May 1917

1917

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

<<	May 1917					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
		01	02	03	04	05
06	07	08	09	10	11	12
13	14	15	16	17	18	19
20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31

Venustiano Carranza becomes President of Mexico.

A painting of the engagement between Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and German Zeppelin LZ43 in the North Sea on 4 May 1917.

The Last Fight of Captain Albert Ball, VC, DSO and 2 Bars, MC, 7 May 1917 by Norman Arnold, 1919

The following events occurred in May 1917:

Tuesday, May 1, 1917

• Venustiano Carranza was inaugurated as the 37th President of Mexico. ^[1]
• Riots broke out in Milan and other towns in Lombardy, Italy. ^[2]
• Over 100,000 anti-war protesters organized by the Bolsheviks gathered in Petrograd to oppose a pledge by Russian Provisional Government's Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov for Russia to continue fighting against the Central Powers. ^[3]
• Pope Benedict released a motu proprio (signed personal document) that led to the establishment of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and the Pontifical Oriental Institute. ^[4]
• Nayarit became one of the last territories to be admitted as a state in Mexico. ^[5]
• German submarine SM U-81 was torpedoed and sunk with 31 crew lost in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland. ^[6]
• Imperial German Navy Zeppelins L 43 and L 45 conducted reconnaissance patrols over the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, patrolling off the Firth of Forth and Aberdeen respectively. ^[7]
• Frederic T. Woodman was re-elected Mayor of Los Angeles, capturing half of the vote in the mayoral election. ^[8]
• The New Zealand Rifle Brigade was formed as the 3rd Brigade of the New Zealand Division, part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. ^[9]
• The Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Military Aviation Corps) of the Italian Army established air squadron 91a Squadriglia to support ground troops in the ongoing Battles of the Isonzo. ^[10]
• The United States Army established the 24th Aero Squadron to assist the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front. ^[11]
• Japanese sports equipment manufacturer Mikasa Sports was established in Hiroshima. ^[12]
• Swiss weekly newspaper The New International published its first edition in Geneva. It ran until May 1, 1921, when it was replaced by the l'Avant-garde. ^[13]
• English poet Marian Allen completed the poem "To A. T. G." a few days after hearing her fiancé Arthur Greg was killed in action, the first of several to his memory. ^[14]
• The music school Tbilisi State Conservatoire was founded in Tbilisi, Georgia. ^[15]
• The city of Elko, Nevada, was incorporated. ^[16]
• The borough of Sea Girt, New Jersey, was incorporated. ^[17]
• Born: John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, second baseman for the Cleveland Indians during the 1948 World Series, also known for his role as Steve Hardy in the television soap opera General Hospital , in Los Angeles (d. 1996); Ulric Cross, Trinidadian air force officer and judge, commander of the No. 139 Squadron for the Royal Air Force during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, high court judge for Trinidad from 1971 to 2013, in Port of Spain, Trinidad (d. 2013)
• Born: Danielle Darrieux, French singer and actress, known for award-winning roles including Scene of the Crime and 8 Women , in Bordeaux, France (d. 2017); Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator, best known for his animated films including The Story of a Crime , in Tver, Russia (d. 2012)
• Died: William Knox D'Arcy, British industrialist, principal architect of the oil and gas industry in Persia (now Iran) through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (now BP) (b. 1849)

Wednesday, May 2, 1917

• Royal Navy destroyer HMS Derwent struck a mine and sank off the coast of France, with the loss of 58 out of 70 crew. ^[18]
• The People's Council of America for Democracy and the Terms of Peace was established in New York City in opposition to the United States entry into World War I. ^[19]
• The Brazilian football association Federação de Futebol do Estado do Espírito Santo was established in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. ^[20]
• Born: Juan Zurita, Mexican boxer, lightweight world champion in 1944, in Veracruz, Mexico (d. 2000)

Thursday, May 3, 1917

British troops returning from the front during the Battle of Arras.

• French Army Mutinies – The Second Division of the French Third Army began disobeying orders as the Nivelle offensive wound down, causing a chain reaction of mutinies throughout the French Army. ^[21]
• Battle of Arras – British forces launched a third attack on German positions along the Scarpe River in France, including the French villages of Bullecourt and Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt. The British 62nd Division successfully held off German attempts to recapture Bullecourt but Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt remained firmly in German hands. ^[22] Meanwhile, a British assault to capture Oppy Wood near Arras, France, proved disastrous, with 2,417 casualties. ^[23]
• The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce established the Constitutional Reform Association of Hong Kong. ^[24]
• The Swedish Linnaeus Society was founded on the 210th anniversary of the birth of Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. ^[25]
• Born: Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian state leader, first President of Macedonia, in Štip, Kingdom of Serbia (now North Macedonia) (d. 2012); William Mulloy, American anthropologist and archaeologist, known for leading research on the Plains Indians of North America and Polynesian prehistory (including the moai statues of Easter Island), in Salt Lake City (d. 1978)
• Born: George Gaynes, Finnish-American actor, best known for comedic roles including Commandant Eric Lassard in the Police Academy series and Henry in the 1980s television sitcom Punky Brewster , in Helsinki (d. 2016); Betty Comden, American comedienne, best known for her collaboration with Adolph Green, in New York City (d. 2006)
• Died: Isawa Shūji, Japanese academic, founder of University of Tsukuba, Central School for the Deaf and Tokyo University of the Arts (b. 1851)

Friday, May 4, 1917

• Second Battle of the Aisne – French forces captured Brimont, France, from the Germans. ^[26]
• Battle of the Hills – French forces captured portions of Mont Cornillet and Mont Blond in France. ^[27]
• British troopship Transylvania was sunk by German submarine SM U-63, with the loss of 402 lives. ^[28]
• Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 43 attacked a Royal Navy naval squadron in the North Sea near the Dogger Bank, hitting light cruiser HMS Dublin with bombs. It was one of the few cases of an airship attacking warships. ^{[29] [30]}
• Born: Josef Wurmheller, German air force officer, commander of Jagdgeschwader 2 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Hausham, Germany (d. 1944, killed in action)

Saturday, May 5, 1917

Bulgarian soldier firing his rifle from a trench during the Battle of the Crna Bend.

• At the Battle of the Crna Bend, Allied forces, including French, Italian and Russian battalions, launched a major offensive to break the stalemate on the Macedonian front in the Balkans by shelling German and Bulgarian positions are the Crna River in Serbia (now North Macedonia). ^[31]
• At the Second Battle of the Aisne, the French Fourth Army captured two key German defenses around Chemin des Dames, France, and captured 3,350 German prisoners and 27 guns, while the Sixth Army reached the outskirts of German-held Allemant, Aisne, France and took c. 4,000 prisoners. ^[32]
• The incumbent Nationalist Party of Australia led by Billy Hughes returned to power as the Australian Government in the federal elections. ^[33]
• Voters in Queensland, Australia, rejected a referendum to abolish the state's Legislative Council. ^[34]
• The United States Army established the 4th ^[35] and 5th Aero Squadrons. ^[36]
• Born:
  • Jimmy Murray, Gaelic football player, centre-forward for Roscommon and St. Patrick; in Knockcroghery, Ireland (d. 2007)
  • Patrick Lynch, Irish economist, proponent of education and development economics, advocate for Ireland joining the European Economic Community; in Dublin (d. 2001)
  • Aage Eriksen, Norwegian wrestler, silver medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics; in Notodden, Norway (d. 1998) ^[37]
  • George C. Baldwin, American physicist, leading researcher into photofission including the discovery of giant resonance; in Denver (d. 2010)

Sunday, May 6, 1917

• José Gutiérrez Guerra won the presidential election in Bolivia to become its 34th president. ^[38]
• Battle of the Crna Bend – German and Bulgarian forces began counter-maneuvers against Allied patrols monitoring the bombardment of the Central Powers defenses along the Crna River in Serbia. ^[39]
• A German plane dropped a bomb on London, killing one person. ^[40]
• The Estonian Radical Socialist Party was formed in Tallinn, Estonia. Two months later, the Social Travaillist Party formed and both merged in 1919 to become the Estonian Labour Party. ^[41]
• Born: Rex T. Barber, American air force officer, member of Operation Vengeance that located and shot down the plane carrying Japanese Grande Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, recipient of the Silver Star and Navy Cross, in Culver, Oregon (d. 2001); Jack Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player, defenceman for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks from 1937 to 1953, in Pilot Mound, Manitoba (d. 1983); Leonid Brekhovskikh, Russian oceanographer, co-discover of the deep sound channel in oceans, in Strunkino, Russia (d. 2005)
• Died: Thomas Carr, Irish-Australian clergy, Archbishop of Melbourne from 1886 to 1917 (b. 1839)

Monday, May 7, 1917

• Battle of the Crna Bend – The Allies intensified bombardment of Central Powers defenses along the Crna River in Serbia. However, the Bulgarians were able to maintain their defenses despite sustaining 945 casualties over four days of shelling. ^[42]
• German submarine SM UB-39 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with all 24 crew on board. ^[43]
• British flying ace Major Mick Mannock claimed his first kill. ^{[44] [45]} However, the same day, British flying ace Captain Albert Ball, with 44 victories to his name, was killed in a crash following a dogfight with German pilot Lothar von Richthofen (who also crashed but survived). ^[46]
• Cecil McKenzie Hill made the first flight for the Canterbury Aviation Company in Sockburn, New Zealand, which was used to train more pilots for military and commercial purposes. ^{[47] [48]}
• The National Music Publishers' Association was established in the USA to "protect its members' property rights on the legislative, litigation, and regulatory fronts." ^[49]
• Loretta Young made her screen debut in an uncredited role for the screen adaptation of the Ruth Sawyer novel The Primrose Ring , directed by Robert Z. Leonard. ^{[50] [51]}
• Born: David Tomlinson, English actor, best known for his roles in live action Disney films including Mary Poppins , Bedknobs and Broomsticks and The Love Bug , in Henley-on-Thames, England (d. 2000); Russell Foskett, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 94 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Order of the British Empire and Distinguished Flying Cross, in Roseville, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1944, killed in action)
• Born: Anthony Provenzano, American gangster, member of the Genovese crime family, member of the Teamsters Union and connected to the disappearance of union leader Jimmy Hoffa, in New York City (d. 1988); Domenico Bartolucci, Italian clergy and composer, director of Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Vatican City, in Borgo San Lorenzo, Italy (d. 2013)
• Died: Thomas M. Anderson, American army officer, general of U.S. forces during the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War (b. 1836)

Tuesday, May 8, 1917

• Battle of Doiran – A British force of 43,000 men under command of Lieutenant-General George Milne launched a second offensive against a Bulgarian force of 30,000 men commanded by Colonel Vladimir Vazov at Doiran Lake in Serbia, following an April attack that failed to overtake the opposing side's defenses. ^[52]
• German submarine SM UC-26 was rammed and sunk by a British destroyer in the English Channel, killed all 26 crew on board. ^[53]
• Sections of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian General Confederation of Labour met in Milan and, following fierce debate, approved a call inviting organizations and individual workers to comply with "discipline" to the directives of the party and not to take "isolated and fragmented" initiatives. ^[54]
• The third Far Eastern Championship Games were held in Tokyo. ^[55]
• The Ballard Locks opened for fishing and cargo vessels in Salmon Bay, Washington. ^[56]
• Born: John Anderson Jr., American politician, 36th Governor of Kansas, in Olathe, Kansas (d. 2014)

Wednesday, May 9, 1917

Lieutenant General Vladimir Vazov.

• The Nivelle offensive was abandoned with the end of the Second Battle of the Aisne. French forces had suffered a total 187,000 casualties that, while lower than the Battle of Verdun, were high in what was supposed to be a promising offensive to bring about the end of fighting on the Western Front. ^[57]
• Battle of the Crna Bend – The Allies launched a massive infantry assault on the Central Powers defenses but failed to make any gains. ^{[58] [59]} Casualties for the Allies were 5,450, while the Bulgarians sustained total casualties of 1,626. German casualties were unknown. ^[60]
• Battle of Doiran – British forces failed to dislodge Bulgarian defenders at Doiran Lake in Serbia. With casualties at 12,000, the British called off further attacks. Bulgarian commander Vladimir Vazov was promoted to Major-General for achieving a major victory over the British. ^[61]
• The United States Army established the 14th, 15th and 16th Aero Squadrons. ^[62]
• Born: Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda, Syrian religious leader, third Supreme Guide of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, in Aleppo (d. 1997)

Thursday, May 10, 1917

• Tenth Battle of the Isonzo – Italian forces launched a major offensive on the Austro-Hungarian front, and were able to advance to the coastal town of Duino, located 15 kilometers from Trieste, by the end of the month. ^[63]
• Second Battle of the Aisne – The French made small gains northeast of Mont Haut and repulsed a German attack at Mont Téton. ^[64] By then, the French had captured an estimated 28,500 German prisoners and 187 German guns. ^[65]
• Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness won a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Party, making it a political disaster for John Redmond and his party. ^[66]
• The United States Army established the 34th Aero Squadron. ^[67]
• Born: Margo, Mexican-American actress, known for roles in Lost Horizon , The Leopard Man , Viva Zapata! , in Mexico City (d. 1985)
• Died: Joseph B. Foraker, American politician, 37th Governor of Ohio (b. 1846)

Friday, May 11, 1917

• German flying ace Edmund Nathanael, with 15 victories to his name, was shot down and killed by Scottish flying ace Captain William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick in what was his 9th of 21 victories. ^[68]
• The Yale Precision Marching Band was established as the official marching band for Yale University. ^[69]
• Born: John B. Calhoun, American biologist, developed the concept of behavioral sink to explain certain behaviors that arise when there is overcrowding, in Elkton, Tennessee (d. 1995); Sheikh Anwarul Haq, Pakistani judge, 9th Chief Justice of Pakistan, in Jullundur, British India (d. 1995); Jack Pleis, American jazz musician, known for piano collaborations with major recordings artists including Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Harry Belafonte, Bing Crosby, and Sammy Davis Jr., in Philadelphia (d. 1990)

Saturday, May 12, 1917

• Thoroughbred racehorse Omar Khayyam was the first foreign-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby with a time of 2:04.60 in the 43rd running of the event. ^[70]
• The Indian Institute of Architects was established in Bombay with George Wittet as the first president. ^[71]
• Frear Park opened in Troy, New York. ^[72]
• The ballet The Wooden Prince by Béla Bartók premiered in Budapest. ^[73]
• Born: Frank Clair, American-Canadian football coach, head coach for the Toronto Argonauts and Ottawa Rough Riders where he led the team to three Grey Cup wins, in Hamilton, Ohio (d. 2005); Abdul Bakeer Markar, Sri Lankan politician, 12th Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, in Beruwala, British Ceylon (d. 1997)

Sunday, May 13, 1917

Lúcia dos Santos (center) and cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto (either side)

• Ten-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto reported a series of Marian apparitions near Fátima, Portugal, which become known as Our Lady of Fátima. The female vision, described by Santos as "brighter than the sun", instructed the children to pray daily to bring about the end of World War I and told them that a miracle would occur on October 13. ^[74]
• The nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, was consecrated Archbishop by Pope Bendedict. ^[75]
• A referendum was held in Switzerland, with voters in favor for amendments to the stamp duty in the Swiss constitution. ^[76]
• Football club Real Madrid beat Getxo 2–1 in the Copa del Rey Final, in front of a crowd of 2,500 at the Camp de la Indústria in Barcelona. ^[77]

Monday, May 14, 1917

• Battle of the Strait of Otranto – An Austro-Hungarian naval squadron raided an Allied naval blockade in the Strait of Otranto between Italy and Albania. ^[78]
• Royal Naval Air Service Flight Commander Robert Leckie, while flying a Curtiss, shot down German Zeppelin L 22, the first time a flying boat shot down an airship. ^{[79] [80]}
• German submarine SM U-59 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea, killing 33 of the 37 crew on board. ^[81]
• Romanian socialist leader Max Wexler was shot dead by his guards while in transit to a command post in Iași, Romania. Official reports said he was attempting to escape custody but supporters claimed it was a planned assassination by the Romanian military. Romanian Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu ordered an inquiry into his death but no firm proceedings were made, leaving the circumstances around his death a mystery. ^[82]
• Cecil B. DeMille released the drama A Romance of the Redwoods . It starred Mary Pickford and became her hit of the year and fourth top-grossing film of 1917. A film copy survived and is kept at the George Eastman Museum in Rochester, New York ^[83]
• Born: Lou Harrison, American composer, known for such compositions as Concerto in Slendro and Concerto for Piano and Javanese Gamelan, in Portland, Oregon (d. 2003); W. T. Tutte, British mathematician, member of the Bletchley Park team that broke the Lorenz code used by German armed forces during World War II, leading contributor to matroid and graph theory, in Newmarket, Suffolk, England (d. 2002)
• Born: Ralph Heikkinen, American football player, guard for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1936 to 1938 and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1939, in Hancock, Michigan (d. 1990); Bob Thurman, American baseball player, leading pitcher for the Homestead Grays and Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro leagues and outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds from 1955 to 1959, in Kellyville, Oklahoma (d. 1998)
• Died: Joseph Hodges Choate, American lawyer and diplomat, best known for his litigation cases in the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Income Tax Suit, and prohibition cases in Kansas, U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1899 to 1905 (b. 1832)

Tuesday, May 15, 1917

The damaged Austro-Hungarian cruiser Novara after the Battle of the Strait of Otranto.

• Robert Nivelle was replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army by Philippe Pétain. ^[84]
• At the Battle of the Strait of Otranto, British destroyers HMS Dartmouth and Bristol, accompanied by Italian naval vessels, attempted to cut off the raiding Austro-Hungarian Navy squadron as it retreated. Dartmouth managed to disable Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Novara but in turn was hit by a torpedo fired from German submarine UC-25 that killed five crewmen. While pursuing the retreating sub, French destroyer Boutefeu struck a mine and sank, with heavy loss of life. ^[85]
• Japanese bathroom manufacturer Toto was established in Kitakyushu, Japan as Tōyō Tōki(Oriential Ceramics). ^[86]
• The 56th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army was established. ^[87]
• The 21st Aero Squadron of the United States Army was established. ^{[88] [89]}
• The township of Lyndhurst, New Jersey, was incorporated. ^[90]
• Born:
  • Eleanor Maccoby, American psychologist, lead researcher in child development, author of The Development of Sex Differences; in Tacoma, Washington (d. 2018)
  • Ron Saggers, Australian cricketer, batsman for the New South Wales cricket team from 1939 to 1951 and the Australia national cricket team from 1948 to 1950; in Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1987)
• Died: Isaac Bentham, British Olympic champion water polo player, was killed in action during the Battle of Arras (b. 1886) ^[91]

Wednesday, May 16, 1917

• Battle of Arras – The offensive wound down with no breakthrough in the German Hindenburg Line, which had proven effective in holding back Allied attacks. The British overall suffered 150,000 casualties, while German casualties were estimated between 120,000 and 130,000. Some 25 British soldiers and officers received the Victoria Cross for actions during the battle. ^[92]
• French Army Mutinies – Units with the 18th and 127th Divisions of the French Third Army began to mutiny. ^[93]
• British Prime Minister David Lloyd George announced that he wanted immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties in Ireland, but six north-eastern counties were to be excluded for a period of five years. ^[94]
• American writer Ernest Poole released his first novel His Family through Macmillan Publishers, which would win the first Pulitzer Prize for Fiction the following year. ^[95]
• Born: Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, best known for his anthology El Llano en llamas and novel Pedro Páramo , in Sayula, Jalisco, Mexico (d. 1986); Vera Rózsa, Hungarian singer and voice instructor, tutored renowned singers including Kiri Te Kanawa, Sonia Theodoridou, Tom Krause, Anne Sofie von Otter, Anthony Rolfe Johnson and Ildikó Komlósi (d. 2010)
• Born: Woodrow W. Keeble, America soldier, recipient of the Medal of Honor posthumously for action during the Korean War (after a campaign led by family and the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate tribe of the Dakota people), in Waubay, South Dakota (d. 1982); Ben Kuroki, American aircraft pilot, only American of Japanese descent to fly missions in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II, three-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Distinguished Service Medal, in Gothenburg, Nebraska (d. 2015)

Thursday, May 17, 1917

• The 33rd Aero Squadron was established by the United States Army. ^[96]
• The Nicaraguan football club Diriangén was established in Diriamba, Nicaragua, and became the most successful football club in the country's history with 25 league titles. ^[97]
• Born: Lou Gordon, American journalist, best known for news magazine show The Lou Gordon Program on WKBD-TV, in Detroit (d. 1977); Charles Scherf, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 418 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Flying Cross, in Emmaville, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1949, killed in a car crash)
• Born: Winslow Anderson, American artist, best known for his glass work with Blenko and Lenox, in Plymouth, Massachusetts (d. 2007); Dmitry Maevsky, Russian painter, member of the Leningrad Union of Artists, known for landscape work including The Ukrainian homestead and April, in Petrograd (d. 1992)
• Died: Charles Brook, British state leader, a member of the White Rajahs that ruled the Sarawak in Borneo (b. 1829); Radomir Putnik, Serbian army officer, Chief of the Serbian General Staff from 1912 to 1915 (b. 1847); Stephen P. Moss, American politician, member of the Oregon House of Representatives from 1882 to 1889 (b. 1840)

Friday, May 18, 1917

• French Army Mutinies – A unit with 166th Division of the French Third Army made a demonstration against command. ^[98]
• United States Congress passed the Selective Service Act, allowing U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to establish the Selective Service System to oversee conscription in the United States. ^[99]
• The Ukrainian General Military Committee was established as the highest military governing body for the Ukrainian People's Republic. ^[100]
• The ballet Parade by Jean Cocteau, with music by Erik Satie, premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. The premier was noteworthy for Pablo Picasso creating the set design. Ballet choreographer Léonide Massine also appeared as the male leader dancer with Ernest Ansermet conducting the orchestra. ^[101]
• Norwegian sports club Trondheims-Ørn was established in Trondheim, Norway with sections for association football, Nordic skiing, speed skating, track and field, swimming, handball, and ice hockey. By 1984, all its programs were reduced to its women's football program when it became known as Rosenborg. It is now one of the most famous of the women's football clubs in Norway, with seven Norwegian Women's Premier League championship titles and eight Norwegian Football Cup titles. ^[102]
• Born: Bill Everett, American comic book artist, creator of Namor and Daredevil, in Cambridge, Massachusetts (d. 1973)
• Died: John Nevil Maskelyne, British magician and inventor, known for odd Victorian era devices including the pay toilet (b. 1839)

Saturday, May 19, 1917

• Battle of the Hills – French forces wrested control of Mont Cornillet, France from the Germans at significant cost. ^[103]
• The white star centered in a blue circle with a red disc centered within the star was adopted as the official national insignia for all United States Armed Forces aircraft. ^[104]
• Indonesian women's activist Nyai Ahmad Dahlan established Aisyiyah, an organization dedicated to improving women's access to education, health care and social services in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). ^{[105] [106]}
• The silent drama One Law for Both was released, directed by Ivan Abramson and starring Rita Jolivet and James W. Morrison as Russian siblings fleeing revolution in their country. The film is now considered lost. ^{[107] [108]}
• The football club Odd was established in Trondheim, Norway and was renamed to its current title Rosenborg in 1928. ^[109]
• Born: Robert Gordon Robertson, Canadian public servant, 7th Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, in Davidson, Saskatchewan (d. 2013)
• Died: Valentine Fleming, British politician and army officer, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, father to writer Ian Fleming (killed in action) (b. 1882); Belva Ann Lockwood, American lawyer and activist, first woman to practice law before the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1830); Walter Beverly Pearson, American industrialist and inventor, president of the Standard Screw Company, unacknowledged great grandson to Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (b. 1861)

Sunday, May 20, 1917

• Battle of the Hills – France launched a major assault on the German line between Mont Cornillet and Le Téton, capturing 985 prisoners and reporting another 600 German dead. ^[110]
• French Army Mutinies – The 128th Regiment of the French Third Division and 66th Regiment of the French 18th Division joined the mutiny. ^[111]
• British warship HMS Paxton was sunk by German submarine SM U-46 in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Skellig Islands, killing 31 crew and taking two survivors prisoner. ^[112]
• The small town of Codell, Kansas, was struck by a tornado, the second of three that occurred consecutively on the same date every year until 1918. ^[113]
• Born: Tony Cliff, British activist, founder of the Socialist Workers Party, in Zikhron Ya'akov, Ottoman Empire (d. 2000); Richard Cobb, British historian, leading expert of the French Revolution, author of The People's Armies, in Frinton-on-Sea, England (d. 1996); David McClelland, American psychologist, developer of the need theory, in Mount Vernon, New York (d. 1998)
• Died: Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector, compiled the most complete worldwide stamp collection including rare stamps such as the Treskilling Yellow and the British Guiana 1c magenta (b. 1850); Romilda Pantaleoni, Italian opera singer, best known for her lead performances in operas such as Mefistofele , La Gioconda , Otello and Edgar (b. 1847)

Monday, May 21, 1917

• A massive fire destroyed 73 blocks in Atlanta and left 10,000 people homeless. ^[114]
• Battle of the Hills – French forces repulsed a German counterattack around Mont Cornillet, France. ^[115]
• German submarine SM UC-36 was rammed and sunk by a French steamship in the Bay of Biscay, killing all 26 crew. ^[116]
• U.S. military air base Chanute Field was established near Rantoul, Illinois, as one of the 32 U.S. Army flight training airfields during World War I. ^{[117] [118]}
• The Imperial War Graves Commission was established to look at means of preserving the graves of war dead, eventually becoming the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. ^[119]
• The first National Kitchen opened in London, which provided a professional restaurant experience at a price of sixpence a meal for individuals and families facing financial difficulties during World War I. By late 1918, some 363 National Kitchens were opened throughout the United Kingdom. ^[120]
• Born: Raymond Burr, Canadian-American actor, best known for the title lead role in the television series Perry Mason , in New Westminster, British Columbia (d. 1993); Frank Bellamy, British comic book artist, best known for his work on Eagle , in Kettering, England (d. 1976); Ronald Colville, Scottish noble, Governor of the Bank of Scotland and Captain of the Queen's Bodyguard of Scotland, in Glasgow (d. 1996)
• Born: George Aratani, American business leader, founder of Mikasa and owner of the Kenwood Corporation, in Gardena, California (d. 2013); Victor Henry Anderson, American spiritual leader, founding member of the pagan movement Feri Tradition, in Clayton, New Mexico (d. 2001); Babatunji Olowofoyeku, Nigerian politician, attorney general of Western State of Nigeria from 1963 to 1966, in Ilesa, Nigeria (d. 2003)
• Died: Maurice Guillaux, French aviator, first pilot to fly airmail and a seaplane in Australia (b. 1883, killed in a plane crash)

Tuesday, May 22, 1917

• A lynch party kidnapped and burned alive Ell Persons, an African-American accused of the rape and murder of 16-year old white girl Antoinette Rappel, in Memphis. Despite the large crowd of eyewitnesses and extremely brutal nature of the lynching, no suspects were apprehended. ^[121]
• The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps — the predecessor to the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps — was established as the seventh uniformed service of the United States. ^[122]
• Born: Sid Melton, American actor, best known for his roles in the television sitcoms Green Acres and The Danny Thomas Show , in New York City (d. 2011); Georg Tintner, Austrian-Canadian conductor, best known for his work with Opera Australia and Symphony Nova Scotia, recipient of the Order of Canada, in Vienna (d. 1999)

Wednesday, May 23, 1917

British soldiers laying gun cotton charges at the base of a bridge during a raid on Ottoman railways.

• Battle of the Hills – French artillery halted German counterattacks on Mont Haut, France. ^[115]
• A month of civil violence in Milan ended after the Italian army forcibly took over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries. Fifty people were killed and 800 were arrested. ^[123]
• During the Stalemate in Southern Palestine, the British Desert Column destroyed large sections of the railway line linking Beersheba to the main Ottoman Army desert base. ^{[124] [125]}
• Li Yuanhong, President of the Republic of China, dismissed Duan Qirui from his position as Premier of the Republic of China, creating an internal conflict in the government that led to an attempt to restore the Qing dynasty in July. ^[126]
• After bad weather prevented six Imperial German Navy Zeppelins from conducting high-altitude raid on London, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany concluded, "I am of the opinion that the day of the airship is past for attacks on London. They should be used as scouts for the High Seas Fleet and strategic reconnaissance, not for bombing raids on London." The Chief of the Naval Staff argued that airship bombing campaigns often succeeded in tying down many British personnel, guns, and aircraft on home air defense duties, and persuaded the Kaiser to allow further raids when weather conditions were favorable. ^[127]
• The city of Elm Springs, Arkansas, was incorporated. ^[128]
• Born: Tatiana Riabouchinska, Russian ballet dancer, one of the noted Baby Ballerinas for the Original Ballet Russe, in Moscow (d. 2000); Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician, developer of chaos theory, in West Hartford, Connecticut (d. 2008)
• Died: Harry Lane, American politician, 35th Mayor of Portland, Oregon, U.S. Senator from Oregon from 1913 to 1917 (b. 1855); Ranavalona, Madagascan noble, Queen of Madagascar from 1883 to 1897, last noble sovereign of Madagascar (b. 1861)

Thursday, May 24, 1917

• German submarine SM UC-24 was torpedoed by French submarine Circé with the loss of all 26 crew. ^[129]
• While flying as an observer aboard a German Aviatik, turbulence threw First Lieutenant Otto Berla from his cockpit without a parachute. As he fell, an updraft forced the tail of the aircraft upward, and Berla punched through the plywood of the fuselage aft of his cockpit. The aircraft's pilot returned him safely to base. ^[130]
• B-1, the first U.S. Navy B-class blimp took flight. ^[131]
• Convicted murderer Arthur Warren Waite was executed at Sing Sing prison in New York for the murders of John and Hannah Peck in 1916. ^[132]
• Born: Ross Thatcher, Canadian politician, 9th Premier of Saskatchewan, father of Colin Thatcher, in Neville, Saskatchewan (d. 1971)
• Died: Les Darcy, Australian boxer, holder of the Australian Heavyweight Championship title (b. 1895)

Friday, May 25, 1917

• A series of tornadoes ravaged the American Midwest and Deep South over a 10-day period, starting with a twister that ripped through parts of Andale and Sedgwick, Kansas, killing 20 people. Two other tornadoes in other parts of the state killed another four. ^{[133] [134]}
• The first Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) bombing campaign of Operation Türkenkreuz ("Turk's Cross") on London resulted in 95 deaths and 195 injuries. Seventy-four British aircraft took off to intercept, but the Germans lost only one aircraft. ^{[135] [136] [137] [138]}
• Battle of the Hills – French forces captured nearly all of Mont Cornille, France and captured 120 German prisoners. ^[115]
• French flying ace Lieutenant René Dorme was killed in action. His 23 victories tied him with Lieutenant Gabriel Guérin for ninth-highest-scoring French ace of World War I. ^[139]
• The National School of Agriculture was established in Managua, Nicaragua, and was renamed later the National Agrarian University in 1986 when it was incorporated into the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua. ^[140]
• The Norwegian sports club Åndalsnes was established in Åndalsnes, Norway. It currently hosts association football, gymnastics, track and field, handball and Nordic skiing. ^[141]
• Born: Theodore Hesburgh, American clergy and academic, 15th President of University of Notre Dame, in Syracuse, New York (d. 2015); Steve Cochran, American actor, best known for his roles in The Best Years of Our Lives , Copacabana and White Heat , in Eureka, California (d. 1965); James Plimsoll, Australian politician, 22nd Governor of Tasmania, in Sydney (d. 1987)
• Died: Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet, best known for his poetry collection Vianok (A Wreath) (b. 1891); Édouard de Reszke, Polish opera singer, known for his work with Paris Opera and his recordings, including the opera Martha (b. 1853); William H. H. Miller, American politician, 39th United States Attorney General (b. 1840)

Saturday, May 26, 1917

Tornado damage in Mattoon, Illinois.

• Battle of Monastir – Bulgarian forces drove off French troops and re-occupied part of Hill 1248 north Monastir, Serbia, but the summit remained unoccupied by both sides. While it relieved some pressure off the Allied-held Serbian city, French casualties for the battle eventually were estimated at 14,000 killed, wounded or sick. Casualties for the Central Powers were unknown, and some 500 civilians were killed and another 650 were injured. ^[142]
• A tornado struck Mattoon, Illinois, causing devastation and killing 101 people. Other tornadoes that same day in Illinois and Indiana killed 10 more people. ^{[143] [144]}
• British hospital ship HMHS Dover Castle was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM UC-67. Seven crew were lost with the survivors rescued by HMS Cameleon. ^[145]
• The United States Army established the 26th Aero Squadron. ^[146]
• Born: Anton Christoforidis, Greek boxer, world light heavyweight champion in 1941, the first Greek nationality to win the title, in Mersin, Ottoman Empire (d. 1985)

Sunday, May 27, 1917

• Tornadoes in Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama killed a total 141 people. ^[147]
• Pope Benedict issued a promulgation of the Code of Canon Law. ^[148]
• A Royal Navy seaplane sunk German submarine SM UC-66 in the Atlantic Ocean using depth charges, killing all 26 crew on board. ^[149]
• Born: Estrella Alfon, Filipino author, four time recipient of the Palanca Awards for works including With Patches of Many Hues and The White Dress, in Cebu, Philippines (d. 1983); George T. Reynolds, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, in Trenton, New Jersey (d. 2005)
• Died: Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Russian naval officer, commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War (b. 1843)

Monday, May 28, 1917

• French Army Mutinies – The French Third Army faced mutinying soldiers in the 5th, 9th, 158th, and 1st Cavalry Divisions. ^[150]
• Battle of the Hills – German counterattacks on Le Téton and Le Casque, France failed. ^[151]
• A mob of 3,000 white men marched into East St. Louis, Illinois, and attacked African-American residents after weeks of escalating tensions for competing jobs in the St. Louis area. Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden ordered the National Guard into the city to quell the rioting. ^[152]
• Three tornadoes in Alabama killed eight people. ^[153]
• Metropolitan Bishop Andrey Sheptytsky of the Greek Catholic Church appointed Leonid Feodorov as the first Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Russia. ^[154]
• Benny Leonard defeated Freddie Welsh at New York City to win the World Lightweight Championship, which he held until he retired in 1925. ^[155]
• New York City Subway stations for the BMT Jamaica Line, including Woodhaven Boulevard, Elderts Lane, Forest Parkway, 104th Street, and 111th Street were opened for service. ^{[156] [157] [158]}
• Born: Papa John Creach, American blues musician, best known for his violin work with Louis Armstrong, T-Bone Walker, Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead and other artists, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania (d. 1994); Barry Commoner, American biologist, leading expert on ecology and pioneer of environmentalism, author of The Closing Circle and The Poverty of Power, in New York City (d. 2012); Marshall Reed, American actor, best known for his character actors and stunt work in Westerns including Riding with Buffalo Bill , in Englewood, Colorado (d. 1980)
• Died: Juan Bautista Ambrosetti, Argentine anthropologist, credited for pioneering the study of anthropology in Argentina (b. 1865)

Tuesday, May 29, 1917

• American auto engineers Jesse G. Vincent and Elbert J. Hall were summoned to Washington, D.C. by the Aircraft Production Board to design a new aircraft engine to outfit in newer Allied aircraft. The two met at Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. and within five days developed design plans for the Liberty aircraft engine. ^[159]
• Born: John F. Kennedy, American state leader, 35th President of the United States, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960, in Brookline, Massachusetts (d. 1963, assassinated); Fred Ascani, American air force officer, vice-commander for the Air Force Test Center, one of the developers of systems engineering at Wright Field, in Beloit, Wisconsin (d. 2010)
• Born: Maya Deren, Ukrainian-American filmmaker, best known for her experimental short films Meshes of the Afternoon and At Land , in Kiev (d. 1961); Élie de Rothschild, French financial leader, manager of the French branch of the Rothschild banking empire, son of Robert de Rothschild, in Paris (d. 2007)
• Died: Kate Harrington, American poet, best known for her poetry collections Letters from a Prairie Cottage and Emma Bartlett (b. 1831)

Wednesday, May 30, 1917

• Tornadoes in Missouri killed a total 65 people. ^[160]
• Battle of the Hills – German efforts to recapture Mont Blond from the French failed. ^[151]
• The Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded "Darktown Strutters' Ball" and released it through Columbia Records. ^[161]
• Died: John Henry Upshur, American naval officer, one of the commanding officers of the Union blockade during the American Civil War, commander of the Pacific Squadron from 1882 to 1885 (b. 1823)

Thursday, May 31, 1917

• French Army Mutinies – Mutiny spread in the French Third Army to 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th Divisions, with a total 21 units revolting and 27,000 soldiers refusing to go to the trenches on the Western Front. ^[150]
• Battle of the Hills – German forces attacked French positions at Mont Haut, Le Casque and Le Téton but were defeated. ^[151]
• A tornado landed outside of Marietta, Oklahoma, and killed three people. ^[162]
• Vice-Admiral Henry Oliver, Chief of the Admiralty War Staff, became the first British naval officer appointed Deputy Chief of the Navy as part of the formation of the Admiralty Naval Staff. ^[163] As well, Rear-Admiral Alexander Ludovic Duff was appointed as the first Assistant Chief of Naval Staff of the First Sea Lord. ^[164]
• The United States Army established the 10th Aero Squadron. ^[165]
• Born: Jean Rouch, French filmmaker, considered the father of Nigerian cinema and a pioneer of cinéma vérité in films including Moi, un noir and Chronicle of a Summer , in Paris (d. 2004); Brian Kingcome, British air force officer, commander of No. 92 Squadron during the Battle of Britain, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Distinguished Service Order, in Calcutta (d. 1994); Billie Rogers, American jazz musician, noted for her collaborations with Woody Herman and Jerry Wald and one of the first major female musicians of the big band era, in North Plains, Oregon (d. 2014)

References

1. "Carranza Garza Venustiano". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
2. (in Italian) XXIV Legislatura del Regno d'Italia dal 27 novembre 1913 al 29 settembre 1919, Camera dei deputati, Portale storico (retrieved 29 May 2016)
3. Richard Pipes (1990). The Russian Revolution. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407. ISBN   9780307788573.
4. Ap. Const. Pastor Bonus , Art. 56
5. "Nayarit y Su History ("Nayarit and Its History")". H. Congreso del Estado de Nayarit. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
6. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 81". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
7. Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 183-184.
8. "Los Angeles Mayor". Our Campaigns.
9. Austin, W. S. (1924). The Official History of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade (The Earl of Liverpool's Own). New Zealand in the First World War 1914–1918. Wellington, NZ: L. T. Watkins. p. 55. OCLC   22988355 . Retrieved 10 April 2015.
10. Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 127. ISBN   978-1-898697-56-5.
11. Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22d-24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
12. "Company - About Us". Mikasa. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
13. Marc Vuelleumier; Ruth Fivaz-Silbermann (1973). Histoire du mouvement ouvrier en Suisse. Librairie Droz. pp. 194–195. ISBN   978-2-600-04187-4.
14. "Marian Allen" . Retrieved 8 June 2012.
15. "About Us". Conservatoire.edu.ge (in Georgian). Retrieved 9 April 2017.
16. "Elko's Centennial Celebration 1917-2017". Elko 100. City of Elko. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
17. Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p.185. Accessed August 12, 2013
18. "Loss data from U-Boat.net".
19. Frank L. Grubbs, Jr., The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the AF of L, and the Pacifists, 1917-1920. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968; pg. 22.
20. Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 35.
21. Paschall, R. (1994). The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918. Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN   0-306-80585-5.
22. Oldham, Peter (1997). The Hindenburg Line. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 50–56, 60–71. ISBN   978-0-85052-568-7.
23. Bilton, D. (2005). Oppy Wood. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. p. 94. ISBN   978-1-84415-248-3.
24. Endacott, G.B. (1964). Government and people in Hong Kong, 1841-1962. Hong Kong University Press. p. 142.
25. "Founded on the anniversary of Linnaeus' birth". The Swedish Linnaeus Society. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
26. Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501. ISBN   0-89839-180-6.
27. "The Times History of the War". The Times. Vol. XIV. London. 1914–1921. p. 97. OCLC   70406275 . Retrieved 26 October 2013.
28. "ss TRANSYLVANIA". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Archived from the original on 2006-01-07. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
29. Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. p. 128. ISBN   1-86448-611-2.
30. Whitehouse, 1966, pp. 193-194.
31. Данилов, Ю.Л. (1933). Русские отряды на французском и Македонском фронтах. 1916—1918 г.г.[Russian troops on the French and Macedonian fronts. 1916-1918] (in Russian). Союза офицеровь участниковъ войньи на французскомъ фронте. p. 177.
32. Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 497–501. ISBN   978-0-89839-180-0.
33. "Commonwealth Parliament, House of Representatives election". Australian Elections and Politics Database. University of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
34. Abolition of the Upper House Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine , Parliament of Queensland, 27 March 2001
35. History of the 394th Combat Training Squadron, Office of History, Whiteman AFB, Missouri Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
36. History of the 5th Reconnaissance Squadron, 5 May 1917 to 31 December 1998. Prepared by the 9th Reconnaissance Wing History Office, Beale AFB, California
37. "Aage Eriksen". Olympedia . OlyMADMen. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
38. Pío Cáceres Bilbao. Bolivia: el Senado Nacional (album) : bosquejo histórico parlamentario, 1825-1925. Biblioteca del H. Congreso Nacional, 2000. p. 201
39. Дошкинов, Петър (1935). Майското сражение в завоя на Черна 1917 г. Печатница на Военно-издателския фонд. pp. 58–60.
40. Castle, Ian (2010). London 1917-18: the bomber blitz. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN   978-1-84603-682-8.
41. Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p.389 ISBN   0-313-23804-9
42. Дошкинов 1935, pp. 58-60
43. "UB 39". Uboat.net. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
44. Mannock, Edward; Oughton, Frederick (1966). The Personal Diary of Major Edward 'Mick' Mannock. Neville Spearman. p. 119.
45. Smith, Adrian (2001). Mick Mannock, Fighter Pilot: Myth, Life and Politics. Palgrave. p. 74. ISBN   978-0-777-77898-2.
46. Bowyer, Chaz (1978). For Valour: The Air VCs. London: William Kimber & Co. pp. 209–212. ISBN   0-7183-0425-X.
47. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography - Henry Wigram
48. Rendel, David (1975) Civil Aviation in New Zealand: An Illustrated History. Wellington. A.H. & A.W.Reed. ISBN   0-589-00905-2
49. "NMPA Mission Statement". National Music Publishers Association. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
50. Dick, Bernard F. (2011). Hollywood Madonna: Loretta Young. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 6. ISBN   978-1-61703-079-6.
51. "The Primrose Ring". silentera.com. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
52. Вазов, Вл. Пос. съч., с.26
53. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 26". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
54. Camera dei deputati, Portale storico
55. Bell, Daniel (2003). Encyclopedia of International Games. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN   0-7864-1026-4.
56. Ficken, Robert E. (January 1986). "Seattle's 'Ditch': The Corps of Engineers and the Lake Washington Ship Canal". Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 77 (1): 11–20.
57. Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (25 September 2003). The First World War: The War To End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. p. 122. ISBN   1-84176-738-7.
58. Дошкинов 1935, p. 71
59. Данилов 1933, p. 178
60. Дошкинов 1935, p. 88
61. Вазов, В. Пос. съч, с. 122
62. Series "E", Volume 4, History of the History of the 16th, 17th, and 19th-21st Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
63. Thompson, Mark (2008) The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919, Faber and Faber, London p. 251
64. The Times 1918, p. 98.
65. Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501. ISBN   978-0-89839-180-0.
66. "All changed utterly after South Longford by-election - 100 years ago today". The Irish Independent. 9 May 2017.
67. Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 30th–37th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
68. Albatros Aces of World War 1: Part 1 of Albatros aces of World War I. Norman Franks. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN   1-85532-960-3, ISBN   978-1-85532-960-7, pp. 171-72
69. The Yale Alumni Weekly. 11 May 1917. p. 9. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
70. "1917 Kentucky Derby Results Tables" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
71. "History". The Indian Institute of Architects. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
72. "History of Frear Park". park-pub.com. Park Pub Restaurant & Catering. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
73. Paul Griffiths (1984). Dent, J.M. (ed.). "Bartók". The Master Musicians: 71.
74. "OUR LADY OF FATIMA :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)" . Retrieved 8 September 2016.
75. L'Osservatore Romano , Weekly Edition in English, 12/19 August 1998, p. 9
76. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1907 ISBN   9783832956097
77. "Profile Arenas=Madrid FC 1916-1917". El Aguanis. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
78. Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 162–166. ISBN   1-55750-352-4.
79. Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991, ISBN   1-55750-076-2, p. 87.
80. Whitehouse, 1966, pp. 208-210
81. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 59". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
82. Torrey, Glenn E (1995). The revolutionary Russian Army and Romania, 1917. Carl Beck papers in Russian and East European studies. Vol. 1103. Pittsburgh: Center for Russian & East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh. pp. 20–22.
83. "Progressive Silent Film List: A Romance of the Redwoods". Silent Era. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
84. Simkins, p. 131
85. Halpern, pp. 162-166
86. "Toto Way - Our Founding Spirit, Alive Today". TotoUSA.com. Toto Ltd. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
87. Nugent, John M. (1994). 56th Armored Infantry Battalion History Narrative (PDF). 12th Armored Division Association. p. ii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
88. Series "E", Volume 4, Histories of the 16th, 17th and 19th-20th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
89. Gorrell Series "E", vol. 4
90. Snyder 1969, p. 80, 87
91. "Isaac Bentham". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
92. Nicholls, J. (2005). Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 210–211. ISBN   1-84415-326-6.
93. Terraine, J. (1977). The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability. London: Leo Cooper. p. 94. ISBN   0-436-51732-9.
94. "Premier Proposes Home Rule Bill Excluding Ulster". The New York Times. No. March 17, 1917. March 16, 1917. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
95. Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C. (December 17, 1998). Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners. Greenwood. p. 480. ISBN   1-57356-111-8.
96. Gorrell Series "E", vol. 7
97. "Defendamos 83 años de historia". Wayback Machine (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dario. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
98. Terraine 1977, p. 94.
99. Leach, Jack Franklin (1952). Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi. OCLC   1727243.
100. S.V.Petliura. Svoboda Ukrainian Daily. June 3, 1926. p. 2
101. Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 31 (1).
102. "Klubbens historie" (in Norwegian). SK Trondheims-Ørn. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
103. The Times History of the War . Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London. 1914–1921. p. 100. OCLC   70406275 . Retrieved 26 October 2013– via Archive Foundation.{{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
104. Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, Second Edition, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN   0-370-10054-9, p. 24.
105. Aisyiyah Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine at the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Accessed 8 December 2016.
106. Aisyiyah Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine at the official MAMPU website. Accessed 8 December 2016.
107. Gevinson, Alan. American Film Institute catalog, p. 739 (1997)
108. (19 May 1917). Ivan Films Corp - One Law for Both (synopsis), The Moving Picture World , p. 1917
109. Svardal, Geir (2007). Historien om Rosenborg Ballklub 1917–2007 (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Tapir Akademosk Forlag. pp. 18–19. ISBN   978-82-519-2188-6.
110. The Times 1918, p. 101.
111. Terraine 1977, p. 100.
112. "Lady Patricia". Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
113. "DESTRUCTIVE TORNADO", Plainville Times, 24 May 1917, pp. 1, 5
114. Watts, Gabbie (30 April 2015). "Old Fourth Ward Remembers Great Atlanta Fire Of 1917". WABE. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
115. The Times 1918, p. 105.
116. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 36". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
117. William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.
118. World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff, United States Army, Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919)
119. Peaslee, Amos Jenkins (1974). International Governmental Organizations. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 300. ISBN   90-247-1601-2.
120. Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2006), Home Front 1914-1918: How Britain Survived the Great War, The National Archives, ISBN   978-1-903365-81-6 (p. 124)
121. Goings, Kenneth K.; Smith, Gerald L. (March 1995). ""Unhidden" Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862–1920". Journal of Urban History. 21. SAGE Publications: 372–394. doi:10.1177/009614429502100304. S2CID   144507327.
122. NOAA History: NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey
123. Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp. 468–9.
124. Powles, C. Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs. pp. 111–113. OCLC   2959465.
125. Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 73. OCLC   561949575.
126. Nathan, Andrew (1998). Peking Politics 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Center for Chinese Studies. p. 91. ISBN   978-0-89264-131-4.
127. Whitehouse 1966, pp. 194-197
128. "Elm Springs (Washington and Benton Counties) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
129. Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 24". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
130. Wilkinson, Stephan, "Amazing But True Stories," Aviation History, May 2014, p. 33.
131. Shock, James R., U.S. Navy Airships 1915-1962, 2001, Atlantis Productions, Edgewater Florida, ISBN   0-9639743-8-6, p. 15
132. Tobin T. Buhk (2014). Poisoning The Pecks of Grand Rapids: The Scandalous 1916 Murder Plot. History Press. ISBN   978-1626196971.
133. Frankenfield, H. C. (June 1917). "The Tornadoes and Windstorms of May 25–June 6, 1917" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 45 (6). Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau: 291. Bibcode:1917MWRv...45..291F. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<291:TTAWOM>2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved 9 April 2013.
134. Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. pp. 753–54. ISBN   1-879362-03-1.
135. Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006, ISBN   978-1-84476-917-9, p. 265.
136. Chant, Chris, The World's Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000, ISBN   0-7607-2012-6, p. 26.
137. Hastings, Max, Bomber Command: Churchill's Epic Campaign - The Inside Story of the RAF's Valiant Attempt to End the War, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987, ISBN   0-671-68070-6, p. 37.
138. Anonymous, "Operation Türkenkreuz: Remembering the Kaiser's 1917 Blitz on Great Britain," militaryhistorynow.com, 30 August 2013.
139. Franks, Norman, Aircraft Versus Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998, ISBN   1-902304-04-7, p. 62.
140. Reseña histórica de la UNA
141. "Historikk" (in Norwegian). Åndalsnes IF. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
142. Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005), The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History, Abc-Clio, p. 667, ISBN   9781851094202
143. Wilson, J. O.; S. A. Changnon Jr (1971). "Illinois Tornadoes" (PDF). Urbana, Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
144. Grazulis, Significant, pp. 753–754
145. "HMHS Dover Castle (+1917)". wrecksite. 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
146. Series "E", Volume 6, History of the 25th-27th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
147. Grazulis, Significant, pp. 753–754
148. Dr. Edward Peters, CanonLaw.info, accessed June-9-2013
149. Innes McCartney (2015). The Maritime Archaeology of a Modern Conflict: Comparing the Archaeology of German Submarine Wrecks to the Historical Text. New York: Routledge. pp. 114–117. ISBN   978-1138814356.
150. Terraine 1977, p. 109.
151. The Times 1918, p. 106.
152. Rudwick, Elliott M. (1964). Race Riot at East St. Louis . Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press.
153. Grazulis, Significant, pp. 753–754
154. Ronald Roberson. "Other Eastern Catholic Communities: Russians". Catholic Near East Welfare Association.
155. "Leonard Wins Lightweight Title Of The World From Welsh In Nine Rounds". The New York Times. No. May 29, 1917. May 28, 1917. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
156. "TO OPEN JAMAICA AV. LINE.; Nearly Two and a Half Miles Ready for Operation Tonight". No. May 27, 1917. New York Times Company. May 27, 1917. p. 24. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
157. "Jamaica Avenue 'L' is an Old Story Already" (PDF). No. May 31, 1917. Leader Observer (Queens/Brooklyn, NY). May 31, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
158. Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York, Volume 1. New York State Public Service Commission. January 15, 1918. pp. 73, 81, 312–314. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
159. Trout, Steven (2006). Cather Studies Vol. 6: History, Memory, and War. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN   0-8032-9464-6.
160. Grazulis, Significant, pp. 753–754
161. Abrams, Steven; Settlemier, Tyrone (April 30, 2012). "Columbia A Series numerical listing discography: A2000 - A2499 (1916 - 1917)". The Online Discographical Project. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
162. Grazulis, Significant, pp. 753–754
163. Oliver Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. p. 319.
164. Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony. "Assistant Chief of Naval Staff, Duff Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f.80". dreadnoughtproject.org. Dreadnought Project, 3 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
165. Series "E", Volume 2, History of the 9th and 10th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Sources

• "The Times History of the War" . The Times. Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London. 1914–1921. OCLC   70406275 . Retrieved 26 October 2013– via Archive Foundation.