 Democratic National Convention: At the height of a stormy year, Chicago streets become nightly battle zones". Chicago Tribune. August 26, 1968. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
456. Kenneth Womack; Todd F. Davis (February 1, 2012). Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four. SUNY Press. p. 149. ISBN   978-0-7914-8196-7.
457. Elwood Watson; Darcy Martin (21 August 2004). "There She Is, Miss America": The Politics of Sex, Beauty, and Race in America's Most Famous Pageant. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. ISBN   978-1-4039-6301-7.
458. W. Joseph Campbell (2010). Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism . University of California Press. p.  174. ISBN   978-0-520-25566-1.
459. Ali, Lorraine (2018-04-24). "'The Mod Squad,' 'Adam-12' and how TV brought the counterculture into 1968's cop shows". Los Angeles Times via Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-04-25. "The Mod Squad" featured a multiracial trio of nonconformist crime fighters: Long-haired rebel Pete. Black activist Linc. Flower girl Julie. On other long-running detective shows of the era, such as "Dragnet," they would have been cast as the disrespectful young people arrested during aimless protests or a raid on a free-love cult.
460. "Whole Earth History: 1968 to 1988". wholeearth.com. New Whole Earth LLC. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2014. 1968: Stewart Brand initiates The Whole Earth Catalog as "a Low Maintenance, High Yield, Self Sustaining, Critical Information Service." Self-published, with no advertising, it sold 1000 copies at $5 each.
461. Stern, Jane; Stern, Michael (December 9, 2007). "Access to Tools (Book Review: Counterculture Green)". The New York Times . Retrieved March 8, 2015. Kirk's book uses the genesis and evolution of Whole Earth as an opportunity to survey the sea change in environmental and design attitudes that emerged in the 1960s counterculture but, he notes emphatically, eventually outgrew it.
462. Richman, Joe; Diaz-Cortes, Anayansi (December 1, 2008). "Mexico's 1968 Massacre: What Really Happened? (Text, Audio, & Photo Gallery)". NPR. Radio Diaries / All Things Considered / US National Public Radio. Retrieved March 8, 2015. Government sources originally reported that four people had been killed and 20 wounded, while eyewitnesses described the bodies of hundreds of young people being trucked away. Thousands of students were beaten and jailed, and many disappeared. Forty years later, the final death toll remains a mystery, but documents recently released by the U.S. and Mexican governments give a better picture of what may have triggered the massacre.
463. Cosgrove, Ben; Dominis, John (October 14, 2013). "The Black Power Salute that Rocked the 1968 Olympics". Time. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2015. When Olympic sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos stood atop the medal podium at the 1968 Summer Games in Mexico City, bowed their heads and raised black-gloved fists during the playing of the national anthem, millions of their fellow Americans were outraged. But countless millions more around the globe thrilled to the sight of two men standing before the world, unafraid, expressing disillusionment with a nation that so often fell, and still falls, so short of its promise.
464. Maraniss, David (2015). Once in a Great City: A Detroit Story (First ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp.  247–272. ISBN   978-1-4767-4838-2.
465. "Oct 18, 1968: John Lennon and Yoko Ono arrested for drug possession". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
466. Robert Niemi (2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 155. ISBN   978-1-57607-952-2.
467. Randolph Lewis (1 November 2000). Emile de Antonio: Radical Filmmaker in Cold War America. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 151. ISBN   978-0-299-16913-8.
468. "Cold War Chronicles: The Films of Emile de Antonio". harvard.edu. Harvard Film Archive. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
469. "On This Day: 27 October". BBC News. BBC. 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2015. The turnout for the march was around 25,000, half the number predicted by police and organisers. But, far from being disappointed at the low turnout Mr Ali said; "This is not the end. This is the beginning of the campaign."
470. "Oct 31, 1968: President Johnson announces bombing halt". A&E Television Networks. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
471. "Material at the LBJ Library Pertaining to the October 31, 1968 Bombing Halt" (PDF). lbjlibrary.net. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library & Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2014. This list highlights several key files that contain material on the October 31, 1968, bombing halt.
472. "Nixon wins heated battle". November 6, 1968. Retrieved July 10, 2014. 25 years ago...
473. "Political Roundup: Humphrey, Nixon, Wallace". news.google.com. AP via Washington Observer-Reporter. October 19, 1968. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
474. Lynskey, Dorian (28 April 2011). "The Monkees' Head: 'Our fans couldn't even see it'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2016. It's a fourth-wall-shattering, stream-of-consciousness black comedy that mocks war, America, Hollywood, television, the music business and the Monkees themselves. These days, it is fondly remembered as one of the weirdest and best rock movies ever made, and a harbinger of the so-called New Hollywood. Quentin Tarantino and Edgar Wright are both fans. DJ Shadow and Saint Etienne have sampled its dialogue. According to director Bob Rafelson, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones both requested private screenings, while Thomas Pynchon attended a screening disguised as a plumber. But to the fans who had made the Monkees household names, it might as well never have existed. "The movie dropped like a ball of dark star," says bassist Peter Tork. "The simile of a rock in the water is too mild for how badly that movie did."
475. Yoram Allon; Del Cullen; Hannah Patterson (2002). Contemporary North American Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide . Wallflower Press. p.  435. ISBN   978-1-903364-52-9.
476. Springer, Denize (September 22, 2008). "Campus commemorates 1968 student-led strike". sfsu.edu. SF State News (University Communications). Retrieved July 11, 2014. The five-month event defined the University's core values of equity and social justice, laid the groundwork for establishment of the College of Ethnic Studies...
477. Schevitz, Tanya (October 26, 2008). "S.F. State to mark 40th anniversary of strike". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved July 11, 2014. Pioneer in ethnic studies: Early in 1969, the university agreed to many of the student demands, including the establishment of the nation's first and only college of ethnic studies. The strike ended March 20.
478. "Archival Videos". diva.sfsu.edu. San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
479. Linda Martin; Kerry Segrave (1993). Anti-rock: The Opposition to Rock 'n' Roll. Perseus Books Group. pp. 187–188. ISBN   978-0-306-80502-8.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
480. John Lennon (October 1, 2013). Skywriting by Word of Mouth. HarperCollins. p. 18. ISBN   978-0-06-231986-9.
481. File:TwoVCover.jpg
482. "The Beatles (White Album): Releases". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved July 11, 2014. Release Date: November 22, 1968
483. "The Earthrise Photograph". Abc.net.au. December 24, 1968. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
484. "Remembering Ford & Sydeman Halls – The Student Occupation of Ford Hall, January 1969". lts.brandeis.edu. Brandeis University Archives & Special Collections. Retrieved December 31, 2014. On January 8, 1969, approximately seventy African American students took control of Ford and Sydeman Halls. The students quickly presented the administration with a list of ten demands for better minority representation on campus. Although the administration did not come to an agreement on all ten demands, the students left Ford and Sydeman Halls on January 18th, eleven days after the occupation began. The administration did grant most of the students amnesty, and President Morris Abram stated that every legitimate demand would be met in good faith.
485. Schneider, Keith; Barboza, Tony (2018-01-04). "California offshore drilling could be expanded for the first time since 1984 under federal leasing proposal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-07. A devastating, 100,000-barrel spill in Santa Barbara in 1969 killed thousands of seabirds and led to the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act, the foundation of U.S. environmental law, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. The 260,000-barrel Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound in 1989 exposed thousands of that state's residents to the beach-fouling consequences of spilled oil. The 4.9-million-barrel Deepwater Horizon disaster, the worst offshore oil spill in U.S. history, stirred new and broad opposition to offshore development.
486. Lindeman, Tracey (February 15, 2014). "A look back at Montreal's race-related 1969 Computer Riot". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 31, 2014. Forty-five years ago this week, violent protests and a 14-day sit-in over racism at Sir George Williams University exploded, causing $2 million in damage for the school.
487. Runtagh, Jordan (2016-01-29). "Beatles' Famous Rooftop Concert: 15 Things You Didn't Know". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-10-16. George's rosewood ax, mics wrapped in pantyhose and Orson Welles' alleged son – the wild truth about the Fab Four's final show
488. "Spectators Guide to the New Troublemakers". The Village Voice. 1969-01-16. Retrieved 2015-11-27. Advertisement for the February, 1969 edition of Esquire published in the Village Voice
489. McCormick, Dennis; Archival Reports (1969). "Peaceful protests lead to turmoil on Madison's campus". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
490. "ACLU History". ACLU.org. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
491. Burks, John (2010-12-10). "Jim Morrison's Indecency Arrest: Rolling Stone's Original Coverage". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-02. Jim Morrison, the Doors' cataclysmic, electroplastic lead singer, finally let it all hang out at a March 2nd concert in Miami, Florida, and in the outraged aftermath became the object of six arrest warrants, including one for a felony charge of "Lewd and lascivious behavior in public by exposing his private parts and by simulating masturbation and oral copulation." [Original article with discussion by author].
492. Johnston, Maura (2010-12-09). "Jim Morrison Pardoned By Florida Clemency Board: Doors lead singer's indecent exposure conviction stems from 1969 incident". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-10-05. On Thursday, Florida's Clemency Board pardoned the late Doors frontman Jim Morrison for two misdemeanor convictions stemming from a 1969 incident in which he allegedly exposed himself. The pardon was requested by outgoing Florida Gov. Charlie Crist and the state Clemency Board unanimously granted it. In March 1969, a bearded, drunken Morrison was performing at the Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami when, during the performance, he allegedly asked the audience, "Do you wanna see my cock?" After the audience of more than 10,000 fans responded, he pulled down his pants and briefly simulated masturbation.
493. Graeme Thomson (11 October 2013). George Harrison: Behind The Locked Door. Music Sales Group. p. 215. ISBN   978-0-85712-858-4.
494. Fawcett, Anthony (1976). "THE PEACE POLITICIAN – THE BED-INS-AMSTERDAM AND MONTREAL". imaginepeace.com. Grove Press via Imagine Peace. Retrieved July 16, 2014. From the (Anthony Fawcett) book One Day at a Time
495. Marc Jason Gilbert (2001). The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-275-96909-7.
496. "This Day in History. Vietnam War:Westmoreland requests more troops". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved August 13, 2014. Gen. William Westmoreland, senior U.S. military commander in Vietnam, sends a new troop request to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Westmoreland stated that he needed 542,588 troops for the war in Vietnam in 1967 – an increase of 111,588 men to the number already serving there. In the end, President Johnson acceded to Westmoreland's wishes and dispatched the additional troops to South Vietnam, but the increases were done in an incremental fashion. The highest number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam was 543,500, which was reached in 1969.
497. Gross, Terry (2010-10-15). "'The Uncensored Story' Of The Smothers Brothers". npr.og. National Public Radio (US). Retrieved 2016-04-14. Undeniably, CBS wanted Tom and Dick Smothers off the air because of the ideas they were espousing on their show, but eventually removed them by claiming that the brothers had violated the terms of their contract by not delivering a copy of that week's show in time. It was like the feds busting Al Capone: the crime for which he was convicted was a mere technicality, but it got Capone off the streets. In the case of CBS and the Smothers Brothers, they got them off the air. Fired, not canceled, as Tom Smothers invariably corrected people in an effort to set the record straight.
498. "TV Ratings 1968–69". classictvhits.com. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
499. Donovan, Lauren (2008-05-09). "40th anniversary of infamous Zip to Zap party nears". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved 2016-10-05. Between 1,000 and 2,000 mostly college students converged on Zap, a coal mine hamlet in Mercer County. The press was there and worldwide headlines resulted when the Guard moved in and rousted the by-then sleepy kids out of town, causing thousands of other Zap-bound students to turn around.
500. Rosen, Rebecca (2014-02-14). "Video: Ronald Reagan's Press Conference After 'Bloody Thursday': An angry governor shows no patience for his critics following a confrontation between Berkeley students and the National Guard". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-04-14. May of 1969 was a terrifying and unsettling time for students at the University of California, Berkeley. Activist efforts to turn an unused plot of university land into a park, "People's Park," were met with, at first, mild bureaucratic resistance, but tensions soon escalated, and, ultimately, Governor Ronald Reagan decided to break up a rally by sending in California's National Guard.
501. Elizabeth L. Wollman (November 6, 2006). The Theater Will Rock: A History of the Rock Musical, from Hair to Hedwig. University of Michigan Press. p. 77. ISBN   0-472-11576-6.
502. Lennon, John; Lennon, Yoko Ono (May 1969). "Bed Peace". imaginepeace.com. Bag Productions / Yoko Ono Lennon. Retrieved January 14, 2015. In 1969, John and I were so naïve to think that doing the bed-in would help change the world. Well, it might have. But at the time, we didn't know. It was good that we filmed it, though. The film is powerful now. What we said then could have been said now...-Yoko Ono Lennon, 2014. (Film hosted on YouTube.)
503. Len Sperry (31 December 2015). Mental Health and Mental Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being. ABC-CLIO. p. 416. ISBN   978-1-4408-0383-3.
504. "Stars, Drugs and Death: Judy Garland". CBS News. CBS. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 2016-06-19. Judy Garland was found dead in London on June 22, 1969, at the age of 47. The coroner stated that the cause of death was "an incautious self-overdosage" of barbiturates. Her death certificate stated that her death had been accidental.
505. Rimalower, Ben (2016-06-14). "Rufus Wainwright On What Makes Judy Garland a Gay Icon". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
506. Quijano, Elaine; Kennedy, Kim (2015-06-28). "Remembering the Stonewall riot and the start of a movement". CBS News. Retrieved 2016-04-14. Mafia-owned and illegal, the Stonewall was a speakeasy-style bar with a jukebox and a dance floor. "To get in, you had to know the secret codes which is to say 'you're a friend of Dorothy's,'" said Bockman. But in the predawn hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall, full to the rafters, was raided by police. But unlike previous raids, this time the crowd pushed back. A six-day riot between gays and police began.
507. "Brian Jones: Sympathy for the Devil". Rolling Stone. August 9, 1969. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
508. Helmut Staubmann (June 3, 2013). The Rolling Stones: Sociological Perspectives. Lexington Books. p. 123. ISBN   978-0-7391-7672-6.
509. "Rolling Stones to return to Hyde Park". bbc.com. BBC. April 3, 2003. Retrieved October 22, 2014. The Rolling Stones are to perform in London's Hyde Park for the first time since a legendary free concert for an estimated 250,000 people in 1969. The outdoor gig will take place on 6 July, a week after the group's first appearance at the Glastonbury festival. The rock legends famously played in the park just two days after death of guitarist Brian Jones in July 1969.
510. Bernstein, Adam (2010-05-30). "Dennis Hopper dies; actor, director's 'Easy Rider' became a generational marker". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-12-07. Dennis Hopper, 74, an actor and director whose low-budget biker movie Easy Rider made an unexpected fortune by exploring the late 1960s counterculture and who changed Hollywood by helping open doors to younger directors including Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, died May 29 at his home in Venice, Calif.
511. Mathew J. Bartkowiak; Yuya Kiuchi (15 June 2015). The Music of Counterculture Cinema: A Critical Study of 1960s and 1970s Soundtracks. McFarland. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-7864-7542-1.
512. Mastropolo, Frank (14 July 2014). "The Story of the Groundbreaking 'Easy Rider' Soundtrack". utlimateclassicrock.com. Loudwire/Townsquare Media. Retrieved 2018-06-17. The Easy Rider soundtrack was a powerhouse collection of songs that included "The Pusher" by Steppenwolf, the acid rocker "If 6 Was 9" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience and the Band's enigmatic "The Weight," which was included in the movie but covered by the group Smith on the album due to contractual issues.
513. "Pat with Look Magazine article How Hippies Raise Their Children 170519-102031 C4V". Flickr. 2017-05-19.
514. "Life". 18 July 1969.
515. Wilford, John Noble (1969). We Reach the Moon. New York. p. XV. ISBN   9780552082051. The Story of Man's Greatest Adventure
516. Blumenthal, Ralph (January 21, 1973). "Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable". The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
517. Corliss, Richard (March 29, 2005). "That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic". Time . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
518. Paasonen, Susanna; Saarenmaa, Laura (July 19, 2007). The Golden Age of Porn: Nostalgia and History in Cinema (PDF). Retrieved March 30, 2018.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
519. Delamater, John; Plante, Rebecca F. (June 19, 2015). Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities. Springer. p. 416. ISBN   9783319173412 . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
520. "Charles Manson Biography: Charles Manson is an American cult leader whose followers carried out several notorious murders in the late 1960s and inspired the book Helter Skelter". biography.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
521. Woods, William Crawford (August 8, 2013). "From the Stacks (January 4, 1975): "Demon in the Counterculture"". The New Republic. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
522. DeCurtis, Anthony (August 1, 2009). "Peace, Love and Charlie Manson: The Anti-Woodstock?". The New York Times . Retrieved June 5, 2014.
523. Sheffield, Rob (2013-11-21). "Heart of Darkness: A Charles Manson Timeline The helter-skelter life of America's most infamous criminal". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
524. Christopher Gair (2007). The American Counterculture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 205. ISBN   978-0-7486-1989-4.
525. "Volunteers". YouTube . 1969. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
526. "The Dick Cavett Show". YouTube . August 19, 1969. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
527. Colapinto, John (2010-10-21). "The Twilight of Bob Guccione". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
528. "Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)". BBC. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
529. Elber, Lynn (2015-10-13). "H.R. Pufnstuf, surreal 1960s icon, returns to TV". AP via San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
530. Graham, David (2016-04-06). "Remembering Merle Haggard, Outlaw and Poet". The Atlantic Monthly Group. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-05-25. The song was released in 1969 and quickly became a counter-countercultural anthem – capturing backlash against hippies who were protesting the Vietnam War. The song made Haggard a darling of conservatives, and was one of several such songs hailed as anthems of the Silent Majority.
531. Steve Millward (28 September 2014). Different Tracks: Music and Politics in 1970. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 191. ISBN   978-1-78306-476-2.
532. "Linkletter blames LSD for death of daughter". Associated Press. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
533. "Photos: Days of Rage". Chicago Tribune. 1969. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
534. Lelyveld, Joseph (1969-10-22). "Jack Kerouac, Novelist, Dead; Father of the Beat Generation". The New York Times . Retrieved 2016-05-25. Author of 'On the Road' was Hero to Youth – Rejected Middle-Class Values Jack Kerouac, the novelist who named the Beat Generation and exuberantly celebrated its rejection of middle-class American conventions, died early yesterday of massive abdominal hemorrhaging in a St. Petersburg, Fla., hospital. He was 47 years old.
535. Savio, Jessica (April 1, 2011). "Browsing history: A heritage site is being set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". dailybruin.com. The Daily Bruin. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
536. Skarda, Erin (June 28, 2011). "Moratorium Against the Vietnam War, Nov. 15, 1969". Time. Retrieved July 16, 2014. In the frigid fall of 1969, more than 500,000 people marched on Washington to protest U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. It remains the largest political rally in the nation's history.
537. O'Rourke, Tim (2016-06-12). "Chronicle Covers: The end of the Indian occupation of Alcatraz". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-06-19. The occupation lasted 19 months, but its legacy lives on. The Chronicle's front page from June 12, 1971, covers the federal removal of the last of the American Indians who had seized Alcatraz Island in 1969.
538. Starr, Norton (1997). "Nonrandom Risk: The 1970 Draft Lottery". Journal of Statistics Education. v.5, n.2. Abstract: The 1970 draft lottery for birthdates is reviewed as an example of a government effort at randomization whose inadequacy can be exhibited by a wide variety of statistical approaches. Several methods of analyzing these data – which were of life-and-death importance to those concerned – are given explicitly and numerous others are cited. In addition, the corresponding data for 1971 and for 1972 are included, as are the alphabetic lottery data, which were used to select draftees by the first letters of their names. Questions for class discussion are provided. The article ends with a survey of primary and secondary sources in print.
539. "CBS News Special Report". YouTube. CBS. 1969. Retrieved 2016-02-05. Correspondent Roger Mudd reporting.
540. Bobby Rush; Team Ebony (2017-12-04). "Rep. Bobby Rush on the Deaths of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark "They arrested seven Panthers, wounded two and killed Mark Clark and Fred Hampton."". Ebony. Retrieved 2018-04-11. At 4 a.m., they knocked on the door. Mark Clark was on patrol at the time. He said, "who is it?" They said, "Tommy." He asked, "Tommy who?" They said, "Tommy Gun." That's when they started shooting and the bullet shot him in the heart. At that time it was a signal for police to come in shooting from the back. Deborah Johnson was pregnant with Hampton's son, she screamed "stop shooting!" They dragged Deborah out. Hampton was on his bed. He had been shot, one of the police put a sheet over his head and said he was "as good as dead" now. They arrested seven Panthers, wounded two and killed Mark Clark and Fred Hampton.
541. Ian Inglis; Norma Coates (2006). "Chapter 6". Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 58. ISBN   978-0-7546-4057-8.
542. Buckley, Jr., William F. (December 10, 1970). "Altamont was Funeral for the Woodstock Nation". news.google.com. The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2014. Re: release of 'Gimme Shelter'^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
543. Adams, Dominic (2017-02-22). "The Weather Underground, Flint and a campaign of violence". MLIVE. MLive Media Group. Retrieved 2018-04-11. 'Flint, Michigan War Council': Around 300 people packed into a boarded up hall called the Giant Ballroom at 1800 N. Saginaw St. from Dec. 27–31 in 1969, according to MLive-The Flint Journal archives. FBI says otherwise about Flint meetings: FBI documents previously labeled "top secret" and released to the Vault said the War Council meetings in Flint was the last open meeting held by the Weatherman Group. "It was at this meeting that the decision was made to go underground and to engage in guerrilla warfare against the U.S. government," a page read with the heading "WUD 'Flint, Michigan War Council.'"That 'quiet' Weatherman Council in Flint exploded. Weather Underground leader Mark Rudd said in Flint during the group's "War Council" that people should expect violence that will make "the '60s look like a Sunday school picnic," according to a July 24, 1970 Flint Journal article. A federal grand jury in Detroit charged Rudd and 12 others who conspired during the 4-day meeting in Flint in 1969 to commit assassinations and bombings in four U.S. cities, according to the article in MLive-The Flint Journal's archives. The indictments claimed the group met at the Giant Ballroom on Saginaw Street to set up a coordinating agency that would guide bombings in Chicago, Detroit, New York City and Berkeley, Calif. The indictments followed a dozen previous charges unveiled in connection to "Days of Wrath" riots in Chicago. Weatherman members went "underground" following the Chicago indictments, thus the group was then known as Weather Underground. Investigators and law enforcement officials said the meetings were a "failure" at the time and that they were social in nature more than anything.
544. Martin, Douglas (July 12, 2011). "Theodore Roszak, '60s Expert, Dies at 77". The New York Times . Retrieved February 10, 2015. Theodore Roszak, who three weeks after the Woodstock Festival in 1969 not only published a pivotal book about a young generation's drug-fueled revolt against authority but also gave it a name – "counterculture" – died on July 5 at his home in Berkeley, Calif. He was 77.
545. "Michael Brody Interview". nbcuniversalarchives.com. NBC Universal Media. 1970-01-15. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2016-01-24. Michael James Brody, Jr., heir to the oleomargarine fortune and self-proclaimed savior holds a press conference at Kennedy Airport in New York. After disembarking from a plane with his wife, Michael Brody holds a press conference in the arrivals building of the airport. He says he wants to become well known to the public, because he plans to give away $50 million within the next year.
546. "Recipes: Jelke Good Luck Margarine". Duke University. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
547. "New York". Newyorkmetro.com. 14 January 1991. p. 23. ISSN   0028-7369.
548. Fensterstock, Alison (2014-02-07). "Set up, like a bowling pin: A look back at the Grateful Dead's 1970 New Orleans bust, 44 years later". nola.com. New Orleans Times-Picayune/NOLA Media Group. Retrieved 2016-03-01. Text reprint and tearsheet images from original story with analysis by the author.
549. "New Orleans Cops & the Dead Bust: Police in the Big Easy giving bands a hard time". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 1970-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-01. In New Orleans to open up a new ballroom, locally known as "the Warehouse," most of the Dead and their road crew were nailed in a dope raid in the same French Quarters hotel where members of the Jefferson Airplane were busted just weeks before. State and federal narcs rounded up 19 people in the Dead raid, and were none too polite about it, either."
550. Cathy Wilkerson (4 January 2011). Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman. Seven Stories Press. ISBN   978-1-60980-070-3.
551. Graham, Steve (2009-05-08). "Peter Green: Man of the World". BBC. BBC Four/BBC. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Legendary blues guitarist BB King named Peter Green as one of the greatest exponents of the blues, and the 'only guitar player to make me sweat'. If Green had only written Black Magic Woman, his name would still have a place in blues rock history forever. His three short years leading Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac saw the band established as one of the biggest-selling groups of the 1960s. Yet at the height of their fame Green left the group, with his life spiralling into turmoil as drug-induced mental health issues took control. Rumours of his demise began to spread, and sightings of him became notorious. After years battling his mental illness, Green is writing and recording again. Featuring archive performances and interviews with Carlos Santana, Noel Gallagher, founding members of Fleetwood Mac and Green himself, this film tells the story of one of blues rock's living legends.
552. "Peter Green – The Munich LSD Party Incident". YouTube. Route via YouTube. 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Clip from BBC Documentary. Peter Green and members of Fleetwood Mac give their accounts of the infamous LSD party at the Highfisch-Kommune in Munich. Band manager Clifford Davis claims that this was the night that Peter Green and Danny Kirwan became 'seriously mentally ill'. Peter Green says, 'I had a good play there, it was great.' This incident is the genesis for Ada Wilson's novel Red Army Faction Blues, which fully explores the situation the Peter Green walked into that night.
553. Kiron K. Skinner; Annelise Anderson; Ronald Reagan (6 October 2004). Reagan: A Life In Letters. Simon and Schuster. p. 191. ISBN   978-0-7432-1967-9.
554. "Midnight Cowboy". tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 27, 2014. 1969 was an interesting turning point in American cinema and no film better reflects that than Midnight Cowboy. Not only was it the first X-rated film to win the Best Picture Oscar but it presented a view of New York City that was the most bleak and depressing portrait since Ray Milland hit every seedy Manhattan bar in The Lost Weekend (1945).^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
555. Keith M. Booker (March 17, 2011). Historical Dictionary of American Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 25. ISBN   978-0-8108-7459-6.
556. Berman, Eliza (2015-04-22). "Meet the Organizers of the Very First Earth Day". Time. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-26. How a troupe of twenty-somethings mobilized millions of Americans to speak out on the environment
557. Gibbens, Sarah (2018-04-21). "How the Environment Has Changed Since the First Earth Day". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-04-28. When Earth Day was first created in 1970, it rode the coattails of a decade filled with social activism. Voting rights were strengthened, civil rights were outlined, and women were demanding equal treatment. But there was no Environmental Protection Agency, no Clean Air Act, or Clean Water Act. Fast forward 48 years and what started as a grassroots movement has exploded into an international day of attention and activism dedicated to preserving the environment. Officially, the United Nations recognizes this upcoming April 22 as International Mother Earth Day. Across the globe, millions of people take part in Earth Day. According to the Earth Day Network, one of the largest activist bodies organizing Earth Day events, people celebrate by holding marches, planting trees, meeting with local representatives, and cleaning up their local environments.
558. "May 4 Sequence of Events". kentwired.com. kentwired. May 4, 2010. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
559. Bhatia, Kabir (May 3, 2013). "Dean Kahler: visitors' Center helps him move past May 4, 1970". wksu.org. WKSU Public Radio. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
560. Clara Bingham (May 2016). Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul. Random House Publishing Group. p. 449. ISBN   978-0-8129-9318-9.
561. Mary Lou Sullivan; Johnny Winter (2010). Raisin' Cain: The Wild and Raucous Story of Johnny Winter. Backbeat Books. p. 132. ISBN   978-0-87930-973-2.
562. Walker, Jesse (2013-09-13). "Hardhats for Peace, College Kids for War: The surprising shape of public opinion in the Vietnam era". reason.org. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Book Review: Hardhats, Hippies, and Hawks: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement as Myth and Memory. The Hard Hat Riot of May 1970 has managed somehow to be both widely forgotten and universally remembered. The incident itself, in which rampaging New York construction workers beat up hippies and demanded that City Hall raise the American flag, is a piece of historical trivia; most Americans born after it have little inkling that it occurred, and even the people who were around at the time are likely to be hazy on the details. But the image of a pro-war worker in a hardhat punching a privileged protester is enshrined in our cultural memory. It's what the late '60s and early '70s were supposed to look like: college kids who hated the Vietnam War and blue-collar patriots who loved the flag.
563. Carr, Tom (2016). Blood on the Mitten (1st ed.). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. p. 47. ISBN   9781943338078.
564. Pevere, Geoff (2010-06-18). "How Joe and Patton could, 40 years on, play again today". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2017-06-17. Joe, like Patton, had its true-life historical hook. Two months before the movie opened, and on the very same day as the Hard Hat Riot in Manhattan, a middle-aged railroad worker named Arville Douglas Garland entered a Detroit university residence (known, apparently, as a hippie haven) and shot and killed four students – including his daughter and her boyfriend. Although equipped for the rampage with multiple weapons and extra ammo, Garland was ultimately handed a light sentence by the same judge who'd seen Joe as part of his deliberation process and rejected any prospective jurors who'd done the same. Garland was seen to be let off lightly, but justly so by the hundreds of supporters who sent the killer letters endorsing his actions. At the time, it was reported that no one wrote to suggest that Garland had given the murdered kids anything but what they deserved.
565. Jennings, Peter; Jarriel, Tom (May 9, 1970). "5/9/1970: Nationwide Student Strike". ABC News. Retrieved September 26, 2014. Students gather to protest the invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State massacre. (Archival footage including speeches by Benjamin Spock, Jane Fonda, and Ron Young).
566. McNichol, Tom (November 14, 2011). "I Am Not a Kook: Richard Nixon's Bizarre Visit to the Lincoln Memorial". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
567. Suarez, Ray (November 25, 2011). "New Nixon Tapes Reveal Details of Meeting With Anti-War Activists (Text & Video)". pbs.org. PBS Newshour. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
568. Getlen, Larry (August 31, 2014). "How Dock Ellis Dropped Acid and Threw a Ho-Hitter". New York Post. The New York Post. Retrieved September 4, 2014. Later in life, Ellis, who ultimately got straight and became a drug counselor, expressed shame about what he had done. While the LSD no-hitter kept him in the public eye, he came to see it not as a point of pride, but as a sign that his drug use might have robbed him of his greatest professional memory.
569. Witz, Billy (September 4, 2010). "For Ellis, a Long, Strange Trip to a No-Hitter". The New York Times . Retrieved September 21, 2014. But it was Ellis's claim, after he retired, that he threw his no-hitter while under the influence of LSD that cemented his standing as an icon of the sport's counterculture era, making him an intriguing figure to artists, musicians, filmmakers, and journalists – even after his death.
570. Michael Howard Holzman (2008). James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 273. ISBN   978-1-55849-650-7.
571. Loch K. Johnson (1989). America's Secret Power. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN   978-0-19-536153-7.
572. HEARINGS BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION – Volume 2 – Huston Plan (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Senate. September 23–25, 1975.
573. "Angela Davis Arrested in N. Y.; Was On Ten Most Wanted List". thecrimson.com. AP via The Harvard Crimson, Inc. 1970-10-14. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Davis was added on Aug. 18 to the FBI's list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. She has been accused of buying guns used in the attempt on Aug. 7 to free three San Quentin convicts undergoing trial in San Rafael, Calif. She has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution on state charges of murder and kidnapping.
574. "Sterling Hall bombing: Seven men linked by a moment in history". Madison.com. Wisconsin State Journal. August 17, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
575. Breasted, Mary; Ortega, Tony (September 30, 1970). "Women on the March: 'We're a Movement Now!'-1970: The Women's National Strike for Equality". villagevoice.com. The Village Voice. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
576. Eder, Bruce. "Jesus Christ Superstar". allmusic.com. AllMusic, a division of All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
577. Nick Talevski (7 April 2010). Rock Obituaries – Knocking On Heaven's Door. Omnibus Press. p. 272. ISBN   978-0-85712-117-2.
578. Christine Wallace (July 1, 2013). Germaine Greer: Untamed Shrew. Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 184. ISBN   978-1-74334-189-6.
579. "Trudeau Reflects On Four Decades Of 'Doonesbury'". NPR. NPR Morning Edition. October 26, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
580. Carlson, Peter. "When Elvis Met Nixon". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved July 27, 2014. From the Archives: A bizarre encounter between the president and the king of rock and roll
581. File:Elvis-nixon.jpg
582. Gostisha, Dave (2010). "When Elvis Met Nixon". YouTube. condensedmovies.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
583. Nicols, Dana; Chamberlain, Mark (2012-12-01). "The Happening". Laguna Beach Magazine. Retrieved 2017-06-19. Peace, Love and Not Much to Eat "The youth subculture in the United States has found an untraditional way to observe this Christmas weekend. It's another rock festival – but – unlike previous such events, it seems to have happened almost all by itself, with little apparent organization." – CBS News, December 1970
584. Schou, Nick (2010-12-23). "Laguna Beach's Great Hippie Invasion, 40 Years On". ocweekly.com. OC Weekly. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
585. Dan Berger (2006). Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. AK Press. p. 88. ISBN   978-1-904859-41-3.
586. "Is this the most powerful protest film ever made?". Little White Lies. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
587. Jordan Goodman (2005). Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 676. ISBN   978-0-684-31453-2.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
588. Ray Broadus Browne; Pat Browne (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. p. 744. ISBN   978-0-87972-821-2.
589. Gardella, Kay (January 11, 2015). "'All in the Family' introduces the world to foul-mouthed Archie Bunker in 1971". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2015. [Archived/Reprinted.Originally published by the Daily News on January 13, 1971] CBS Gambles on Reality with New Comedy Series
590. Silver, Michael (November 19, 2003). "Where Were You on March 8, 1971?". ESPNClassic. Retrieved June 27, 2014. The country was split between those supporting our efforts in Vietnam and those opposed to the war. Hawks, doves, hard hats, flower children, black power, Woodstock, Kent State and the silent majority were bywords for the most divisive American decade since the American Civil War some 100 years earlier.
591. Fitzpatrick, Frank (April 14, 2014). "When politics enter the playing field". philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2014. People forget the intensity of opposing passions in 1971. No one was neutral. Friends and families were bitterly divided. If you supported the Vietnam War, you supported Frazier. And if you opposed it, you were in the corner of Ali, who had forfeited his title for refusing military induction in 1967.
592. Cosgrove, Ben; Shearer, John. "Ali, Frazier and the 'Fight of the Century': A Photographer Remembers (w/text)". Time. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Long before the first bell of their March 1971 fight sounded, the contest was billed as "The Fight of the Century" and, amazingly, it lived up to the hype. That night, a star-studded crowd watched two of the greatest fighters who ever lived battle for supremacy in the world's premier sports arena.
593. "1971: Row rocks Rolling Stone wedding". BBC News. 12 May 1971. Retrieved 2016-06-07. Mick Jagger and his Nicaraguan-born wife-to-be eventually arrived at 1700. Police and journalists exchanged blows in the frenzy. Hippies turned up on foot and bicycles, mingling with members of the international jet set, who arrived in Rolls Royces for the wedding.
594. "Mick Jagger Rocks His Own Wedding Reception in St. Tropez – The Stones frontman weds Bianca". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 1971-06-10. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
595. Getlen, Larry (2016-06-11). "Mick Jagger's 1971 wedding was 'skin-crawlingly embarrassing'". The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-06-11. The year 1971 had already been a hectic one for the Rolling Stones. In March, at lead singer Mick Jagger's urging, they became the first rock band to declare themselves tax exiles from the UK, relocating to France in order to escape England's high tax rates on the wealthy...The high-class wedding, writes journalist David Hepworth, "marked the establishment of rock and roll as a viable branch of high society."
596. Christopher Gair (2007). The American Counterculture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 165. ISBN   978-0-7486-1989-4.
597. Bergeron, Ryan (2015-06-24). "5 songs you didn't know were about the Vietnam War". CNN. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
598. Sheehan, Neil; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E.W.; Butterfield, Fox (1971). The Pentagon Papers. New York. The Secret History of the Vietnam War. The Complete and Unabridged Series as Published in the New York Times. With key documents and 64 pages of photographs
599. James Riordan; Jerry Prochnicky (30 October 1992). Break on Through: The Life and Death of Jim Morrison. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-688-11915-7.
600. Andrew J. Rausch (25 February 2008). Fifty Filmmakers: Conversations with Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN   978-0-7864-8409-6.
601. Mitchell K. Hall (September 29, 2005). Crossroads: American Popular Culture and the Vietnam Generation. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 166. ISBN   978-0-7425-7586-8.
602. Gina Misiroglu (26 March 2015). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN   978-1-317-47729-7.
603. Krogh, Egil (June 30, 2007). "The Break-In That History Forgot". The New York Times . Retrieved July 28, 2014. The premise of our action was the strongly held view within certain precincts of the White House that the president and those functioning on his behalf could carry out illegal acts with impunity if they were convinced that the nation's security demanded it. As President Nixon himself said to David Frost during an interview six years later, "When the president does it, that means it is not illegal." To this day the implications of this statement are staggering.
604. Berman, Eliza (2015-09-09). "The Only Photographer Allowed at the Attica Prison Riot Remembers Four Days of Chaos". Time. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-08. When the dust settled, 39 people were dead – 29 inmates and 10 corrections employees – with more of the wounded to die in the coming days. It was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the days of the Civil War.
605. Robert Hunter (2004). The Greenpeace to Amchitka: An Environmental Odyssey. arsenal pulp press. ISBN   978-1-55152-178-7.
606. Montgomery, Marc (2015-09-16). "History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace". rcinet.ca. Radio Canada International. Retrieved 2016-06-24. While Greenpeace had started as an anti-nuclear peace organization, it began to concentrate more on environmental issues when joined by two New Zealand scientists in 1975 who were strongly against whaling due to an incident they had witnessed years earlier in British Columbia. They had studied communications between whales trapped by fishermen and those which had managed to stay free.
607. "Est History Is Short but Successful". Los Angeles Times . April 27, 1986. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
608. Landau, Jon (1971-11-25). "Bandleader Duane Allman Dies in Bike Crash". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-19. Duane Allman, the leader and driving force behind the Allman Brothers Band, died Friday, October 29th, from massive injuries received in a motorcycle crash in Macon, Georgia. He was 24. He and the rest of the band had currently been in the middle of their first real vacation in more than two years.
609. Canby, Vincent (1971-11-11). "Movie Review – Film: Frank Zappa's Surrealist '200 Motels'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-27. The title is, perhaps, the best thing about the film that opened yesterday at the Plaza Theater. It cheerily evokes the image of groupies, warm beer, cheeseburgers, overflowing ash trays, efficient plumbing and inefficient air-conditioning, which freezes the air without cleaning it, in an endless chain of identical bed-sitters that are the homes-away-from-home for the members of a touring rock group.
610. Koenig, Rhoda (2007-01-08). "Edie Sedgwick: The life and death of the Sixties star" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2016-06-20. Rich, gorgeous and well-connected, Edie Sedgwick was the party girl who lit up Andy Warhol's golden circle. As her life story comes to the screen, Rhoda Koenig unravels a very Sixties tragedy
611. Dave Thompson (2004). Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story. ECW Press. p. 128. ISBN   978-1-55022-618-8.
612. Kenyon, Peter (2015-03-08). "A Swiss Town, A Casino Fire And 'Smoke On The Water'". NPR. National Public Radio (US). Retrieved 2016-06-12. But for rockers of a certain age, Montreux will always be best known for its rich musical history – including the roaring casino fire that inspired the English rock band Deep Purple's classic "Smoke on the Water." The story goes that on Dec. 4, 1971, Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention were playing a gig at the Montreux casino. The band was nearly 90 minutes into the show, cranking through "King Kong," when someone in the crowd fired a flare gun at the wooden roof, which instantly caught fire.
613. Barnes, Ellen (2010-07-16). "'I Was There': Claude Nobs's True Story Behind 'Smoke on the Water'". gibson.com. Gibson Guitars. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
614. Futter, Isobel (2015-04-15). "For 44th year, marijuana advocates assemble in Ann Arbor". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
615. Huey, Ryan (2018-02-08). "When marijuana was legal in Michigan: 22 days in 1972". Lansing State Journal/Gannet. Retrieved 2018-02-12. The "Free John Now!" campaign culminated in the "John Sinclair Freedom Rally" on December 10, 1971, headlined by John Lennon. Lennon and Yoko Ono took the stage around three in the morning with a dobro guitar and an impromptu band. They closed their short set with a song written especially for the occasion. "It ain't fair, John Sinclair, in the stir for breathing air," Lennon sang. Three days later, John was free. His case convinced the Michigan Supreme Court that marijuana and heroin were not equally dangerous, though state law had treated them that way, misclassifying cannabis as a narcotic and imposing long sentences for possession and sales. The Court released Sinclair from prison and, three months later, declared the state's marijuana laws unconstitutional.
616. Powell, Mimi; Scott Dagostino; Bhisham Kinha. "The Porn Power List". FAB magazine. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
617. Jeffrey Escoffier, "Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution," in Sex Scene. Media and the Sexual Revolution, ed. Eric Schaefer, Duke University Press, 2014, ISBN   9780822356424, pp. 319–347, at p. 319.
618. Canby, Vincent (July 22, 1969). "Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie'". The New York Times . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
619. Canby, Vincent (August 10, 1969). "Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall)". The New York Times . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
620. Comenas, Gary (1969). "July 21, 1969: Andy Warhol's Blue Movie Opens". WarholStars.org. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
621. Haggerty, George E. (2015). A Companion to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Studies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 339. ISBN   9781119000853 . Retrieved March 30, 2018.
622. Lattin, Don (2003-03-02). "Twilight of hippiedom / Farm commune's founder envisions return to the fold as ex-dropouts age". The San Francisco Chronicle / Hearst. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
623. Alinsky, Saul D. (1971). Rules for Radicals (A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals) (Vintage Books Edition, March 1972 ed.). New York: Random House/Vintage. ISBN   0-394-71736-8.
624. "OBOS Timeline: 1969–Present". ourbodiesourselves.org. Our Bodies Ourselves. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
625. John Kenneth Muir (2007). The Rock & Roll Film Encyclopedia . Hal Leonard Corporation. p.  223. ISBN   978-1-55783-693-9.
626. Farber, Jim (2014-01-07). "Neil Young is triumphant during solo acoustic concert at New York's Carnegie Hall". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2018-06-06. Young also made a connection between two moving songs about heroin: Bert Jansch's "Needle of Death" and his own classic on the subject, "The Needle and the Damage Done."
627. "Readers Poll: The Best Neil Young Songs". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
628. Miles, Kathleen (2014-02-14). "These Charts Show Just How Bad America's Heroin Problem Has Become". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
629. Jon Wiener (December 22, 1999). Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files . University of California Press. p.  24. ISBN   978-0-520-92454-3.
630. Getlen, Larry (2016-09-03). "Inside the US government's secret war against John Lennon". The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-09-03. Wildes' book tells the story of the Nixon administration's battle to deport Lennon, ostensibly for a prior conviction in the UK for hashish possession. The real reason? The government feared that Lennon's outspoken stance against the Vietnam War and other political beliefs threatened to influence the country's 18-to-20-year-olds in the 1972 election, just as the national voting age had been lowered.
631. Pincus, Allison (2007-04-03). "The first 'High Noon' march". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved 2016-06-20. he first Hash Bash was held as a celebration after the success of the "Free John Now" campaign that arouse in response to the incarceration of political activist and Ann Arbor local, John Sinclair. Sinclair was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for the possession of two marijuana joints in July 1969.
632. Gentry, Curt (1991). J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (First Plume, 1992-09 ed.). New York: Norton/Penguin/Plume. p.  33. ISBN   0-452-26904-0.
633. Leonard, Kevin (2015-07-09). "Police investigation reveals details of Wallace assassination attempt". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2016-06-14. On that day in Laurel, Wallace, then a Democratic governor from Alabama whose views on race and segregation were becoming more out of place in 1972 America, had just finished his campaign speech when he stepped toward the crowd and was shot by Bremer. Wallace was paralyzed in the shooting and three others were also injured.
634. File:Hanoi Jane.jpg
635. Turchiano, Danielle (2018-07-25). "Jane Fonda Reflects on Vietnam, Talks '9 to 5' Sequel". Variety. PMC. Retrieved 2018-07-26. I'm proud that I went to Vietnam when I did, but what I say in the film is true: I am just so sorry that I was thoughtless enough to sit down on that gun at that time. The message that sends to the guys that were there and their families, it's horrible for me to think about that," she said. "Sometimes I think, 'Oh I wish I could do it over' because there are things I would say differently now.
636. Young, Julius (2018-07-25). "Jane Fonda revisits 'Hanoi Jane' scandal: 'It's just horrible for me to think of that'". Fox News via New York Post. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
637. Henry Kissinger (February 11, 2003). Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War . Simon and Schuster. p.  591. ISBN   978-0-7432-4577-7.
638. "Jet". Jet. 5 June 1975. p. 6. ISSN   0021-5996.
639. Rosner, David; Markowitz, Gerald (May 1, 2005). "Standing up to the Lead Industry: An Interview with Herbert Needleman". Public Health Reports. 120 (3): 330–337. doi:10.1177/003335490512000319. PMC   1497712 . PMID   16134577.
640. Bridbord, Kenneth; Hanson, David (August 2009). "A Personal Perspective on the Initial Federal Health-Based Regulation to Remove Lead from Gasoline". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (8): 1195–1201. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800534. PMC   2721861 . PMID   19672397.
641. "Set Lead Cut In Gasoline EPA Ordered - Agency is Given 30 Days to Make Reduction Ruling". Toledo Blade. Ohio. October 30, 1973. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
642. Edward W. Knappman, ed. South Vietnam: Volume 7, US-Communist Confrontation in Southeast Asia 1972–1973. p. 226.
643. Beschloss, Michael (2012-12-04). "In His Final Days, LBJ Agonized Over His Legacy". pbs.org/newshour. NewsHour Productions LLC. Retrieved 2016-06-24. Johnson was napping in his ranch bedroom when he suffered his last massive coronary, called his beloved Secret Service agent Mike Howard and fell to the floor, almost instantly dead. It was exactly two days after the presidential term he would have served, had he run again in 1968, and almost the same moment that his successor, Richard Nixon, declared a peace in Vietnam that had eluded LBJ and would not last.
644. McBride, Alex (December 2006). "Roe v. Wade (1973)". pbs.org. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
645. Donald E. Lively; Russell L. Weaver (January 1, 2006). Contemporary Supreme Court Cases: Landmark Decisions Since Roe V. Wade. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-33514-3.
646. "On This Day: Paris Peace Accords Signed, Ending American Involvement in Vietnam War". Finding Dulcinea. January 27, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
647. "May 8, 1973: Standoff at Wounded Knee Comes to an End". The Learning Network. May 8, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
648. Sprovtsoff, Rachel. "Ron "Pigepen" McKernan – Artist Biography". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
649. "3/29/73: End of Vietnam War". ABC News. 1973-03-29. Retrieved 2018-06-03. Archival ABC News footage of Nixon address to the nation.
650. "Created – DEA" (PDF). July 1, 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2015.
651. "John Paul Getty III: John Paul Getty III, who died on Saturday aged 54, was once the favourite grandson of the world's richest man but, cursed by the trappings of fabulous wealth, never found health nor happiness". 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2016-06-25. As a tall, freckle-faced youth of 16, he was kidnapped by a gang of Italian petty criminals who blindfolded him and chained him to a stake for five months. Eventually they cut off his right ear as evidence of their willingness to kill him unless a ransom was paid.
652. Michael J. Fitzgerald (August 4, 2013). "Watkins Glen Summer Jam rock concert drew 600,000 in 1973". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
653. Moss, Marissa (2014-09-19). "Flashback: Gram Parsons Dies in the Desert – Remembering the alt-country forebear, who died from an overdose on September 19, 1973". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-01-12. The mythology of Gram Parsons' short life runs deep, but perhaps nothing is as enigmatic as the death of the 26-year-old king of Cosmic American Music, onetime Rolling Stones cohort and founding father of alt-country.
654. Ingrid Croce; Jimmy Rock (May 2015). I Got a Name: The Jim Croce Story. DA CAPO Press. ISBN   978-0-306-82178-3.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
655. Schwartz, Larry. "Billie Jean won for all women". ESPN. Retrieved 2016-08-25. The "Battle of the Sexes" captured the imagination of the country, not just tennis enthusiasts. On Sept. 20, 1973 in Houston, she was carried out on the Astrodome court like Cleopatra, in a gold litter held aloft by four muscular men dressed as ancient slaves. Riggs was wheeled in on a rickshaw pulled by sexy models in tight outfits, "Bobby's Bosom Buddies."
656. Costas, Bob. "Unforgettable Sports Moments: The Battle of the Sexes". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
657. "Nixon Announces New Vice President (Video)". c-span.org. C-SPAN / National Cable Satellite Corporation. Retrieved March 2, 2015. President Nixon announced House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as his choice for vice president to replace Nixon's first vice president, Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. President Nixon also talked about a new outbreak of war in the Middle East and about inflation in the U.S. Mr. Ford also spoke briefly.
658. "Greece Marks '73 Student Uprising". Athens News. Athens, Greece. November 17, 1999. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2014. The Polytechnic Uprising, as it has come to be known, dealt a blow to the self-confidence of the junta leaders and led directly to the toppling of the dictator and chief putschist of the April 21, 1967, coup d'etat that brought the junta to power, Colonel George Papadopoulos.
659. Kilpatrick, Carroll (November 18, 1973). "Nixon Tells Editors, 'I'm Not a Crook'". Washington Post. The Washington Post Co. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
660. "Timothy Leary Was FBI Narc". CBS News. CBS Interactive. 1999-06-30. Retrieved 2015-11-27. Timothy Leary, the counterculture guru whose Â"turn on, tune in, drop outÂ" preachings made him an anti-establishment icon in the 1960s, quietly cooperated with the FBI in 1974 and informed on a radical leftist group in hopes of winning his freedom from jail, newly released FBI records show.
661. Andy Pearson (March 5, 2004). "1974: University 'Cracks' Streaking Record". Red & Black. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
662. John Shearer (April 7, 2014). "The Memorable Streaking Craze Of The 70s". The Chattanoogan. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
663. "Five Slain in Raid on S.L.A". The Chicago Tribune. 1974-05-18. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
664. "Mama Cass". biography.com. A&E Networks. 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
665. Micky Dolenz; Mark Bego (2004). I'm a Believer: My Life of Monkees, Music, and Madness. Cooper Square Press. p. 181. ISBN   978-0-8154-1284-7.
666. Hunter, Marjorie (September 17, 1974). "Ford Offers Amnesty Program Requiring 2 Years Public Work; Defends His Pardon Of Nixon". The New York Times . Retrieved May 21, 2014.
667. File:George Harrison 1974 edited.jpg
668. Seymour M. Hersh (December 22, 1974). "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". Good Times. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
669. "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". Muckraker Farm. December 21, 1974. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
670. "January 27, 1975 Church Committee Created". senate.gov. US Senate. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
671. "Operation Frequent Wind: April 29–30, 1975". usni.org. U.S. Naval Institute. April 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2015. For 125,000 Vietnamese-Americans and their descendants, April 30, 1975 marks the day their lives changed forever. On that date, Saigon fell to the forces of North Vietnam and thousands of "at risk" Vietnamese joined the dwindling number of Americans still left in Vietnam to be evacuated by Operation Frequent Wind a massive assembly of aircraft and ships that became the largest helicopter evacuation in history. With the fall of Saigon imminent, the United States Navy formed Task Force 76 off the coast of South Vietnam in anticipation of removing those "at risk" Vietnamese who had ardently supported our efforts to stop the Communist takeover of South Vietnam.
672. Lee, Vic (January 2, 2007). "Interview: Woman Who Tried To Assassinate Ford". San Francisco: KGO-TV. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
673. Vincent Bugliosi (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. W. W. Norton. p. 1244. ISBN   978-0-393-04525-3.
674. "Patti's Twisted Journey". Time. September 29, 1975. Archived from the original on May 20, 2010.
675. "New York Judge Reverses John Lennon's Deportation order". History Channel/A&E Networks.
676. Zoglin, Richard (June 23, 2008). "How George Carlin Changed Comedy". Time. Retrieved February 25, 2015. When NBC introduced a new late-night comedy show in 1975 called Saturday Night Live, Carlin was the comedian they turned to as the first guest host.
677. Ulster, Laurie (February 13, 2015). "Live from New York – 40 Years Ago – It's Saturday Night!". biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015. But to really understand the beginnings of what is now Saturday Night Live, you first have to forget what it has become. Now it's an institution. Back in 1975, it was pure counterculture. There had been nothing like it before, not really, and Lorne Michaels had to do battle with conventional network thinking to make it what he knew it had to be: a show full of amateurs doing comedy for people the TV industry didn't yet understand.
678. Doug Hill; Jeff Weingrad (15 December 2011). Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live. Untreed Reads. p. 132. ISBN   978-1-61187-218-7.
679. Glass, Andrew (January 21, 2008). "Carter pardons draft dodgers Jan. 21, 1977". Politico. The Politico/Allbritton Communications Company. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
680. Wattenberg, Ben; Wattenberg, Daniel (August 19, 1997). "The Social Revolutionary who Rejected his Progeny". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 4, 2014. More than any other man, Elvis Presley has been assigned ultimate paternity for the children of the '60s. He introduced the beat to everything and changed everything – music, language, clothes; it's a whole new social revolution – the '60s come from it, said composer Leonard Bernstein. Before Elvis, there was nothing, the decade's most representative child, John Lennon, once said. But Elvis repudiated his progeny. Religious, anti-communist, unconflicted capitalist to the end, he neither aligned himself with the Woodstock generation's politics nor joined their countercultural party.
681. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (October 1, 2008). Britannica Guide to 100 Most Influential Americans. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 435. ISBN   978-1-59339-857-6.
682. "John Lennon Biography". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 11, 2014. But on December 8, 1980, Lennon, returning with Ono to their Dakota apartment on New York City's Upper West Side, was shot seven times by a 25-year-old drifter and Beatles fan to whom Lennon had given an autograph a few hours earlier. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. On December 14, at Ono's request, a 10-minute silent vigil was held at 2 p.m. EST in which millions around the world participated.

External links

• 1960s archive with photographs of be-ins and protests
• The 1960s: Years that Shaped a Generation