List of the oldest mosques

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The oldest mosques in the world can refer to the oldest, surviving mosque building or to the oldest mosque congregation. There is also a distinction between old mosque buildings in continuous use as mosques and others no longer used as mosques. In terms of congregations, there are early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist.

Contents

The major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, and the minor regions, such as Arabia and South Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.

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Mentioned in the Quran

The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries [1] mentioned in the Quran: [2]

BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtNotes
Al-Haram Mosque
As pilgrims prepare to return to their homes, Saudi authorities begin to prep for next year's Hajj - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg
Mecca Saudi Arabia Unknown, considered the oldest mosque, associated with Abraham [1] Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, [a] the holiest sanctuary, containing the Ka'bah , a site of the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), the Qiblah [9] (direction of formal prayers of Muslims), and the first mosque [10] [11] in Islamic thought. [12] [13] Rebuilt many times, notably 1571 by the Ottomans, and the late 20th century by the Saudis, further enlargement under way since 2010.
Haram al-Sharif, also known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound
Temple Mount - Al Aqsa Mosque compound, shown with various alternative names.jpg
Jerusalem (old city) Palestine Considered the second oldest mosque in Islamic tradition, [14] associated with Abraham. [1]

The Dome of the Rock was constructed in 692, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705.

Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, [2] the former Qiblah, [15] site of the significant event of Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj) [16] , considered the third holiest site in Islam. The Qur'an does not specify the precise location of "the furthest place of prayer", and its meaning was debated by early Islamic scholars. [17] [18] [19] [20] Eventually, a consensus emerged its identification with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. [19] [21]

The term Al-Aqsa properly refers to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque). [b] The mosque compound should not be confused with the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca, commonly referred to in English as Al-Aqsa Mosque, and also known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below).

The Sacred Monument
Masy'aril Haram Mosque in Muzdalifah, January 2015.jpg
Muzdalifah Saudi ArabiaUnknownAl-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām [23] a site of the Hajj. [24] [25] [26] [27]
Quba Mosque Origquba.jpg Medina Saudi Arabia622The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day" [28] in the Quran.[ citation needed ] Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.

Africa

Northeast Africa

Northeast Africa
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Mosque of the Companions
Sahaba Shrine, Massawa, Eritrea.jpg
Massawa Eritrea 620s–630sBelieved by some to be the first mosque in Africa and built by the companions of Muhammad in the 7th century. [29]
Al Nejashi Mosque
Negash 8.jpg
Negash Ethiopia 7th centuryBy tradition, the burial site of several followers of Muhammad who, during his lifetime, fled to the Aksumite Kingdom to escape persecution in Mecca. [30] It was recently[ when? ] renovated by TIKA, a Turkish cooperation organization. [31]
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
Mosque Amr ibn Al-As Entrance.jpg
Cairo Egypt 641Named after 'Amr ibn al-'As, commander of the Muslim conquest of Egypt. First mosque in Egypt and claimed to be the first mosque in Africa. [32] [33] [34] [35]
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Kairo Ibn Tulun Moschee BW 4.jpg
CairoEgypt879
Al-Azhar Mosque
Cairo - Islamic district - Al Azhar Mosque and University.JPG
CairoEgypt972 Sunni
Arba'a Rukun Mosque
Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg
Mogadishu Somalia 1268/9Sunni

Northwest Africa

Northwest Africa
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Great Mosque of Kairouan
Kairouan's Great Mosque courtyard.jpg
Kairouan Tunisia 670SunniBelieved to be the first mosque in the Maghreb. The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction starting in 836 under the Aghlabids, with further restorations and additions in later periods. [36] :366
Sidi Okba Mosque
Sidi Uqba.JPG
Sidi Okba Algeria 686–1025Mosque and tomb dated between 686 and 1025, starting with the tomb in 686. The mosque was subsequently built around it. [37]
Al-Zaytuna Mosque
MinaretMosqueeZitounaTunis.JPG
Tunis Tunisia698SunniThere are some doubts about the exact foundation date: usually attributed to 698 but it could have been a bit later in 734. [38] [39] The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction in 864 under the Aghlabids, [40] with further modifications and renovations in later eras. [38]
Mosque of Agadir
L'Algerie a travers les ages. 22, Minaret d'Agadyr a Tlemcen - (mission) Boutroue ; (photogr. reprod. par) Molteni (pour la conference donnee par) Boutroue - btv1b53249678v.jpg
Tlemcen Algeria790Mosque founded in 790 by Idris I at a settlement called Agadir, site of former Roman settlement Pomeria, now within the modern city of Tlemcen. Only its foundations remain today, along with a minaret added in the 13th century by Yaghmurasan. [41] [42] :42
Bu Ftata Mosque
Mosquee boufatata.jpg
Sousse Tunisia838–841Dated by an inscription to the reign of Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim (838–841). Minaret added later under the Hafsids. [42] :33
Great Mosque of Sfax
Grande Mosquee de Sfax 01.jpg
Sfax Tunisia849Exact construction date uncertain, but probably around 849. [42] :37
Great Mosque of Sousse
Great Mosque of Sousse.jpg
SousseTunisia851 [43]
Al-Qarawiyyin mosque
Qarawiyyin Mosque DSCF4250.jpg
Fez Morocco 859Some doubts exist about its foundation; [42] :42 with possible alternative of 877 CE, based on an inscription discovered in the 20th century. [44] [45] The present building dates from multiple later expansions and reconstructions, with the oldest elements dating from the 10th century. [42] :42 Significantly expanded under the Almoravids between 1135 and 1143. [46]
Mosque of the Andalusians
Andalous mosque portal.jpg
FezMorocco859There are doubts about its foundation; and the oldest parts of the present building date from the 10th century. [42] :42 It was mostly reconstructed by the Almohads between 1203 and 1207. [47]
Al-Naqah Mosque
Naga Mosque Exterior Tripoli Libya.JPG
Tripoli Libya 973Oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli, [48] though its history is not well-known. [42] :218–219 Likely built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz, though it may be older. [48] Reconstructed in 1019 AH (1610/1611CE). [42] :218–219
Great Mosque of Tlemcen
Grande mosquee et dependance Minaret de la Mosquee 003.jpg
TlemcenAlgeria1082Founded under the Almoravids, decoration completed or redone in 1136 by another Almoravid ruler. Important renovation and additions took place in 1236 under the first Zayyanid ruler. [49]

Southeast Africa

Southeast Africa (including nearby islands of the Indian Ocean, but barring countries that are also in Southern Africa)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Shanga Mosque Shanga, Pate Island Kenya 830Foundation discovered, with coins attesting dates, during the 1980s excavations. The earliest concrete evidence of Muslims in East Africa. [50] :97
Great Mosque of Kilwa
Great Mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani, 11th - 18th cents (2) (28963560112).jpg
Kilwa Kisiwani Tanzania 1000–1100
Kizimkazi Mosque
KizimkaziMosque1.JPG
Dimbani Tanzania 1107 According to an inscription. [51]
Tsingoni Mosque
Tsingoni minaret.jpg
Tsingoni, Mayotte France 1538 [52]
Al-Fatah Mosque (Green Mosque) Kigali Rwanda 1913Founded by coastal Swahili-speaking Tanzanian Muslims who came to Rwanda to work in the German administration, of what was then German East Africa. [53]

Southern Africa

Southern Africa
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Auwal Mosque
Auwal Mosque in Bo-Kaap.jpg
Cape Colony South Africa 1798Recognised as the first mosque established in the country, at the time Cape Colony. [54]
Palm Tree Mosque
Palm Tree Mosque.JPG
Cape ColonySouth Africa1807Building constructed in 1788(237 years ago).
Masjid al-Qudama Uitenhage, Eastern Cape South Africa1849It has been deduced that the mosque was a completed in March 1849 [55]
Grey Street Mosque (Juma Mosque)
Grey Street Masjid (Grey &Queen Street)-20140223.jpg
Durban South Africa1881 [56]
Soofie MasjidButha Buthe Lesotho 1900Founded by Soofie Saheb at the turn of the century; the community is described as African Muslim yet speaking an Indian language. [50] :115
Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid
The Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid of Cape Town, South Africa.jpg
Rylands, Cape Town South Africa1905
Lobatse Masjid Lobatse Botswana 1960sFounded by Indian Muslims who were brought over during the British colonial period. [57]
Ezulwini Mosque Ezulwini, near Mbabane Eswatini 1982 [58]

West Africa

West Africa
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Larabanga Mosque
Larabanga Mosque Ghana.jpg
Larabanga Ghana 1421The oldest existing mud-brick mosque in Ghana.
Great Mosque of Kano Kano Nigeria 15th centuryBuilt in for Emir Muhammad Rumfa
Agadez Mosque
1997 277-9A Agadez mosque cropped.jpg
Agadez Niger 1515Niger's oldest mosque.
Grand Mosque, Sokodé
Mosquee au grand marche.JPG
Sokodé Togo 1820 [59]

Americas

North America

North America (including Central America and island-states of the Caribbean Sea)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Al-Sadiq Mosque Al-Sadiq mosque.jpg Chicago, Illinois United States 1922 Ahmadiyya Oldest extant mosque in the Americas.
Mother Mosque of America
(Moslem Temple)
MotherMosque.jpg
Cedar Rapids, IowaUnited States1934Oldest extant purpose-built mosque in the United States
Al-Rashid Mosque
Al-Raschid Mosque on 1920 Street, Fort Edmonton Park, Alberta, Canada.jpg
Edmonton, Alberta Canada 1938First purpose-built mosque in Canada.
Westmoreland and Spanish Town Jamaica 1950sConstructed by the Islamic Society of Jamaica, which was founded in 1950. [60]
Bridgetown Mosque Bridgetown Barbados 1957First purpose-built mosque in Barbados. [61]
Omar bin Al-Khattab Mosque
Moscuracao.jpg
Willemstad, Curaçao Netherlands 1965 [62]
Haiti 1985Converted private residence. [63]
Suraya Mosque
Mezquita soraya.JPG
Torreón Mexico 1989 Shi'ite Built by the immigrants from the Middle East living in Torreón.
Omar Mosque San José Costa Rica 1995 Sunni Founded by the Islamic Cultural Association of Costa Rica. [64]
Belize City Belize c.2008Founded by Belizeans who converted to Islam while in the United States. [65] [66]
Boukman Buhara Mosque Cap-Haïtien Haiti2016First purpose-built mosque in Haiti; includes a minaret. Constructed following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. [67]

South America

South America
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Suriname 1906Built by immigrant Javanese rice farmers, in the Netherlands colony of the time. [68]
Mesquita Brasil Mesquita.JPG São Paulo Brazil 1929Previous site built in 1929; [69] current building inaugurated in 1952. First known mosque in Brazil. [70]
Panama 1930 Ahmadiyya [71] :453–
El Paraíso, Caracas Venezuela 1968 [71] :453–
At-Tauhid Mosque Buenos Aires Argentina 1983 Shi'ite Opened in October 1983 with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina. [72] It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade. [73]
Mezquita as-Salam Mezquita As-Salam.JPG Santiago Chile 1995Commissioned 1989, inaugurated in 1995. [74]
Mohammed VI Mosque Coquimbo Chile2007

Asia

Arabian Peninsula

Arabian Peninsula (including the island-state of Bahrain)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Al-Masjid An-Nabawi (Bird's Eye View).jpg
Medina Saudi Arabia 622Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Masjid al-Qiblatain
Masjid al-Qiblatain.jpg
MedinaSaudi Arabia623Mosque originally with two Qiblah walls: One facing Jerusalem, the first Qiblah and another facing Mecca
Mazin Bin Ghadoubah Mosque
Masjid Mazin bin Ghadouba.jpg
Samail Oman c.627Founded by Mazin Ben Ghadooba, who is considered to be the first Omani to adopt Islam during Muhammad's lifetime. [75] [76] [77]
Al-Shawadhna Mosque Nizwa, moschea Al-Shawathna, aula di preghiera, esterno 01.jpg Nizwa Oman c.628–629Original foundation attributed by some to 7 AH (628/629CE). A construction or renovation dated to 1529 CE is recorded by an inscription above the mihrab. [78] [79]
Jawatha Mosque
Jawatha1.jpg
Al-Kilabiyah Saudi Arabiac.629–639Has recently[ when? ] been renovated[ citation needed ] and prayers are still held in this mosque. [80] [81] [82]
Great Mosque of Sana'a
Sanaa PICT0013 (14569535198).jpg
Sana'a Yemen 7th centuryPossibly the oldest mosque in the country
Al-Hadi Mosque
Mosque in Sa'dah.jpg
Sa'dah Yemen897
Khamis Mosque
Khamis Mosque Minaret.jpg
Khamis, Manama Bahrain 1000–1200 (approximate)Though most of the structure is dated to the 11th or 12th century, [83] it is popularly believed to have been founded by the Caliph Omar in the 600s. [84]
Mosque in Al-Ain Al Ain United Arab Emirates 1000s (Islamic Golden Age)Possible the oldest mosque in the country. [85] [86]
Al Badiyah Mosque
2011-0209-Al Badiyah Mosque.jpg
Fujairah United Arab Emirates1400sSome much earlier estimates have been proposed. [87]

Central Asia

Central Asia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Po-i-Kalyan
Bukhara01.jpg
Bukhara Uzbekistan 713Since 713 here, several edifices of main cathedral mosque were built then razed, restored after fires and wars, and moved from place to place.

China and Taiwan

Greater China
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Huaisheng Mosque
Huaisheng Mosque Dec 2007.jpg
Guangzhou China 627Originally built by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad. Rebuilt many times since.
Xianxian Mosque
The Mosque in Guangzhou 19.JPG
Guangzhou City China629The mosque was originally built in 629 during the Tang dynasty.
Great Mosque of Xi'an
Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque.jpg
Xi'an, Shaanxi China742Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century, [88] the mosque was founded in 742. [89] [90]
Jamia Mosque HK Central Xie Li Jie Shelley Street Hui Jiao Qing Zhen Li Bai Zong Tang Jamia Mosque green facade Mar-2016 DSC 001.JPG Hong Kong China1890Then British Hong Kong
Taipei Grand Mosque Taipei Grand Mosque 20060112.jpg Taipei Taiwan 1947Oldest and most famous mosque in Taiwan. Original building was firstly used in 1947, then relocated to a new site where it was reconstructed in 1960.
Kaohsiung Mosque Kaohsiung Mosque.JPG TaipeiTaiwan1949The second oldest mosque in Taiwan. The original building was built in 1949, then moved to a new location where the second building was built in 1951, and the third and final building built in 1992.
Macau Mosque Macau Mosque.JPG Macau China1980The first and only mosque in Macau, then Portuguese Macau.

East Asia

East Asia (excluding Greater China)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Kobe Mosque
Kobe-mosque3.jpg
Kobe Japan 1935Designed in the Turkish style by a Czech architect, confiscated by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1943, and later returned. [91]
Seoul Central Mosque
Korea-Seoul-Itaewon-Seoul Central Mosque-01.jpg
Seoul South Korea 1976 [92]

Levant

Levant (for Cyprus and the region of Syria)
BuildingImageLocationCountryBuilt
(CE)
TraditionNotes
Al-Omari Grand Mosque Beirut Lebanon 635SunniThe mihrab is the oldest part of the mosque, dating back to the Caliphate of Umar.
Al-Qibli Mosque
(al-Jami' al-Aqsa)
Israel-2007-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Al-Aqsa Mosque 01.jpg
Jerusalem (old city) Palestine 637A Muslim prayer hall with a silver-colored lead dome located in the southern part of Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount), built by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab.
Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Aleppo.jpg Aleppo Syria 637The minaret was partially damaged during the 2016 Battle of Aleppo [93]
Ibrahimi Mosque
Hebron Cave of the Patriarchs.jpg
Hebron Palestine637 [94]
Great Mosque of Aleppo
Great Aleppo mosque 176.jpg
AleppoSyria715The mosque and its minaret were partially destroyed in April 2013, during the Syrian Civil War [95]
Umayyad Mosque
Umayyad Mosque.jpg
Damascus Syria715SunniFourth holiest site and the national mosque of Syria. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
White Mosque
rmlh hmsgd hlbn.JPG
Ramla Israel 720
Al-Omari Mosque
Mosque of umar, bosra, syria, easter 2004.jpg
Bosra Syria721
Great Mosque of Raqqa Raqqa Syria772In partial ruins since c.2010s
Arab Ahmet Mosque
Nikozja polnoc5.jpg
Arab Ahmet, Nicosia Cyprus Late 16th centuryNamed in honour of a 1571 Ottoman army commander [96] [97]

South Asia

South Asia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Barwada mosque Ghogha, Gujarat India Before 623Built by Arab traders, the qibla is faced to Bait al Mukaddas (Jerusalem). The mosque was abandoned by devotees after the qibla was changed in 623 CE to Makkah and another mosque constructed at the same time. [98] [99] [100] [101] [102]
Cheraman Juma Masjid
Cheraman Masjid 2.jpg
Kodungallur India629As per legend, it was built by Malik bin Dinar, companion of Muhammad, on orders of Cheraman Perumal, [103] then King of modern-day Kerala, it is one of the oldest mosques in India. [104]
Palaiya Jumma Palli
Palaiya Jumma Palli.jpg
Kilakarai India630SunniConsidered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad. [105]
Jame' As-Sahaba
Lost Mosque in Bangladesh 1.jpg
Lalmonirhat, Rangpur Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 688The oldest mosque in Bangladesh, located in the Lalmonirhat District. [106] [107] In 69 Hijri, the mosque was built by the Companion Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. [108] [109] [110] [111]
Masjid Al-Abrar Beruwala, Kalutara District, Western Province Sri Lanka 1st century AH The date has been carved in its stone pillars. It is situated in western province of Sri Lanka.
Haji Piyada
No gunbad Balkh Mazar-e Sharif Afghanistan.. samarqandian.jpg
Balkh Afghanistan 794 or 9th centuryThe oldest identifiable Islamic building in Afghanistan. [112] Construction dated to either the 9th century [113] or to 794. [114]
Jamia Masjid, Banbhore
Grand Mosque (Jamma Masjid Banbhore) - panoramio.jpg
Banbhore, Sindh Pakistan 727This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan. [115] Also believed to be the first mosque in South Asia. [116] Built after the conquest of Sindh.
Great Mosque Jama Masjid Shamsi, Badaun.jpg Budaun, Uttar Pradesh India1223Built by Iltutmish, the 3rd Sultan of Delhi and the Mamluk dynasty
Kazimar Big Mosque
Kazimarbigmosque.JPG
Madurai India1284Sunni, Hanafi, Shadhili First mosque in Madurai.
Chaqchan Mosque
Side view of Chaqchan Mosque.jpg
Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan1370This is the oldest mosque of Gilgit Baltistan located in Khaplu. [117] [118]
Sixty Dome Mosque
Sixty domed mosque.jpg
Bagerhat Bangladesh 1450Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Neevin Mosque
Neevin Masjid 4 (WCLA).jpg
Lahore Pakistan1460

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque
Sheikh Karimul Makhdum Mosque BIO file photo.jpg
Tubig Indangan, Simunul island, Bangsamoro Philippines 1380Founded by Makhdum Karim, who introduced Islam to the Philippines. [119] This is the oldest mosque in Southesast Asia.
Wapauwe Old Mosque
Masjid Tua Wapauwe.jpg
Kaitetu, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Indonesia 1414The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia.
Ampel Mosque
Ampel Mosque in 2008.jpg
Ampel, Surabaya, East Java Indonesia1421The oldest surviving mosque in Java, and second oldest in Indonesia. [120]
Masjid Sultan Sharif AliBrunei Brunei 1430 (approximate)Built under the direction of Sharif Ali ("Sultan Berkat"), who reigned 1425–1432. [121]
Kampung Laut Mosque
Masjid Kampung Laut, Nilampuri, Kelantan, Malaysia.jpg
Tumpat, Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia 15th centuryThe oldest surviving mosque in Malaysia
Great Mosque of Demak
Masjid demak.jpg
Demak, Central Java Indonesia15th centuryOldest mosque in Central Java and second oldest in Java. [122]
Talo Mano Mosque
masyidtaolamaaenaaa (masyid 300 pii).jpg
Narathiwat Thailand 17th centuryIt is at least one of the oldest known mosques in Thailand. [123]
Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka
Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka, Mar 06.JPG
Central Area Singapore 1820Originally a wooden structure built by Arab merchant Syed Omar Ali Aljunied. [124]

Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia (excluding the Arabian peninsula, Caucasus, and Levant)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Ayasofya Mosque (Hagia Sophia)
The Turk and his lost provinces - Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia (1903) (14593094020).jpg
Istanbul Turkey 1453
(537, as a church)
Built as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931. [125] In 2020, it was again converted into a mosque by order of a Turkish court.
Great Mosque of Kufa
Kufa Mosque.jpg
Kufa Iraq 639ShiaThe mosque contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel – first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.
Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn Mosque
Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg
Karbala Iraq680ShiaReconstructed several times, including in 1016.
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
Jame Mosque Esfahan courtyard.jpg
Isfahan Iran771First mosque on the site was built circa 771, during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. It was then replaced by a larger one in 840–841 during the reign of al-Mu'tasim. It underwent many changes and additions after this, most notably under the Seljuks in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. [126]
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj
msjd jm` fhrj yzd2.JPG
Fahraj Iran700s [127]
Tarikhaneh Mosque
Damghan7.jpg
Damghan Iran9th centuryThe oldest mosque in Iran to preserve much of its original form. Exact date of construction is unclear, but attributed to 9th century based on its style. [128] [129]
Great Mosque of Samarra
The spiral minaret in Samarra.jpg
Samarra Iraq848
Al-Askari Mosque
Al Askari Mosque.jpg
Samarra Iraq944 Shia (Twelver) Shrine of the 10th and 11th Twelver Shi'ite Imams: Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari.
Imam Ali Mosque
Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg
Najaf Iraq977Shia, SunniHouses the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and fourth Caliph, and the first person of the Shia Imamate.
Great Mosque of Diyarbakır
Great Mosque, Diyarbakir.jpg
Diyarbakır Turkey 1092SunniOne of the oldest known mosques in modern Turkey, possibly the oldest, [130] [131] but its early history is not well-understood. [132] [133] A mosque was founded in the area after the city's Muslim conquest in 639. [134] [132] The current building dates from thee Seljuk-era, dated by inscription to 1091–2 and further works continuing in the 12th century. [130] [135] [133]
Yivliminare Mosque (Alaeddin Mosque)
Antalya - Alaeddin-Moschee 2.jpg
Antalya Turkey1230
Aslanhane Mosque
Arslanhane Mosque 01.jpg
Ankara Turkey1290

Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Juma Mosque
Qosa minar@li m@scid. Samaxi s@h@ri.JPG
Shamakhi Azerbaijan 743-744Built in 743–744, set on fire by Armenian units of "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1918, reconstructed in 2009.
Blue Mosque
051 Gok Jami mosque Yerevan.jpg
Yerevan Armenia Mid-18th century

Europe

Central and Eastern Europe

Central Europe and Eastern Europe (excluding the Caucasus, European Russia and Nordic countries)
BuildingImageLocationCountryBuilt
(CE)
TraditionNotes
Al-Agha Mosque
Mlicka dzamija -.jpg
Dragash Kosovo 1268Built by Muslims who migrated from Aleppo, in Syria, to Kosovo. [136]
Dzhumaya Mosque
Dzhumayata.jpg
Plovdiv Bulgaria 1363–1364Built during the reign of Sultan Murad II the old building was demolished and replaced by the modern-day mosque.
Sailors' Mosque
Sailors' Mosque (2012).jpg
Ulcinj Montenegro 14th century
Halit Efendi Mosque Slupčane, Lipkovo Municipality North Macedonia 1415Considered the oldest mosque in North Macedonia. However, as a result of the various renovation works, the building has been altered to such an extent that it is no longer in its original state. [137]
Turhan Emin-Beg Mosque Ustikolina Bosnia and Herzegovina 1448–1449Built by Turhan Emin-beg. Known to have been destroyed two times (1941 and 1992) and rebuilt two times (1956 and 2007). [138]
Fatih Mosque Xhamia e Fatihut.jpg Elbasan Castle Albania 1466Built by the orders of Sultan Mehmed II. [139]
Old Mosque, Plav (Imperial Mosque)
Plav - drevena mesita z 18. stol.jpg
Plav Montenegro1471Built during the Ottoman rule in the city. [140]
Iljaz Mirahori Mosque
Xhamia e Iljaz Bej Mirahorit, Korce.jpg
Korçë Albania1494It was built by Iljaz Hoxha, also known as Iljaz Bey Mirahor, [141] and is a Cultural Monument of Albania. [142]
King Mosque
(also known as the Sultan Bayazit Mosque)
Konigsmoschee Elbasan.jpg
Elbasan Albania 1502Established in 1492; the exact year of completed is not certain. [143] [144] A Cultural Monument of Albania.
Mosque of Kuklibeu
PrizrenCollection2 2010 IMG 0695.JPG
Prizren Kosovo1534
Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi
PrizrenCollection2 2010 100 2517.JPG
PrizrenKosovo1543–1581
Esmahan Sultan Mosque
Moscheia-Esmahan-Sultan.jpg
Mangalia Romania 1575Oldest mosque in Romania
Poland 1558Tatar mosques in Poland were noted in a 1558 treatise Risale-i Tatar-i Lech. [145]
Lithuania 16th centuryVarious records indicate Lithuanian Tatars built mosques in then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the 16th century [146]
Mosque of Sinan Pasha
SinanPasha.JPG
PrizrenKosovo1615
Log pod Mangartom Mosque
Moseja-Log pod Mangartom4.jpg
Log pod Mangartom, Municipality of Bovec Slovenia 1916Built by Bosniak members of the Austro-Hungarian army, in what was then Austria-Hungary. [147]
Gunja Mosque
Gunja Mosque Interior-Dzamija u gunji unutrasnjost-Dzhamija u Gunji unutrashnjost 01.jpg
Gunja Croatia 1969The first and one of the few mosques in Croatia, located near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vienna Islamic Centre–Mosque
Bruckhaufen (Wien) - Moschee (4).JPG
Vienna Austria 1979 [148]
Brno Mosque
Brno, Styrice, mesita - DOD (01).jpg
Brno Czech Republic 1998Construction began 1996, inaugurated 1998. [149]

Iberian Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita)
Mezquita de Cordoba (28890223327).jpg
Córdoba, Andalusia Spain 785Originally built by Abd al-Rahman I in the then Emirate of Córdoba, it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Castilian conquest of Cordoba in 1236, it was converted into the city's cathedral, which it remains to this day. [150] [151]
Mosque inside Aljafería Palace
La Aljaferia 14092014 114703 05575.jpg
Zaragoza, Aragon Spain1046A small prayer room inside the Aljafería Palace, dating from the Taifa period under the Hudid dynasty in the then Caliphate of Córdoba. [152] It is accessed through a portal inside palace. [153] :118–120 In 2001, the original restored structures of the Aljafería were included in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, a World Heritage Site. [154]
Mosque of Madinat al-Zahra
Mezquita de Medina Azahara.jpg
Córdoba, AndalusiaSpain941–942 Friday mosque of Madinat al-Zahra, a vast, fortified palace-city begun in 936 by Abd al-Rahman III. [155] The city's mosque was inaugurated in 941–942. [156] [153] :61 The complex was plundered & destroyed during the civil war that ended the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century. [155] A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018. [157]
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
Mezquita Cristo de la Luz de Toledo.jpg
Toledo, Castile-La Mancha Spain999Built in the then Caliphate of Córdoba, [158] this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it was originally built. [158] Originally a square structure with nine domed bays, a semi-circular apse was added in 1187, after it had been converted into a church. [153] :88
Mosque of las Tornerías
(Arabic: الـمـسـتـمـيـم, romanized: al-Mustimim)
Mezquita de las Tornerias. Toledo.jpg
Toledo, Castile-La ManchaSpainmid-11th-centuryBuilt on the foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos, in the then Taifa of Toledo. The building continued maintaining the Islamic faith in Spain well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498–1505, when it was desacralizated by the Catholic Monarchs. [159] [160]
Ribat of Arrifana Archaeological site
RibatArrifana1.jpg
Aljezur, Algarve Portugal 1130Probably constructed by Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi, governor of Silves and a rebel leader against the Almoravid dynasty. These are the only ruins of such Muslim fortress to have been identified in Portugal, excavated by Portuguese archaeologists since 2001. [161]
Church of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação
Igreja Matriz de Mertola.jpg
Mértola, Alentejo PortugalSecond-half of the 12th centuryUnique and most identifiable former mosque in Portugal, in what was then the Almohad Caliphate, although a mixture of Almohad and Manueline post-Gothic architecture. Rebuilt in the second half of the 12th century with some elements from the 9th century. [162]
Giralda
Sevilla Cathedral - Giralda.jpg
Seville, AndalusiaSpain1248Only the minaret remains, built in the then Almohad Caliphate. Mosque comparable in size to Great mosque of Cordoba, [163] mostly destroyed by earthquake in 1365. Minaret used as a church bell tower was built higher in the 16th century.
Church of São Clemente
Loule Church - The Algarve, Portugal (1399505908).jpg
Tavira, Algarve PortugalSecond-half of the 13th centuryOnly parts of the original minaret remain, built in the Kingdom of Portugal, incorporated in the church bell tower. It's 22.7 m (74 ft) tall and 4.2 m (14 ft) wide. Across it lies an old Muslim cemetery of Jardim dos Amuados. [164]
Mosque of Tórtoles
Mezquita de Tortoles, Tarazona, Zaragoza, Espana, 2017-05-23, DD 66.jpg
Tarazona, AragonSpain15th-centuryAlmost unaltered in the later centuries; built in the then Crown of Aragon. [165]
San Sebastian Minaret (Alminar De San Sebastian) Ronda Minaret-Kirchturm2004.jpg Ronda, AndalusiaSpainOnly the minaret of the medium-size mosque in Plaza Abul Beka neighborhood remains in the then Almohad Caliphate. Minaret was expanded and used as a bell tower. The mosque was converted to a church but destroyed in the 1600s during Morisco Revolts. Ronda was a Muslim city for 700 years. The city had 7 or 8 mosques; none survive today. [166]

Russia

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
BuildingImageLocationFirst builtTraditionNotes
Juma Mosque Derbent, Dagestan 700-900 (approximate)Then part of the Abbasid Caliphate [83]

Scandinavia

Scandinavia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Järvenpää Mosque Finland 1942A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Scandinavia. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops. [167]
Nusrat Djahan Mosque Hvidovre, outside Copenhagen Denmark 1967AhmadiyyaThe first purpose-built mosque in Scandinavia. [167]
Islamic Cultural Centre Norway Oslo Norway 1974Sunni Deobandi Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims. Followed by the first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, in 1975; and the first Sunni Barelvi mosque in 1976.
Nasir Mosque Gothenburg Sweden 1976
Stockholm Sweden2000Converted from Katarinastation, a former power station. [168]
Reykjavík Mosque Reykjavík Iceland 2002Not a purpose-built mosque, but serves as an interim gathering site. [169]

United Kingdom and Ireland

United Kingdom and Ireland
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute
Brougham Terrace, July 07, 2012.jpg
Liverpool, England United Kingdom 1891Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error. [170] [171]
Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre Dublin Ireland 1976Later, [149] followed by the first purpose-built mosque was built in Ballyhaunis in 1987.[ citation needed ]

Western Europe

Western-Central Europe (excluding the British Isles, Nordic countries, and countries that are also in Eastern Europe)
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Père Lachaise Ottoman Mosque
Pere-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg
Paris France 1856The first in Metropolitan France, served for burial prayers for Ottoman diplomats, North African military personnel, and Turkish and Arab students. It fell into disrepair when France and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1914. [172]
Grand Mosque of Paris
Grande Mosquee de Paris.JPG
ParisFrance1926Built in the Moroccan style and honored Muslim French veterans of World War I. [173]
Wünsdorf Mosque
Wunsdorf Mosque.jpg
Wünsdorf, Berlin Germany 1915Erected by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
Mobarak Mosque
Moskee Oostduinlaan.JPG
The Hague Netherlands 1955The first known purpose-built mosque in the Netherlands.
Centre Islamique de Genève Geneva Switzerland 1961Founded by Said Ramadan, known as the Little Mosque of Geneva.

Oceania

Australasia

Australasia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Marree Mosque The mosque at Marree SLSA B-15341.jpeg Marree, South Australia Australia 1861 / 1882Small structure in the South Australian desert built by Australia's "Afghan" camel-drivers, has been restored. [174] [74]
Central Adelaide Mosque Adelaide Central Mosque, Adelaide, February 2023.jpg Adelaide, South AustraliaAustralia1888The oldest major city mosque in the country. [174]
Ponsonby Mosque Ponsonby Mosque and driveway.jpg Auckland New Zealand 1980Cornerstone laid in 1979; the first Islamic centre in the country was installed in an Auckland house bought in 1959. [175]

Melanesia

Melanesia
BuildingImageLocationCountryFirst builtTraditionNotes
Hidayatullah Sanoek MosqueSanoek, South Waigeo, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Indonesia 1505 (approximate)The oldest surviving mosque in Oceania [176]
Vitogo, Nausori, and Tavua Fiji 1922 (approximate)A number of wooden mosques were built by local Islamic assemblies around 1922. [177]
Port Moresby Papua New Guinea 2000Islam was introduced to the island in the 1970s, [178] and the first Islamic centre established in 1988. [74]

See also

Notes

  1. Mentioned in: Quran 2:144–217; [3] Quran 5:2; [4] Quran 8:34; [5] Quran 9:7–28; [6] Quran 17:1; [2] Quran 22:25; [7] Quran 48:25–27. [8]
  2. According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm," [22]

    References

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    2. 1 2 3 Quran 17:1-7 Quran   17:1–7
    3. Quran   2:144–217
    4. Quran   5:2  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
    5. Quran   8:34  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
    6. Quran   9:7–28
    7. Quran   22:25  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
    8. Quran   48:25–27
    9. Quran   2:127  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
    10. Quran   3:96  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
    11. Quran   22:25–37
    12. Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, p. 39, Archetype
    13. Zeitlin, I.M. (2013). "3". The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN   978-0745654881.
    14. National Geographic Society (U.S.); de Blij, H.J.; Downs, R.; John Wiley & Sons (2007). Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World. Wiley. p. 49. ISBN   978-0-471-74117-6 . Retrieved June 15, 2022. Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.
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    23. Quran   2:129  (Translated by  Yusuf Ali)
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