ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

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Trace Gas Orbiter
ExoMars 2016 TGO and EDM trans-small.png
Artist's illustration of ExoMars 2016
Mission type Mars orbiter
Operator ESA  · Roscosmos
COSPAR ID 2016-017A
SATCAT no. 41388
Website http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475
Mission durationPlanned: 7 years [1] [2]
Elapsed: 3 years, 1 month, 1 day
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Thales Alenia Space
Launch mass3,755 kg (8,278 lb) [3]
Payload massInstruments: 113.8 kg (251 lb) [3]
Schiaparelli: 577 kg (1,272 lb) [3]
Dimensions3.2 × 2 × 2 m (10.5 × 6.6 × 6.6 ft) [3]
Power~2000 W [3]
Start of mission
Launch date14 March 2016, 09:31 (2016-03-14UTC09:31)  UTC [4]
Rocket Proton-M/Briz-M
Launch site Baikonur 200/39
Contractor Khrunichev
Orbital parameters
Reference system Areocentric
Regime Circular
Eccentricity 0
Periareion 400 km (250 mi)
Apoareion 400 km (250 mi)
Inclination 74 degrees
Period 2 hours
Epoch Planned
Mars orbiter
Orbital insertion19 October 2016, 15:24 UTC [5]
Transponders
Band X band
UHF band
Frequency390–450 MHz
TWTA power65 W
ExoMars 2016 insignia.png
ESA mission insignia for the ExoMars 2016 launch, featuring the Trace Gas Orbiter (left) and Schiaparelli (right).
ExoMars programme
 

The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO or ExoMars Orbiter) is a collaborative project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos that sent an atmospheric research orbiter and the Schiaparelli demonstration lander to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars programme. [6] [7] [8]

European Space Agency intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space

The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €5.72 billion in 2019.

Roscosmos space agency of Russia

The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is a state corporation responsible for the wide range and types of space flights and cosmonautics programs for the Russian Federation.

An orbiter is a space probe that orbits a planet or other astronomical object.

Contents

The Trace Gas Orbiter delivered the Schiaparelli lander on 16 October 2016, which crashed on the surface. [9]

The orbiter began aerobraking in March 2017 to lower its initial orbit of 200 by 98,000 km (120 by 60,890 mi). Aerobraking concluded on 20 February 2018 when a final thruster firing resulted in an orbit of 200 by 1,050 km (120 by 650 mi). [10] Additional thruster firings every few days raised the orbiter to a circular "science" orbit of 400 km (250 mi), which was achieved on 9 April 2018. [11]

Aerobraking spaceflight maneuver

Aerobraking is a spaceflight maneuver that reduces the high point of an elliptical orbit (apoapsis) by flying the vehicle through the atmosphere at the low point of the orbit (periapsis). The resulting drag slows the spacecraft. Aerobraking is used when a spacecraft requires a low orbit after arriving at a body with an atmosphere, and it requires less fuel than does the direct use of a rocket engine.

A key goal is to gain a better understanding of methane (CH
4
) and other trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere that could be evidence for possible biological activity. The programme will follow with the Surface Science Platform and the Rosalind Franklin rover in 2020, [12] which will search for biomolecules and biosignatures; the TGO will operate as the communication link for the ExoMars lander and rover and provide communication for other Mars surface probes with Earth.

The ExoMars Kazachok is a planned robotic Mars lander led by the Roscosmos, part of the ExoMars 2020 mission by the Roscosmos and the European Space Agency.

<i>Rosalind Franklin</i> (rover) planned robotic Mars rover

Rosalind Franklin, previously known as the ExoMars rover, is a planned robotic Mars rover, part of the international ExoMars programme led by the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation.

Biomolecule molecule that is produced by a living organism

A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules and ions that are present in organisms, essential to some typically biological process such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are usually endogenous but may also be exogenous. For example, pharmaceutical drugs may be natural products or semisynthetic (biopharmaceuticals) or they may be totally synthetic.

History

Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories have demonstrated the presence of a small amount of methane on the atmosphere of Mars that seems to vary with location and time. [13] [14] [15] This may indicate the presence of microbial life on Mars, or a geochemical process such as volcanism or hydrothermal activity. [16] [17] [18] [19]

Volcanism phenomena and processes associated with the action of volcanos, geysers and fumaroles

Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface.

The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars prompted the independent planning by ESA and NASA of one orbiter each that would carry instruments in order to determine if its formation is of biological or geological origin, [20] [21] as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol.

Formaldehyde Widely used toxic organic compound

Formaldehyde (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH2O (H-CHO). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R-CHO). The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.

Origins

ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was born out of the nexus of ESA's Aurora programme ExoMars flagship and NASA's 2013 and 2016 Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) concepts. [22] [23] It became a flexible collaborative proposal within NASA and ESA to send a new orbiter-carrier to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars mission. [8] On the ExoMars side, ESA authorised about half a billion Euros in 2005 for a rover and mini-station; eventually this evolved into being delivered by an orbiter rather than a cruise stage. [24]

Attempted collaboration with NASA

NASA's Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) was originally envisioned in 2008 as an all-NASA endeavour aiming for a late 2013 launch. [22] [23] NASA and ESA officials agreed to pool resources and technical expertise and collaborate to launch only one orbiter. [25] The agreement, called the Mars Exploration Joint Initiative, was signed on July 2009 and proposed to use an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz rocket, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the European ExoMars mission. Since the rover was originally planned to be launched along with the TGO, a prospective agreement would require that the rover lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with NASA's orbiter. [26] Instead of reducing the rover's mass, it was nearly doubled when the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft programme divided over two Atlas V launches: [25] [27] the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, carrying a meteorological lander planned for launch in 2016. The European orbiter would carry several instruments originally meant for NASA's MSO, so NASA scaled down the objectives and focused on atmospheric trace gases detection instruments for their incorporation in ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. [3] [8] [23]

Under the FY2013 budget President Barack Obama released on 13 February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope. [28] With NASA's funding for this project cancelled, most of ExoMars' plans had to be restructured. [29]

Collaboration with Russia

On 15 March 2012, the ESA's ruling council announced it would press ahead with its ExoMars program in partnership with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, which planned to contribute two heavy-lift Proton launch vehicles and an additional entry, descent and landing system to the 2020 rover mission. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]

Under the collaboration proposal with Roscosmos, the ExoMars mission was split into two parts: the orbiter/lander mission in March 2016 that includes the TGO and a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) diameter stationary lander built by ESA named Schiaparelli, [35] and the Rosalind Franklin rover mission in 2020. [12] Both missions are using a Proton-M rocket.

Launch

Launch of the Proton carrier rocket ExoMars 2016 Launch.jpg
Launch of the Proton carrier rocket
Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's trajectory
Sun *    Earth *    Mars *    ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter trajectory.gif
Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's trajectory
   Sun ·   Earth ·   Mars ·   ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's trajectory around Mars
Mars *    ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter trajectory around Mars.gif
Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's trajectory around Mars
   Mars ·   ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

The Trace Gas Orbiter and descent module Schiaparelli completed testing and were integrated to a Proton rocket at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in mid-January 2016. [36] The launch occurred at 09:31  UTC on 14 March 2016. [4] Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released. [37] A signal from the spacecraft was received at 21:29 UTC that day, confirming that the launch was successful and the spacecraft were functioning properly. [38]

Shortly after separation from the probes, a Brazilian ground telescope recorded small objects in the vicinity of the Briz-M upper booster stage, suggesting that the Briz-M stage exploded a few kilometres away, without damaging the orbiter or lander. [39] Briefing reporters in Moscow, the head of Roscosmos denied any anomaly and made all launch data available for inspection. [40]

Status

The Schiaparelli lander separated from the TGO orbiter on 16 October 2016, [41] three days before it arrived on Mars, and entered the atmosphere at 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph; 5.8 km/s). [42] Schiaparelli transmitted about 600 megabytes of telemetry during its landing attempt, [43] before it impacted the surface at 540 km/h (340 mph). [44]

The TGO was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 and underwent 11 months of aerobraking (March 2017 to February 2018), reducing its orbital speed by 3,600 km/h (2,200 mph) and its orbit from an initial 98,000 by 200 km (60,890 by 120 mi) down to 1,050 by 200 km (650 by 120 mi). Additional thruster firings through mid-April circularised the spacecraft's orbit to 400 km (250 mi), and full science activities began on 21 April 2018. [45] [46]

Specifications

Size of the Trace Gas Orbiter (left) with the Schiaparelli EDM attached, compared to Mars Express (right) and an average human ExoMars TGO size vs Mars Express.svg
Size of the Trace Gas Orbiter (left) with the Schiaparelli EDM attached, compared to Mars Express (right) and an average human
Dimensions 
The central bus is 3.2 m × 2 m × 2 m (10.5 ft × 6.6 ft × 6.6 ft) [3]
Propulsion 
424  N (95  lbf ) bi-propellant main engine, used for Mars orbit insertion and manoeuvres [3]
Power 
20 m2 (220 sq ft) solar arrays spanning 17.5 m (57 ft) tip-to-tip, and capable of rotating in one axis; [47] will generate about 2000 W of power at Mars [3]
Batteries 
2 modules of lithium-ion batteries with approximately 5100 watt hours total capacity to provide power during eclipses over the prime mission [3]
Communication 
2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) X band high-gain antenna with a two-axis pointing mechanism and 65 W RF travelling-wave tube amplifier to communicate with Earth [3]
Two Electra UHF band transceivers with a single helical antenna to communicate with spacecraft at Mars [3]
Thermal control 
Spacecraft yaw axis control to ensure the three faces containing the science payload remain cold
Mass 
3,755 kg (8,278 lb), wet mass of the orbiter [3]
4,332 kg (9,550 lb), wet mass of the orbiter plus Schiaparelli lander [3]
Payload 
113.8 kg (251 lb) of science instruments [3]

Science

Scale model of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter displayed during the Paris Air Show, 2015 Maquette Exomars Orbiter Salon du Bourget 2015 DSC 0045.jpg
Scale model of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter displayed during the Paris Air Show, 2015

The TGO separated from the ExoMars Schiaparelli demonstration lander and would have provided it with telecommunication relay for 8 Martian solar days (sols) after landing. Then the TGO gradually underwent aerobraking for seven months into a more circular orbit for science observations and will provide communications relay for the Rosalind Franklin rover to be launched in 2020, and will continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions. [2]

The FREND instrument will map hydrogen levels to a maximum depth of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) beneath the Martian surface. [48] [49] Locations where hydrogen is found may indicate water-ice deposits, which could be useful for future crewed missions.

Particularly, the mission will characterise spatial, temporal variation, and localisation of sources for a broad list of atmospheric trace gases. If methane (CH
4
) is found in the presence of propane (C
3
H
8
) or ethane (C
2
H
6
), that will be a strong indication that biological processes are involved. [50] However, if methane is found in the presence of gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), that would be an indication that the methane is a byproduct of geological processes. [51]

Detection
Visualisation of a methane plume found in Mars' atmosphere during the northern summer season Martian Methane Map.jpg
Visualisation of a methane plume found in Mars' atmosphere during the northern summer season

The nature of the methane source requires measurements of a suite of trace gases in order to characterise potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work. The orbiter has very high sensitivity to (at least) the following molecules and their isotopomers: water (H
2
O), hydroperoxyl (HO
2
), nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), nitrous oxide (N
2
O), methane (CH
4
), acetylene (C
2
H
2
), ethylene (C
2
H
4
), ethane (C
2
H
6
), formaldehyde (H
2
CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O
3
). Detection sensitivities are at levels of 100 parts per trillion, improved to 10 parts per trillion or better by averaging spectra which could be taken at several spectra per second. [52]

Characterisation
Localisation

Payload

Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System CaSSIS.jpg
Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System

Like the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter , the Trace Gas Orbiter is a hybrid science and telecom orbiter. [53] Its scientific payload mass is about 113.8 kg (251 lb) and consists of: [3] [54]

NOMAD and ACS will provide the most extensive spectral coverage of Martian atmospheric processes so far. [53] [58] Twice per orbit, at local sunrise and sunset, they will be able to observe the Sun as it shines through the atmosphere. Detection of atmospheric trace species at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level will be possible.

Relay telecommunications

An Electra radio, in this case the one for the MAVEN probe. Electra radios were also deployed on the Trace Gas Orbiter and on other Mars telecommunications assets. Pia17952 electra transceiver dsc09326 0.jpg
An Electra radio, in this case the one for the MAVEN probe. Electra radios were also deployed on the Trace Gas Orbiter and on other Mars telecommunications assets.

Due to the challenges of entry, descent and landing, Mars landers are highly constrained in mass, volume and power. For landed missions, this places severe constraints on antenna size and transmission power, which in turn greatly reduce direct-to-Earth communication capability in comparison to orbital spacecraft. As an example, the capability downlinks on Spirit and Opportunity rovers had only 1600 the capability of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter downlink. Relay communication addresses this problem by allowing Mars surface spacecraft to communicate using higher data rates over short-range links to nearby Mars orbiters, while the orbiter takes on the task of communicating over the long-distance link back to Earth. This relay strategy offers a variety of key benefits to Mars landers: increased data return volume, reduced energy requirements, reduced communications system mass, increased communications opportunities, robust critical event communications and in situ navigation aid. [59] NASA provided an Electra telecommunications relay and navigation instrument to assure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth. [60] The TGO will provide the 2020 Rosalind Franklin rover with telecommunications relay; it will also serve as a relay satellite for future landed missions. [2]

Results

The spacecraft took its first photos of the surface of Mars on 15 April 2018. [61] In April 2019, the science team reported their first methane results: TGO had detected no methane whatsoever, even though their data were more sensitive than the methane concentrations found using Curiosity , Mars Express , and ground-based observations. [62]

See also

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<i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM lander ExoMars 2016 lander module

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Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) is a 3-channel spectrometer on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) launched to Mars orbit on 14 March 2016.

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