Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty.[1][2] The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification,there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty,the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡jùn),which was the level just above counties,and demoted some commanderies to counties. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of Qing dynasty. Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography,especially from the 1960s to the 1980s.[citation needed]
In Imperial China,the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure;[citation needed] in other words,it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means,varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate,who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases.
Types
Counties
One of the most common types of county-level divisions,counties have been continuously in existence since the Warring States period,much earlier than any other level of government in China. Xian is often translated as "district" or "prefecture". The ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is central to directing government policy in mainland China,each level of administrative division has a local CCP committee. A county's CCP head is called the secretary (中共县委书记),the de facto highest office of the county. Policies are carried out via the people's government of the county,and its head is called the county governor (县长). The governor is often also one of the deputy secretaries in the CCP Committee.
County-level cities
A county-level city is a "city" (市;shì) and "county" (县;xiàn) that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. As such,it is simultaneously a city,which is a municipal entity,and a county,which is an administrative division of a prefecture. Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing denser populated counties. Compared to counties,they have judicial but no legislative rights over their own local law and are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions,but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions.
Because county-level cities are not "cities" in the strictest sense of the word,since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban,built-up area. This is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns,villages and farmland. To distinguish a "county-level city" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word "city"),the term "市区" (shìqū) or "urban area",is used.
Districts
District are subdivisions of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. The rank of a district derives from the rank of its city. Districts of a municipality are prefecture-level;districts of a sub-provincial city are sub-prefecture-level;and districts of a prefecture-level city are county-level. They were formerly the subdivisions of urban areas,consisting of built-up areas only. Recently many counties have become districts,so that districts are now often just like counties,with towns,villages,and farmland. After the 1980s,prefectures began to be replaced with prefecture-level cities. From then on,"cities" in mainland China became just like any other administrative division,containing urban areas,towns,villages,and farmland. These cities are subdivided into districts,counties,autonomous counties,and county-level cities. At the same time,counties and county-level cities began to be replaced with districts,especially after 1990. From then onwards,districts were no longer strictly urban entities—some districts today are just like counties,with large towns and townships under them governing rural areas.
Other two specialty districts exists,with a special county-level forestry district located in Hubei province and a special county-level division located in Guizhou province.
Banners
Banners were first used during the Qing dynasty,which organized the Mongols into banners,except those who belonged to the Eight Banners. Each banner had sums as nominal subdivisions. In Inner Mongolia,several banners made up a league. In the rest,including Outer Mongolia,northern Xinjiang,and Qinghai,Aimag (Аймаг) was the largest administrative division. While it restricted the Mongols from crossing banner borders,the dynasty protected Mongolia from population pressure from China proper. After the Mongolian People's Revolution,the banners of Outer Mongolia were abolished in 1923.[3] There are 52 in total,including 3 autonomous banners.[4]
Ethnic districts are city districts that are specially created for ethnic minorities. Currently there are five such "ethnic districts":three in Henan,one in Heilongjiang,and one in Inner Mongolia.
↑ Hsu, Cho-yun (2012) [2006]. China: A New Cultural History. Translated by Baker, Timothy D. Jr.; Duke, Michael S. Columbia University Press. p.102. ISBN9780231159203.
↑ Goodman, David S.G., ed. (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. p.159. ISBN9781782544364.
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