Timeline of modern American conservatism

Last updated

Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)

This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences that have affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party (GOP). Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide. Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations and Europe and apart from the libertarian wing favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel. [1]

Contents

Although conservatism has much older roots in American history, the modern movement began to gel in the mid-1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, newly energized labor unions and big-city Democratic machines. After World War II, that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism. [2]

Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 election is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was the majority party as during that time the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, but the election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. The Vietnam War split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them. The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the 1950s and at the state and local level since the 1990s.

In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan rejuvenated the conservative Republican ideology, with tax cuts, greatly increased defense spending, deregulation, a policy of rolling back communism, a greatly strengthened military and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo-Christian morality. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the Reagan era. [3] The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years, social issues such as abortion, gun control and gay marriage have become important. Since 2009, the Tea Party movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama, leading to Republican success in the 2010 and 2014 mid-term elections, and the 2016 election, in which Donald Trump was elected president.

Chronology of events

1930s

As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930, 1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals (mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents) come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal. [4]

The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal, as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain (Hearst had supported Roosevelt in 1932, but he parted ways in 1934. [5] Robert R. McCormick, owner of the Chicago Tribune , compared the New Deal to communism. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire. McCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, and socialism. [6]

1934
1935
1936
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribune warning Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab Oliver twist.gif
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribune warning Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab
1937
1938
1939
Robert A. Taft RobertATaft.jpg
Robert A. Taft

1940s

1943
1944
Party change of House seats in 1946 showcasing GOP landslide 80 us house changes.png
Party change of House seats in 1946 showcasing GOP landslide
1945
1946
Warning against communism, 1947 Is this tomorrow.jpg
Warning against communism, 1947
1947
1948

1950s

After the war, businessmen opposed to New Deal liberalism read Hayek, fight labor unions, and fund politicized think tanks such as American Enterprise Institute (founded 1943). They promote statewide right-to-work campaigns. [38]

1950
1951
1952
Russell Kirk Russell Kirk.jpg
Russell Kirk
1953
1955
1957
1958
Barry Goldwater Barry Goldwater photo1962.jpg
Barry Goldwater
1959

1960s

Liberalism made major gains after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, as Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) pushed through his liberal Great Society as well as civil rights laws. An unexpected bonanza helped conservatism in the late 1960s as liberalism came under intense attack from the New Left, especially in academe. This new element, says liberal historian Michael Kazin, worked to "topple the corrupted liberal order." [60] For the New Left "liberal" became a nasty epithet. Liberal commentator E. J. Dionne finds that, "If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew." [61]

"A Time for Choosing" Speech
In support of Goldwater in 1964, Reagan delivers the TV address "A Time for Choosing", a speech which made Reagan the leader of movement conservatism
DateOctober 27, 1964 (1964-10-27)
Duration29:33
LocationLos Angeles, CA, United States
Also known as"The Speech"
TypeTelevised campaign speech
Participants Ronald Reagan
Website Video clip, audio, transcript

Movement conservatism emerges as grassroots activists react to liberal and New Left agendas. It develops a structure that supports Goldwater in 1964 and Ronald Reagan in 1976–80. By the late 1970s, local evangelical churches join the movement. [62] [63] Liberalism faces a racial crisis nationwide. Within weeks of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights law, "long hot summers" begin, lasting until 1970, with the worst outbreaks coming in the summer of 1967. Nearly 400 racial disorders in 298 cities saw blacks attacking shopkeepers and police, and looting stores. [64] Meanwhile, the urban crime rates shoot up. Demands for "law and order" escalate and the backlash causes disillusionment among working class whites with the liberalism of the Democratic Party. [65]

In the mid-1960s the GOP debates race and civil rights intensely. Republican liberals, led by Nelson Rockefeller, argue for a strong federal role because it was morally right and politically advantageous. Conservatives call for a more limited federal presence and discount the possibility of significant black voter support. Nixon avoids race issues in 1968. [66]

Highlights of the 1960 Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois
1960
Cover of Modern Age Modern age fall 1960.jpg
Cover of Modern Age
1961
1962
1963
The controversial "Daisy" Johnson TV commercial in 1964 attacks Goldwater foreign policy as inviting nuclear war [76]
In support of Goldwater, Reagan delivers the address, "A Time for Choosing", which speech launches Reagan to national prominence [78]
1964
In the 1964 presidential election, Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South ElectoralCollege1964.svg
In the 1964 presidential election, Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South
1965
1966
1967
1968 presidential election results in which red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie and orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay ElectoralCollege1968.svg
1968 presidential election results in which red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie and orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay
1968
1969

1970s

Historians Meg Jacobs and Julian Zelizer argue that the 1970s were characterized by "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism," as well as a sharp decline in the proportion of voters who identified with liberalism. [99] Neoconservatism emerges as liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society welfare programs. They increasingly focus on foreign policy, especially anti-communism, and support for Israel and for democracy in the Third World. [100]

While Nixon continues to antagonize and anger liberals, many of his programs upset conservatives. His foreign policy with Henry Kissinger focuses on détente with the USSR and China, and becomes a main target of conservatives. Nixon is uninterested in tax cuts or deregulation, but he does use executive orders and presidential authority to impose price and wage controls, expand the welfare state, require Affirmative Action, grow the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, and create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [101]

1970
1971
Number of Conservative Political Action Conference attendees over time CPACattendeeChart.PNG
Number of Conservative Political Action Conference attendees over time
1972
1973
1974
William F. Buckley Jr. (left) and Ronald Reagan. two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s William Buckley and Ronald Reagan.jpg
William F. Buckley Jr. (left) and Ronald Reagan. two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s
1976
1977
1978
1979
Washington for Jesus, 1980 Washington for Jesus 1980 TL.jpg
Washington for Jesus, 1980

1980s

The decade is marked by the rise of the Christian right and the Reagan Revolution. [129] A priority of Reagan's administration is the rollback of Soviet communism in Latin America, Africa and worldwide. [130] Reagan bases his economic policy, dubbed "Reaganomics", on supply-side economics. [131]

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989

1990s

Clarence Thomas Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg
Clarence Thomas

Conservative think tanks 1990–97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenge the scientific evidence, argue that global warming will have benefits, and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good. [156]

1991
1992
1994
1995
LegislationResult
Welfare reform Passed (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996)
Term limits for Congressmen Did not pass ( U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton )
Balanced budget amendment Did not pass
Increase rights of victims of crimePassed (Taking Back Our Streets Act)
Pro-family tax creditsPassed (American Dream Restoration Act)
Decrease United States role in the United Nations Did not pass
Capital gains tax cutPassed (Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act)
Limit punitive damages on product liability Passed, but vetoed (Product Liability Fairness Act)
1996
Fox News building on 48th Street Fox News 6th 48 jeh.JPG
Fox News building on 48th Street
1997

2000s

The terror attack on September 11, 2001, reorients the administration towards foreign policy and terrorism issues, providing an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy. The Bush Doctrine leads to long-term interventions in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and Iraq (2003–2011). [170]

On the domestic front Bush promises compassionate conservatism and works to improve education, address poverty nationwide, increase financial aid to poor countries and help alleviate AIDS in Africa. [171]

President George W. Bush address to the nation and joint session of Congress Sept. 20.jpg
At a joint session of Congress, President Bush pledges to defend America's freedom against the fear of terrorism, a policy known as the Bush Doctrine, September 20, 2001 (audio only)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sarah Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention Palin waving-RNC-20080903 cropped.jpg
Sarah Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention
2006
Yes on 8 rally in Fresno, California Fresno - Prop 8 Rally.jpg
Yes on 8 rally in Fresno, California
2007
2008
Taxpayer March on Washington TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG
Taxpayer March on Washington
2009

2010s

Numerous historians after 1990 re-examined the role of conservatism in recent American history, according it much greater importance than before. [192] One school of thought rejects the older consensus that liberalism was the dominant ethos. Instead it argues conservatism dominated American politics since the 1920s, with the brief exceptions of the New Deal era (1933–36) and the Great Society (1963–66). [193] However Historian Julian Zelizer argues that "liberalism survived the rise of conservatism." [194]

2010
2010 House election results:dark blue denotes Democratic hold, blue denotes Democratic gain, dark red denotes Republican hold and red denotes Republican gain 2010 House elections.svg
2010 House election results:dark blue denotes Democratic hold, blue denotes Democratic gain, dark red denotes Republican hold and red denotes Republican gain
2012
2014
2016

2017

2018

2020s

2020

2021

2022

See also

Timelines

Footnotes

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  104. see his article
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