February 1917

1917

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

<<	February 1917					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
				01	02	03
04	05	06	07	08	09	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28

Copy of the decoded Zimmermann Telegram by British intelligence.

British troops preparing for raids on German defences in the Ancre Valley in northern France.

The first assembly of Sámi people, in Trondheim, Norway.

The following events occurred in February 1917:

Thursday, February 1, 1917

• James Alexander Murray became Premier of New Brunswick, replacing George Johnson Clarke who resigned due to health issues. The term was short-lived and he was replaced by Walter Edward Foster within a month.
• British fishing boat Inverlyon was shelled and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-55, with all crew surviving. ^[1]
• The New Zealand Army Ordnance Department was established. ^[2]
• The Medical Women's Federation was formed in the United Kingdom to advocate women in the medical profession. The organization started with 190 members including noted physicians Jane Harriett Walker, Catherine Chisholm, Florence Barrett, and Louisa Aldrich-Blake. ^[3]
• New York City Subway transit stations for the Astoria Line, including Astoria Boulevard, Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, Broadway, Queensboro Plaza, 30th Avenue, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue were opened for service. ^{[4] [5]}
• Born: James Harry Lacey, British air force officer, second-highest scoring Royal Air Force flying ace during the Battle of Britain, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Medal, in Wetherby, England (d. 1989)
• Died: Georg Andreas Bull, Norwegian architect, chief designer of the neighborhoods of Homansbyen in Oslo and major train station designer for Norwegian State Railways (b. 1829)

Friday, February 2, 1917

• The British Fifth Corps launched further raids on German-held territory around the Ancre Valley in France, resulting in 671 British casualties and 176 German prisoners taken. ^[6]
• Bread rationing was introduced in the United Kingdom. ^[7]
• Greek cargo ship Elikon was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Spain by German submarine SM U-67 with her crew surviving. ^[8]
• The first major Australian film comedy, Our Friends, the Hayseeds by Beaumont Smith, premiered in Sydney. ^[9]
• Born: Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese state leader, 9th General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, in Thanh Trì district, Vietnam (d. 2018); Natalia Androsova, Russian noble, one of the two surviving members of the House of Romanov following the Russian Revolution, in Tashkent, Russian Empire (d. 1999); Kishan Lal, Indian field hockey player, team captain of the gold medal-winning team at the 1948 Summer Olympics, in Mhow, India (d. 1980)
• Died: Theophile T. Allain, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Legislature from 1872 to 1886, considered the richest African-American businessman at the time (b. 1846); Alexander Walters, American religious leader and activist, bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and president of the National Afro-American Council (b. 1858)

Saturday, February 3, 1917

Woodrow Wilson's address to Congress

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced to United States Congress that the government was severing diplomatic ties with Germany over the Imperial German Navy's decision to engage in unlimited submarine warfare. ^[10]
• Irish nationalist party Sinn Féin gained its first seat when candidate George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Plunkett, won the North Roscommon constituency on an abstentionism. ^[11]
• Senussi campaign — A British column dispatched to capture Senussi rebel leader Sayed Ahmed arrived at the Siwa Oasis in North Africa where they were met with resistance from 1,250 tribesmen sent to protect Ahmed. ^[12]
• American cargo ship Housatonic was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-53, with her crew surviving. ^[13]
• The first issue of West Africa magazine was published. ^[14]
• Born: Shlomo Goren, Polish-Israeli religious leader, founding leader of the Military Rabbinate, third Chief Rabbinate of Israel, in Zambrów, Poland (d. 1994); George G. Blackburn, Canadian soldier and writer, author of The Guns of Normandy , in Wales, Ontario (d. 2006)
• Died: Robert McNab, New Zealand politician, 20th Minister of Justice (b. 1864); Liang Cheng, Chinese diplomat, Ambassador to the United States from 1902 to 1907 (b. 1864)

Sunday, February 4, 1917

• Senussi campaign — Senussi rebels retreated from Siwa in North Africa. ^[15]
• The Council of Flanders, a quasi-governmental body of the Flemish Movement in German-occupied Belgium, was established. ^[16]
• Born: Yahya Khan, Pakistani state leader, 3rd President of Pakistan, in Chakwal, Punjab, British India (d. 1980)

Monday, February 5, 1917

• The new constitution of Mexico was adopted. ^[17]
• Both houses of the United States Congress overrode a veto made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to reinstate the Immigration Act, which allowed more restrictions on immigration to the United States. ^[18]
• The United States Army force under command of John J. Pershing reached Columbus, New Mexico, ending the Pancho Villa Expedition. ^[19]
• Senussi campaign — Senussi rebels successfully held off a British convoy and allowed rebel leader Sayed Ahmed to escape west to Jaghbub, Libya. ^[15]
• Zimmermann Telegram – British intelligence officer William Reginald Hall, chief of Room 40 for the Admiralty, passed the decoded telegram sent by German State Secretary of Foreign Affairs Arthur Zimmermann to British Foreign Affairs. The telegram entailed a proposed military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States should it enter World War I. ^[20]
• The Luftstreitkräfte , the air arm of the Imperial German Army, established air squadron Jagdstaffel 27 . ^[21]
• English writer Hugh Kingsmill was taken prisoner while fighting in France. ^[22]
• The Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa de Osos was established in Colombia. ^[23]
• Windhoek High School was established in Windhoek, Namibia, as South West Africa's first secondary school and the oldest in the country. ^[24]
• Morosco Theatre opened on Broadway in New York City with the inaugural production of Canary Cottage by theater owner and producer Oliver Morosco with music by Earl Carroll. ^[25]
• Born: Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress, known for roles with popular Japanese film directors including Akira Kurosawa for The Lower Depths , Throne of Blood , and Yojimbo , in Osaka (d. 2012)
• Died: Jaber II Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti noble, 8th Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860); Paul Rubens, English songwriter, best known for his musicals including The Shop Girl , San Toy , and Florodora (b. 1875)

Tuesday, February 6, 1917

• The first assembly of the Sámi people was held in Trondheim, Norway with the day officially recognized as Sámi National Day. ^[26]
• Butte County, Idaho, and Camas County, Idaho, were established. Butte County was created using portions of Bingham, Blaine, and Jefferson counties, with its county seat in Arco, Idaho. ^[27] Camas County was created using a portion of Blaine County with its seat in Fairfield, Idaho. ^[28]
• Born: José Alonso, Argentine labor leader, General Secretary of the General Confederation of Labour from 1963 to 1970, in Monserrat, Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 1970, assassinated); Sonny Franzese, Italian-American gangster, underboss for the Colombo crime family, oldest prisoner in the U.S. federal prison system, in Naples (d. 2020); Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-American actress and socialite, known for her film roles in Moulin Rouge and Lovely to Look At , and her many public marriages including Conrad Hilton and George Sanders, in Budapest (d. 2016); Arnold Spielberg, American electronics engineer, co-developer of the GE-200 series mainframe computer, father to film director Steven Spielberg, in Cincinnati (d. 2020)

Wednesday, February 7, 1917

• British ocean liner California was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-85, killing 43 people. ^[29]
• British cargo ship Saint Ninian was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by German submarine SM UB-34 with the loss of 15 crew. ^[30]
• Suffering progressive damage due to a series of crashes in bad visibility and poor weather, the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 36 crashed onto the Aller river and was destroyed by high winds. ^[31]
• Born: Harry Gibbs, Australian judge, 8th Chief Justice of Australia, in Sydney (d. 2005)
• Died: Arthur Rutledge, Australian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1878 to 1904 (b. 1843)

Thursday, February 8, 1917

French flying ace Georges Guynemer

• Royal Navy destroyer HMS Ghurka struck a mine set by German submarine SM UC-47 and sank in the English Channel, killing all but five of her 79 crew. ^[32]
• Royal Navy cruiser Liberty rammed and sunk German submarine SM UC-46 in the English Channel, killing all 26 crew on board. ^[33]
• Royal Navy destroyer HMS Thrasher depth charged, shelled and sunk German submarine SM UC-39 in the North Sea, killing seven of her crew. ^[34]
• French flying ace Georges Guynemer became the first Allied pilot to shoot down a German heavy bomber while flying a SPAD aircraft. ^[35]
• The football club Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay was established in Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina. ^[36]
• Died: Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian naval officer, Grand Admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1916 to 1917 (b. 1851); Frank Allan, Australian cricketer, bowler for the Australia national cricket team in 1878 to 1879 (b. 1849); Harry Page Woodward, British-Australian geologist, discovered the rich iron ore deposits existing in Australia (b. 1858)

Friday, February 9, 1917

• German forces on the Western Front commenced Operation Alberich, an organized retreat and consolidation of army units scheduled over 35 days behind the Hindenburg Line. The planned defensive line was 40–45 kilometres (25–28 mi) shorter and could be defended more effectively, freeing up 13 fewer divisions for action in the Eastern Front. ^[37]
• British cargo ship Mantola sank after being torpedoed the previous day in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine U-81. Seven crew were killed while abandoning ship while the survivors were rescued by Royal Navy sloop HMS Laburnum. ^[38]
• Chung Ling High School was established in George Town, Penang, Malaysia with 81 students and three staff. It now has 3,000 students enrolled. ^[39]
• Born: Joseph Conombo, Voltaic state leader, 3rd Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), in Kombissiri, French Upper Volta (d. 2008); Peter Turnbull, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 76 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Armidale, Australia (d. 1942, killed in action)

Saturday, February 10, 1917

• The British Fifth Corps advanced half a mile during their operations in Ancre Valley to take back territory held by the Germans, coming in striking distance to Serr, France. ^[40]
• The Imperial Japanese Navy established 1st and 2nd Special Squadrons to provide aerial protection of Allied shipping during World War I. ^[41]
• The musical The Maid of the Mountains , by Harold Fraser-Simson and Frederick Lonsdale, premiered at the Daly's Theatre in London for an initial run of 1,352 performances. ^[42]
• Born: Hossein Fatemi, Iranian politician, 13th Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Pahlavi dynasty, in Nain, Iran (d. 1954, executed); Musine Kokalari, Albanian writer, author of As my old mother tells me and How life swayed, in Adana, Ottoman Empire (d. 1983); Allie Reynolds, American baseball player, pitcher for the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees from 1942 to 1954, six time World Series champion, in Bethany, Oklahoma (d. 1994)
• Died: John William Waterhouse, English artist, known for Pre-Raphaelite style paintings with romantic themes including The Lady of Shalott and Ophelia (b. 1849)

Sunday, February 11, 1917

• A German counterattack partially undid some of the gains made by the British during their operations in Ancre Valley. ^[40]
• The National Hockey Association voted in favor of expelling the Toronto Blueshirts ice hockey club from the league due to the strained relationship with owner Eddie Livingstone, reducing the association's size to four teams. ^[43]
• The German international school Deutsche Schule Bilbao was established in Bilbao, Spain. ^[44]
• Born: Bernard Destremau, French tennis player, winner of the 1938 French Open and contender in the U.S. Open and Wimbledon contests, in Paris (d. 2002); Sidney Sheldon, American writer, best known as the creator of television hits The Patty Duke Show , I Dream of Jeannie , and Hart to Hart , recipient of the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer , in Chicago (d. 2007)
• Died: Oswaldo Cruz, Brazilian physician, leading researcher and promoter of vaccination programs against smallpox in Brazil, founder of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (b. 1872)

Monday, February 12, 1917

• The comic strip The Gumps , created by Sidney Smith, was first published in the Chicago Tribune in a surprise replacement of Smith's previous comic strip Old Doc Yak . ^[45]
• Born: Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player, center fielder for the Boston Red Sox from 1940 to 1953, in San Francisco (d. 2009); Odessa Grady Clay, American sports matriarch, mother of Muhammad Ali, in Hopkins County, Kentucky (d. 1994)

Tuesday, February 13, 1917

Mata Hari after being arrested in Paris.

• Two columns from the Egyptian Expeditionary Force left the Suez Canal in a campaign to push the remaining Ottoman forces off the Sinai Peninsula and into Palestine, starting with raids on Nekhl and Bir el Hassana. ^[46]
• A German raid on British forces involved in operations in Ancre Valley, inflicting 382 British casualties. German casualties were reported as heavy with 210 prisoners taken. ^[40]
• Mata Hari was arrested at Hotel Elysée Palace in Paris for spying. ^[47]
• U.S. Marines aircraft pilot Francis Thomas Evans Sr. performed an aerobatic loop in a Curtiss floatplane off Pensacola, Florida, the first person to perform the feat in a seaplane. ^[48]
• The London Biggin Hill Airport was founded as an air base for the Royal Flying Corps in Biggin Hill, Greater London, England. ^[49]
• German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin founded the German Institute for Psychiatric Research in Munich (now the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry). ^{[50] [51] [52]}

Wednesday, February 14, 1917

• The British Fourth Army extended the front in Ancre Valley towards German-held Gueudecourt, France. ^[40]
• German auxiliary cruiser Geier was scuttled in the Atlantic Ocean after running aground near Trinidad. ^[53]
• The Associated British Machine Tool Makers was established in London. ^[54]
• The first Interstate Bridge over the Columbia River between Vancouver, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, opened for traffic. ^[55]
• Born: Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for development of direct methods used to determine crystal structures, in New York City (d. 2011); Beqir Balluku, Albanian politician, assisted Albanian leader Enver Hoxha in the 1956 purge of the Albanian Communist Party, Minister of Defense from 1956 to 1974, in Tirana, Albania (d. 1975, executed); Sue Sarafian Jehl, American army auxiliary officer, most decorated officer of the Women's Army Corps during World War II including the World War II Victory Medal, in Malden, Massachusetts (d. 1997)

Thursday, February 15, 1917

• Italian troopship Minas was sunk in the Ionian Sea by German submarine SM U-39 with the loss of 870 lives. ^[56]
• Born: Meg Wyllie, American actress, best known for her multiple roles in the television soap opera General Hospital , in Honolulu (d. 2002)

Friday, February 16, 1917

• The publishing house of Boni & Liveright was established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni to introduce the "Modern Library" imprint. ^[57]
• The Fairey Campania, first aircraft designed for seaplane operations, took flight. ^[58]
• Died: Octave Mirbeau, French writer, author of The Diary of a Chambermaid (b. 1848)

Saturday, February 17, 1917

• The British Fifth Army launched assaults in Ancre Valley on the German-held French villages of Miraumont, Thilloys, and Irless, and strategic point Hill 130. ^[59]
• British forces captured Nekhl from the Ottomans in the Sinai Peninsula. ^[60]
• French troopship Athos was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM U-65 with the loss of 754 lives. ^[61]
• Royal Navy armed merchant ship HMS Farnborough was torpedoed and damaged in the Atlantic Ocean south of Ireland by German submarine SM U-83. However, she was able to return fire and succeeded in sinking the U-boat, killing 35 of her crew and capturing two survivors. She was towed and beached at Berehaven, Ireland where she was repaired and returned to service. ^[62]
• The Nationalist Party of Australia was formed with the merger of the Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, with Billy Hughes as party leader. The new party allowed Hughes to return to head the Australian Government after winning a huge victory during the federal election held in May. ^[63]
• The daily newspaper La Razón released its first edition in La Paz, Bolivia. ^[64]
• Born: Whang-od, Filipino tattoo artist, considered the last living mambabatok artist of Buscalan Kalinga in the Philippines, in Tinglayan, Philippines; Joseph W. Dailey, American marine officer, 5th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, recipient of the Silver Star for actions during the Battle of Okinawa, and the Bronze Star Medal and Navy Cross for actions during the Korean War, in Black Mountain, Arkansas (d. 2007)
• Died: Carolus-Duran, French painter, director of the French Academy in Rome from 1905 to 1913 (b. 1837)

Sunday, February 18, 1917

• German units around Miraumont were forced to retreat to the Hindenburg Line ahead of schedule due to the British advance in Ancre Valley, but held Hill 130 after inflicting 2,207 casualties. ^[65]
• British forces captured Bir el Hassana from the Ottomans in the Sinai Peninsula. ^[66]
• British passenger ship Berrima was damaged either by striking a mine or being torpedoed in the English Channel, with the loss of four lives. Her crew were rescued by Royal Navy destroyer HMS Forester and the ship was towed to England where she was repaired and returned to service. ^[67]
• The Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Site was established near Kennesaw, Georgia. It was established as a national battlefield park in 1935. ^[68]
• Born: Tuulikki Pietilä, American-Finnish artist, best known for her graphics artwork, including collaborations with her life partner Tove Jansson on the popular children's books series Moomins , in Seattle (d. 2009); John Keane, Irish Gaelic football player, centre-back for the Waterford and Mount Sion clubs from 1934 to 1955, in Waterford, Ireland (d. 1975); Oliver F. Atkins, American photographer, personal photographer for U.S. President Richard Nixon, in Boston (d. 1977)
• Died: Ezequiel Cabeza De Baca, American politician, 2nd Governor of New Mexico, first Hispanic to serve as a state governor (b. 1864)

Monday, February 19, 1917

• Royal Navy armed merchant ship Lady Olive sank German submarine SM UC-18 in the English Channel with the loss of all 28 crew. ^[69]
• Zimmermann Telegram – British intelligence officer William Reginald Hall, chief of Room 40 for the Admiralty, shared a decoded German telegram with Edward Bell, secretary of the United States Embassy in the United Kingdom, that revealed a military alliance proposal between Mexico and Germany, including support to conquer the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona lost in the Mexican–American War. ^[70]
• Born: Carson McCullers, American writer, author of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and the drama The Member of the Wedding , in Columbus, Georgia (d. 1967)
• Died: Frederick Funston, American army officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action during the Philippine–American War (b. 1865)

Tuesday, February 20, 1917

• Zimmermann Telegram – A copy of the telegram was sent to Walter Hines Page, American ambassador to the United Kingdom. ^[71]
• The Luftstreitkräfte established air squadron Jagdstaffel 34 . ^[72]
• The Broadway musical Oh, Boy! , with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse, premiered at the Princess Theatre in New York City and ran for 463 performances. ^[73]
• Born: Manny Farber, American film critic, American advocate of the auteur theory and credited for coining the term underground film, in Douglas, Arizona (d. 2008); Frederick Page, British aerospace engineer, designer of the English Electric Lightning and BAC TSR-2 military aircraft, in Wimbledon, London, England (d. 2005)

Wednesday, February 21, 1917

Serbian postage stamp commemorating the centennial of the Toplica Uprising.

• Toplica Uprising – Serbian rebel forces known as the Chetniks began an organized rebellion against the Central Powers in occupied Serbia. ^[74]
• British troopship SS Mendi was accidentally rammed and sunk by cargo ship Darro off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, including 616 soldiers with the South African Native Labour Corps and 30 crew. ^[75]
• A Belgian royal decree established the Commemorative Medal for military service in Africa during World War I. ^[76]
• Born: Lucille Bremer, American actress and dancer, known for roles in Meet Me in St. Louis , Ziegfeld Follies and Till the Clouds Roll By , in Amsterdam, New York (d. 1996); Otto Kittel, German air force officer, commander of Jagdgeschwader 54 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, credited with 267 aerial victories making him the fourth highest-scoring ace, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Kronsdorf, German Empire (d. 1945, killed in action)

Thursday, February 22, 1917

• The Federal Interpleader Act was approved by the United States Congress. ^[77]
• Norwegian cargo ship Ajax was sunk in the English Channel by German submarine SM UC-17, with her crew surviving. ^[78]
• Carter County, Montana, and Wheatland County, Montana, were established. Carter has its county seat in Ekalaka, Montana, while Wheatland has its county seat in Harlowton, Montana. ^[79]
• Born: Tom Braden, American journalist, co-host of the CNN series Crossfire and his column that inspired the television sitcom Eight Is Enough , in Greene, Iowa (d. 2009); Reed Crandall, American comic book artist, best known for his work for EC Comics and DC Comics with the superhero Blackhawk , in Winslow, Indiana (d. 1982); Jocelyn Herbert, British stage designer, known for her collaborations with George Devine and Laurence Olivier, in London (d. 2003)

Friday, February 23, 1917

• Second Battle of Kut – A British Indian force of 50,000 men under command of Lieutenant-General Stanley Maude recaptured the Persian city of Kut in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), capturing most of 17,000 Ottoman troops stationed there except for 2,500 that retreated with Ottoman commander Kâzım Karabekir. ^[80]
• German submarine SM UC-32 accidentally struck a mine she was laying off the coast of England, with the loss of 19 of her 22 crew. ^[81]
• The Royal Flying Corps No. 100 Squadron, the first British night fighter squadron, was formed. ^[82]
• The city of Brea, California, was incorporated. ^[83]
• Born: Maxie Berger, Canadian boxer, flyweight silver medalist at the 1934 British Empire Games, in Montreal (d. 2000)

Saturday, February 24, 1917

• Zimmermann Telegram – Walter Hines Page, U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, met with Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour where he was shown the original intercepted telegram, in which Germany offered to support the Mexican reoccupation of the American Southwest if the country declared war on the United States. ^[84]
• The P. G. Wodehouse novel Piccadilly Jim was first published by Dodd, Mead & Co. in the United States but over a year later by Herbert Jenkins Ltd in the United Kingdom. ^[85]
• Born: Leslie Douglas Jackson, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 75 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Brisbane (d. 1980); Peter Stanley James, British air force officer, captain of the renowned Handley Page Halifax bomber during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Wellingborough, England (d. 1999)
• Died: Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, American journalist, proponent of the transcendentalism movement in the United States, member of the Secret Six that funded abolitionist John Brown (b. 1831); Loke Yew, Malaysian business leader, key business figure of Kuala Lumpur and co-founder of the Victoria Institution (b. 1845)

Sunday, February 25, 1917

• The Italian Socialist Party began to fracture during a national convention in Rome between reformists and hard-liners, despite the approval of an agenda proposed by Costantino Lazzari. ^[86]
• Royal Navy troopship Laconia was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-50 with the loss of 12 lives. ^[87]
• The 74th Division of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force was established. ^[88]
• Born: Anthony Burgess, English writer, author of A Clockwork Orange , in Manchester (d. 1993); Brenda Joyce, American actress, seventh actor to play Jane in the Tarzan film series, in Excelsior Springs, Missouri (d. 2009)

Monday, February 26, 1917

• U.S. Marines aircraft pilot Alfred A. Cunningham received orders to establish an aviation arm of the Corps at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in anticipation the United States would be entering World War I. ^[89]
• Mount McKinley National Park was established in Interior Alaska (it was renamed Denali National Park and Preserve in 1980). ^{[90] [91]}
• Valley County, Idaho, was established with its county seat in Cascade, Idaho. ^[92]
• The Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded the first jazz single "Livery Stable Blues", and released a new record with the single accompanied with the song "Dixieland Jass Band One-Step". ^[93]
• Broadway actress Marjorie Rambeau made her debut in the drama The Greater Woman , directed by Frank Powell. The film is now considered lost. ^{[94] [95]}
• Died: George Johnson Clarke, Canadian politician, 15th Premier of New Brunswick (b. 1857); Joseph Jules Dejerine, French neurologist, pioneer in brain functionality including the neurological causes of dyslexia (b. 1849)

Tuesday, February 27, 1917

• A British force pursuing retreating Ottoman forces from Kut in Mesopotamia halted their advance at the village of Aziziyeh (now in Iran). After resupplying over three days, the force continued on to Baghdad. ^[96]
• Toplica Uprising – Serbian Chetniks liberated Kuršumlija, Serbia. ^[97]
• The Milwaukee Railroad completed the electrification of its 440 miles (710 km) line from Harlowton, Montana, to Avery, Idaho. ^[98]
• Norwegian football club Sandefjord was established in Sandefjord, Norway. ^[99]
• Born: John Connally, American politician, 39th Governor of Texas, 61st United States Secretary of the Treasury, in Floresville, Texas (d. 1993); Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress and singer, lifelong promoter and archivist of Estonian folk music, in Adila, Estonia (d. 2012); Charles Warren Callister, American architect, known for his community designs including Rossmoor, Walnut Creek, California, in Rochester, New York (d. 2008)
• Died: John Wallace Crawford, American pioneer and writer, known for his scouting mission during the Battle of Slim Buttes and his collaborations with Buffalo Bill (b. 1847)

Wednesday, February 28, 1917

• Zimmermann Telegram – The U.S. government released the English text of the telegram outlining German plans to start a war between Mexico and the United States to the public. ^[100]
• French minelayer Cassini struck a mine and sank in the Strait of Bonifacio with the loss of 88 of her crew. ^{[101] [102]}
• The Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Military Aviation Corps) of the Italian Army established air squadrons 80a and 81a Squadriglia to support ground troops in the ongoing Battles of the Isonzo. ^[103]
• The Union Bank & Trust Company was established in Lincoln, Nebraska, under the name Farmers State Bank before changing to its present name in 1935. ^[104]
• De Baca County, New Mexico, was incorporated, with its county seat in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. ^[105]
• Payette County, Idaho, was established using portions of Canyon County, Idaho, with its county seat in Payette, Idaho.
• Born: Ernesto Alonso, Mexican television director and producer, best known for his Telenovela works including Barrera de amor , in Aguascalientes, Mexico (d. 2007)

References

1. "Inverlyon". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
2. "ARMY ORGANISATION". Vol. LIV, no. 16560. New Zealand Herald. 8 June 1917. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
3. "Catalogue Entry for Memorandum and articles of association and bye-laws of the Medical Women's Federation". Wellcome Library Catalogue. Wellcome Library. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
4. "First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section". Brooklyn Daily Eagle . February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015– via Newspapers.com.
5. Annual report. 1916-1917. New York: Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917.
6. Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 70–72. ISBN   978-0-89839-180-0.
7. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN   0-14-102715-0.
8. "Elikon". Uboat.net. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
9. "AUSTRALIAN MOTION PICTURES". The Mail . Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 3 February 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
10. "Text of President Wilson's Speech" (PDF). The New York Times. No. February 4, 1917. February 3, 1917. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
11. Lawrence William White, 'Plunkett, George Oliver Michael', in Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
12. Macmunn, G; Falls, C. (1996) [1928 HMSO]. Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917. Vol. I. Nashville, TN: Battery Press. p. 142. ISBN   0-89839-241-1.
13. "Housatonic". Uboat.net. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
14. Kaye Whiteman (ed.), West Africa Over 75 Years: Selections from the Raw Material of History, London: West Africa Publishing, 1993; p. viii.
15. Macmunn & Falls 1996, p. 144.
16. Amara, Michaël; Roland, Hubert, eds. (2004). Gouverner en Belgique occupée. Comparatisme et Société 1. Brussels: College of Europe. pp. 24–25. ISBN   978-90-5201-238-4.
17. "Constituent Congress and Constitution of 1917". Centennial of the Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico (in Spanish). Committee for the Commemoration of the Centennial of the Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
18. Powell, John (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 137. ISBN   978-1-4381-1012-7.
19. Cyrulik, John M. (2003). A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition Into Mexico, 1916–1917, US Army Command and General Staff College, pp. 67-68
20. "Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?". BBC. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
21. "Jasta 27". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
22. Harvey, A. D. (2012). "Hugh Kingsmill on the Western Front". Notes and Queries . 59 (3). Oxford University Press: 413–416. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjs087.
23. "Diocese of Santa Rosa de Osos". GCatholic. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
24. "History". Windhoek High School. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
25. Morrison, William (1999). Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture (trade paperback). Dover Books on Architecture. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 101. ISBN   0-486-40244-4.
26. "The Sami People's Day celebrated Friday". The Norway Post. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
27. Idaho Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: The Newberry Library. 2010. pp. 63–64. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
28. Idaho Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: The Newberry Library. 2010. pp. 10–11, 12, 17, 36, 65, 137.
29. "Californian". Uboat.net. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
30. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Steamer Saint Ninian". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
31. Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 189-190.
32. Helgason, Guðmundur (2013). "Ships hit during WWI: HMS Ghurka". U-boat.net. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
33. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 46". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
34. "UC 39". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
35. "Georges Guynemer: France's World War I Ace Pilot". Aviation History. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
36. "Gimnasia de Entre Ríos y su gran anhelo". infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2017.
37. Falls 1992, p. 113.
38. "SS Mantola WWI shipwreck reveals silver haul". BBC News Online. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
39. "History". Chung Ling High School (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 April 2017.
40. Falls 1992, pp. 68–74.
41. Hirama, Yochi (1998). "Rising Sun in the Mediterranean:The Second Special Squadron,1917–18". Proceedings of Il Mediterraneo Quale Elemento del Potere Marittimo. Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare- Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare: 41–45. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
42. Lamb, Andrew. Sleeve notes from the Hyperion recording (2000), accessed 4 May 2008
43. Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, p. 121, ISBN   1-55002-413-2
44. "Schulgeschichte" (Archive)/"Historia" (Archive). Deutsche Schule Bilbao. Retrieved on 20 September 2015.
45. Harvey, Robert C. (1994). The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History . Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. p.  60.
46. Falls, Cyril; G. MacMunn (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 277. OCLC   610273484.
47. Mata Hari. German Spy. World War I Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine . Sameshield.com. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.
48. Knapp, Walter, "The Marines Take Wing," Aviation History, May 2012, pp. 51-52.
49. "Biggin Hill in 1914 and onwards". Ideal Homes: A history of south-east London suburbs. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
50. Engstrom, Eric J., Wolfgang Burgmair, and Matthias M. Weber. "Psychiatric Governance, Völkisch Corporatism, and the German Research Institute of Psychiatry in Munich (1912–26)." History of Psychiatry 27, no. 1/2 (2016): 38-50, 137-52.
51. Engstrom, Eric J et al. "Psychiatrie und Politik im Dienste des deutschen Volkes." In Emil Kraepelin: Kraepelin in München II, 1914-1921, ed. Wolfgang Burgmair, Eric J. Engstrom and Matthias M. Weber, 17-82. Munich: Belleville, 2009.
52. Engstrom, Eric J. et al. "Wissenschaftsorganisation als Vermächtnis." In Emil Kraepelin: Kraepelin in München, Teil III: 1921-1926, edited by Wolfgang Burgmair, Eric J. Engstrom, and Matthias Weber, 17-71. Munich: belleville, 2013.
53. Geier (Hilfskreuzer) at german-navy.de.
54. "Central selling organization of British machine-tool builders". American Machinist . 46 (20). McGraw Hill: 840. 17 May 1917. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
55. Wood, Sharon (2001). The Portland Bridge Book (2nd ed.). Oregon Historical Society. pp. 73–78. ISBN   0-87595-211-9.
56. "Minas". Uboat.net. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
57. Egleston, Charles, ed. (2004). Dictionary of Literary Biography: The House of Boni & Liveright, 1917–1933: A Documentary Volume. Gale. p. 5. ISBN   0-7876-6825-7.
58. Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912: Sixth Revised Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991, ISBN   0-557-50-076-1, p. 119
59. Falls 1992, pp. 73–78.
60. Grant, Lieutenant Colonel W. (May 1917). "Appendix 118: Report on Operations against Nekhl" (PDF). First World War Diaries AWM4, 1-60-15 Part 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 3–4.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
61. "Athos". Uboat.net. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
62. "Farnborough". Uboat.net. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
63. "Ronald Munro Ferguson". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
64. Archondo, Rafael (January 2010). "Una historia de las "mordazas"". Le Monde diplomatiqué (Bolivian edition) (32): 7–8.
65. Falls 1992, pp. 78–81.
66. Murray, Sir Archibald James (1920). Den, J.M. (ed.). Sir Archibald Murray's despatches (June 1916 – June 1917). p.  112.
67. "BERRIMA". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
68. "History & Culture - Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park", NPS.gov, 2009. Retrieved on November 6, 2012
69. "UC 18". Uboat.net. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
70. West, Nigel (1990). The Sigint Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1990 to Today-Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman. New York: Quill. pp. 87–92. ISBN   0-688-09515-1.
71. West 1990, p. 92
72. "Jasta 34". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
73. Kenrick, John. "History of The Musical Stage: 1910–1919: Part I", Musicals 101.com: The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film, 2014, accessed February 10, 2016
74. Nigel Thomas; Dusan Babac (20 May 2012). Armies in the Balkans 1914-18. Osprey Publishing Limited. p. 12. ISBN   978-1-78096-735-6.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
75. SA Legion – Atteridgeville Branch. "The SS Mendi – A Historical Background". Navy News. South African Navy. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
76. "Royal Decree of 21 February 1917 creating the 1914–1917 African Campaigns Commemorative Medal". Belgian Defence Ministry. 1917-02-21.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
77. Cleary, James T. "Federal Interpleader and Some Recent Cases". Georgetown Law Journal. 26: 1017.
78. "Ajax". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
79. "Carter County Montana". Carter County Montana. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
80. Battles - The Second Battle of Kut, 1916-17 firstworldwar.com
81. "UC 32". Uboat.net. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
82. "100 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
83. "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
84. West 1990, p. 92
85. McIlvaine, E., Sherby, L.S. and Heineman, J.H. (1990) P.G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman, pp. 30-31. ISBN   087008125X
86. (in Italian) XXIV Legislatura del Regno d'Italia dal 27 novembre 1913 al 29 settembre 1919, Camera dei deputati, Portale storico (retrieved 29 May 2016)
87. "Laconia". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
88. Falls, Cyril; MacMunn, G. (1930). "Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917". Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 1. London: HM Stationery Office: 273. OCLC   610273484.
89. Knapp 2012, pp. 51-52
90. Sheldon, Charles (1931). A History of The Boone and Crockett Club. Boone and Crockett Club. pp. 54–59.
91. "121". Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920. Vol. 39, Part 1. pp. 938–39.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
92. History of Valley County Archived 2017-10-24 at the Wayback Machine , Valley County Idaho official website
93. Martin, Henry; Waters, Keith (2005). Jazz: The First 100 Years. Cengage Learning. p. 55. ISBN   0-534-62804-4.
94. The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: The Greater Woman
95. The American Film Institute Catalog Feature Films: 1911-20 by The American Film Institute, c. 1988
96. Battles - The Second Battle of Kut, 1916-17 firstworldwar.com
97. Mladenović, Božica (2007). Топлички устанак 1917: збирка докумената. Istorijski institut. p. 10. GGKEY:X5X73Z78UTZ.
98. Middleton, William D. (2001). When the Steam Railroads Electrified (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 230. ISBN   978-0-253-33979-9.
99. History (Sandefjord Ballklubb official site) Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
100. West 1990, p. 92
101. "Cassini". Uboat.net. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
102. "French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
103. Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 125. ISBN   978-1-898697-56-5.
104. "About Union Bank & Trust: Locations, Employment, Community Involvement, News and Affiliates". Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
105. "Welcome to DeBaca County". DeBaca County NM. NMGenWeb. Retrieved 29 June 2017.