Check (pattern)

Last updated

Check (also checker, Brit: chequer, or dicing) is a pattern of modified stripes consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical lines which form squares. The pattern typically contains two colours where a single checker (that is a single square within the check pattern) is surrounded on all four sides by a checker of a different colour.

Contents

The pattern is commonly placed onto garments and is, in certain social contexts, applied to clothing which is worn to signify cultural or political affiliations. Such is the case with check in ska [1] and on the keffiyeh. [2] The pattern's all-pervasiveness and simple layout has lent to its practical usage in scientific experimentation and observation, optometry, technology (hardware and software), and as a symbol for responders to associate meaning with.

Etymology

The word is derived from the ancient Persian word shah [3] which means 'king' in the Sasanian game of Shatranj; an old form of chess which is played on a squared board of alternating coloured checkers. It is more specifically derived from the expression shah mat, 'the king is dead', with check-mate the equivalent modern chess term. The word entered the French language as echec in the eleventh century, [4] thence into English.

History

The incorporation of the checkerboard pattern in human-made objects has no definitive origin as the pattern has existed in assorted forms with multiple variations across continents and time periods. There are few known instances of its import into the regions and cultures in which it is featured. Its design and incorporation by humans into pattern-making and weaving precedes its common etymological characterisation and derivation from the word shah in chess; the language conventions from which the contemporary English word 'check' is extracted are younger than some appearances of the pattern or its variations. Human uses for check predate its notable usage on the checkerboard in the board game chess, which was developed in its chaturanga iteration in the late 6th or early 7th century AD. [5] This is illustrated by the comparative age of weaving which creates a checkered pattern as a byproduct of its process, as weaving is estimated to have originated in the neolithic period or approximately 10000 BC. [6] [7] Weavers have long produced checked patterns, but fashion trends and its level of ubiquitousness vary over time. [8] Check's variant tartan appears on the 3000-year-old mummy the Cherchen Man. [9] [10] The checkerboard pattern has also been identified in Bronze Age pottery [11] and ancient Roman architecture. [12]

Check may not have a single foundation specific to a practice, region or type of material because it appears within nature and thus can be imitated and adapted. The checkered garter snake, chequered skipper and cleridae, commonly known as checkered beetles exemplify natural occurrences of the pattern which have emerged without human interference or stimuli.

Checkered exterior of Hiorn Tower Hiorns Tower, Arundel Park (geograph 4042908).jpg
Checkered exterior of Hiorn Tower

Check appears in architecture as checkerwork (also chequer-work or diapering): a laying of bricks or tiles of two different materials or colours in an arrangement that, when finished, resembles the checkered pattern. This design was popularly used across England and in nearby regions in parish churches and small houses following the 16th-century Reformation. [13] Notable instances of its usage in England includes its appearance on the exterior of Hiorne Tower and above the windows in Westminster Hall. [14]

Scotland

The pattern, in its tartan variation, is prominent in Scottish garment designs and gained notoriety from the 16th century onwards among Scottish Highlanders. [15] The design was introduced by the Celts [10] before it became a staple of highland dress. Following the battle of Culloden, wearing check or tartan was banned through the Dress Act 1746 in an attempt to control Scottish clans who supported the Jacobite rising of 1745. [16] In the 1930s the checkerboard pattern was incorporated into the design of Scotland's police uniform which was later nicknamed Sillitoe tartan [17] and adopted as a police symbol globally. [18]

South India

Mural in Veerabhadra temple Murals of Lepakshi 10.jpg
Mural in Veerabhadra temple

Checkered stripes were prominent in textile designs around the Coromandel Coast in the 16th-17th Century. [19] According to 17th Century trade records, the use of the check pattern in ornamentation became widespread across South India. [19] Numerous paintings in the Veerabhadra temple display figures who dress in checkered cotton [20] and show the prominence of the check pattern in traditional dress.

Fashion

Check and its variant patterns have been commonly employed as fabric and textile designs used in the making of garments. After WW2, the popularity of check in high fashion increased as it was featured in the linings of Burberry coats and worn by celebrities including Humphrey Bogart. [21] From 1910 to the late 1970s it was implemented into a variety of dresses manufactured by Nelly Don, which Mikyoung Whang [22] suggests, reflected the shifting role of women in the public eye as it offered an alternative to the Mother Hubbard house-dress. The check pattern is often associated with formalwear as it, or its variants, are commonly implemented in dresses, skirts, suits, and coats.[ citation needed ]

Variations

Louis Vuitton bag with Damier Ebene pattern Louis Vuitton (15398377835).jpg
Louis Vuitton bag with Damier Ebene pattern

Damier Patterns

This pattern also known as Louis Vuitton checkered pattern, was first introduced in 1888 by George Vuitton (Louis Vuitton’s son) . The name damier is actually French word for checkerboard. The design is basically brownish checkerboard patterns with alternating colours between lighter brown square and darker brown square. It was initially created to combat counterfeiters who were replicating the brand’s signature monogram pattern. This design is popularly known as Damier Ebene. [23]

Later, Damier Azur was introduced; it has a white checkerboard with a light blue background. [24]

Buffalo check or buffalo plaid

This pattern has black hashes on a red background. In the United States, it got its name around 1850 when a designer at the Woolrich mill at Chatham's Run in Pennsylvania (who owned a herd of buffalo) copied a pattern known as "Rob Roy" in Scotland, named after the folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor. "No. 5310-402 in the Woolrich middleweight fabric collection" became associated with lumberjacks, as those nearby in the Pennsylvania woods were the main customers for the woollen shirts that used it. It became popular in mainstream fashion in the United States in the 1990s and 2010s. [25] [26]

Windowpane plaid

This pattern is "a way to cross warp and weft to create a pattern. A solid background sectioned off by narrow warp and weft stripes creates little "windows", or the windowpane plaid." [27]

Others

Other variations of checkered squares are tattersall, gingham, and shepherd’s check.

Ska

Music Group Ska Patrol. Member wearing Ska's signature checkered scarf Ska Patrol Foto Bjorn Joachimsen.jpg
Music Group Ska Patrol. Member wearing Ska's signature checkered scarf

The black-and-white checkerboard pattern is heavily featured within the music genre and subculture ska [1] and the mod subculture. The popularisation of this pattern in ska dress is attributed to the racial roots of the genre due to its symbolic representation of the two-tone era, a ska subgenre that emerged in the late 70s and popularised in the United Kingdom in the late 80s. [28] This is because the black and white squares in a check pattern were seen as fusing black and white culture, a notion that constituted the basis for much of the two-tone era of ska music. [29] Some of the most popular garments worn to represent ska are checkerboard Vans shoes, check fedoras, check overalls [1] and check ties.

Symbolism

Check's notability as a distinctive and salient pattern has made it a commonly used signifier even compared with more pervasive descriptions like colour. [30] The pattern check's ubiquity causes concepts or signifiants and signs associated with the pattern to be contingent on contextual inferences. In trademark law (specifically trademark law concerning but not limited to the American legal system) this ubiquity is recognised, as the commercial uses of check are limited because check connotes identifiable meanings that "exist beyond that of particular products". [31]

Keffiyeh

Bedouin wearing red-and-white Keffiyeh that resembles a checkered pattern Abu Ghasam Ammarin Bedouin at Petra.jpeg
Bedouin wearing red-and-white Keffiyeh that resembles a checkered pattern

Check is popularly implemented into the keffiyeh, a headdress worn throughout the Middle East. Checkered keffiyeh are most commonly worn in the colours red-and-white and black-and-white but are also available in other variants. [32] [33] Both favoured colours of the checkered variants of keffiyeh are popular in Yemen [34] as a result of the design's import into the region following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.

Each variation of a keffiyeh holds different symbolic meanings based on its pattern and colour although there is no underlying, universal symbolism to the Keffiyeh. Rather, its interpreted meaning is geographically, culturally and situationally dependent.

One iteration of the Keffiyeh is referred to as the Palestinian keffiyeh [2] which commonly appears in a black-and-white check iteration; they also appear in different colours including red-and-white and non-checkered patterns. It was traditionally associated with rural farmers who worked under Ottoman rule but became a signifier of Palestinian nationalism following the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine. [35] [36] It has maintained prominence throughout the rest of the 20th and into the 21st century and is colloquially cited as Palestine's "unofficial flag" and a Palestinian political symbol. [37] [2] [36]

The red-and-white check keffiyeh is a symbol of Palestinian Marxists [38] [39] but is also a common pattern with different symbolic connotations outside of this specific group. Its popularity in Jordan is caused by its connection to the nation's heritage and connection with Jordanian Bedouin history and fashion. [40]

Freemasonry

Former Freemason lodge containing checkered flooring PK Karachi asv2020-02 img76 Freemasons Lodge Building.jpg
Former Freemason lodge containing checkered flooring

Sites of Masonic lodges commonly utilise checkered carpeting, tiling, parquetry or other types of flooring as the ground upon which Masonic rituals and lectures occur. [41] [42] [43] This flooring is often referred to as a mosaic pavement, but glass and ceramic tiles are not necessary components of the design. The design of this flooring consists of a black-and-white checkerboard pattern surrounded by a border or skirt of tessellating triangles, which too alternate between the colours black and white. Whilst the checkered flooring is not a part of conventional Freemasonry's specialised symbols or iconography, it is commonly used as a non-Masonic symbol within ceremonies, rituals and rites because of its connection to medieval stonemason craftsmanship. [44]

Checkered flooring has become a de facto sign of Freemasons and signifies some members' connection to biblical parables and morals. [45] It also links to the lectures and teachings pertaining to the construction of Solomon's Temple. [46] The idea of the pattern check, as a symbol within Freemasonry, is thought to have originated from biblical representations of King Solomon's Temple. [41] It is believed that the ground level of the temple had a checkered ornamental flooring.[ by whom? ] Thus its placement within the lodge allude to the figure Hiram Abiff, the chief architect of the temple and the protagonist presented as part of the teachings involved in the third degree masonic stage. [47]

The use of this pattern in and outside of ritual is symbolic, utilising contrasting black and white squares to display dualistic cosmology concerning the presence of good and evil in human existence. [41] As Mackey's encyclopaedia of Freemasonry states:

The mosaic pavement is an old symbol of the order. It is met with the earliest rituals of the last century. It is classed among the ornaments of the lodge along with the indented tessel and the blazing star. Its party-colored stones of black and white have been readily and appropriately interpreted as symbols of the evil and good of human life. [41] [48]

The checkered floor's existence as a physical representation of Freemason's moral law, [49] specifically concerning its connection to the principle of good and evil, is derived from the primacy of check in Solomon's temple. [50] This is due to the teachings of allegorical masonic morality plays which are framed around the construction of King Solomon's temple [51] and incorporated into the teachings of Freemason moral law. [50] [52]

Check is further utilised as a symbol in freemasonry on some tracing boards, which are typically used as tools or artworks used to assist the teaching of lectures that explain various concepts of the organisation to new or inexperienced members. [53]

Heraldry

red and white chequy in coat of arms of Croatia Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
red and white chequy in coat of arms of Croatia

Check patterns and variants that are used in heraldry are known to as chequy. [54] This pattern is sometimes used as an identifying mark on a coat of arms.

Flag of the English county of Surrey Surrey.svg
Flag of the English county of Surrey

A well known display of chequy is on the coat of arms of Croatia and the coat of arms of the president of Croatia, which are both checkered with white and red squares.

Auto racing

The check pattern is commonly used as a symbol because of its ability to contain contrasting colours and prominence. In auto racing, a checkered flag is used to indicate that the race has finished because it is identifiable. [55] The origin of this flag and the reason for its usage in racing are undetermined. [56] [57] It is theorised by Fred R. Egloff that the name originates from the 'checkers' who watched the finishing line and checked when cars had finished the race. [58] They began using chequered flags to identify themselves.

Emergency services

Ambulance with checkerboard-like Battenburg markings Ambulance in Gothenburg.jpg
Ambulance with checkerboard-like Battenburg markings

A variation of the checkerboard pattern, named Sillitoe tartan, is commonly used as a symbol to identify police and other emergency services. [17] [18] It is used in numerous countries across the world and is incorporated into the design of police uniforms and stations. [59]

Originally developed in the United Kingdom, Battenburg markings are used on the side of emergency vehicles for high visibility. [17] [60] These markings resemble a high contrast checkerboard pattern and look similar to Sillitoe tartan. They are usually retroreflective; [60] this design choice was subsequently implemented into emergency service uniforms for high visibility. [61]

Airports

A red-white checkerboard pattern is widely used on airports because of its recognizability and visibility. Checkerboard is used on roofs, water towers and other buildings around the airports. [62] [63]

Other uses

The versatility and simplicity of the checkerboard pattern mean that the pattern has a wide range of utilities. Because of check's easy application to various instruments, fabrics, and other matter, its practical usages as a tool to assist various tasks has been widespread.[ citation needed ]

Science

The check pattern has been utilised as a tool within multiple fields of scientific study to analyse the responses of fauna. This is due to the pattern's unanimity, simplicity, and variability in size as multiple iterations of the pattern can measure differing levels of complexity in responses. Animals have responded to checkerboard patterns with different biological mechanisms, allowing scientists to analyse the behaviour, intelligence, and physical limitations of different species. The pattern was used to elicit different camouflage reactions in cuttlefish to analyse how they perceive size, light, and colour. [64] The pattern has also been used by Sutherland and Williams [65] as a tool to display the cognitive capabilities of rats.

Optometry

In the field of optometry, the check pattern has been utilised in a variety of visual acuity tests to measure the responsiveness of the pupil and a patient's ability to discern between different objects. [66]

Technology

The check pattern has been used to increase the productivity and ease of use of various technologies. In digital images, the checkerboard pattern is used to signal the transparency of a background in a PNG file. Check is also noted as a reliable pattern to use for camera calibration according to Chunsheng Yu and Qingjin Peng [67] because of its ability to be easily recognised visually by people and computers.

In the creation of solar panels, the check pattern has been used as a configuration to optimise the absorption efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells. [68]

Board games

The original check pattern was the ancient oriental chess-board Opening chess position from black side.jpg
The original check pattern was the ancient oriental chess-board

The check pattern has been commonly implemented in the board of tabletop games to create a grid for players to dictate the movement of pieces. The checkerboard is used in a variety of games including chess, draughts, makruk and shantranj. In chess, the checkered board upon which the game is played is referred to as the chessboard and it consists of an 8x8 square grid which holds 64 squares. Chess players use algebraic notation to describe the movements of each player and refer to each square and piece with a specific letter and number. [69] The vertical columns of the chessboard are called files and are labeled alphabetically from a to h, with a starting on the leftmost side of white's pieces, also referred to as the queenside. The horizontal rows of the chessboard are named ranks and are attributed a whole number ranging from 1 to 8 where 1 is placed on white's side of the chessboard.

Chequers

On a board used by the medieval Exchequer, the pattern is utilised to perform financial computations pertaining to taxes and goods. The title of Exchequer is derived from the checkered cloth or table upon which confrontational audits of Barons took place. [70]

In art

The alternating and contrasting blocks within the check pattern are heavily utilised by artist M.C. Escher. Notable appearance of this pattern by Escher include the Metamorphosis series of woodcut prints, The Sky and Water Lithograph print series and The Regular Division of the Plane series among several other works.[ citation needed ]

The artist Juan Gris also frequently incorporates the checkerboard pattern into his paintings. Artworks that feature the pattern include Still Life with Checked Tablecloth, Violin and Checkerboard and Harlequin with a Guitar.[ citation needed ]

See also

Sources

Related Research Articles

Check or cheque, may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madras (cloth)</span> Fine handwoven cotton fabric of India

Madras is a lightweight cotton fabric with typically patterned texture and tartan design, used primarily for summer clothing such as pants, shorts, lungi, dresses, and jackets. The fabric takes its name from the former name of the city of Chennai in south India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tartan</span> Predominantly Scottish cloth pattern

Tartan is a patterned cloth with crossing horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours, forming simple or complex rectangular patterns. Tartans originated in woven wool, but are now made in other materials. Tartan is particularly associated with Scotland, and Scottish kilts almost always have tartan patterns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Checkerboard</span> Board with an alternating square pattern on which games are played

A checkerboard or chequerboard is a game board of checkered pattern on which checkers is played. Most commonly, it consists of 64 squares (8×8) of alternating dark and light color, typically green and buff, black and red, or black and white. An 8×8 checkerboard is used to play many other games, including chess, whereby it is known as a chessboard. Other rectangular square-tiled boards are also often called checkerboards. In The Netherlands, however, a dammenbord has 10 rows and 10 columns for 100 squares in total.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argyle (pattern)</span> Pattern made of diamonds or lozenges

An argyle pattern is made of diamonds or lozenges. The word is sometimes used to refer to an individual diamond in the design, but more commonly refers to the overall pattern. Most argyle contains layers of overlapping motifs, adding a sense of three-dimensionality, movement, and texture. Typically, there is an overlay of intercrossing diagonal lines on solid diamonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gingham</span> Type of fabric

Gingham, also called Vichy check, is a medium-weight balanced plain-woven fabric typically with tartan (plaid), striped, or check duotone patterns, in bright colour and in white made from dyed cotton or cotton-blend yarns. It is made of carded, medium or fine yarns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Highland dress</span> Traditional dress of Scotlands highlands and isles

Highland dress is the traditional, regional dress of the Highlands and Isles of Scotland. It is often characterised by tartan. Specific designs of shirt, jacket, bodice and headwear may also be worn along with clan badges and other devices indicating family and heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belted plaid</span> Large piece of fabric wrapped around the body, loosely gathered and belted at the waist

The belted plaid is a large blanket-like piece of fabric which is wrapped around the body with the material pleated or, more accurately, loosely gathered and secured at the waist by means of a belt. Typically, a portion of the belted plaid hangs down to about the knees or ankles with the rest of the material being wrapped up around the upper body in a variety of ways and pinned or otherwise secured to keep it in place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Percy Sillitoe</span>

Sir Percy Joseph Sillitoe KBE DL was a chief constable of several police forces. He changed the role of radios, civilian staff, and women police officers within the police. He was later Director General of MI5, the United Kingdom's internal security service, from 1946 to 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houndstooth</span> Two-color broken check pattern

Houndstooth is a pattern of alternating light and dark checks used on fabric. It is also known as hounds tooth check, hound's tooth, dogstooth, dogtooth or dog's tooth. The duotone pattern is characterized by a tessellation of light and dark solid checks alternating with light-and-dark diagonally-striped checks—similar in pattern to gingham plaid but with diagonally-striped squares in place of gingham's blended-tone squares. Traditionally, houndstooth uses black and white, although other contrasting colour combinations may be used.

Tartan is a pattern of textile also known as plaid, often associated with Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Border tartan</span> Checked fabric associated with the Anglo-Scottish Border country

Border tartan, sometimes known as Borders tartan, Northumbrian tartan, Northumberland tartan, shepherds' plaid, shepherds' check, Border drab, or Border check, is a design used in woven fabrics historically associated with the Anglo-Scottish Border, particularly with the Scottish Borders and Northumberland. Possibly the most identifiable Border tartan garment of the region is the maud, made popular from the 1820s by fashionable Border Scots such as Sir Walter Scott, James Hogg, Henry Scott Riddell and Robert Burns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sillitoe tartan</span> Black (or other) and white chequered pattern, associated with policing

Sillitoe tartan is a distinctive chequered pattern, usually black-and-white or blue-and-white, which was originally associated with the police in Scotland. It later gained widespread use in the rest of the United Kingdom and overseas, notably in Australia and New Zealand, as well as Chicago and Pittsburgh in the United States. It is used occasionally elsewhere, including by some Spanish municipal police and in parts of Canada, where it is limited to auxiliary police services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masonic ritual and symbolism</span> Scripted words and actions spoken or performed during degree work

Masonic ritual is the scripted words and actions that are spoken or performed during the degree work in a Masonic lodge. Masonic symbolism is that which is used to illustrate the principles which Freemasonry espouses. Masonic ritual has appeared in a number of contexts within literature including in "The Man Who Would Be King", by Rudyard Kipling, and War and Peace, by Leo Tolstoy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glen plaid</span> Woollen fabric with a woven twill design of small and large checks

Glen plaid, also known as Glenurquhart check or Prince of Wales check, is a woollen fabric with a woven twill design of small and large checks. It is usually made of black/grey and white, or with more muted colours, particularly with two dark and two light stripes alternating with four dark and four light stripes, which creates a crossing pattern of irregular checks. Glen plaid as a woven pattern may be extended to cotton shirting and other non-woollen fabrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keffiyeh</span> Traditional headdress worn by men in the Middle East

The keffiyeh or kufiyyeh, also known in Arabic as a hattah, is a traditional headdress worn by men from parts of the Middle East. It is fashioned from a square scarf, and is usually made of cotton. The keffiyeh is commonly found in arid regions, as it provides protection from sunburn, dust, and sand. The regional variations are called ghutrah and shemagh. A head cord, agal, is often used by Arabs to keep the ghutrah in place.

Palestinian <i>keffiyeh</i> Black and white scarf

The Palestinian keffiyeh is a distinctly patterned black-and-white keffiyeh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maud (plaid)</span>

A maud is a woollen blanket or plaid woven in a pattern of small black and white checks known as Border tartan, Shepherd's check, Shepherd's plaid or Galashiels grey. It was in common use as an item of clothing in the southern counties of Scotland and the northern counties of England until the early twentieth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatian checkerboard</span> National symbol of Croatia and Croats

The Croatian checkerboard or chequy is the national symbol of Croatia and Croats. It covers the main shield of Croatian coat of arms above which is the crown with five smaller shields. Squares are always arranged correctly and they are red and white, although the order has historically varied.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regimental tartan</span> Tartan pattern used by a military unit

Regimental tartans are tartan patterns used in military uniforms, possibly originally by some militias of Scottish clans, certainly later by some of the Independent Highland Companies (IHCs) raised by the British government, then by the Highland regiments and many Lowland regiments of the British Army, and eventually by some military units in other countries. The earliest evidence suggesting militia uniform tartans dates to 1691, and the first certain uniform tartan was that of the Royal Company of Archers in 1713. The IHCs raised 1725–29 by the British government appear to have had one or more uniform tartans, though some later ones did not. The first true Highland regiment of the British Army was the 42nd Regiment of Foot formed by amalgamation of the IHCs in 1739, and had its own consistent uniform tartan by 1749 or 1757 at the latest. Some later Highland units also wore this tartan, while others developed minor variations on it, usually by adding bright-coloured over-checks. Some few regiments developed their own tartans not based on Black Watch, including the 75th, 79th, Fraser Fencibles, and Loyal Clan Donnachie Volunteers. Some units developed special tartans for bandsmen and grenadiers.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Traber, Daniel (2013). "Pick It Up! Pick It Up!: The Transnational Localism of Ska". Popular Music and Society. 36 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.600293. ISSN   0300-7766. S2CID   144935152.
  2. 1 2 3 Renfro, Evan (5 June 2017). "Stitched together, torn apart: The keffiyeh as cultural guide". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 21 (6): 571–586. doi:10.1177/1367877917713266. ISSN   1367-8779. S2CID   149275034.
  3. ↑ "check | Origin and meaning of check by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise, Lexis, Paris, 1993
  5. ↑ Murray, Harold James Ruthven (1913). A History of Chess. London England: Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ St Claire, Kassia (2018). "1 Fibres in the Cave: The Origins of Weaving". The Golden Thread: How Fabric Changed History. United Kingdom: John Murray. ISBN   978-1473659032.
  7. ↑ Fowler, Brenda (9 May 1995). "Find Suggests Weaving Preceded Settled Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Brackman, Barbara (5 November 2010). "Fabric of the Machine Age: 1890-1925 / Ginghams: Checked, Plaid, Striped and Plain". Making History - Quilts & Fabric From 1890-1970\. Lafayette, California: C&T Publishing Inc (published 2010). ISBN   9781607053026 . Retrieved 3 May 2019. Weavers have always been able to produce pattern by crossing colored yarns into stripes and checks [...]. But early-twentieth-century fashion embraced simple woven patterns, so a quilt with an abundance of checks, plaids, and stripes may be from 1910 to 1925.
  9. ↑ Barber, E. J. W. (2000). The mummies of Ürümchi. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN   0-393-32019-7. OCLC   48426519.
  10. 1 2 Bernstein, Richard (13 January 1999). "Silent Giants as Guides on an Ancient Thoroughfare". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  11. ↑ Ackerman, Robert E. (1982). "The Neolithic-Bronze Age Cultures of Asia and the Norton Phase of Alaskan Prehistory". Arctic Anthropology. 19 (2): 11–38. ISSN   0066-6939. JSTOR   40316024.
  12. ↑ Butler, Howard Crosby (1901). "The Roman Aqueducts as Monuments of Architecture". American Journal of Archaeology. 5 (2): 175–199. doi: 10.2307/496768 . JSTOR   496768. S2CID   191398212.
  13. ↑ Checkerwork. Encyclopedia Britannica (published 20 July 1998). 1998. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "Early History". UK Parliament. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Brown, Ian, ed. (2012). From tartan to tartanry : Scottish culture, history and myth. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN   978-0-7486-6464-1. OCLC   875242958.
  16. ↑ Kompanje, Ejo (2013). "'Real men wear kilts'.. The anecdotal evidence that wearing a Scottish kilt has influence on reproductive potential: how much is true?". Scottish Medical Journal. 58 (1): e1–e5. doi:10.1177/0036933012474600. ISSN   0036-9330. PMID   23596031. S2CID   10500427.
  17. 1 2 3 Kohlsted, Kurt (24 December 2020). "Sillitoe's Tartan: The Scottish Origins of a Global Emergency Services Pattern". 99% Invisible. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020.
  18. 1 2 "The Sillitoe Tartan – Glasgow Police Museum". Glasgow Police Museum . Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  19. 1 2 Majis, Brigitte (2019). "Stripes, Checks, and Flowers: Textile Patterns in the Murals of Lepakshi, South India'". Textile Museum Journal. 58: 26–41. doi:10.7560/TMJ4603 (inactive 12 September 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
  20. ↑ Varadarajan, Lotika (1984). "Designs in Cotton: Horizons of the Past and Present". India International Centre Quarterly. 11 (4): 69–78. ISSN   0376-9771. JSTOR   23001705.
  21. ↑ Romano, Pamela (11 December 2020). "History and evolution of the check pattern". NSS G-Club Magazine.
  22. ↑ Whang, Mikyoung; Haar, Sherry (2014). "Nelly Don's 1916 pink gingham apron frock: an illustration of the middle-class American housewife's shifting role from producer to consumer". Fashion and Textiles. 1 (1): 1–17. doi: 10.1186/s40691-014-0018-1 . hdl: 2097/8621 . ISSN   2198-0802. S2CID   146222176.
  23. ↑ thedutchladydesigns (30 May 2023). "What Is the Louis Vuitton Checkered Pattern Called?". The Dutch Lady Designs. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  24. ↑ "The history of: Louis Vuitton Damier Ebene Canvas and Damier Azur Canv". l'Étoile de Saint Honoré. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  25. ↑ Robert Klara (12 November 2015). "Why the 165-Year-Old Buffalo Check Is 2015's Hot Holiday Pattern". Ad Week.
  26. ↑ Laura Serino (25 November 2013). "A Brief History of Buffalo Plaid". Maine Today.
  27. ↑ Patrick, Jane, and Sokolov, Stephanie Flynn. Woven Scarves: 26 Inspired Designs for the Rigid Heddle Loom. United States, F+W Media, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Ska Revival Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  29. ↑ Perry, Leanna (4 January 2018). "Emerging Looks: The Checkerboard Pattern". Underground Underdogs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.
  30. ↑ Caivano, José Luis (1998). <390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-# "Color and semiotics: A two-way street". Color Research & Application. 23 (6): 390–401. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199812)23:6<390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-#. ISSN   0361-2317.
  31. ↑ Butters, Ronald R. (29 January 2013), "Semiotic Interpretation in Trademark Law: The Empirical Study of Commercial Meanings in American English of {▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄} "Checkered Pattern"", Law, Culture and Visual Studies, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 261–282, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9322-6_13, ISBN   978-90-481-9321-9 , retrieved 31 May 2021
  32. ↑ Ali Khan, Ghanzanfar (1 July 2015). "Not just a checkered scarf". Arab News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  33. ↑ "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  34. ↑ Corstange, Daniel (28 January 2021). "Non-state order and strategic communication via symbolic dress in Yemen". Rationality and Society. 33 (1): 3–51. doi:10.1177/1043463120985322. ISSN   1043-4631. S2CID   231808695.
  35. ↑ Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and customs of Israel. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN   0-313-05036-8. OCLC   58388859.
  36. 1 2 Kirk, Matthew D. (28 March 2021). "Islam, veiling & political agency: the visual performativity of Palestinian female suicide bombers in broadcast news media". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 30 (3): 278–296. doi:10.1080/15456870.2021.1903467. ISSN   1545-6870. S2CID   233621947.
  37. ↑ Farazi Saber, Indlieb (28 May 2021). "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  38. ↑ Binur, Yoram (1990). My enemy, my self. Penguin Books. p. 15. ISBN   0-14-012985-5. OCLC   20826082.
  39. ↑ "Profile: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)". BBC News. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  40. ↑ Eglash, Ruth (29 January 2010). "Heads up! It's the new 'Israeli keffiyeh'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Mackey, Albert (2013). Encyclopedia Of Freemasonry Extended Annotated Edition. Altenmünster: Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN   978-3-8496-3156-7. OCLC   867191435.
  42. ↑ "The Masonic Mosaic Pavement". Bricks Masons. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  43. ↑ "MOSAIC PAVEMENT - Tasselated Border of the Lodge". www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  44. ↑ Eyer, Shawn (2009). "The Mystery of the Mosaic Pavement". Philalethes: The Journal of Masonic Research and Letters. 62: 90–97.
  45. ↑ Horne, Alex (1972). King Solomon's temple in the Masonic tradition. Aquarian Press. ISBN   0-85030-767-8. OCLC   24246861.
  46. ↑ Gardner, Laurence (2009). The shadow of Solomon : the lost secret of the Freemasons revealed. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-00-734356-0. OCLC   878981740.
  47. ↑ Hall, Manly P. (2004). The lost keys of masonry : the legend of Hiram Abiff. NuVision Publications. ISBN   1-932681-01-9. OCLC   55538062.
  48. ↑ "The Checkered Flooring". Freemason Information. 7 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  49. ↑ "The Basic Principles of Freemasons". dummies. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  50. 1 2 Cobain, Ian (4 February 2018). "Integrity or influence? Inside the world of modern Freemasons". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  51. ↑ Clarke, Hyde (4 January 1873). "The temple of Solomon". Notes and Queries. s4-XI (262): 22–23. doi:10.1093/nq/s4-xi.262.22g. ISSN   1471-6941.
  52. ↑ The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. "Masonic Library - King Solomon's Temple". masoniclibrary. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  53. ↑ "Museum of Freemasonry - Tracing Boards". www.mof.org.au. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  54. ↑ Parker, James (1894). "A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry". www.heraldsnet.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  55. ↑ Marshall, Tim (2017). A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols. New York: Scribner. ISBN   978-1-5011-6834-5. OCLC   1006812583.
  56. ↑ Bently, Ross (13 October 2020). "The Mysterious Origins Of The Checkered Flag - Winding Road". www.windingroad.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  57. ↑ Weaver, Anna (23 May 2018). "How The Checkered Flag Came To Represent The Finish Line At Races". Simplemost. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  58. ↑ Egloff, Fred R. (2006). Origin of the checker flag : a search for racing's holy grail. Watkin's Glen: International Motor Racing Research Center. ISBN   0-9785633-0-1. OCLC   71291549.
  59. ↑ "Tartan Details - Sillitoe". The Scottish Register of Tartans. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  60. 1 2 "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study" (PDF). PsycEXTRA Dataset. FEMA. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  61. ↑ Beck, Kirby (29 October 2005). "IPMBA". IPMBA. Archived from the original on 29 February 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  62. ↑ "Why do many airports have red and white checkered structures?" . Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  63. ↑ "Why is everything in Airports painted with red and white checks?". November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  64. ↑ Chiao, Chuan-Chin; Hanlon, Roger (15 June 2001). "Cuttlefish camouflage: visual perception of size, contrast and number of white squares on artificial checkerboard substrata initiates disruptive coloration". Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (12): 2119–2125. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.12.2119. ISSN   0022-0949. PMID   11441053.
  65. ↑ Sutherland, N. S.; Williams, Clare (1969). "Discrimination of Checkerboard Patterns by Rats". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 21 (4): 330–338. doi:10.1080/14640746908400199. ISSN   0033-555X. PMID   5777986. S2CID   41184659.
  66. ↑ Slooter, J.; van Norren, D. (1980). "Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 19 (1): 105–108. ISSN   0146-0404. PMID   7350128.
  67. ↑ Yu, Chunsheng; Peng, Qingjin (1 September 2006). "Robust recognition of checkerboard pattern for camera calibration". Optical Engineering. 45 (9): 093201. Bibcode:2006OptEn..45i3201Y. doi:10.1117/1.2352738. ISSN   0091-3286.
  68. ↑ Donaldson, Laurie (2021). "Solar panel checkerboard design improves light absorption". Materials Today. 42: 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2020.11.008. S2CID   234197982.
  69. ↑ Capablanca, José Raúl (1921). Chess fundamentals in Algebraic Notation. independently published. ISBN   978-1-85744-073-7. OCLC   1142965854.
  70. ↑ The foundations of Western civilization, Thomas F. X. Noble, Teaching Company, Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co, 2002, ISBN   978-1-56585-575-5, OCLC   858093928 , retrieved 31 May 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

London Regalia History of The Knights Templar

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.