The women's private school Auckland Presbyterian College for Ladies was established in Auckland but was renamed soon after by the school's first principal Isobel Macdonald to St Cuthbert's College.[5]
Raid on the Suez Canal — With an Ottoman assault likely to occur at the central part of the canal at Lake Timsah, a company of New Zealand infantry was sent to reinforce Gurkha troops already stationed at the site.[9]
1915 Vanceboro international bridge bombing — German saboteur Werner Horn detonated a suitcase filled with dynamite on the Canadian side of the Saint Croix–Vanceboro Railway Bridge that crossed the U.S.-Canada border between New Brunswick and Maine, but only caused minor damage. Because he detonated the bomb in the early morning when temperatures were −30°F (−34°C) with blowing wind, a hotel proprietor where Horn was staying at connected his frostbite injuries to the reports of the bombing and contacted authorities. Horn was arrested later that day by the sheriff of Vanceboro, Maine and two Canadian officers from McAdam, New Brunswick sent to provide assistance in the bombing investigation.[11]
Fugitive rebel leader John Chilembwe, who a week earlier had led an unsuccessful uprising in British colonial Nyasaland (now Malawi) in Africa, was spotted by a police patrol and shot dead near Mulanje. In that time, another 300 rebels were captured and imprisoned, with 40 of them executed. Another 30 successfully escaped into neighboring Portuguese territory.[16]
The U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service suspended the licences of captains of the river steamer Dora and competing river vessel Charm following a two-day trial involving the collision between both vessels which occurred in January on the Coquille River in Oregon.[19] Competition between river boat company Myrtle Point Transportation Company, which owned Dora, and the Coquille River Company, which owned Charm, had been fierce the months leading up to the river accident. The investigation and trial was prompted after both crews were observed violently arguing and hurling objects at each vessel following the collision. The feud, however, continued into March and resulted in more boat collisions on the river.[20]
Raid on the Suez Canal — After the invading Ottoman Expeditionary Forces had seemingly disappeared overnight, scouting forces of the British Indian Army ventured east of the canal and captured over 300 Ottoman soldiers while observing many of the enemy columns in retreat.[21]
Admiral Hugo von Pohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, published a warning in the Deutscher Reichsanzeiger (Imperial German Gazette) that the waters around Great Britain and Ireland were now considered a war zone and that neutral vessels run the risk of being attacked by accident along with Allied shipping.[22]
Lieutenant W. F. Sharpe, formerly of the Canadian Aviation Corps, became the first Canadian military airman killed when his plane crashed during a training exercise for the Royal Flying Corps.[24]
The name for the Los Angeles-based dance academy Denishawn originated during a promotional contest for a show professional dancers Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn held for a performance in Portland, Oregon. The contest was to provide the name of the dance show with the contest winner receiving eight box seats in the concert hall. The uncontested winner was an amalgamation of the couple's surnames.[37]
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes — The German 10th Army launched their own attack against the Russian line to capitalize on the success made yesterday by the 9th Army. Despite heavy snow and bad roads slowing advances, German soldiers managed to advance 120km (75mi) in a week and inflict severe casualties on the Russians.[43]
The controversial film The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish, premiered in Los Angeles. Adapted from the novel and play The Clansman, both by Thomas Dixon Jr., the American Civil War epic became the first movie blockbuster and retained the rank of highest-grossing film ever for the next 25 years. However, the film also drew major criticism for Dixon's revisionist history of the Reconstruction era that followed the war, which portrayed the members of the Ku Klux Klan as heroic defenders of freedom and African-American males as violent and sexually aggressive towards white women. Some film historians attributed the film's popularity to a rise of Klan memberships during the late-1910s and 1920s.[44]
A violent wind storm weakened the structure of the Owen's electric light tower in San Jose, California. The city budgeted $5,000 in repairs but before they could be carried out, another wind storm in December toppled the tower.[45]
Raid on the Suez Canal — Most of the Ottoman forces had left the Suez Canal area except for a force of 400 men.[48] The Ottoman Expeditionary Force was estimated to have sustained over 1,500 casualties including 716 prisoners while the British recorded 32 killed and 130 wounded.[49][50]
Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets bombers were used for the first time since their development on a bombing raid of the Vistula-Dobrzhani area of Poland.[58]
The first contingent of 500 Māori soldiers sailed for Egypt aboard SS Wairrimoo, reversing an earlier decision not to have New Zealand's indigenous population participate in the war effort.[67]
After weeks moored in thick ice, the crew of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition attempted to free their ship Endurance by hacking through the ice pack with ice-chisels, prickers, saws and picks. When the effort proved futile, expedition leader Ernest Shackleton wrote he now expected the "possibility of having to spend a winter in the inhospitable arms of the pack."[68]
Edna Purviance made her film debut with Charlie Chaplin in A Night Out, the first film Chaplin released through Essanay Studios. Shortly after, Purviance and Chaplin became romantically involved, and she became his leading lady for his next 30 films, including the 1921 classic The Kid.[77]
Singapore mutiny — French, Japanese and Russian sailors and marines landed in Singapore to help British soldiers and local police capture mutinous soldiers with the Indian Army.[80][81]
While still held fast in the ice, the British polar expedition ship Endurance began to drift with the ice to her most southerly latitude, 76°58′S, after which the pack began to drift in a northerly direction away from the Antarctic.[94]
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes — Soldiers with the Russian 12th Army counterattacked advancing German forces and checked their advance, forcing the battle to end. Russian casualties were heavy, with an estimated 200,000 casualties.[96] Estimates of Russian soldiers captured during the week-long retreat varied, with some citing 92,000 Russian prisoners and 300 captured guns[97] while others cited 56,000 prisoners and 185 captured guns.[92] Germans losses were light, with 16,200 casualties.[98]
With the polar expedition ship Endurance now likely trapped in the ice pack for the entire Antarctic winter, Ernest Shackleton ordered the crew to build ice-kennels for the expedition dogs off-board and convert the ship's interior to winter quarters.[110]
Born:Carlos Prats, Chilean army officer and politician, Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army during the 1973 coup; as Carlos Prats González, in Talcahuano, Chile (d. 1974, assassinated)[citation needed]
Died:Amanda Smith, 78, American activist, former slave whose autobiography, The Story of the Lord's Dealing with Mrs. Amanda Smith, the Colored Evangelist Containing an Account of her Life Work of Faith, and Her Travels in America, England, Ireland, Scotland, India, and Africa, as An Independent Missionary, became a best-seller (b. 1837)[citation needed]
Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha issued a directive ordering all ethnic Armenians serving in the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire to be removed from their posts assigned to labour battalions on the fear they would "collaborate with the Russians."[114]
Bluff War — Members of the Paiute and Ute tribes in Utah exchanged gunfire with a 50-man posse in what was referred to as the Battle of Cottonwood Gulch. The posse had been organized in Bluff, Utah to bring in the son of a Paiute chief alleged in causing the death of a shepherd the year before. The firefight ended in a truce after several hours, but resulted in at least one death and several wounded among the posse. It was one of the last major armed conflicts between the United States and Native Americans.[115]
A second German attempt to bomb England using airships failed when strong headwinds forced the Zeppelins to land at an Imperial German Army camp in German-occupied Belgium.[117]
Canadian troops launched the first trench raid of World War I. By the end of the conflict Canadian troops were regarded as experts at this manoeuvre.[121]
↑ Falls, Cyril; MacMunn, G. (1930). "Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917". Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office: 37. OCLC610273484.
↑ "17 Squadron". Royal Air Force. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
↑ Erickson, Edward J. (2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. Routledge. p.26. ISBN978-0-415-77099-6.
↑ Solomon, Aubrey (2011). The Fox Film Corporation, 1915–1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland & Company. pp.14, 227. ISBN978-0-7864-6286-5.
↑ Layman, R. D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p.97. ISBN0-87021-210-9.
↑ Rotberg, R.I.; Mazrui, A. A. (1971). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered". Protest and Power in Black Africa. New York: 137. OCLC139250.
↑ "Squadron 14". Royal Air Force. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
↑ Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. p.13. ISBN1-871167-23-X.
↑ "Sikorsky S.16". War Machines. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
↑ Burstyn, Joan N. (Oct 1, 1996). "Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women By Joan N. Burstyn". Women's Project of New Jersey. Syracuse University Press: 189.
↑ Jeffares, Alexander Norman (1968). A Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Stanford University Press. p.189.
↑ Becke, Maj A.F. (2007) [Originally published by HM Stationery Office, 1939]. History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. pp.31–39. ISBN978-1-847347-41-1.
↑ Shackleton, Ernest (1983). South. London: Century Publishing. pp.34–40. ISBN0-7126-0111-2.
↑ Gankin, Olga Hess; Fisher, H. H., eds. (1940). The Bolsheviks and the First World War: The Prigins of the Third International. Stanford University Press. pp.273–274.
↑ Herbert, Edwin (2003). Small Wars and Skirmishes: 1902–1918 – Early Twentieth-century Colonial Campaigns in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Foundry books. p.223. ISBN1-901543-05-6.
↑ Sareen, T.R. (1995). Secret Documents on Singapore Mutiny 1915. New Delhi: Mounto Publishing House. pp.11–15. ISBN81-7451-009-5.
↑ Monush, Barry, ed. (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965, Volume 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. p.612. ISBN1-557-83551-9.
↑ "Hippodrome Theatre". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-05-13. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009.
↑ Whitehouse, Arch (1966). The Zeppelin Fighters. New York: Ace Books. pp.76, 95–96.
↑ "About Filharmonia Łódzka". Filharmonia Łódzka. Arthur Rubinstein Philharmonic Orchestra of Lodz. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
↑ Stone, Norman (1971). The Eastern Front 1914- 1917 (1998ed.). London: Penguin. pp.112–118.
↑ Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. p.242. ISBN0-85052-696-5.
↑ Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 1889–1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p.212. ISBN0-87021-061-0.
↑ Markwyn, Abigail M. (2014). Empress San Francisco: The Pacific Rim, the Great West, and California at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
↑ Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. p.30. ISBN1-871167-23-X.
↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. p.375.[publishermissing]
↑ Herwig, Holger L. (1997). The First World War, Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918. London: Arnold. p.135.
↑ Eggenberger, David (2012). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles. p.270.[publishermissing]
↑ Lombardi, Frederic (2013). Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios. McFarland. p.37. ISBN978-0-786-43485-5.
↑ Cozad, W. Lee (2002). Those Magnificent Mountain Movies: (The Golden Years) 1911-1939. Rim of the World Historical Society Publication. p.47. ISBN0-9723372-1-0.
↑ Jowett, Garth S. (1989). "'A capacity for evil': The 1915 supreme court Mutual Decision". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 9 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1080/01439688900260041.
↑ Wertheimer, John (1993). "Mutual Film Reviewed: The Movies, Censorship, and Free Speech in Progressive America". American Journal of Legal History. 37 (2). Temple University: 158–189. doi:10.2307/845372. JSTOR845372.
↑ "New President For Haiti"(PDF). The New York Times. No.February 26, 1915. February 25, 1915. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.244.
↑ Doyle, Arthur Conan (October 1979). Murray, John (ed.). The Sherlock Holmes Omnibus (2nd Illustrateded.). Murray. ISBN071953691X.
↑ Godefroy, Andrew (2008). "Daring Innovation: The Canadian Corps and Trench Raiding on the Western Front". In Bernd, Horn (ed.). Show No Fear: Daring Actions in Canadian Military History. Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp.235–266. ISBN978-1-55002-816-4.
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