North York is a former township and city and is now one of the six administrative districts of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the northern area of Toronto, centred around Yonge Street, north of Ontario Highway 401. It is bounded by York Region to the north at Steeles Avenue, on the west by the Humber River, on the east by Victoria Park Avenue. Its southern boundary is erratic and corresponds to the northern boundaries of the former municipalities of Toronto: York, Old Toronto and East York. As of the 2016 Census, the district has a population of 644,685.[3]
North York was created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former township of York, a municipality that was located along the western border of the-then City of Toronto. Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1953, it was one of the fastest-growing parts of Greater Toronto due to its proximity to Toronto. It was declared a borough in 1967, and later became a city in 1979, attracting high-density residences, rapid transit, and a number of corporate headquarters in North York City Centre, its planned central business district. In 1998, North York was dissolved as part of the amalgamation which created the new City of Toronto. It has since been a secondary economic hub of the city outside Downtown Toronto.
History
Residences in North York, August 1945. The post-World War II era saw a boom in residential development throughout North York.
The Township of North York was formed on June 13, 1922 out of the rural part of the Township of York. In the previous decade, the southern part of York, bordering the old City of Toronto had become increasingly urbanized while the northern portion remained rural farmland. The northern residents increasingly resented that they made up 20% of York's tax base while receiving few services and little representation in return, particularly after 1920 when their sole member on York's council, which was elected on an at-large basis, was defeated. Dairy farmer Robert Franklin Hicks organized with other farmers to petition the Ontario legislature to carve out what was then the portion of York Township north of Eglinton Avenue to create the separate township of North York.[4] With the support of the pro-farmer United Farmers of Ontario government, a plebiscite was organized and held and the 6,000 residents voted in favour of separating from York by margin of 393 votes.[5]
The township remained largely rural and agrarian until World War II. After the war, in the late 1940s and 1950s, a housing shortage led to the township becoming increasingly developed as a suburb of Toronto and a population boom. In 1953, the province federated 11 townships and villages with the Old City of Toronto, to become Metropolitan Toronto.
North York used to be known as a regional agricultural hub composed of scattered villages. The area boomed following World War II, and by the 1950s and 1960s, it resembled many other sprawling North American suburbs.
As North York became more populous, it became the Borough of North York in 1967, and then on February 14, 1979, the City of North York. To commemorate receiving its city charter on Valentine's Day, the city's corporate slogan was "The City with Heart".[6]
North York was amalgamated into Toronto on January 1, 1998. It now forms the largest part of the area served by the "North York Community Council", a committee of Toronto City Council.
Incidents
On August 10, 2008, a massive propane explosion occurred at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases propane facility just southwest of the Downsview Airport. This destroyed the depot and damaged several homes nearby. About 13,000 residents were evacuated for several days before being allowed back home. One employee at the company was killed in the blast and one firefighter died while attending to the scene of the accident.[7] A follow-up investigation to the incident made several recommendations concerning propane supply depots. It asked for a review of setback distances between depots and nearby residential areas but did not call for restrictions on where they can be located.[8][9][10][11][12]
The district's central business district is known as North York Centre, which was the location of the former city's government and major corporate headquarters. North York Centre continues to be one of Toronto's major corporate areas with many office buildings and businesses. The former city hall of North York, the North York Civic Centre, is located within North York City Centre.
CSV and TDSB operate as secular public school boards, the former operating French first language institution, whereas the latter operated English first language institutions. The other two school boards, CSCM and TCDSB, operate as public separate school boards, the former operating French first language separate schools, the latter operating English first language separate schools. All four public school boards are headquartered within North York.
In addition to primary and secondary schools, several post-secondary institutions were established in North York. York University is a university that was established in 1959. The university operates two campuses in North York, the Keele campus located in the north, and Glendon College, a bilingual campus operated by the university. There are also two colleges that operate campuses in North York. Seneca College was established in North York in 1967, and presently operates several campuses throughout North York, and Greater Toronto. One of Centennial College's campuses are also located in North York, known as the Downsview Park Aerospace Campus.
Prior to North York's amalgamation with Toronto in 1998, North York operated as a lower-tier municipality within the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. The municipality operated its own municipal council, the North York City Council, and met at the North York Civic Centre prior to the municipality's dissolution. The following is a list of reeves (1922–1966) and mayors (1967–1997) of North York.
Reeves and mayors
Township of North York
Mel Lastman was the last and longest-serving mayor of North York from 1973 to 1997 and went on to become the first mayor of the amalgamated city of Toronto until 2003.
1922–1929 Robert Franklin Hicks - born in 1866, Hicks was a dairy farmer who organized with other farmers to petition the Ontario legislature to carve out what was then the portion of York Township north of Eglinton Avenue to create the separate township of North York.[4] During his period as the first reeve, the North York Hydro Commission, a public health board, and a water supply system were created and improvements were made to Yonge Street and other local roads. Hicks died in 1942.[21]
1929–1930 James Muirhead - farmer in Leslie and Lawrence Ave area. Born in 1859 and lived on the same farm all of his life up to 1929 except for four years. Was chairman of the committee responsible for breaking North York away from York Township and a founding members of the township council.[22][23]
1931–1933 George B. Elliott - also served as warden of York county in 1933. As reeve, faced demands for improved unemployment relief as the Depression worsened.[24] Appointed inspector of hospital accounts for indigent patients in York county in 1934. Announced he would run for the federal Conservatives in a York North in 1934 but withdrew his name from consideration.[25]
1934–1940 Robert Earl Bales - great-grandson of area pioneer John Bales, Earl Bales was North York's youngest reeve at 37. Earl Bales Park, which is on his family's former farmland, is named after him.[26] Like many municipalities, North York was bankrupted by the cost of paying unemployment relied during the Great Depression. Under Bales' leadership, North York was one of the few bankrupted municipalities to be able to pay off its debt. Unlike many other Ontario municipalities, North York never seized any homes or farms for non-payment of taxes.[27] Bales later sat on the North York planning board from 1947 until 1968.[28]
1941–1949 George Herbert Mitchell also served in the Ontario legislature as CCF MPP for York North from 1943 to 1945, while serving as reeve.[29] As reeve, kept track of expectant mothers come snowfall to ensure that the township's two snowplows kept open the sideroads around their homes. Mitchell was the last reeve to be elected by a predominantly rural electorate.[30]
1950–1952 Nelson A. Boylen - reporter for The Evening Telegram (1912–1918) then in the dairy industry for 50 years. Served as a school trustee and then deputy reeve. Opposed the amalgamation of North York into Metropolitan Toronto, arguing that water shortages could be solved by creating a provincial water authority instead. Denied charges that North York was broke. Defeated in 1952 but later served as a councillor. Appointed to the Metro Toronto & Region Conservation Authority in the 1960s.[31]
1953–1956 Frederick Joseph McMahon - supported the creation of Metropolitan Toronto. Ran as the Ontario Liberal Party candidate in York Centre in the 1955 provincial election, but was unsuccessful. A lawyer by profession, he was best known for defending bank robber Edwin Alonzo Boyd and his brother. McMahon later served as a provincial court judge.[32][33][34]
1957–1958 Vernon M. Singer - went on to serve as MPP from 1959 to 1977
1959–1964 Norman C. Goodhead - as reeve, opposed illegal basement apartments and led a campaign to evict tenants. Stood for position of Metro Toronto Chairman in 1962 but lost to William Allen by four votes. Ran again for Metro Chairman in 1969, when no longer mayor, but lost to Scarborough mayor Albert Campbell.[35][36]
1965–1966 James Ditson Service - defeated incumbent reeve Goodhead by running against Goodhead's support for amalgamating North York and the rest of Metro Toronto into a unitary city and alleging Goodhead was in a conflict of interest by owning a garbage disposal company that did business with the borough. Service campaigned on building the North York Civic Centre on Yonge Street and developing the area as a downtown with high-density office buildings. He also advocated building a 62,000 domed stadium on surplus land transferred from Downsview Airport. In private business, he co-founded CHIN Radio/TV International with Johnny Lombardi, also founding CHIN (AM) radio but later fell out with him. After he was mayor, Service became a property developer.[37][38][39]
1970–1972 Basil H. Hall - supported the construction and extension of the Spadina Expressway and continued to do so after the provincial government cancelled the project. After he was mayor, he served on the board of the provincially owned Urban Transportation Development Corporation.[40]
1979–1997 Mel Lastman - served as first mayor of the amalgamated city of Toronto from 1998 to 2003.
Board of Control
The North York Civic Centre is home to the district's community council, as well as other municipal services.
North York had a Board of Control from 1964 until it was abolished with the 1988 election and replaced by directly elected Metro Councillors. The Board of Control consisted of four Controllers elected at large and the mayor and served as the executive committee of North York Council. Controllers concurrently sat on Metropolitan Toronto Council
Names in italics indicate Controllers that were or became Mayor of North York in other years. X = elected as Controller A = appointed Controller to fill a vacancy M = sitting as Reeve or Mayor
Elections to the Board of Control for North York (1964-1985)
^ABooth died in 1970 and was replaced by Paul Godfrey who served out the balance of his term.[41] Godfrey was reelected in 1972, but resigned when he was elected Metro Chairman in 1973 following the death of Metro Chairman Albert Campbell. North York Council elected Alderman William Sutherland to replace Godfrey on the Board of Control on July 23, 1973.[42]
^BShiner died on 19 December 1987. Councillor Mario Gentile was appointed to the Board of Control in February 1988 to fill Shiner's seat.[43]
Media
North York Mirror: A weekly community newspaper (thrice and then twice weekly in earlier times) covering North York. Part of Torstar's Metroland chain of community newspapers. The newspaper was launched in 1957 and ceased publication in 2023 when it was folded into the toronto.com website along with other Toronto-based Metroland titles.[44]
Salam Toronto: Bilingual Persian-English weekly paper for the Iranian community of North York.
Recreation
Museums
The Aga Khan Museum is one of several museums located in North York.
North York is home to several museums including the (now closed) Canadian Air and Space Museum (formerly the Toronto Aerospace Museum) in Downsview Park. The closed museum was relocated to Edenvale, Ontario in 2019 (northwest of Barrie) and opened and renamed as the "Canadian Air and Space Conservancy".[45] North York is also home to a number of interactive museums, including Black Creek Pioneer Village, an authentic nineteenth-century village and a living museum, the Ontario Science Centre was an interactive science museum which was permanently closed in June, 2024, and the Aga Khan Museum, which includes a collection of Islamic art from the Middle-East and Northern Africa.
An aircraft manufacturing facility and a former military base are located in the Downsview neighbourhood. With the end of the Cold War, much of the land was transformed into a large park now called Downsview Park. Located within the park is the Downsview Park Sports Centre, a 45,000m2 (484,000sqft) multi-purpose facility built by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), owners of Toronto FC, of Major League Soccer. MLSE invested $26 million to build the Kia Training Ground, the state-of-the-art practice facility for Toronto FC. Volleyball Canada made Downsview Park its headquarters and training facility.
There are a multitude of sports clubs based in North York including the North York Storm, a girls' hockey league, Gwendolen Tennis Club, and the North York Aquatic Club, which was founded in 1958 as the North York Lions Swim Club.[46]The Granite Club, located at Bayview and Lawrence, is an invitation-only athletic club. In 2012, the club made a major expansion in North York for their members.
The North York Ski Centre at Earl Bales Park is one of the only urban ski centres of its kind in Canada. After several incidents involving failures of the club's two-person chairlift incited talks of closing the ski centre, the city revitalized the facilities with a new four-person chairlift. Sports clubs based in North York include:
Several major controlled-access highways pass through North York, including Highway 400, Highway 401, Highway 404, Allen Road, and the Don Valley Parkway. The former three controlled access highways are operated by the province as 400-series highways, whereas the latter two roadways are managed by the City of Toronto. The section of Highway 401 which traverses North York is the busiest section of freeway in North America, exceeding 400,000 vehicles per day,[59][60] and one of the widest.[61][62]
Public transportation in North York is primarily provided by the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) bus or subway system. Two lines of the Toronto subway have stations in North York, the Line 1 Yonge–University, and Line 4 Sheppard. Finch station, the terminus of the Yonge Street branch of the Yonge–University line, is the busiest TTC bus station and the sixth-busiest subway station, serving around 97,460 people per day.[citation needed] The Line 4 Sheppard subway which runs from its intersection with the Yonge-University line at Sheppard Avenue easterly to Fairview Mall at Don Mills Road, is entirely in North York, averaging around 55,000 riders per day. [citation needed]Line 5 Eglinton is a light rail line that is under construction and will traverse through the southeast portion of North York. Line 6 Finch West is another line under construction and will traverse through the northwestern portion of North York. The Ontario Line is expected to have two stops in North York, Science Centre and Flemingdon Park. The intersection of York Mills and Yonge, located next to York Mills station is home to an office and a TTC commuter parking lot, which was sold for $25 million. A $300-million project is expected to create about 300 jobs and bring a new hotel, perhaps a four star Marriott, to the intersection.[63]
In addition to the TTC, other public transit services that may be accessed from North York include GO Transit, and York Region Transit. GO Transit provides access to commuter rail and bus services to communities throughout Greater Toronto. Both services may be accessed at GO or TTC stations located in North York.
Swansea is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, bounded on the west by the Humber River, on the north by Bloor Street, on the east by High Park and on the south by Lake Ontario. The neighbourhood was originally a separate municipality, the Village of Swansea, which became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953.
York is a district and former city within Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located northwest of Old Toronto, southwest of North York and east of the Humber River.
Line 4 Sheppard is the newest and shortest rapid transit line of the Toronto subway system, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). It opened on November 22, 2002, and has five stations along 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) of track, which is built without any open sections in the district of North York along Sheppard Avenue East between Yonge Street and Don Mills Road. All stations are wheelchair accessible and are decorated with unique public art.
Line 1 Yonge–University is a rapid transit line of the Toronto subway. It serves Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, has 38 stations and is 38.4 km (23.9 mi) in length, making it the longest line on the subway system. It opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954 as Canada's first underground passenger rail line and was extended multiple times between 1963 and 2017. As of 2010, Line 1 was the busiest rapid transit line in Canada, and one of the busiest lines in North America. In 2022, it averaged over 670,000 riders per weekday.
Mimico is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, being located in the south-west area of Toronto on Lake Ontario. It is in the south-east corner of the former Township of Etobicoke, and was an independent municipality from 1911 to 1967.
Weston is a neighbourhood and former town in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is situated in the northwest of the city, south of Steeles Avenue West, east of the Humber River, north of Eglinton Avenue, and west of Jane Street. The eponymous Weston Road, just north of Lawrence Avenue is the historic core of Weston, with many small businesses and services. Weston was incorporated as a village in the 19th century and was absorbed into the Borough of York in the late 1960s. York itself was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998. Weston is one of the few former towns and villages in Toronto located in a generally suburban setting, although it is contiguous with the inner city to the southeast along Weston Road. It is also one of the few not developed as a planned satellite town, as is the case with Leaside or New Toronto.
Sheppard West is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station, which is located near the intersection of Sheppard Avenue West and Allen Road, opened in 1996 in what was then the City of North York, and the commuter parking lot opened in July 2005. It was the northwestern terminus of the line for over two decades, until the opening of the Toronto–York Spadina Subway Extension on December 17, 2017.
Wilson is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the median of Allen Road at Wilson Avenue. Wi-Fi service is available at this station. The station is accessible, has two parking lots, bike parking and connects to many bus routes.
Albert McTaggart "Ab" Campbell (1910–1973) was a Canadian politician and the Chairman of Metropolitan Toronto from 1969 to 1973.
The chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto or Metro Chairman was the regional chair of Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the most senior political figure in the municipality. The Metro Chairman was elected by the members of Metropolitan Toronto Council.
Clanton Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located in the district of North York, it is part of federal and provincial electoral district York Centre, and Toronto electoral wards 9: York Centre (West) and 10: York Centre (East). In 2016, it had a population of 16,472, a 12.7% rise from 2011.
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 7, 1964. Incumbent mayor Philip Givens defeated former mayor Allan Lamport.
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 3, 1962. Incumbent mayor Nathan Phillips, then the longest-serving mayor in Toronto history, lost to Controller Donald Summerville by a significant margin.
James Ditson Service, QC was a lawyer, co-founder of CHIN Radio, property developer and the first mayor of North York, Ontario as well as its last reeve.
Norman Goodhead was Reeve of the Township of North York, Ontario from 1959 to 1964 and was twice a leading candidate to be Chairman of Metropolitan Toronto.
Frederick Joseph McMahon was a provincial court judge in Ontario who had previously been a lawyer and reeve of North York, Ontario from 1953 to 1955. As a lawyer, McMahon was well known for having defended bank robbers Edwin Alonzo Boyd and his brother Norman in their 1952 trials.
Jack Mould (1921-1990) was the last Reeve of York Township and the first mayor of the borough of York, one of six municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto.
The Toronto–York Spadina subway extension (TYSSE) is an extension of the Toronto subway's Line 1 Yonge–University which opened on December 17, 2017. It runs 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi) northwest from the line's previous terminus at Sheppard West station serving six new stations and terminating at Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station near Jane Street and Highway 7 in Vaughan. The TYSSE was the first new section of a Toronto subway line to be opened since the opening of Line 4 Sheppard in 2002.
↑ "The dirty thirties: $6.33 a week to feed 4" by Harold Hilliard, Toronto Star, 15 March 1988, pg N12, via ProQuest
↑ Names that grace parks, Toronto Star, 5 September 2000, pg B3, via ProQuest
↑ "York North Is Riding of Political Changes", Globe and Mail, 2 June 1948, pg 4, via ProQuest
↑ "Post-war rush ended rural air of North York", Toronto Star, 23 April 1985, pg M16
↑ "Former reecr in North York fought merger", Globe and Mail, 30 April 1973, pg 2, via ProQuest
↑ "McMahon, Frederick Joseph", Toronto Star (1971-2009); Toronto, Ontario [Toronto, Ontario]07 Mar 1988: C10., "McMahon defeats Boylen in N. York", Toronto Daily Star (1900-1971); Toronto, Ontario [Toronto, Ontario]02 Dec 1952: 22., "York Centre: Reeve and Deputy Vie for Seat in New Riding", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]02 June 1955: 4, "3 Big Issues in North York Election, The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]02 Dec 1950: 4., "Lawyer Provides Upset: 3-Time North York Reeve Beaten", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]02 Dec 1952: C5., "Mayors, Reeves Happy, Yet Fearful Suburbs May Be Rubber Stamps", by Alden Baker, The Globe and Mail, 22 Jan 1953: 9, "North York Nearly Bankrupt, Metro Saved It, Reeve Says", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]18 Jan 1955: 4, "Acclaim McMahon In North York; Race for Council", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]24 Nov 1953: 5., "Fred McMahon Is Re-elected N. York Reeve", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]06 Dec 1955: 13, "Vote 3-to-2 to Appeal Ruling on Fluoridation", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]28 Mar 1956: 5., Canadian Press (1955-06-10)., "Reeve Retires After 4 Years In North York", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]14 Sep 1956: 5., "Ratepayers Ask Probe On Land Deal Charge", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]17 June 1960: 9, "North York Officials Confer on Land Sale", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]18 June 1960: 4
↑ "3 made provincial judges to ease Metro workload", Toronto Daily Star (1900-1971); Toronto, Ontario [Toronto, Ontario]20 Sep 1969: A2., "Just rewards:: Metro councillors go on to bigger and better things", by Alden Baker, The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]19 July 1976: 5.
↑ "Candidates for Mayor", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]02 Dec 1966: 12., "James Ditson Service 1926-2014", Toronto Star (2010 - Recent); Toronto, Canada [Toronto, Canada]06 Aug 2014: GT7., "Service still wants sportsdome: A family decision", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]22 Oct 1969: 5, "Lombardi buys out Service", Staff. The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]18 June 1970: 10., "Mayors ain't what they used to be": [1 Edition] Toronto Star; Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]26 Jan 1999: 1. "MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS: James Service: a mandate for change in North York", Godfrey, Scott. The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]23 Jan 1965: 9.,
↑ "They'd pave paradise", The Globe and Mail; Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]12 Dec 1981: F.3. , "High-density project for Yonge-Sheppard gets OMB approval", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]23 Jan 1971: 5.,"Service cleans out the office of mayor", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]25 Dec 1969: 8, "Service's North York tower approved", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]05 Feb 1977: 5, "FROM THE ARCHIVES", The Globe and Mail; Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]25 June 1994: A.2., "Where are they now? BUZZIE BAVASI Baseball" Patton, Paul. The Globe and Mail; Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]20 Feb 1988: C.7., "North York names 17 io work toward dome, major-league teams", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]01 Apr 1970: 31, "In 1540 Slot: Lombardi Approved In Radio Proposal", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]25 June 1965: 15. ,"Lombardi keeps CHIN frequency", The Globe and Mail (1936-2016); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]07 Nov 1970: 29
↑ "Former mayor promoter of downtown North York". Globe and Mail. April 28, 1990., "Obituary: North York ex-mayor Basil Hall". Toronto Star. April 27, 1990., "Candidates for Controller". Globe and Mail. December 2, 1966.,"Hall has back-scratching society, Liberals say: Only one question in North York mayoral race: how can Barbaro win?". Globe and Mail. November 25, 1969., "Hall sees victory as party repudiation". Globe and Mail. December 2, 1969., "Mayor suggests Spadina extension to Gardiner: Hall, an expressway booster, inaugurated in North York". Globe and Mail. January 6, 1970.,"'Not pussy-footing,' North York decides". Globe and Mail. September 12, 1972.
↑ "Godfrey captures vacant seat on North York Board of Control", The Globe and Mail (1936-Current); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]26 Sep 1970
↑ "North York vacancy filled by Sutherland" The Globe and Mail (1936-Current); Toronto, Ont. [Toronto, Ont]24 July 1973: 5
↑ "North York seeks councillor to fill seat that Gentile vacated", Toronto Star, 2 February 1988
↑ Maier, Hanna (October 9, 2007). "Chapter2". Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (Report). Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000vehicles in 2004 and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000vehicles.
↑ Canadian NewsWire (August 6, 2002). Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway401 (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Highway401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000vehicles per day through Toronto.
↑ Thün, Geoffrey; Velikov, Kathy. "The Post-Carbon Highway". Alphabet City. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012. It is North America's busiest highway, and one of the busiest in the world. The section of Highway401 that cuts across the northern part of Toronto has been expanded to eighteen lanes, and typically carries 420,000vehicles a day, rising to 500,000 at peak times, as compared to 380,000 on the I-405 in Los Angeles or 350,000 on the I-75 in Atlanta (Gray).
Italics indicate neighbourhoods now defunct. For information on the evolution of each neighbourhood in general, see History of neighbourhoods in Toronto.
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