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Eridu was a Sumerian city located at Tell Abu Shahrain, also Abu Shahrein or Tell Abu Shahrayn, an archaeological site in Lower Mesopotamia. It is located in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, near the modern city of Basra. Eridu is traditionally considered the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia based on the Sumerian King List. Located 12 kilometers southwest of the ancient site of Ur, Eridu was the southernmost of a conglomeration of Sumerian cities that grew around temples, almost in sight of one another. The city gods of Eridu were Enki and his consort Damkina. Enki, later known as Ea, was considered to have founded the city. His temple was called E-Abzu, as Enki was believed to live in Abzu, an aquifer from which all life was thought to stem. According to Sumerian temple hymns, another name for the temple of Ea/Enki was called Esira (Esirra).
"... The temple is constructed with gold and lapis lazuli, Its foundation on the nether-sea (apsu) is filled in. By the river of Sippar (Euphrates) it stands. O Apsu pure place of propriety, Esira, may thy king stand within thee. ..."
The first dynasty of Ur was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Ur in ancient Sumer who reigned c. 2600 – c. 2340 BC. Ur I is part of the Early Dynastic III period of ancient Mesopotamia. It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk.
The Awan dynasty was the first dynasty of Elam of which very little of anything is known today—appearing at the dawn of recorded history. The dynasty corresponds to the early part of the first Paleo-Elamite period ; additionally, succeeded by the Shimashki and Sukkalmah dynasties. The Elamites were likely major rivals of neighboring Sumer from remotest antiquity—they were said to have been defeated by Enmebaragesi of Kish c. 2750 BC—who is the earliest archaeologically attested king named on the Sumerian King List (SKL); moreover, by a later monarch, Eannatum of Lagash c. 2450 BC. Awan was a city-state or possibly a region of Elam whose precise location is not certain; but, it has been variously conjectured to have been within the: Ilam and/or Fars provinces of what is today known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, to the north of Susa, close to Dezful, or Godin Tepe.
Alalngar was the second king to exercise the kingship of Eridu over all of Sumer—according to the Sumerian King List (SKL). He may have fl. c. 2866 – c. 2856 BC; however, the Weld-Blundell Prism copy of the SKL states that he reigned for 10 sars while the W-B 62 copy states that he reigned for 20 sars. According to the Dynastic Chronicle , W-B 444, W-B 62 copies of the SKL: he was preceded by Alulim and succeeded by En-men-lu-ana of Bad-tibira. The Uruk List of Kings and Sages (ULKS) copy of the SKL pairs seven antediluvian kings each with his own apkallu; and, the second apkallu (Uanduga) was paired up with Alalngar.
"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu. In Eridu, Alulim became king he ruled for 28,800 years. Alalngar ruled for 36,000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64,800 years. Then Eridu fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira. In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43,200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28,800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36,000 years. 3 kings; they ruled for 108,000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larak. In Larak, En-sipad-zid-ana ruled for 28,800 years. 1 king; he ruled for 28,800 years. Then Larak fell and the kingship was taken to Sippar. In Sippar, En-men-dur-ana became king; he ruled for 21,000 years. 1 king; he ruled for 21,000 years. Then Sippar fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppak. In Shuruppak, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 18,600 years. 1 king; he ruled for 18,600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years. Then the flood swept over."
The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) is an international digital library project aimed at putting text and images of an estimated 500,000 recovered cuneiform tablets created from between roughly 3350 BC and the end of the pre-Christian era online. Directors of the project are Robert Keith Englund from University of California, Los Angeles and Jürgen Renn of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Co-principal investigators are Jacob Dahl at Oxford University, Bertrand Lafront at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Nanterre and Émilie Pagé-Perron, University of Toronto. Preceding leadership comprised co-director Peter Damerow (1939–2011) from the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary leader Stephen J. Tinney who was co-principal investigator. In 2004, Englund received the Richard W. Lyman Award from the National Humanities Center for his work on the initiative.
...Lu was the second king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have been the second Elamite king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Sumer. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same second king (Tata) from Awan said on the Susanian Dynastic List to exercise the kingship over all of Elam. According to the SKL: he was preceded by an unnamed king and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that the second king, Ta-a-ar, was succeeded by Ukku-Tanhish.
Kur-Ishshak was the third king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have been the third Elamite king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Sumer. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same third king (Ukku-Tanhish) from Awan said on the Susanian Dynastic List to exercise the kingship over all of Elam. According to the SKL: he was preceded by ...Lu and succeeded by Susuda of Kish. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that the third king was succeeded by Hishutash.
Tata was the second king of the Awan dynasty and may have been the second to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same second king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by an unnamed king of Awan and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Ukku-Tanhish and preceded by Peli.
Ukku-Tanhish was the third king of the Awan dynasty and may have been the third to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same third king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by ...Lu and succeeded by Susuda of Kish. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Hishutash.
Napi-Ilhush was the sixth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the sixth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Shushun-Tarana and succeeded by Kikku-Siwe-Temti.
Shushun-Tarana was the fifth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the fifth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Hishutash and succeeded by Napi-Ilhush.
Hishutash was the fourth king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the fourth king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Ukku-Tanhish and succeeded by Shushun-Tarana.
Kikku-Siwe-Temti was the seventh king of the Awan dynasty and is said on the Susanian Dynastic List to have been the seventh king to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. According to the Susanian Dynastic List: he was preceded by Napi-Ilhush and succeeded by Luh-ishan.
The Shimashki dynasty was an early dynasty of the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia,. A list of twelve kings of Shimashki is found in the Elamite king-list of Susa, which also contains a list of kings of Awan dynasty. It is uncertain how historically accurate the list is, although some of its kings can be corroborated by their appearance in the records of neighboring peoples. The dynasty corresponds to the second Paleo-Elamite period. It was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty. Shimashki was likely near today's Masjed Soleyman.
The Sukkalmah or Epartid dynasty, was an early dynasty of West Asia in the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia. It corresponds to the third Paleo-Elamite period. The Sukkalmah dynasty followed the Shimashki dynasty. The title of Sukkalmah means "Grand Regent" and was used by some Elamite rulers. Numerous cuneiform documents and inscriptions remain from this period, particularly from the area of Susa, making the Sukkalmah period one of the best documented in Elamite history.
Lugal-kinishe-dudu also Lugal-kiginne-dudu , was a King and (ensi) of Uruk and Ur who lived towards the end of the 25th century BCE. The Sumerian King List mentions Lugal-kinishe-dudu as the second king of the dynasty after En-shakansha-ana, attributing to him a fanciful reign of 120 years.
Luh-ishan, also Luhhiššan, Luh-ishshan, Lu-ishan was a king of Elam and the 8th king of the Awan Dynasty, around 2300 BCE. He was the son of Hiship-rashini.
Lugalsilâsi I was an ancient Iraqi ruler. He ruled sometime during the Early Dynastic IIIb period ; additionally, temp. Eannatum, Akurgal, Ush, E-iginimpa'e, and Ikun-Mari. Lugalsilâsi I was preceded by Lugalnamniršumma as the king of Uruk. Lugalsilâsi I may have also been succeeded by Meskalamdug as a great king of Kish.
Urzage was an ancient Iraqi ruler. He ruled sometime during the Early Dynastic IIIb period ; additionally, temp. A'annepada, Entemena, Il, and Ishtup-Ishar. Urzage was preceded by Lugalsilâsi I as the king of Uruk. Urzage may have also been succeeded by Lugalkinishedudu as a great king of Kish.
Peli was the eponymous founding king of the dynasty of Peli and may have been the first to exercise the kingship of Awan over all of Elam. He probably reigned sometime in the first Paleo-Elamite period. Additionally; he could have possibly been the same first king from Awan said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to exercise the kingship over all of Sumer. According to the SKL: he was preceded by Balulu of Ur and succeeded by Kur-Ishshak. However, the Susanian Dynastic List states that he was succeeded by Tata.
References
Notes
- ↑ Sumerian: 𒈗 𒉆 𒉪 𒋧 , romanized: lugalnamniršumma; transliterated: lugal.nam.nir.šum₂
Citations
- ↑ Marchesi 2015, p. 139–145.
Sources
Bibliography
- Marchesi, Gianni (2015). Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (eds.). "Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia". History and Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout).
Further reading
External links
- Renn, Jürgen; Dahl, Jacob L. (2021) [1998]. Dahl, Jacob L.; Englund, Bob; Firth, Richard; Gombert, Bruno (eds.). "Rulers of Mesopotamia" (published 1998–2021). Retrieved 2021-07-30.
Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
- Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2021) [2003]. "Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project" (published 2003–2021). Retrieved 2021-07-30.
The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.
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