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Military of the Ottoman Empire |
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This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force. [1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery. [2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." [3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army. [4] [5]
The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1285 | Siege of Kulaca Hisar | Kayi victory
| ||
1302 | Battle of Bapheus | Ottoman Beylik | Byzantine Empire | Ottoman victory
|
1303 | Battle of Dimbos | Ottoman Beylik | Byzantine Empire | Ottoman victory |
1317/1326 | Siege of Bursa | Ottoman Beylik | Byzantine Empire | Ottoman victory
|
1328–1331 | Siege of Nicaea | Ottoman Beylik | Byzantine Empire | Ottoman victory |
1337 | Siege of Nicomedia | Ottoman Beylik | Byzantine Empire | Ottoman victory |
1341–1347 | Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 | ![]() Allies: ![]() ![]() ![]() Beylik of Saruhan Principality of Albania Principality of Muzaka | ![]() Regents: ![]() ![]() ![]() Allies: Zealots of Thessalonica ![]() Bulgaria Principality of Karvuna | Kantakouzenos victory
|
1352–1357 | Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 | ![]() ![]() Allies: ![]() | ![]() Allies: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Partial Defeat
|
1354 | Fall of Gallipoli | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1355 | Battle of Ihtiman | ![]() | | Stalemate
|
1362 or 1369 | Ottoman conquest of Adrianople | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1364 | Battle of Sırpsındığı | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1366–1526 | Hungarian–Ottoman Wars
| ![]() | ![]()
European allies:
| Victory
|
1371 | Battle of Samokov | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1371 | Battle of Maritsa | ![]() | ![]() | Victory [25] |
1371 | Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1381–1384 | Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina ![]() | Despotate of Arta | Defeat
|
1382–1385 | Zetan-Albania War | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1382–1393 | Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria | ![]() | | Victory
|
1385 | First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans | ![]() | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Defeat
|
1385 | Battle of Savra | ![]() ![]() | Principality of Zeta | Victory
|
1388 | Battle of Bileća | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1389 | Battle of Kosovo (1389) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Unknown Result Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] whereas some claim Victory [39] [40] [41] [42] |
1389–1390 | Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90 [45] | Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) ![]() | Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) | Victory
|
1390 | Fall of Philadelphia | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1391 | Siege of Constantinople (1391) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Stalemate
|
1394–1395 | Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia | ![]() | ![]() | Tactical Defeat [46] [47] [48] [49]
|
1394–1395 | Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Siege pulled [50] [51] |
1396 | Crusade of Nicopolis | ![]() | ![]()
| Victory
|
1399–1402 | Ottoman-Timurid War | ![]() Co-belligerant: | ![]() | Defeat
|
1402–1413 | Ottoman Interregnum | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Mehmed Victory
|
1402 | Battle of Tripolje | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1404 | Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin | ![]() | Victory
| |
1411 | Siege of Constantinople (1411) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1414 | Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | ![]() | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1416 | Battle of Gallipoli (1416) | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1416–1420 | Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin | ![]() | Sheikh Bedreddin | Victory
|
1418 | Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | ![]() | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1422 | Siege of Constantinople (1422) | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1422–1430 | Siege of Thessalonica | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1421–1522 | 2nd Conquest of Anatolia | ![]() | Beylik of Karaman ![]() ![]() ![]() Sultanate of Eretna ![]() ![]() Beyliks of Canik Beylik of Germiyan Beylik of Menteşe ![]() Beylik of Saruhan | Victory
|
1426–1428 | Ottoman-Hungarian War of 1426–1428 | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1428 | Siege of Golubac | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1432–1436 | Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 | ![]() | Various Albanian rebels | Victory
|
1432–1479 | Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
| ![]() | 1443–44:![]() Arianiti Family 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79:
| Victory Initial Albanian victory
Eventual Ottoman victory
|
1440 | Siege of Belgrade (1440) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Defeat |
1440–1441 | Siege of Novo Brdo | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1443–1444 | Crusade of Varna | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Bulgarian rebels ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1447–1448 | Albanian–Venetian War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1448 | Battle of Kosovo (1448) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1453 | Fall of Constantinople | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1454 | Battle of Leskovac | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1454 | Battle of Kruševac | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1455 | Siege of Trepča | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Novo Brdo (1455) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Berat (1455) [68] | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1456 | Siege of Belgrade (1456) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1459 | Siege of Smederevo (1459) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1460 | Siege of Amasra | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1461 | Siege of Trebizond (1461) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1462 | Night attack at Târgoviște | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive |
1462 | Ottoman conquest of Lesbos | ![]() | Gattilusio lordship of Lesbos![]() | Victory
|
1463–1479 | First Ottoman-Venetian war | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Karamanids Maniots Greek rebels | Victory
|
1463 | Siege of Jajce | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries | Victory
|
1473 | Battle of Otlukbeli | ![]() | ![]() | Victory [73]
|
1473–79 | Moldavian War of Mehmed II | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1475 | Crimean Campaign (1475) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1479 | Battle of Breadfield | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat [75]
|
1480 | First Ottoman siege of Rhodes | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1480–1481 | Invasion of Otranto | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1481–1484 | Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 | ![]() | Albanian rebels![]() ![]() ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1484–1486 | Moldavian War of Bayezid II | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1484–1486 | Mamluk War of Bayezid II | ![]() | ![]() | Stalemate
|
1485–1503 | Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1490–1494 | War of the Hungarian Succession | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1492–1792 | Spanish–Ottoman wars
| ![]()
| ![]()
| In North Africa Ottoman victory In Italian peninsula Spanish victory |
1493–1593 | Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
| ![]() | Until 1526:![]() ![]() From 1527: | Inconclusive
|
1497–1499 | Moldavian Campaign | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1499–1503 | Second Ottoman-Venetian War | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1505–1517 | Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() Indian states: Supported by: | ![]() Supported by: | Defeat
|
1505–1517 | Ottoman–Persian wars (1505–1517) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1507–1542 | Ajuran-Portuguese wars | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1508 | Georgian campaign (1508) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1508–1573 | Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() Supported by: | ![]() | Defeat
|
1509–1513 | Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory for Selim
|
1515 | Battle of Turnadağ | ![]() | Beylik of Dulkadir | Victory
|
1516–1517 | Second Ottoman-Mamluk War | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1517 | Siege of Jeddah | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1518 | Fall of Tlemcen | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1519–1610 | Celali rebellions | ![]() | Celali | Victory
|
1519–1639 | Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() | ![]() Supported by:
| Inconclusive |
1521 | 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1521 | Siege of Šabac (1521) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1522 | 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1523 | Expedition to Kamaran | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1526 | Battle of Mohács | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1526–1791 | Ottoman–Habsburg wars In Hungary and Balkans
In Mediterranean
| ![]() Vassals: | ![]()
| Inconclusive End of Ottoman expansion |
1527–28 | Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1529 | Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1529–43 | Ethiopian–Adal War | ![]() | ![]() | Stalemate and Status quo ante bellum
|
1529 | 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna | ![]() | ![]()
| Defeat
|
1530–52 | Little War in Hungary | ![]()
| ![]() | Victory
|
1531 | Battle of al-Shihr (1531) | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1532–55 | 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1533 | Expedition of Irakeyn | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1534 | Ottoman conquest of Tunis | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1535 | Habsburgian conquest of Tunis | ![]() ![]() | ![]()
| Defeat
|
1536–38 | Italian War of 1536–1538 | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1536–37 | Siege of Klis | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1537–40 | Third Ottoman-Venetian war | ![]() ![]() | Holy League :![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1538–1560 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1557)
| ![]() | ![]() | Stalemate |
1542–46 | Italian War of 1542–1546 | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1543 | Battle of Karagak | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1545 | Battle of Sokhoista | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1547 | Ottoman invasion of Guria | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1551–1559 | Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1551 | Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1551 | Invasion of Gozo | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1551–59 | Italian War of 1551–1559 | ![]()
| ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1552 | Hungarian Campaign of 1552 | ![]() | Inconclusive | |
1554/1557–1589 | Ottoman conquest of Habesh | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1554–1576 | Ottoman expeditions to Morocco | ![]()
| ![]() | Victory |
1557 | Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1558–66 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566) | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive due to Suleiman the Magnificent death
|
1560 | Battle of Djerba | ![]() | ![]()
| Victory |
1565–1898 | Spanish conquest of the Philippines | ![]() ![]() Confederation of sultanates in Lanao Supported by: | ![]() | Inconclusive |
1565 | Great Siege of Malta | ![]() ![]() | Defeat
| |
1566 | Siege of Szigetvár | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1710–1711 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1713 | Skirmish at Bender | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1714–1718 | Ottoman–Venetian War | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1716–1718 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1722–1730 | Syunik rebellion | ![]() | Armenian Rebels | Victory •Syunik is occupied by the Ottomans. |
1726–1727 | Ottoman–Hotaki War | ![]() | ![]() | Both sides make gains
|
1730–1735 | Ottoman–Safavid War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1730 | Patrona Halil | ![]() | Patrona Halil | Tulip Period is ended
|
1732 | Spanish reconquest of Oran | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1735–1739 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1737–1739 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1743–1746 | Ottoman–Afsharid War | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1757 | Battle of Khresili | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1768–1774 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1769–1772 | Danish–Algerian War | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1770 | Orlov Revolt | ![]() | ![]() Supported by: ![]() | Victory
|
1770 | Invasion of Mani (1770) | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1775–1776 | Ottoman–Zand War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1787–1791 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1787–1792 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1798 | Mediterranean campaign of 1798 | ![]() After June 1798: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Coalition victory |
1798–1801 | French invasion of Egypt and Syria | ![]()
| ![]() | Anglo-Ottoman victory |
1806–1812 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]()
| ![]()
| Defeat
|
1807–1809 | Anglo-Turkish War | Supported by: | ![]() Supported by: ![]() | Treaty of the Dardanelles |
1804–1813 | First Serbian Uprising |
From 1805: From 1813: | ![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() | Ottoman victory (see Aftermath section)
|
1811–1818 | Ottoman-Saudi War | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1815–1817 | Second Serbian Uprising | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1820–1824 | Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan | ![]() | Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur | Ottoman-Egyptian military victory
|
1821 | Wallachian Revolution of 1821 | ![]()
| ![]()
| Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
|
1821–1832 | Greek War of Independence | ![]() | ![]() ![]() After 1822: ![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1821–1823 | Ottoman–Iranian War of 1821 | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1828–1829 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1830–1903 | French conquest of Algeria | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1831–1832 | Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1831–1833 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1832–1848 | Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë | ![]() | Tosk Rebels | Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër | ![]() | Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels [128] | Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
1834 | Albanian Revolt of 1834 | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels | Victory
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania | ![]() | Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements: [128] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers | Defeat
|
1836 | Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Inconclusive
|
1836 | Expedition to Najd (1836) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat | ![]() | Mati Tribesmen | Inconclusive
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe | ![]() | Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels | Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania | ![]() | Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels | Victory |
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër | ![]() | Dibran Rebels | Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren | ![]() | Kosovar Rebels | Defeat
|
1839–1841 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1843–1844 | Uprising of Dervish Cara | ![]() | Dibran Rebels | Victory
|
1847 | Albanian revolt of 1847 | ![]() | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels | Victory
|
1848 | Wallachian Revolution of 1848 | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Counterrevolutionary victory
|
1852–1853 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1852–1862 | Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) | ![]() | Rebels | Victory |
1853–1856 | Crimean War | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() ![]() Abkhazia [c] | ![]() ![]() | Victory |
1854 | Macedonian Revolution of 1854 | ![]() Supported By: ![]() ![]() | ![]() Supported By: ![]() | Victory |
1858 | Battle of Grahovac | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1861–1862 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1862 | First Zeitun Resistance | ![]() | Armenian fedayees | Defeat
|
1866–1869 | Cretan Revolt | ![]() | ![]() Supported by: ![]() | Victory
|
1874–1876 | Egyptian–Ethiopian War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1875 | Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) | ![]() | Serb rebels
| Victory
|
1876 | April Uprising | ![]() | ![]() | Victory
|
1876–1878 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1876–1877 | First Serbian–Ottoman War | ![]() | ![]()
| Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Second Serbian–Ottoman War | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Defeat |
1878 | Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1878-1879 | Kresna–Razlog uprising [135] | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1879-1882 | Urabi revolt | ![]() | Ahmed Urabi Egyptian rebel forces | Defeat |
1880 | Battle of Ulcinj (1880) | ![]() | Albanian irregulars | Victory
|
1881 | French conquest of Tunisia | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1882 | Anglo-Egyptian War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat |
1893–1908 | Macedonian Struggle | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
1893 | Ottoman–Qatari War | ![]() | ![]() | Defeat
|
1895–1896 | Zeitun rebellion (1895–96) | ![]() | Hunchak Party | Defeat |
1897 | Greco-Turkish War of 1897 | ![]() | ![]() | Victory |
1897–1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Defeat
|
1903 | Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Victory
|
1904 | Sasun Uprising | ![]() | Armenian fedayi | Victory |
1905 | Shoubak revolts | ![]() | Inhabitants of Shoubak | Victory |
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
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: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Nicholas assured the Ottoman ambassador that his government was observing "the strictest neutrality" while his eldest son claimed that "we Montenegrins most sincerely desire peace". Despite these denials, it became increasingly clear that Montenegro did have a hand in the new revolt. In particular general Vukotić aided the rebels by passing out weapons, which the Malsors used against Turks.