List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

Last updated

This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.

Contents

The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force. [1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.

The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery. [2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." [3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army. [4] [5]

The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.

Rise (1299–1453)

  Ottoman victory
  Ottoman defeat
  Another result
DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1285 Siege of Kulaca Hisar

Kayi 37310.jpg Kayi tribe

Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg  Byzantium

Kayi victory
  • The Kayi Tribe captures Kulucahisar Castle from the Byzantines
  • Foundation of the Ottoman Beylik
1302 Battle of Bapheus Ottoman Beylik Byzantine Empire Ottoman victory
  • Koyunhisar and castles near Bursa fall to the Ottomans
1303 Battle of Dimbos Ottoman Beylik Byzantine Empire Ottoman victory
1317/1326 Siege of Bursa Ottoman Beylik Byzantine Empire Ottoman victory
  • The Ottomans capture Bursa and establish their first capital.
  • Bursa becomes the first official capital of the Ottoman Beylik.
1328–1331 Siege of Nicaea Ottoman Beylik Byzantine Empire Ottoman victory
1337 Siege of Nicomedia Ottoman Beylik Byzantine Empire Ottoman victory
1341–1347 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John VI Kantakouzenos
Allies:
Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg Serbia (1342–1343)
Beylik of Aydin Flag.png Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman beylik (1345–1347)
  Beylik of Saruhan
Principality of Albania
Principality of Muzaka
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John V Palaiologos
Regents:
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Anna of Savoy
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John XIV Kalekas
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Alexios Apokaukos
Allies:
  Zealots of Thessalonica
Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg Serbia (1343–1347)
Bulgaria
  Principality of Karvuna
Kantakouzenos victory
  • Serbia gained Macedonia and Albania, and soon after Epirus and Thessaly, establishing the Serbian Empire
  • Bulgaria gains northern Thrace.
1352–1357 Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John VI Kantakouzenos
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Matthew Kantakouzenos  ( POW )
Allies:
Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg Ottoman Empire
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John V Palaiologos
Allies:
Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg Serbian Empire
Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
Partial Defeat
1354 Fall of Gallipoli Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire Victory
1355 Battle of Ihtiman Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG Second Bulgarian Empire Stalemate
  • Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.
1362 or 1369 Ottoman conquest of Adrianople Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Adrianople becomes the New Capital of the Ottoman Empire
1364 Battle of Sırpsındığı Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg Serbian Empire
Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia
Banate of Bosnia-Bosna Banligi.png Banate of Bosnia
Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital
1366–1526 Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Vladislaus II of Hungary.svg Kingdom of Hungary

European allies:

Victory
1371 Battle of Samokov Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire
Coat of arms of Moravian Serbia.svg Moravian Serbia
Victory
1371 Battle of Maritsa Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg Serbian Empire Victory [25]
1371 Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg John V Palaiologos
Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Andronikos IV Palaiologos
Ottoman red flag.svg Savci Bey
Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
Victory
  • Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans [26] and essentially become Ottoman vassals
1381–1384 Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina
Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Despotate of Arta Defeat
  • Preljubović, leader of Epirus, appealed for help from the Ottomans and Frank's who provide the Epirotes with an auxiliary force.
  • Thomas Preljubović uses his new auxiliary to good use by capturing many fortresses in the Despotate of Arta, but Albanians under Gjon Shpata, together with the Mazarakii tribe held their defensive positions and ultimately defeated Thomas once again.
1382–1385 Zetan-Albania War Topia coat of arms.svg Princedom of Albania
Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Balsic small COA.svg Lordship of Zeta Victory
  • Zetan forces under Balša II capture the Princedom's capital, Durrës.
  • In 1385 Zetan Forces are defeated by Thopia with help of Ottoman forces in the Battle of Savra.
  • Thopia recaptures capital of Durrës and reestablished the Princedom of Albania.
1382–1393 Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG Bulgarian Empire Victory
1385 First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Albanian Zenebishi Family Defeat
1385 Battle of Savra Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Topia coat of arms.svg Albanian Thopia family
Principality of Zeta Victory
  • Since the Ottomans were victorious, most of the local Serbian and Albanian lords became vassals. [28] Immediately after this battle Thopia recaptured Durrës, [29] probably under the Ottoman suzerainty. [30] The Ottomans captured Krujë, Berat, and Ulcinj and soon retreated from them keeping only Kastoria under their permanent control. [31] [32]
1388 Battle of Bileća Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia Defeat
1389 Battle of Kosovo (1389) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Moravian Serbia.svg Moravian Serbia
Royal banner of Brankovic family.svg District of Branković
Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller

Albania Flag.png Albanian principalities

Unknown Result
Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] whereas some claim Victory [39] [40] [41] [42]
  • Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east.
  • Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan. [43]
  • Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans. [44]
1389–1390Albanian-Epirote War of 138990 [45] Despotate of Epirus (all four battles)
Thessaly (second battle)
Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles)
Despotate of Arta (all four battles)
Malakasi Tribe (second battle)
Victory
  • Albanian and Aromanian forces are defeated in four battles against Epirote, Thessalian and Ottoman forces around Jannina.
  • Albanian forces withdraw into the surrounding mountains
1390 Fall of Philadelphia Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire Victory
  • In 1390, Sultan Bayezid summoned the co-emperors of Byzantium, John VII and Manuel II and ordered them to accompany the besieging Turkish force to Philadelphia. The co-emperors submitted to the degradation, and Philadelphia surrendered when it saw the imperial banner hoisted among the horse-tails of the Turkish pashas above the camp of the besiegers. The humiliation of the empire could go no further than when the heir of Justinian and Basil Bulgaroktonos took the field at the behest of a Turkish Emir, in order to extinguish the last relics of freedom in his own country.
1391 Siege of Constantinople (1391) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
Flag of Vladislaus II of Hungary.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Stalemate
1394–1395 Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia Tactical Defeat [46] [47] [48] [49]
1394–1395 Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
Red St George's Cross.svg Crusade of Nicopolis
Pavillon royal de la France.svg Kingdom of France
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Siege pulled [50] [51]
1396 Crusade of Nicopolis Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire

Pavillon royal de la France.svg Kingdom of France

Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages

Coa Romania Country Wallachia History 2 (14th century).svg Principality of Wallachia [54]
Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.svg Knights Hospitaller
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire [55]
Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg Poland Middle Ages
Royal Banner of the Crown of Castile (Early Style)-Variant.svg Crown of Castile
Royal Banner of Aragon.svg Crown of Aragon
PortugueseFlag1385.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Bandera de Reino de Navarra.svg Kingdom of Navarre
Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Knights
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire

Victory
  • Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s
  • Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe
  • Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire
1399–1402 Ottoman-Timurid War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Black Tatars

Albania Flag.png Albanian principalities

Coat of arms of Moravian Serbia.svg Moravian Serbia

Royal banner of Brankovic family.svg District of Branković

Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia

Co-belligerant:

Mameluke Flag.svg  Mamluks [56]

Flag of the Kingdom of Georgia.svg Kingdom of Georgia [57]

Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.svg Knights Hospitaller [58]

Timurid.svg Timurid Empire

Aq Qoyunlu

Germiyanids

Defeat
  • Anatolian Beyliks got independence.
  • Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
  • Ottoman Interregnum begins
  • Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
  • Timurid conquests and invasions ends.
1402–1413 Ottoman Interregnum Ottoman red flag.svg Mehmed Çelebi
Coat of arms of the Serbian Despotate.svg Serbian Despotate
Ottoman red flag.svg İsa Çelebi

Ottoman red flag.svg Süleyman Çelebi
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire


Ottoman red flag.svg Musa Çelebi
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia

Mehmed Victory
  • Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I
  • Ottoman Empire is re-united
1402 Battle of Tripolje Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Royal banner of Brankovic family.svg District of Branković
Coat of arms of the Serbian Despotate.svg Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • The two sides clashed on 21 November 1402, at Tripolje, near the Gračanica Monastery. [a] The date of the battle coincided with the Presentation of Mary. [59] Lazarević divided his army into two groups. Constantine of Kostenets, Lazarević's biographer (ca. 1431), wrote that the army was divided between the two brothers, in case one fell the other would be saved and stay a "good shepherd of the flock". [60] Lazarević assigned the larger group to his brother Vuk, while he took the smaller group. [59] It is unknown whether the army that Balšić contributed as security was present at the battle. [61] Branković enjoyed significant Ottoman support. [59]
1404 Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin Ottoman red flag.svg Suleyman Çelebi Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG Prince Fruzhin
Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG Tsar Konstantin II
Victory
  • Ottomans crush the Bulgarian revolt
1411 Siege of Constantinople (1411) Ottoman red flag.svg Musa Çelebi Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
Ottoman red flag.svg Mehmed Çelebi
Defeat
  • Mehmet Celebi lifts the siege
1414 Ottoman-Gjirokastër War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Albanian Zenebishi Family Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the territory of the Principality.
  • Ruler of the Principality, Gjon Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.
1416 Battle of Gallipoli (1416) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice Defeat
  • Pietro Loredan crushes the Ottoman fleet to ensure Venetian superiority in the Aegean for the next few decades
1416–1420 Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Sheikh Bedreddin Victory
  • Sheikh Bedreddin's revolt is suppressed and he and his followers are executed
1418 Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Albanian Zenebishi Family Victory
  • Ottomans successfully besiege Gjirokastër and reconquer the territory of the Principality.
  • Ruler of the Principality, Depë Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.
1422 Siege of Constantinople (1422) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire Defeat
1422–1430 Siege of Thessalonica Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire

Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice

Victory
  • Ottomans capture Thessalonica
1421–1522 2nd Conquest of Anatolia Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Beylik of Karaman
Flag of Semiso in Catalan atlas.svg Beylik of Isfendiyar
Beylik of Aydin Flag.png Beylik of Aydin
Banner of the Empire of Trebizond.svg Empire of Trebizond
  Sultanate of Eretna
Flag of the Anatolian Beylik of Teke.svg Beylik of Teke
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
  Beyliks of Canik
  Beylik of Germiyan
  Beylik of Menteşe
Karesi Beyligi.jpg Beylik of Karasi
  Beylik of Saruhan
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Anatolia
1426–1428 Ottoman-Hungarian War of 1426–1428 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
State flag of Wallachia (1532).svg Wallachia

Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania
Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia
Royal banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Inconclusive
  • The Kingdom of Hungary recognized the Ottoman annexation of Alacahisar and Güvercinlik and their rule over the Serbian Despotate and the Wallachian Voivodeship
1428 Siege of Golubac Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages [62]
State flag of Wallachia (1532).svg Wallachia [54]
Royal banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Victory
  • Serbia becomes vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottomans invade Bosnia
1432–1436 Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Various Albanian rebelsVictory
  • Suppression of Revolt. Restoration of Ottoman Rule in Albania
1432–1479 Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire 144344:
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg Kastrioti Family
Arianiti Family

144446:
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë


144650:
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145051:
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship


Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145154:
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145456:
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Muzaka Lordship


145668:
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice


146878:
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


147879:
Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg Angevin Kingdom of Naples


Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice


Coat of arms of the house of Crnojevic.svg Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only)

Victory

Initial Albanian victory

  • The Ottomans are defeated in numerous battles by the Albanians, mostly under Skanderbeg
  • Albanian resistance weakens following the death of Skanderbeg in 1468

Eventual Ottoman victory

1440 Siege of Belgrade (1440) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
Defeat
1440–1441 Siege of Novo Brdo Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Victory
  • During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties. [63] On 27 June 1441 [A] Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town. [64] [65]
1443–1444 Crusade of Varna Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg Poland Middle Ages
Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Flag of Croatia (Early 16th century-1526).svg Kingdom of Croatia
Royal banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Coat of arms of the Serbian Despotate.svg Serbian Despotate
Coat of arms of Bohemian Crown.svg Crown of Bohemia
Coat of arms of Wallachia Voivodship.png Principality of Wallachia
Bulgarian rebels
Kraljevina Bosna steg (rotated).png Kingdom of Bosnia
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Knights
Arms of Eudes de Bourgogne.svg Duchy of Burgundy
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Coat of arms of Ragusa.svg Republic of Ragusa
Victory
  • Ottomans halt European attempt to check their rapid expansion
1447–1448 Albanian–Venetian War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice

Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë Defeat
  • The League of Lezhë gains all lands on the Albanian side of the Drin River
1448 Battle of Kosovo (1448) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg Poland Middle Ages
Flag of Wallachia.svg Principality of Wallachia
Flag of Moldavia.svg Principality of Moldavia
Victory
  • Defeat of the European Crusaders
  • Balkans slowly fall to the Ottomans
  • Mehmed II free to siege Constantinople
1453 Fall of Constantinople Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
Flag of Genoa.svg Genoese volunteers
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Venetian volunteers
Flag of the Kingdom of Sicily (inverted).svg Sicilian volunteers
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman defectors
Victory

Classical Age (1453–1566)

DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1454 Battle of Leskovac Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • Skobaljić on November 16, 1454, defeating his army at Tripolje (near Novo Brdo), where Voivode Nikola and his men fought to the last man, inflicting disproportionately large casualties on the Ottoman force. [66]
1454 Battle of Kruševac Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.
1455 Siege of Trepča Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Victory
1455 Siege of Novo Brdo (1455) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Victory
  • The notables of the city were executed; 320 young men were recruited into the Janissaries and 700 Serbian women were enlisted into the army. The roof of St. Nicholas Church, popularly known as the Saxon church, was removed along with its bells. In 1467, the rest of the people were taken to Istanbul. The Ottoman colony established in the conquered city could not prevent its cultural and economic decline. Novo Brdo, which became noteworthy as the eventual site of an Ottoman mint, maintained its importance until the reign of Murad IV
1455 Siege of Berat (1455) [68] Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë Victory
  • Berat falls to the Ottomans
1456 Siege of Belgrade (1456) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
Cross-Pattee-alternate red.svg Crusader peasant and local gentry recruits
Defeat
1459 Siege of Smederevo (1459) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate Victory
  • The fall of Smederevo led to the surrender of all the small forts in northern Serbia. By the end of 1459, all of Serbia was under Mehmed's control, with some 200,000 Serbian captives, thus beginning more than 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1460 Siege of Amasra Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa Victory
1461 Siege of Trebizond (1461) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Empire of Trebizond Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Empire of Trebizond
1462 Night attack at Târgoviște Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia Inconclusive
1462 Ottoman conquest of Lesbos Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Gattilusio lordship of Lesbos
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the island of Lesbos
1463–1479 First Ottoman-Venetian war Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë
Coat of arms Djuradj Crnojevic.svg Principality of Zeta
Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller
Royal Banner of Aragon.svg Crown of Aragon
Bandera de Napoles - Trastamara.svg Kingdom of Naples
Flag of the Aq Qoyunlu.svg Aq Qoyunlu
Ancient Flag of Burgundy.svg Duchy of Burgundy
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of Moldavia.svg Principality of Moldavia
CoA of the Kingdom of Croatia.gif Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of the Duchy of Saint Sava.svg Duchy of Saint Sava
Arms of France (France Moderne).svg Kingdom of France
Flag of Republic of Ragusa.svg Republic of Ragusa
Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Bandera de la Corona de Castilla.svg Crown of Castile
FlorenceCoA.svg Florence
Karamanids
Maniots
Greek rebels
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the Morea, Negroponte and Albania from Venetians [71]
1463 Siege of Jajce Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia
Flag of Republic of Ragusa.svg Republic of Ragusa (logistics, goods) [72]
Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries
Victory
1473 Battle of Otlukbeli Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Tamga of Bayandur (Aq Qoyunlu version).svg Aq Qoyunlu Victory [73]
  • Aq Qoyunlu power nearly wiped out in the East, paving way for Shah Ismail I of the Safavids to take over Persia
1473–79 Moldavian War of Mehmed II Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia [74]
Coat of arms of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania
Defeat
1475 Crimean Campaign (1475) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa Victory
  • The process that started with the conquest of the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea continued with Crimea on the opposite shore, and during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Black Sea became a Turkish lake.
1479 Battle of Breadfield Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia [74]
Defeat [75]
1480 First Ottoman siege of Rhodes Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller Defeat
  • Ottomans fail to conquer Rhodes
1480–1481 Invasion of Otranto Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Bandera de Napoles - Trastamara.svg Kingdom of Naples
Royal Banner of Aragon.svg Crown of Aragon
Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg Kingdom of Sicily
Flag of Hungary (15th century, rectangular).svg Kingdom of Hungary
Flag of the Papal States (1808-1870).svg Papal States
Flag Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal [76]
Defeat
  • Ottomans conquer Otranto and gain foothold in Southern Italy
  • Ottoman garrison surrender the city after 13 months
1481–1484 Albanian Uprisings of 14811484 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Albanian rebels
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg Kastrioti family
Dukagjini.svg Dukagjini Family
Coat of arms of the Muzaka Family.svg Muzaka family
Inconclusive
  • Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
  • Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
  • Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
  • Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
  • The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.
1484–1486 Moldavian War of Bayezid II Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia [74]
Coat of arms of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania
Victory
1484–1486 Mamluk War of Bayezid II Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Mameluke Flag.svg  Mamluks Stalemate
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted
1485–1503 Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate
Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg Poland Middle Ages
POL wojewodztwo mazowieckie COA 2002 - 2006.svg Duchy of Masovia
Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Knights
Royal banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Victory
1490–1494 War of the Hungarian Succession Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg John Corvinus

Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svg Vladislaus


Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg John Albert


Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Victory
  • Near elimination of Croatian Nobility at Krbava Field
  • Eventual Ottoman expansion into Croatia
1492–1792 Spanish–Ottoman wars Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Pavillon royal de la France.svg  France (until 1538)

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States

Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice

Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary

In North Africa Ottoman victory

In Italian peninsula Spanish victory
In Mediterranean Inconclusive

1493–1593 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Until 1526:
Coat of arms of Croatia 1495.svg Kingdom of Croatia
Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg Kingdom of Hungary

From 1527:
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg Habsburg Monarchy

Inconclusive
1497–1499 Moldavian Campaign Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg Kingdom of Poland Victory
1499–1503 Second Ottoman-Venetian War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Victory
1505–1517 Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate

Indian states:

Supported by:

Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice

Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag Portugal (1495).svg Portuguese Empire

Supported by:
Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg Safavid Empire

Defeat
1505–1517 Ottoman–Persian wars (1505–1517) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Persia (1502-1524).svg Safavid Empire Victory
  • Eastern Anatolia and Northern Iraq annexed by Ottomans
1507–1542 Ajuran-Portuguese wars Muzzaffar (Mogadishu area) flag according to 1576 Portuguese map.svg Ajuran Sultanate

Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire [77] [78]

Flag Portugal (1495).svg Portuguese Empire Defeat
1508 Georgian campaign (1508) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Imereti CoA tr.png Kingdom of Imereti Victory
1508–1573 Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts Flag of the Gujarat Sultanate.svg Gujarat Sultanate

Supported by:

Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire Defeat
1509–1513 Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) Ottoman red flag.svg Şehzade Selim Ottoman red flag.svg Şehzade Ahmet

Şahkulu

Victory for Selim
1515 Battle of Turnadağ Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Beylik of Dulkadir Victory
  • After the battle, Beylik of Dulkadir ceased to exist. It was converted to an Ottoman sanjak, (Ottoman administrative unit). The first governor of the sanjak became Ali Bey of the Dulkadir. Hadim Sinan Pasha was promoted to be the grand vizier. The next year, Selim I waged a war against Egypt, and Egypt as well as Syria and Palestine came under the Ottoman rule.
1516–1517 Second Ottoman-Mamluk War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Mameluke Flag.svg  Mamluks Victory
  • Ottomans take over the entire Mamluk Sultanate, including Cairo, Mecca, Aleppo and Damascus
  • Ottoman Sultans become Caliphs of the Islamic world and the most powerful Muslim leader [84] [85]
1517 Siege of Jeddah Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Mameluke Flag.svg  Mamluks
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Victory
  • End of Portuguese blockade in Red Sea
  • Jeddah, the remaining stronghold of the Mamluk sultanate, is captured by Selim I
1518 Fall of Tlemcen Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the kingdom of tlemcen.svg Kingdom of Tlemcen Victory
1519–1610 Celali rebellions Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire CelaliVictory
  • The rebellions were suppressed bloodily
1519–1639 Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Flag of Aceh Sultanate.svg Aceh Sultanate Supported by:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire

Supported by:

Inconclusive
1521 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Victory
  • Suleiman I conquers the Hungarian stronghold of Belgrade, exposing the weakness of the Hungarian Nobility, something he would exploit at Mohács
1521 Siege of Šabac (1521) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Victory
  • In 1520 Suleiman the Magnificent ascended to the throne. The Ottomans under the leadership of Ahmed Pasha conquered the fortress of Šabac on 7 July 1521. In the conquest. All of its defenders were killed. After its conquest Suleiman said that it was one of the cities he had conquered and that it must be improved. He ordered towers to be built around the fortress and a moat around it filled with water from Sava. Suleiman spent 10 full days on the Sava at Šabac overseeing the construction of the pontoon bridge.
1522 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Victory
  • Ottoman Empire annexes Rhodes
  • Knights move initially to Sicily, but then to Malta, [89] Gozo, and Tripoli
  • Ottoman supremacy over trade in the Eastern Mediterranean is secured
1523Expedition to KamaranOttoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Victory
  • In 1523 under the orders of Kanuni, Captain Selman Reis went on an expedition in the Red Sea. During this expedition Selman Reis discovered that the Kamaran Island was occupied by the Portuguese,The Portuguese used their base to raid the coast of Arabia, Salman Reis and Husayn al Rumi had an Ottoman force composed of 4,000 men. After their arrival in Yemen, the Ottomans attacked the Portuguese which resulted in the complete destruction and expulsion of Portuguese forces and the occupation of the island by the Ottomans.
1526 Battle of Mohács Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages

Coat of arms of Croatia 1495.svg Kingdom of Croatia
Blason Boheme.svg Crown of Bohemia
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of Bavaria (lozengy).svg Duchy of Bavaria
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States

Victory
1526–1791 Ottoman–Habsburg wars

In Hungary and Balkans

In Mediterranean

Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Vassals:

Familienwappen Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg Habsburg Dynasty:

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Kingdom of Hungary

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Non-Habsburg allies:
Moldavia
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia
Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia
Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals)
Holy League Allies:
Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Flag of the Duchy of Mantua (1575-1707).svg Duchy of Mantua
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Saint John

Inconclusive

End of Ottoman expansion

  • Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
  • Prolonged military conflict contributed to decline of both Ottomans and Habsburgs which caused significant shift in the balance of power from both of these empires to the emerging France, Britain and Russia
1527–28 Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Habsburg Austria
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of Bohemia.svg Kingdom of Bohemia
Flag of the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg).svg Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Royal Hungary
Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Rascians
Defeat
1529 Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Habsburg Austria
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of Bohemia.svg Kingdom of Bohemia
Flag of the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg).svg Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Royal Hungary
Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Rascians
Victory
1529–43 Ethiopian–Adal War Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate

Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire

Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire

Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire (1541–43)

Stalemate and Status quo ante bellum
1529 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Kabyle soldiers

Defeat
  • Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna
  • Ferdinand unable to counter-attack after Suleiman lays waste to Styria and Habsburg Hungary
1530–52 Little War in Hungary Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Moldavia according to Alexander Gwagnin.svg Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Emblem of Wallachia under Radu Paisie (Dimitrije Ljubavic's Molitvenik, Jan 10, 1545).png Wallachia
Supported by:
Royal Standard of the King of France.svg  France

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg Royal Hungary
Coa Croatia Country History (Fojnica Armorial).svg Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States

Victory
  • Hungary divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state of Transylvania
1531 Battle of al-Shihr (1531) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Kathiri flag.svg Kathiri Sultanate
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Victory
  • Khoja Zufar prevented the Portuguese from entering al-Shihr, he defeated and drove out the Portuguese forces. [92] [93]
1532–55 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Victory
1533 Expedition of Irakeyn Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Victory
  • Although the Ottoman army reached Sultaniye under difficult conditions, they could not find any trace of the Shah. From here, the Ottoman army headed towards Baghdad, struggling with the difficult terrain and climatic conditions. Baghdad was easily captured by the Ottoman forces on November 28, 1534, after the Safavid forces under the command of Tekelü Mehmed Khan, who were defending Baghdad, fled the city.
1534 Ottoman conquest of Tunis Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Hafsid Flag - Tunisia.svg Hafsid dynasty Victory
1535 Habsburgian conquest of Tunis Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Pavillon royal de la France.svg Kingdom of France
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Habsburg Spain

Hafsid Flag - Tunisia.svg Hafsid dynasty
Flag Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights of Malta

Defeat
1536–38 Italian War of 1536–1538 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg Regency of Algiers
Pavillon royal de la France.svg Kingdom of France

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain
Inconclusive
1536–37 Siege of Klis Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire CoA of the Kingdom of Croatia.svg Kingdom of Croatia
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Victory
  • Ottomans take Klis
1537–40 Third Ottoman-Venetian war Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg Regency of Algiers

Pavillon royal de la France.svg  France

Holy League :
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire

Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights of Malta

Victory
  • Venice loses most foreign possessions and can no longer take on the Ottoman navy
1538–1560 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1557) Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of the Gujarat Sultanate.svg Gujarat Sultanate

Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate

Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire

Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire

Stalemate
  • Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf
  • Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea, annexing Yemen and the west bank of the Red Sea (coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea)
1542–46 Italian War of 1542–1546 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg Regency of Algiers
Pavillon royal de la France.svg  France

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain
Flag of England.svg Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • No territorial changes for Ottomans
  • Barbarossa increases Ottoman control over the Mediterranean with the Sack of Nice
1543 Battle of Karagak Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Imereti CoA tr.png Kingdom of Imereti Defeat
1545 Battle of Sokhoista Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Imereti CoA tr.png Kingdom of Imereti
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Victory
  • The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern Caucasus and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, atabek Kaikhosro III. Tortum, İspir, and Pasin were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
1547 Ottoman invasion of Guria Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria Victory
1551–1559 Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560) Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights of Malta

Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate

Victory
  • Béjaïa under Ottoman rule.
  • Ottomans capture Tripoli.
  • Mahdia was abandoned by Spain.
  • Ottomans temporarily occupy parts of the Balearics.
  • Ottoman supremacy on Mediterranean sea until Battle of Lepanto.
1551 Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Saint John Victory
1551 Invasion of Gozo Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Saint John
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Maltese civilians
Victory
  • Gozo population decimated and majority of islanders forced into slavery
1551–59 Italian War of 1551–1559 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Pavillon royal de la France.svg Kingdom of France
Early Swiss cross.svg Swiss mercenaries
Bandera de Siena.png Republic of Siena
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of England.svg Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • Spanish-Imperial victory
  • Ottoman victory in the Mediterranean
  • Dragut's numerous victories against Genoese and Habsburgian fleets gives it near dominance in the Mediterranean
  • France occupies Calais from English [100]
  • France cedes Corsica to Genoa after Dragut conquered it for the Franco-Ottoman alliance [100]
1552 Hungarian Campaign of 1552 Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg  Hungary
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg  Spain
Flag of Bohemia.svg  Bohemia
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Inconclusive
1554/1557–1589 Ottoman conquest of Habesh Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire

Medri Bahri

Adal Sultanate

Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Victory
1554–1576 Ottoman expeditions to Morocco Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire

F1 yellow flag.svg Kingdom of Kuku

Principality of Debdou

Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Wattasid Sultanate (1554)

Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Abd al-Malik Forces (1576)

Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate Victory
1557 Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire

Kingdom of Beni Abbas

Flag of Morocco (1258-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate Victory
  • Moroccan failure to conquer Algeria.
1558–66 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566) Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire

Muzzaffar (Mogadishu area) flag according to 1576 Portuguese map.svg Ajuran Sultanate

Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire Inconclusive due to Suleiman the Magnificent death
  • Portuguese tactical victory
1560 Battle of Djerba Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Flag of Savoie.svg Duchy of Savoy
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Saint John

Victory
1565–1898 Spanish conquest of the Philippines Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg Sultanate of Sulu
Flag of Maguindanao.svg Sultanate of Maguindanao
Confederation of sultanates in Lanao

Supported by:

Flag of the Tercios Morados Viejos.svg Spanish Empire Inconclusive
1565 Great Siege of Malta Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Brischan.svg Kingdom of Beni Abbas [102] [103]
Defeat
  • Christian Victory
  • Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals
  • Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed
1566 Siege of Szigetvár Ottoman red flag.svg Ottoman Empire Habsburg Empire Victory
  • Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent before the final assault.
  • The whole Hungarian-Croatian army (2300–3000) is killed, Miklós IV Zrínyi is killed in the final battle.
  • Miklós IV Zrínyi ordered a fuse be lit to the powder magazine. After cutting down the last of the defenders the Ottoman Army entered the remains of Szigetvár and fell into the trap. 3,000 Turks perished in the explosion. [106] [107] [108] [109]
  • 20,000–30,000 Ottomans were killed.
  • Ottomans captured Szigetvár fortress and it became part of Budin Eyalet

Transformation (1566–1703)

DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1567–1872 Philippine revolts against Spain Filipino rebel groups Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain Defeat
  • Most revolts failed
1568–1570 Astrakhan Expedition Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate
Flag of Tzar of Muscovia.svg Tsardom of Russia Defeat
1570–1572 Russo-Crimean Wars Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Tzar of Muscovia.svg Tsardom of Russia Defeat
1570–1573 Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire Holy League:
Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Kingdom of Naples
Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg Kingdom of Sicily
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici period).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Coat of arms of Federico and Guidobaldo da Montefeltro.svg Duchy of Urbino
Flag of Savoie.svg Duchy of Savoy
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights of Malta
Victory
  • Cyprus under Ottoman rule
1571 Battle of Lepanto Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire Holy League: Defeat
1574 Conquest of Tunis Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire Victory
  • Ottomans capture Tunis
1576 Capture of Fez Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Marinid and Saadi Dynasty (1258-1420) (1554-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate Victory
  • Ottoman force conquers Fez and then Marrakesh
  • Abd al-Malek assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal
1578 Castilian War Old Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei
18th Century Flag of Sulu.svg Sulu Sultanate
Flag of Maguindanao.svg Maguindanao
Supported by:
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire Inconclusive
1578 Battle of Alcácer Quibir Flag of Marinid and Saadi Dynasty (1258-1420) (1554-1659).svg Saadi Sultanate
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Victory
1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate
Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Victory
1581 Capture of Muscat (1581) Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Victory
1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire DruzeVictory
1585–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1585–1589) in Swahili coast Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate

supported by:

Flag of Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire

supported by:

Defeat
  • Portuguese control in the South East African coast restored and Mir Ali Bey captured
1593–1606 Long Turkish War Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Transylvania before 1918.svg Principality of Transylvania

Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia

Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia

Royal Standard of the King of France.svg  France

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spain

Flag of the Zaporizhian Sich.svg Zaporozhian Cossacks

Sveti Sava.png Serbian hajduks

Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States

Inconclusive
1596–1597 Serb uprising of 1596–1597 Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Civil flag of Serbia.svg Serb rebels Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed by the Ottoman Empire
1598 First Tarnovo Uprising Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Rebels Victory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1599 Battle of Nakhiduri Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli Victory
  • King Simon, was taken captive.
1602–1613 Ottoman–Safavid War Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Flag of Kingdom of Kakheti.svg Kingdom of Kakheti
Defeat
1603–1618 Ottoman–Safavid War Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Defeat
  • Treaty of Serav (1618)
  • The terms of the treaty was similar to those of treaty of Nasuh Pasha with several minor rectifications of the border line [111] Also, the annual tribute of the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads. [112]
1609 Battle of Tashiskari Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli Defeat
  • The Georgians, led by Giorgi Saakadze won a victory over the Ottoman Turks.
1620–1621 Polish–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Inconclusive
  • Beneficial treaty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, Poland withdraws behind the Dniester, the Ottomans renew their suzerainty over the Danubian principalities
  • Treaty of Khotyn
1623 Battle of Anjar Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Maanid Emirate Flag.svg Mount Lebanon Emirate
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici period).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Defeat
  • Fakhreddine captures Mustafa Pasha
  • Beylerbey confirms the Ma'ns' governorships
1623–1639 Ottoman–Safavid War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Victory
1624–1632 Abaza Revolts Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Abaza Mehmed Pasha forcesVictory
  • Revolts suppressed
1627 Turkish Abductions Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of Iceland (13th century).svg Iceland Victory
  • Abduction of 400-800 Icelanders
1633–1634 Polish–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Inconclusive
1645–1669 War of Candia Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Saint John
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Royal Standard of the King of France.svg  France
Mani Flag (Greece).svg Maniots
Victory
1654–1679 Sirko's Campaigns Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Zaporizhian Sich.svg Zaporozhian Cossacks Defeat
  • Deterrence of Ottoman campaigns in Ukraine until 18th century
  • Failure to destroy Zaporozhian Sich
1658–1667 Druze power struggle Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Maanid Emirate Flag.svg Ma'ani Druze rebelsVictory
  • Maʿnīs lost control of Safad
1663–1664 Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire League of the Rhine:

Insigne modernum Francum.svg  Kingdom of France
Generic Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1433).svg  Holy Roman Empire

Blason duche fr Savoie.svg   Piedmont-Savoy
EU Member States' CoA Series- Hungary.svg  Kingdom of Hungary
Coat of arms of Croatia.svg   Kingdom of Croatia
Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Victory
1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Victory
1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg Crimean Khanate
Flag of Oryol (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Inconclusive
1683–1699 Great Turkish War Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire

Vassal states:

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire

Royal Banner of Jan III Sobieski.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia

Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro2.svg Montenegro
Albanian rebels
Serbian rebels
Greek rebels
Bulgarian rebels
Romanian rebels
Croatian rebels

Defeat
1686 Second Tarnovo Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Bulgarian RebelsVictory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1688 Chiprovtsi Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of Bulgaria by Petar Bogdan Bakshev 17th century.jpg RebelsVictory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1689 Karposh's Rebellion Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Ottoman Empire Bulgarian RebelsVictory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
  • Ottomans suppressed rebellions in Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumanovo and Skopje
1700–1721 Great Northern War Flag of the Swedish Empire.svg Swedish Empire
Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire
(1710–14)
Coat of arms of Crimean Khanate.svg Crimean Khanate
(1710–14)
Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia
Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg Cossack Hetmanate
Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia (1711)
Inconclusive for Ottomans

Old Regime (1703–1789)

DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1710–1711 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg Tsardom of Russia Victory
  • Russians would not interfere in Polish's internal affairs.
  • Russians will not have a permanent ambassador in Istanbul.
  • They would allow Swedish King return to his country freely.
  • Azov returns to Ottoman territory. Taganrog and other Russian fortresses are destroyed.
  • Treaty of Pruth
1713 Skirmish at Bender Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Swedish Empire.svg Swedish Empire Victory
  • The Swedish King and the soldiers were captured by the Turks and taken prisoner. [119]
1714–1718 Ottoman–Venetian War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg Austria (from 1716)
Flag Portugal (1707).svg Portugal
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Order of Malta
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Bandera de Espana 1701-1748.svg Kingdom of Spain [120]
Flag of Himara.JPG Himariotes
Victory
  • Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire
1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg Habsburg Monarchy Defeat
  • The Banat, Serbia, Oltenia and portions of northern Bosnia were ceded to the Habsburgs
  • Treaty of Passarowitz
1722–1730 Syunik rebellion Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Armenian RebelsVictory

•Syunik is occupied by the Ottomans.

1726–1727 Ottoman–Hotaki War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Black flag.svg Hotaki dynasty Both sides make gains
1730–1735 Ottoman–Safavid War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Defeat
  • Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus.
  • Ottoman Empire recognized Nader as the new shah of Persia
  • Ottoman Empire conceded Caucasus to Persia
  • The Ottomans also agreed to allow the Iranian hajis (pilgrims) to Mecca (then under Ottoman control)
  • Treaty of Constantinople
1730 Patrona Halil Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Patrona Halil Tulip Period is ended
1732 Spanish reconquest of Oran Flag of Algiers.jpg Regency of Algiers
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Bandera de Espana 1701-1748.svg Kingdom of Spain Defeat
1735–1739 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg Cossack Hetmanate
Inconclusive
  • Azov Castle was destroyed, its territory became the border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
  • Russians will withdraw from Crimea.
  • Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to Russia.
  • Treaty of Niš
1737–1739 Austro-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Habsburg monarchy Victory
  • Habsburg monarchy cedes Kingdom of Serbia, Oltenia, southern Banat to Ottoman Empire
  • Treaty of Belgrade
1743–1746 Ottoman–Afsharid War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg Afsharid dynasty Inconclusive
1757 Battle of Khresili Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg Kingdom of Imereti Defeat
  • After the battle of Khresili, in 1758–1766, the Ottomans attacked Imereti many times, but they could not subjugate Solomon I. Ottomans were eventually forced to sign a treaty with the kingdom of Imereti
1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Crimea (Latest version).svg Crimea
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Defeat
1769–1772 Danish–Algerian War Flag of Algiers.jpg Deylik of Algiers
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Royal Standard of Denmark (1731-1819).svg Denmark–Norway Victory
1770 Orlov Revolt Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Greece (1821).svg Greeks
Supported by:
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Victory
1770 Invasion of Mani (1770) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Mani Flag (Greece).svg Mani Defeat
  • Ottoman retreat
1775–1776 Ottoman–Zand War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Zand Dynasty flag.svg Zand Iran Defeat
  • Basra captured by the Zands [121] [122] [123]
  • Change of territories for the benefit of the Safavids for 4 years and restoration of the previous borders after the peace.
1787–1791 Austro-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Habsburg monarchy Inconclusive
1787–1792 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Russia.svg Russia Defeat

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1798 Mediterranean campaign of 1798 Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg  Great Britain
After June 1798:
Flag of Portugal (1750).svg Portugal
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1738).svg Kingdom of Naples
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Hospitaller Malta
Flag of France official.svg  France
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spain
Coalition victory
1798–1801 French invasion of Egypt and Syria Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg  Ottoman Empire

Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg  Great Britain (1798–1800)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom (1801)
Irregular and auxiliary forces:

Flag of France official.svg French Republic Anglo-Ottoman victory
1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire

Flag of The Principality of Mingrelia (Portolan 1560).svg Principality of Mingrelia
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Flag of Abkhazia (c. 1770-1864).svg Principality of Abkhazia
Flag of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia
Flag of Revolutionary Serbia.svg Revolutionary Serbia
Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro2.svg Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro

Defeat
1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War

Supported by:
Flag of France (1794-1815).svg French Empire

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
Supported by:
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Treaty of the Dardanelles
1804–1813 First Serbian Uprising

From 1805:
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg Ottoman Empire


From 1813:

Flag of Revolutionary Serbia.svg Revolutionary Serbia
Supported by:
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire (1807–1812)
Constantine Ypsilantis' banner.svg Wallachia (1804)
Ottoman victory
(see Aftermath section)
1811–1818 Ottoman-Saudi War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the First Saudi State.svg Diriyah Victory
1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg Serbian rebels Defeat
1820–1824 Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Sennar Sultanate
Shayqih Kingdom
Sultanate of Darfur
Ottoman-Egyptian military victory
1821 Wallachian Revolution of 1821 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austrian Empire

  • Ottoman red flag.svg Moldavian insurgents
Flag of Tudor Vladimirescu's Revolution (1821).png Wallachia (revolutionary) Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
1821–1832 Greek War of Independence Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Filiki Eteria flag.svg Filiki Eteria
Flag of Greece (1821).svg Greek revolutionaries
After 1822:
Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg Hellenic Republic
Supported by:
Flag of the United Principalities of Romania (1862 - 1866).svg Romanian Revolutionaries (1821)
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Philhellenes
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom (after 1826)
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire (after 1826)
Royal flag of France during the Bourbon Restoration.svg Kingdom of France (after 1826)
Civil Flag of Serbia.svg Serb and Montenegrin volunteers
Defeat
  • First Hellenic Republic established and recognized
1821–1823 Ottoman–Iranian War of 1821 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire War Flag of Fath Ali Shah.svg Qajar Iran Defeat
1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Russia.svg Russia Defeat
  • In recognition of the Treaty of London, the independence of Greece, or autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, was accepted.
  • The Ottoman Empire had nominal suzerainty over the Danube states of Moldavia and Wallachia; for all practical purposes, they
  • were independent.
  • Russia took control of the towns of Anape and Poti in Caucasus.
  • The Russian traders in Turkey were placed under the legal jurisdiction of the Russian ambassador.
  • Treaty of Adrianople
1830–1903 French conquest of Algeria Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Dz flag-Abdelkader.png Emirate of Abdelkader
Flag of Brischan.svg Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Kel Ahaggar

Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg  France Defeat
1831–1832 Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Independent Bosnia (1878).svg Bosnian LandlordsVictory
1831–1833 Egyptian–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg Egypt Eyalet Defeat
1832–1848 Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Inconclusive
  • Ethiopia retains territorial integrity and independence
  • Ottoman-Egyptians expand south into the Great Lakes region
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels Defeat
  • Revolts begin in protest to new Ottoman reforms in Albania
  • Following this, many revolts follow in the coming decades
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Shkodran Rebels
Malsor Rebels [128]
Defeat
  • Shkodër is captured by the Rebels.
  • Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Shkodër for three months.
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
  • Violations of agreements by the Ottomans in 1835 starts another revolt
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
  • Large areas of Southern Albania are captured by the Rebels, including the Castle of Berat
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands
1834 Albanian Revolt of 1834 Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
  • Berat is captured by the Rebels after two months of siege
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands in January 1835 following the fall of Berat
  • Agreements of peace are violated by the Ottomans later in 1835, starting another revolt
1835 Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Victory
  • Rebels march against Ioannina
  • Ottoman reinforcements force the Rebels to retreat
1835 Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Shkodran Rebels
Reinforcements: [128]
Kosovar Rebels Volunteers:
Malsor Volunteers
Gheg Volunteers
Mirdita Tribesmen
Mati Tribesmen
Dibran Volunteers
Defeat
  • Large areas of North Albania rise up in revolt, with Shkodër besieged and the rebels defeat the Ottomans in battle
  • Albanian reinforcements to the Shkodrans are sent from Postribe, Kosovo, Malësia, Ulqin (now Ulcinj), Podgorica, Mirditë, Mat and Dibra
  • Ottoman forces are defeated in battle by the insurgents in July
  • Ottomans trick many rebels into withdrawing through a false ceasefire, and successfully capture Lezhë in order to relieve Shkodër
  • Ottomans carry out Albanian demands in order to calm the situation
1836 Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Inconclusive
  • Albanian rebellion in Vlora is suppressed
1836 Expedition to Najd (1836) Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the First Saudi State.svg Emirate of Najd Victory
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Mati TribesmenInconclusive
  • Rebellion in Mat is suppressed
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Myzeq Rebels
Tosk Rebels
Victory
  • Rebel victory at the Battle of Berat.
  • Rebel defeat at the Battle of Frakulla.
  • Local leaders captured and rebellion in Myzeqe is suppressed
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Victory
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Dibran RebelsDefeat
  • Upper and Lower Dibër are captured by the rebels
  • Ottomans meet rebel demands
1839 Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
1839 Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Kosovar RebelsDefeat
  • Prizren is captured by rebels in protest of new reforms
  • Ottomans drop reforms and the revolt ends
1839–1841 Egyptian–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg British Empire
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austrian Empire
Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Prussia
Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg Egypt Eyalet
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg  France
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spain
Victory
1843–1844 Uprising of Dervish Cara Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Dibran RebelsVictory
  • Albanians under Dervish Cara capture large areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
  • Ottomans promise Albanian autonomy but then launch an invasion, retaking areas and suppressing the rebellion, aided by Catholic Mirdita tribesmen under Bibë Dodë
1847 Albanian revolt of 1847 Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Victory
  • Rebels defeat the Ottomans in four separate battles and besiege the castles of Berat and Gjirokastër. Large areas of Southern Albania are captured.
  • Ottomans organise a false amnesty, in which many of the rebel leaders are captured.
  • Ottomans lift the sieges and areas are retaken
1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848 Civil ensign of Wallachia, 1834-1861.svg Wallachia
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of Wallachian Revolution of 1848, horizontal stripes.svg Revolutionaries Counterrevolutionary victory
1852–1853 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Montenegro (1860-1905).svg  Montenegro Defeat
  • Without significant territorial changes
1852–1862 Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire RebelsVictory
1853–1856 Crimean War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg France Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Britain [b]
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Sardinia [c]
Supported by:
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austrian Empire
Thirdimamateflag.svg Caucasus Imamate [d]
Flag of Adygea.svg Circassia
Abkhazia [c]
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire Kurdish rebels
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Greece [e]
Victory
1854 Macedonian Revolution of 1854 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Supported By:
Flag of France (1794-1815).svg  France
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Britain
Central Macedonia flag 1807.png Greek Revolutionaries

Supported By:
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Greece
Victory
1858 Battle of Grahovac Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Montenegro (1860-1905).svg Montenegro Defeat
1861–1862 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Montenegro (1860-1905).svg  Montenegro Victory
1862 First Zeitun Resistance Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Armenian fedayees Defeat
  • Ottoman troops pillage Alabaş
  • Ottoman troops withdraw from the region
1866–1869 Cretan Revolt Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Egypt

Arkadi Cretan flag.svg Greek Revolutionaries
Supported by:
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Kingdom of Greece
Victory
  • Suppression of the revolt
1874–1876 Egyptian–Ethiopian War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Egypt

Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Defeat
1875 Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Serb rebels Victory
  • Revolt suppressed
1876 April Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Zname Aprilsko vastanie.svg Bulgarian revolutionariesVictory
1876–1878 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Montenegro (1860-1905).svg  Montenegro Defeat
1876–1877 First Serbian–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg  Serbia Defeat
  • British public opinion turns against the Ottomans
  • Russian-mediated truce
1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Romanov Flag.svg Russia
Flag of Romania.svg Romania

Samara flag.png Bulgarian volunteers
Civil Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia
Flag of Montenegro (1860-1905).svg  Montenegro

Defeat
1877–1878 Second Serbian–Ottoman War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg  Serbia
Romanov Flag.svg  Russia
Defeat
  • De jure independence of Serbia
  • Tens of thousands of Turkish, Jewish and Albanian civilians expelled
1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austria-Hungary Defeat
  • Incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into Austria-Hungary
1878-1879 Kresna–Razlog uprising [135] Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Bulgaria.svg Unity Committee Victory
1879-1882 Urabi revolt Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Supported By:
Flag of France (1794-1815).svg  France
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Britain

Ahmed Urabi Egyptian rebel forcesDefeat
1880 Battle of Ulcinj (1880) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Albanian irregulars Victory
  • The Albanians clashed with the Ottomans at the Kodra e Kuqe, near the village of Kllezna. The Albanians defeated the first wave of Ottoman forces but when reinforcements arrived the Albanians were temporarily defeated and returned. The commander Isuf Sokoli was wounded and died later that day. In 1880, on 23 November, the Ottomans continued to march in the city and surrendered the city to the Montenegrin army. The city had officially been handed over to Montenegro and after a 30-month-long negotiation process, with European powers involved, the battle ended.
1881 French conquest of Tunisia Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg France Defeat
1882 Anglo-Egyptian War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Egypt

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Britain Defeat
1893–1908 Macedonian Struggle Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Greek Kingdom
State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg Serbian Kingdom
Romanian Army Flag - 1872 official model.svg Romanian Kingdom
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgarian Principality Inconclusive
  • Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire fight a four way war
  • War end inconclusively after Young Turk Revolution
  • Bulgaria gains full independence in 1908
1893 Ottoman–Qatari War Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Qatar (c. 1860-1916, 1916-1932).svg Qatar Defeat
1895–1896 Zeitun rebellion (1895–96) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Hunchak Party Defeat
1897 Greco-Turkish War of 1897 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Greece Victory
1897–1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Arkadi Cretan flag.svg Cretan revolutionaries
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Kingdom of Greece
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire (until March 16, 1898)
Defeat
  • Establishment of the Cretan State
  • Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete
1903 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the IMRO.svg IMARO
SMAC Seal2.JPG SMAC
Flag of the Krusevo Republic.svg Kruševo Republic
Strandzha Commune.svg Strandzha Commune
Victory
  • Suppression of the uprising
  • Direct involvement of Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires to resolve the Macedonian issue and implementation of the Mürzsteg reforms
  • Ottoman reprisals against Christian civilians
  • 30,000 refugees flee to Tsardom of Bulgaria. [138]
1904 Sasun Uprising Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Armenian fedayi Victory
1905 Shoubak revolts Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Inhabitants of ShoubakVictory

Dissolution (1908–1922)

DateConflictOttomans (and allies)OppositionResult
1908 Young Turk Revolution Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Imperial Government Ittihat ve Terakki amblemi.jpg CUP Young Turks victory
1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Albanian Provisional Government (Jun-Nov 1912).svg Albanian rebelsOttoman victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1911 Albanian Revolt of 1911 Ottoman Empire Albanian tribes
Support:
Kingdom of Montenegro [139] [140]
Albanian victory
1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War Italian victory
1912 Albanian Revolt of 1912 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of Albanian Provisional Government (Jun-Nov 1912).svg Albanian rebels
  • Albanian victory
1912–1913 First Balkan War Balkan League victory
1913 Second Balkan War Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Serbian, Romanian, Greek, Montenegrin and Ottoman victory
1914–1918 World War I Central Powers:

and others ...

Allied Powers:
 and Empire:

and others ...

Allied Powers victory (see Aftermath of World War I)
1917–1922 Russian Civil War Central Powers: Bolsheviks:
White movement:
Separatists:
Anti-Bolshevik left:
Allied Powers:
Bolshevik victory (see § Aftermath) [141] [142] [143]
1918–1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War Flag of Armenia (3-2).svg Armenia
Inconclusive
  • Soviet invasion of Armenia and Azerbaijan, and subsequent victory
  • Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan
  • Disputes over Karabakh and Nakhchivan settled in favor of Soviet Azerbaijan
  • Most of Zangezur gained by Soviet Armenia
1918–1923 Occupation of Constantinople Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom

Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg  Greece
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States [145]
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan [145]


Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Turkish National Movement

Military occupation by the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and Greece
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence Allied powers:
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg  Greece
Flag of France (1794-1958).svg  France
(until 1921) [c]
Flag of Armenia (3-2).svg  Armenia
(in 1920)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Istanbul Government [e]
(in 1920)
Flag of Georgia (1918-1921, 4-5).svg  Georgia
(in 1921)
Turkish Nationalists:
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ankara Government
(1919–1920; 1920–1923)
Also:
Turkish victory [151] [152]

See also

Notes

  1. The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory. [101]
  2. From 1854
  3. 1 2 From 1855
  4. Until 1855
  5. Until 1854
  6. The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the Russian Republic during 1917. The Bolshevik government signed a separate peace with the Central Powers shortly after their armed seizure of power, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the Eastern Front of the war, and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the Western Front, and the end of the war.

References

  1. Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN   978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
  2. Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN   9780850455113.
  3. Streusand 2011, p. 83.
  4. Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN   0-688-08093-6.
  5. Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN   0-8050-4081-1.
  6. Battles of Poland: Varna (1443–1444), Kosovo (1448), Vaslui (1475), Mohács (1526)
  7. Battles of Lithuania: Golubac (1428), Varna (1443–1444), Vaslui (1475)
  8. Battles of HRE: Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
  9. Battles of Papal States: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
  10. Battles of Aragon: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396)
  11. Battles of Naples: Otranto (1480–1481)
  12. Battles of Venice: Nicopolis (1396)
  13. Battles of Genoa: Nicopolis (1396)
  14. Battles of Bulgaria: Nicopolis
  15. Battles of France: Nicopolis (1396)
  16. Battles of Knights of Rhodes: Nicopolis (1396)
  17. Battles of Bosnia: Nicopolis (1396)
  18. Battles of Savoy: Nicopolis (1396)
  19. Battles of England: Nicopolis (1396)
  20. Battles of Teutonic Order: Nicopolis (1396), Varna (1443–1444)
  21. Battles of Byzantium: Nicopolis (1396)
  22. Battles of Castile: Nicopolis (1396)
  23. Battles of Portugal: Nicopolis (1396)
  24. Battles of Navarre: Nicopolis (1396)
  25. Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
  26. Treadgold (1997) , p. 780
  27. "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  28. Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, p. 385
  29. Jovetić, Jovan (1985). Odjeci Srpske prošlosti: eseji, govori, polemike. Jovan Jovetić. p. 29.
  30. Fine 1994, p. 390.
  31. Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 45. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
  32. Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN   978-1-135-02982-1.
  33. ( Fine 1994 , p. 410)
    Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
  34. ( Emmert 1990 , p. ?)
    Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
  35. Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN   978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
  36. Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN   978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
  37. John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN   978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
  38. John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN   978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
  39. Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN   0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
  40. Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN   978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
  41. Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN   978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
  42. Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN   0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
  43. Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN   0-230-57451-3.
  44. Fine 1994, p. 575.
  45. Fine 1994, p. 355.
  46. Fine 1994, p. 424
  47. Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4191-4050-1.
  48. Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-22126-9.
  49. Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN   978-0-405-02747-5.
  50. Taeschner, Franz (1990). "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 5 (1). Necmi Ülker, çev. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü: 296. ISSN   0257-4152.
  51. Baştav 1989, p. 91.
  52. Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
  53. Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
  54. 1 2 The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
  55. Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
  56. Siege of Damascus (1400)
  57. Timurid invasions of Georgia
  58. Siege of Smyrna
  59. 1 2 3 Purković 1978, p. 69.
  60. Purković 1978 , p. 69, Ruvarac 1879 , p. 190
  61. Purković 1978, pp. 69–70.
  62. Tuchman, 548
  63. Ćirković 2004, p. 104.
  64. Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 267. ISBN   978-0-299-10744-4. The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
  65. Vojni muzej JNA (1957). Vesnik. Belgrade. p. 223.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  66. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 110.
  67. İnalcık, Halil (2010). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302-1481). İsam Yayınları. p. 194. ISBN   9789753898997.
  68. Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134
  69. Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148
  70. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207
  71. The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.
  72. Villari (1904), p. 251
  73. Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.
  74. 1 2 3 Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.
  75. Battle of Breadfield (1479), 'Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.
  76. Portuguese expedition to Otranto
  77. The Portuguese period in East Africa – p. 112
  78. Welch, Sidney R. (1950). Portuguese rule and Spanish crown in South Africa, 1581–1640. Juta. p. 25. ISBN   978-0-8426-1588-4.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  79. Stanley, Bruce (2007). "Mogadishu". In Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 253. ISBN   978-1-57607-919-5.
  80. Four centuries of Swahili verse: a literary history and anthology – p. 11
  81. Page 21 1509 nolu Rize şeriyye sicili ışığında Rizede sosyal hayat. Ü Erkan.
  82. Page 19 Gürcistanın yeni jeopolitiği. C Küçükali.
  83. From Dynastic Principality to Imperial District: The Incorporation of Guria Into the Russian Empire to 1856. Kenneth Church. University of Michigan., 2001.
  84. Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 207–13.
  85. Drews, Robert (August 2011). "Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" (PDF). Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization. Vanderbilt University.
  86. "With the fall of Tlemcen Uruj became master of a territory as large as the modern French colony of Algeria, and his exploits made many of the rulers about the Mediterranean quake in their shoes." in The book of pirates Henry Gilbert, 207–208
  87. "Naskah Surat Sultan Zainal 'Abidin (Wafat 923 H/1518 M)" . Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  88. "Sultan Ma'ruf Syah, Semoga Allah Merahmatinya" . Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  89. "1048 to the present day".
  90. Steven Béla Várdy, "The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism." Hungarian Studies Review 10.1 (1983): 21+ online
  91. Anna Boreczky, "Historiography and Propaganda in the Royal Court of King Matthias: Hungarian Book Culture at the End of the Middle Ages and Beyond." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti 43 (2019): 23–35.
  92. Andreu Martínez d’Alòs-Moner; Conquistadores, Mercenaries, and Missionaries: The Failed Portuguese Dominion of the Red Sea. Northeast African Studies 1 April 2012; 12 (1): The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast: Ḥaḍramī Chronicles, with Yemeni and European Accounts of Dutch Pirates Off Mocha in the Seventeenth Century, 1963, Clarendon Press, p. 57
  93. ابن حميد الكندي, العدّة المفيدة الجامعة لتواريخ قديمة وحديثة مكتبة الإرشاد، صنعاء عام 1991م, صفحة 168
  94. The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
  95. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
  96. Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-1107245082.
  97. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 698. ISBN   978-1598843361.
  98. Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p.61
  99. History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
  100. 1 2 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (27 March 2019). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  101. 1 2 Hattendorf & King 2013, p. 32.
  102. Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria, IB Tauris, 2014, p.  195
  103. Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  104. At least two companies of Spanish Tercios took part in the defence of Fort St Elmo. Cañete, Hugo A. (3 July 2020). "La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar". Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  105. Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. ISBN   9780275985059.
  106. Lieber (1845), p. 345.
  107. Dupuy (1970), p. 501.
  108. Coppée (1864), pp. 562–565.
  109. Nafziger & Walton (2003), p. 105
  110. 1 2 Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN   963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
  111. Bläsing, Uwe; Arakelova, Victoria; Weinreich, Matthias, eds. (2015). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian. Brill. p. 93.
  112. Ateş 2013, p. 22.
  113. Hochedlinger 2015, p. 67.
  114. Pálffy 2021, p. 134.
  115. Tucker 2019, p. 1311.
  116. Lipp 2011, p. 200.
  117. Bentkowska, Anna (2003). "John Sobieski [Jan III; Jana III; John III], King of Poland". Oxford Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. p. 416. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T045004. ISBN   978-1-884446-05-4.
  118. "Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович Феодальные междоусобицы кумыкских владетелей во второй половине XVII века", ИСОМ, no. 4, C.33, 2014, retrieved 2023-05-26
  119. "Historien om Karl XII i Turkiet" [The History of Charles XII in Turkey] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2010.
  120. Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
  121. Encyclopedia Iranica  : "In 1775 the Wakil sent his brother (Moḥammad) Ṣādeq Khan to besiege Basra in Ottoman Iraq, which after a yearlong siege was taken and occupied until Karim Khan's death in 1779"
  122. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E  : page 113 : "Jealous of the Turkish port of Basra, Persian Regent Karim Khan sent a siege force under his brother Sadiq Khan. an Omani fleet broke the blocade but a relief force from Baghdad was repulsed and Governor Sulayman Aqa was finally starved into surrender"
  123. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN   9781438402376.
  124. Ingrao, Charles W. (2000). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 210.
  125. Panzac 2005, p. 236.
  126. Strathern 2008, p. 351.
  127. "Василий Каширин: Вступление русских войск в Бессарабию и ликвидация Буджакской татарской орды в начале русско-турецкой войны 1806-1812 гг". Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  128. 1 2 Pollo 1984.
  129. Şimşek, K. "MEHMET ALİ PAŞA VE VEHHÂBÎLER". Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 (2021 ): 19-46
  130. Altun, Bekir. P.39: Selefilik-Vehhabilik ve Türkiye'deki Faaliyetleri. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ. 2015.
  131. 1 2 Dupuy and Dupuy (1993), p. 851.
  132. 1 2 Kohn (1999), p. 502.
  133. Wood, Anthony (1984). Europe, 1815-1960. Longman. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-582-35349-7.
  134. Phillimore, Robert (1854). Commentaries Upon International Law. T. & J. W. Johnson. p.  332 . Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  135. Doyno Doynov (1979). "The 1878-79 Kresna-Razlog Uprising". Southeastern Europe. 6 (1). Brill: 223–231. doi:10.1163/187633379X00210.
  136. Kokkinos, P. (1965). Կոկինոս Պ., Հունահայ գաղութի պատմությունից (1918–1927) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. pp. 14, 208–209. ISBN   9789609952002. Cited in Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) [The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)]]. akunq.net (in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  137. Gyula Andrássy, Bismarck, Andrássy, and Their Successors, Houghton Mifflin, 1927, p. 273.
  138. Македония и Одринско 1893–1903. Мемоар на Вътрешната организация. [Macedonia and Adrianople Region 1893–1903. A Memoir of the Internal Organization.] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. 1904.
  139. ( Kondis 1977 , p. 99): ""The Malsor Uprising of 1911 and Greek-Albanian Negotiations in the United States for a Secret ... Before the uprising King Nicholas of Montenegro had promised the Malsors arms and refuge for their families""
  140. Treadway 1983 , p. 75
    Nicholas assured the Ottoman ambassador that his government was observing "the strictest neutrality" while his eldest son claimed that "we Montenegrins most sincerely desire peace". Despite these denials, it became increasingly clear that Montenegro did have a hand in the new revolt. In particular general Vukotić aided the rebels by passing out weapons, which the Malsors used against Turks.
  141. "Russian Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 May 2024.
  142. Murphy, Brian (2 August 2004). Rostov in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920: The Key to Victory. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-1342-7129-0.
  143. Bullock 2008, p.  1882.
  144. "Constantinople occupied by British and Indian troops". British Pathé. 30–31 October 1918. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  145. 1 2 "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net.
  146. 1 2 3 4 Western Society for French History. Meeting: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, sayfa 206 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine .
  147. Briton Cooper Busch: Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN   0-87395-265-0, sayfa 216 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine .
  148. "British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ," New York Times (18 June 1920).
  149. "Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ," New York Times (18 March 1920).
  150. Gingeras 2022, pp. 204–206.
  151. Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205. Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  152. According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139

Sources

Further reading