Darwin's fox

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Darwin's fox [1]
Pseudalopex fulvipes.jpg
CITES Appendix II  [3]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Lycalopex
Species:
L. fulvipes
Binomial name
Lycalopex fulvipes
(Martin, 1837)
Darwin's Fox area.png
Darwin's fox range[ contradictory ]

Darwin's fox or Darwin's zorro (Lycalopex fulvipes) is an endangered canid from the genus Lycalopex, which is only distantly related to wolves and whose members are not true foxes. [4] It is also known as the zorro chilote or zorro de Darwin [2] in Spanish and is endemic to Chile, where it lives in the temperate rainforests of Nahuelbuta National Park, the Cordillera de Oncol, Cordillera Pelada, and Chiloé Island. [5] It is a small, dark-colored species that is distinguished from other Lycalopex by its shorter legs, broader head, and darker pelage. [6] [7]

Contents

Darwin's fox was first collected from San Pedro Island off the coast of Chile by the naturalist Charles Darwin in 1834, after whom the species is named. It was long held that Darwin's fox was a subspecies of the South American gray fox (L. griseus); however, the discovery of a small population of Darwin's fox on the mainland in Nahuelbuta National Park in 1990. [8] Subsequent genetic analysis has clarified the fox's status as a unique species. [9]

The species is thought to number under 1,000 mature individuals, with most found on Chiloé Island and smaller populations on the mainland. [10] Once considered critically endangered, it was reclassified as endangered in 2016. [2] Its main threats come from domestic and feral dogs, which spread diseases and attacks foxes, along with human disturbance and ongoing habitat loss from agriculture and forestry. [11] [2] Conservation efforts focus on managing disease risk through vaccination and establish protected area. [2] Future conservation strategy may involve using genetic tools. [10]

Characteristics

Darwin's Fox is a small, dark canine weighing 1.8 to 3.95 kg (4.0 to 8.7 lb), has a head-and-body length of 48 to 59 cm (19 to 23 in) and a tail that is 17.5 to 25.5 cm (7 to 10 in). [8] There are no major external differences between male and female aside from the broader muzzle observed in males. [12]

The species is restricted to forest habitats and does not interbreed with the other Lycalopex species. [13] It is smaller and darker-colored than other members of the genus and shows several distinguishing morphological traits.

Compared to the South American Gray fox, Darwin's fox has shorter legs, a broader and shorter skull, smaller auditory bullae, more robust dentition, and differences in jaw shape and premolar occlusion. [14] Its pelage is mottled, consisting of black and gray fur with reddish tones on the ears and lower legs. [13] White markings are found under the chin, along the lower mandible, on the underbelly, and inner portions of the legs. [13] The short, bushy, dark gray tail is a diagnostic characteristic used to distinguish from other related species. [8]

Taxonomy and evolution

Lycalopex is a South American genus of canine, which is distantly related to wolves and is technically not a fox. One of the first descriptions of Darwin’s fox came from Charles Darwin during a stop at San Pedro Island in Chiloé Archipelago during the Beagle survey expedition in December 1834. In his journal he wrote that he killed one with a geological hammer while it was watching his group conduct survey work. [15] In 1839, Darwin reported in his Journal and Remarks that this specimen was mounted in the Museum of Zoological Society (Zoological Society of London). He described Darwin’s fox as an undescribed species that was more curious but less wise than other foxes. [16] Indicating that it was distinct from the species (L. culpaeus and L. griseus) that occur on the mainland. Later, Darwin's fox was classified as a subspecies (Lycalopex griseus fulvipes) of the latter.

Darwin’s fox was originally given the name Vulpes fulvipes by William Charles Linnaeus Martin in 1837 [17] . In 1943, there was some disagreement on if the Darwin's Fox was a subspecies of South American gray fox (at the time Dusicyon griseus, now Lycalopex griseus). Ultimately, Wilfred H. Osgood's morphological observations along with the fact that Darwin's fox populations were isolated from mainland foxes contributed its classification as a separate species, Dusicyon fulvipes. [18] [7] However, in 1969, Alfredo Langguth's work had presented evidence that would have the Darwin’s fox reclassified as a subspecies of South American gray fox (at the time Pseudalopex griseus, now Lycalopex griseus). [7] In 1996, mitochondrial DNA sequencing distinguished Darwin's fox from the South American gray fox and causing it to be reconsidered its own separate species, Pseudalopexfulvipes. [7] [9] In 1995, it was suggested that Pseudalopex and Lycalopex should be clustered into a single monophyletic group and by 2005, all South American foxes were grouped into genus Lycalopex, thus the Darwin's fox current scientific name is Lycalopex fulvipes. [2]

Until the discovery of a small mainland population in Nahuelbuta National Park in 1990, it was thought that Darwin’s fox was endemic to Chiloé Island. [8] It was theorized that during the late Pleistocene, Chiloé Island was connected to mainland Chile by a land bridge which was severed about 15,000 years ago, leading to the two isolated populations of Darwin’s fox. [19] [9] Mitochondrial DNA analysis of several South American foxes suggested Darwin's fox is a distinct species that originated in the Late Pleistocene, when an invasion of foxes occurred in South America. It was also found that the DNA of mainland and Chiloé island populations of Darwin's foxes only differ by 2%. Since there has been no record animals being released from Chiloé island to the mainland, it is believed that the existence of a mainland Darwin's fox population can be explained as a remnant of a more widely spread species from the Late Pleistocene fox invasion into South America. [9]

A male in Ahuenco, Chiloe Island, Chile Pseudalopex fulvipes-primer plano.jpg
A male in Ahuenco, Chiloé Island, Chile

Diet

Darwin's fox is an opportunistic omnivore and has a varied diet. In general, most of its diet is believed to come from insects, however, small mammals, birds, reptiles, fruits and seeds also make up its diet. [20]

Scat analysis of Darwin's fox populations in Nahuelbuta National Park consisted mostly of mammals, including Akodon, Monito del monte, Southern big-eared mouse, and long-clawed mole mouse, although it also contained birds, reptiles, insects, arachnids, and plants. [21] Scat analysis of populations on Chiloé Island consisted mostly of invertebrates, especially arthropods and Cratomelus armatus, rodents, and fruits, but also contained fish, reptiles, birds, and Monito del monte. [22] Intake of specific dietary items varies seasonably in this population, with a greater intake of rodents and lesser intake of invertebrates in winter. [22]

Ecology

Darwin's fox inhabits temperate rainforest ecosystems of southern Chile. [5] Field studies in Nahuelbuta have documented individuals occurring in areas characterized by dense native forest vegetation. [21] Radio-telemetry research further indicates use of Araucaria–Nothofagus forest, evergreen forest, and, less frequently, open pasture habitats. [7] In the Valdivian Coastal Range, the species has been recorded in old-growth and secondary evergreen forests as well as unmanaged eucalyptus plantations. [5] Occupancy of Darwin's fox increases in areas with greater native forest cover and declines where road density is higher. [2] Darwin's fox live in distinct habitats from other Chilean canines, such as South American gray foxes and Culpeos, and do not interbreed with them. [21] [23]

In 2012 and 2013, the presence of the Darwin's fox at Oncol Park, Alerce Costero National Park and the Valdivian Coastal Reserve was confirmed through camera trapping. [5] Results also showed that Darwin's fox populations exist both inside the Nahuelbuta National Park and in the surrounding region up to 30 km north and northwest of its borders. [24]

They only occur in areas of primary forest on Chiloé and on the mainland, where habitat use includes second-growth forest and shrubland, with occasional use of coastal dune systems. [12] Home ranges vary between approximately 103 and 488 hectares, with substantial overlap among individuals, and males display no territorial behavior and are not aggressive towards other males roaming within these areas. [12]

Current evidence suggests that human perturbation has a negative effect on Darwin’s foxes. On Chiloé Island, Darwin’s foxes were detected less often in areas with lower forest cover or higher dog activity. [25] Although the species is protected in Nahuelbuta National Park, substantial mortality sources exist when foxes move to lower, unprotected private areas in search of milder conditions during the winter. [7]

They are most active at twilight and before sunrise. [7] Some reports from locals suggest that Darwin's foxes do not have a fear of humans and are easy to tame. [26]

Status surveys reported that past populations on Chiloé Island had a stable size of 250 individuals in protected areas and a decreasing population of 250 individuals in other areas of Chile. [7] While the mainland contained about 78 individuals in protected areas and a decreasing population of 10 individuals in other areas. [7] In a 2012 annual report by The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, the total population is less than 250 mature individuals with at least 90% of the population occurring in one subpopulation on Chiloé Island. [24] A 2016 IUCN assessment estimated a minimum of 412 mature individuals on Chiloé Island and 227 mature individuals in mainland areas, for a total of approximately 639 mature individuals. [2] The population was considered as critically endangered because its main population occurred in one island and their habitat was declining due to human impact. [27]

Conservation status

In 2016, Darwin’s fox was classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Current estimates of the total population remain low, with an estimated minimum of 227 individuals on the mainland and 412 on Chiloé Island. Protecting Darwin’s fox is challenging due to multiple threats. One of the major threats is domestic dogs. In both mainland regions and Chiloé Island, attacks by domestic dogs have been documented as a source of mortality for Darwin’s foxes. Supporting this, researchers also found that foxes tend to avoid areas occupied by dogs, including forests that dogs frequently visit. In addition to attacks, the risk of disease spillover from dogs is also a major threat. Rural dogs could spread diseases like canine distemper and rabies to Darwin’s foxes. To prevent disease transmission, free vaccines are provided for domestic dogs by a group of scientists in Chile in an effort to prevent spillover between populations. [2] [28]

The loss of habitat is an important threat. In the coastal range of the Araucanía Region, the highest rates of forest loss are recorded. The annual forest loss rate reached 4.8%. The Chilean temperate forest had the second-highest forest loss rate. Consequently, habitat loss reduces the total area available for Darwin’s fox. [2]

Darwin’s fox has been recorded in the following public protected areas: Alerce Costero National Park (Los Ríos Administrative Region), Nahuelbuta National Park (Araucanía Administrative Region), and Chiloé National Park (Los Lagos Administrative Region). Private protected areas: Caramávida Reserve (Biobío Administrative Region), Oncol Park and Valdivian Coastal Reserve (Los Ríos Administrative Region), and Tantauco, Ahuenco and Tepuhueico Parks (Los Lagos Administrative Region). [2]

Darwin's Fox is vulnerable to human-caused mortality. In Chiloé, reports from local communities indicate that Darwin's fox is killed in response to perceived threats to domestic animals and for the use of their fur. In addition, there have been documented cases of foxes being caught in traps and relocated after poultry predation. Construction of bridges, highways and roads is considered an indirect threat to foxes. In the absence of barriers, the bridge could facilitate the dispersal of non-native species to the island, such as closely related fox species and pumas ( Puma concolor ). The consequences require further investigation. [2]

The only known captive population is maintained by Fauna Adina near Villarrica, Chile, where the species has successfully reproduced. [29] In September 2023, the "Plan for the Recovery, Conservation and Management of Darwin's fox" highlights the importance of address major knowledge gaps regarding Darwin's fox. The plan was submitted to the Chilean Ministry of Environment. [10] In 2025, the Darwin's fox was added to the Government of Chile's RECOGE plan, allowing greater protections for the species and its habitats. [30]

Future conservation efforts for Darwin's fox could integrate genomic technologies with traditional conservation strategies. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) can address the knowledge gap on species' genetic diversity and pathogen exposure. The molecular data can be essential for developing effective management plans. However, in South America, the application of HTS in conservation research is still limited, mainly because of funding shortages. The availability of advanced genomic equipment and analytical expertise is limited as well. [10]

Diseases

Disease spread from rural, domestic dogs is considered a threat in Darwin's fox populations. [31] Rural dogs often roam free in Chile and are not provided with any veterinary care. Interactions with these dogs is thought to lead to pathogen transmission. [32] A 2022 study determined dietary overlap in rural dogs and Darwin's foxes despite differences in habitat use by analyzing carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hair samples, concluding shared food resources in human-modified landscapes can be detrimental to the Darwin's fox due to pathogen spillover. [33] Canine distemper and rabies are believed to be able to spread to Darwin's foxes from rural dogs, however, there is little evidence of either disease being present in Darwin's fox populations. [34] [10]

Darwin's foxes are plagued by the Mycoplasma bacteria although it does not cause obvious symptoms. While it is known that the Mycoplasma haemocanis can transmit through brown dog ticks and attach themselves to the surface of red blood cells of many mammals, including humans, dogs, and cats, the specific mode of transmission in the Darwin's fox is unknown as Chiloé island is not known to harbour any canine ticks. Despite this, screening for the Mycoplasma characteristic 16S rRNA gene showed M. haemocanis prevalence is higher in Darwin's foxes than rural dogs and risk of contracting M. haemocanis inclines with age. [32] In 2013, Mycoplasma haemofelis was detected in Darwin's fox populations, marking the first time a feline hemoplasmic pathogen had be detected in a canid. There is no clear geographical relationship for Mycoplasma prevalence in Darwin's fox populations and it is largely unknown how it affects the species. [35]

There is also evidence of Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira in Darwin's fox populations which may pose threat to the species. Specifically, T. gondii was widespread in Darwin's fox populations that were living in non-anthropized areas. T. gondii exposure in Darwin's fox has no correlation with specific risk factors such as sex, age, season, or degree of anthropization. Darwin's foxes were reported to have one of the highest prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in Chilean wildlife and foxes worldwide, potentially a sign of frequent infections. [31]

Due to the lack of intraspecies interaction, Darwin's fox has limited pathogen spillover from members of its own species but also limited acquired immunity. [35] Because of this, some researchers believe they may be particularly vulnerable to epidemics. For instance, Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered as a potential threat to Darwin's foxes. Among the samples collected from Darwin's fox, no sign of exposure to CDV was found. Due to the lack of immune exposure to this virus, a spillover of CDV from domestic dogs could result in significant population mortality. [34]

References

  1. ↑ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IUCN (2016-03-04). Lycalopex fulvipes: Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41586A107263066 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-1.rlts.t41586a85370871.en.
  3. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ↑ Perini, F. A.; Russo, C. A. M.; Schrago, C. G. (2010-01-13). "The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism" . Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 23 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01901.x. ISSN   1010-061X.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Farias, Ariel A; Sepúlveda, Maximiliano A; Silva-Rodríguez, Eduardo A; Eguren, Antonieta; González, Danilo; Jordán, Natalia I; Ovando, Erwin; Stowhas, Paulina; Svensson, Gabriella L (2014). "A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 87 (1) 3. Bibcode:2014RvCHN..87....3F. doi: 10.1186/0717-6317-87-3 . ISSN   0717-6317.
  6. ↑ "Darwin's fox: the rarest in South America | Patagonia´s Magazine: Patagon Journal". www.patagonjournal.com. Retrieved 2026-02-15.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jiménez, J. E.; McMahon, E. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Medel, Rodrigo G.; Jiménez, Jaime E.; Jaksić, Fabian M.; Yáñez, JoséL.; Armesto, Juan J. (1990). "Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin's fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1837) in Chile". Biological Conservation. 51 (1): 71–77. Bibcode:1990BCons..51...71M. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(90)90033-L.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Yahnke, Christopher J.; et al. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat" (PDF). Conservation Biology . 10 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x. ISSN   0888-8892. JSTOR   2386853.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Valenzuela-Turner, Cristóbal; Grau, José Horacio; Fickel, Jörns; Förster, Daniel W. (2025-01-23). "Preserving Darwin's fox: genomic tools for the conservation of South America's most endangered canid". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 6 1512531. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2025.1512531 . ISSN   2673-611X.
  11. ↑ "Darwin's fox: the rarest in South America | Patagonia´s Magazine: Patagon Journal". www.patagonjournal.com. Retrieved 2026-02-15.
  12. 1 2 3 Jiménez, J. E. (2007). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox ( Pseudalopex fulvipes ) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile" . Journal of Zoology. 271 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x. ISSN   0952-8369.
  13. 1 2 3 Jiménez, J. E.; McMahon, E. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group.
  14. ↑ "Darwin's fox: the rarest in South America | Patagonia´s Magazine: Patagon Journal". www.patagonjournal.com. Retrieved 2026-02-15.
  15. ↑ Keynes, R. D. ed. 2001. Charles Darwin's Beagle diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–273
  16. ↑ Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, Journal and Remarks 1832–1836 . London: Henry Colburn. p. 341
  17. ↑ Martin, William Charles Linnaeus (1837). "Observations upon a New Fox from Mr. Darwin's Collection (Vulpes fulvipes)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 5: 11–12.
  18. ↑ Osgood, Wilfred H (December 28, 1943). The Mammals of Chile (Volume 30 ed.). Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 71–75.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ↑ Villagran, Carolina (1988). "Late Quaternary Vegetation of Southern Isla Grande De Chiloé, Chile". Quaternary Research. 29 (3): 294–306. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(88)90037-3. ISSN   0033-5894.
  20. ↑ "Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox) | INFORMATION | Animal Diversity Web". animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2026-02-14.
  21. 1 2 3 Jaksi, F. M.; Jimenez, J. E.; Medel, R. G.; Marquet, P. A. (1990-05-21). "Habitat and Diet of Darwin's Fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on the Chilean Mainland" . Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (2): 246–248. doi:10.2307/1382176. ISSN   1545-1542. JSTOR   1382176.
  22. 1 2 Elgueta, Emma I.; Valenzuela, J.; Rau, J.R. (2007-07-08). "New insights into the prey spectrum of Darwin′s fox ( Martin, 1837) on Chiloé Island, Chile" . Mammalian Biology. 72 (3): 179–185. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.07.004.
  23. ↑ Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat" . Conservation Biology. 10 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x. ISSN   0888-8892.
  24. 1 2 "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). The Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. 2012.
  25. ↑ Silva-Rodríguez, Eduardo A.; Ovando, Erwin; González, Danilo; Zambrano, Brayan; Sepúlveda, Maximiliano A.; Svensson, Gabriella L.; Cárdenas, René; Contreras, Patricio; Farías, Ariel A. (2018-09-01). "Large-scale assessment of the presence of Darwin's fox across its newly discovered range" . Mammalian Biology. 92: 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.04.003. ISSN   1616-5047.
  26. ↑ Jimenez, Jamie E.; Marquet, Pablo A.; Medel, Rodrigo G.; Jaksic, Fabian M. (1991). "Comparative ecology of Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) in mainland and island settings of southern Chile". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 63: 177–186.
  27. ↑ Cabello, Javier E.; Dávila, José A. (September 2014). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) and cross-amplification in other canid species" . Conservation Genetics Resources. 6 (3): 759–761. Bibcode:2014ConGR...6..759C. doi:10.1007/s12686-014-0208-6. ISSN   1877-7252. S2CID   14224295.
  28. ↑ "BBC One - Dogs in the Wild: Meet the Family - Defending Darwin's fox in Chile". BBC. Retrieved 2026-03-28.
  29. ↑ "Darwin's fox | Canids". www.canids.org. Retrieved 2026-03-15.
  30. ↑ "Learn about the animal species protected under the current government thanks to the RECOGE Plan". Government of Chile. 2025-12-29.
  31. 1 2 Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Cabello, Javier; Verasay, Juan; Moreira-Arce, Dario; Hidalgo, Marcos; Abalos, Pedro; Borie, Consuelo; Galarce, Nicolas; Napolitano, Constanza; Sacristán, Irene; Cevidanes, Aitor; Ramírez-Toloza, Galia; Farias, Ariel; Cataldo, Sophia Di; Lagos, Rocio (2022-01-04). "Serosurvey for Selected Parasitic and Bacterial Pathogens in Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex Fulvipes): Not Only Dog Diseases Are a Threat" . Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 58 (1): 76–85. doi:10.7589/JWD-D-21-00024. ISSN   0090-3558. PMID   34714909.
  32. 1 2 Di Cataldo, Sophia; Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Sacristán, Irene; Cevidanes, Aitor; Napolitano, Constanza; Hernández, Claudia V.; Esperón, Fernando; Moreira-Arce, Darío; Cabello, Javier; Müller, Ananda; Millán, Javier (2020-06-02). Dudley, Edward G. (ed.). "Hemoplasmas Are Endemic and Cause Asymptomatic Infection in the Endangered Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 86 (12) e00779-20. Bibcode:2020ApEnM..86E.779D. doi:10.1128/AEM.00779-20. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   7267207 . PMID   32276983.
  33. ↑ Canales-Cerro, C.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; Cabello, J.; Sacristán, I.; Cevidanes, A.; Di Cataldo, S.; Napolitano, C.; Moreira-Arce, D.; Klarian, S.; Millán, J. (2022-11-02). "Carbon and nitrogen isotopic similarity between the endangered Darwin's fox ( Lycalopex fulvipes ) and sympatric free-ranging dogs in Chiloé Island, Chile" . Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 58 (4–6): 316–326. doi:10.1080/10256016.2022.2106225. ISSN   1025-6016. PMID   35968628.
  34. 1 2 Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Cabello, Javier; Vega, Consuelo; Kroeger-Gómez, Hedy; Moreira-Arce, Dario; Napolitano, Constanza; Navarro, Carlos; Sacristán, Irene; Cevidanes, Aitor; Cataldo, Sophia Di; Dubovi, Edward J.; Mathieu-Benson, Christian; Millán, Javier (2020-03-31). "An Eight-Year Survey for Canine Distemper Virus Indicates Lack of Exposure in the Endangered Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)" . Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 56 (2): 482–485. doi:10.7589/2019-08-195. ISSN   0090-3558. PMID   31833816.
  35. 1 2 Cabello, Javier; Altet, Laura; Napolitano, Constanza; Sastre, Natalia; Hidalgo, Ezequiel; Dávila, José Antonio; Millán, Javier (2013-12-27). "Survey of infectious agents in the endangered Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes): High prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas" . Veterinary Microbiology. 167 (3): 448–454. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.034. ISSN   0378-1135. PMID   24176254.
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