List of assassinations in Europe

Assassinations which took place on the continent of Europe include the following.

For the purposes of this article, an assassination is defined as the deliberate, premeditated murder of a prominent figure, often for religious or political reasons.

Albania

This section is an excerpt from List of assassinations in Albania § Assassinations (1913–present).[ edit ]

No.	Name of victim(s)	Portrait	Highest position held	Date assassinated	Name of assassin(s)	Place of assassination	Suspected motive and description of the assassination
1	Hasan Rıza Pasha		General in the Ottoman-Albanian army of Scutari Vilayet	31 January 1913	Osman Bali, Mehmet Kavaja	A remote street near Rozafa Castle, Shkodër	Assailants were sent on the orders of Esad Toptani whose aim was to be the commander in charge of defending Shkodër from the invading Montenegrin forces.
2	Gjeto Çoku		Prefect of Lezhë	7 October 1913	Prenk Kol Brunga	Lezhë	Brunga was paid by the House of Prenk Bib Doda to eliminate the Prefect of Lezhë. Brunga, a paid guard in the Gendarmerie of Lezhë at the time, assassinated Gjeto Çoku at dusk as the Prefect was taking an evening stroll with Franz Nopcsa.
3	Lodewijk Thomson		Dutch military commander during the governance of Turhan Pasha.	15 June 1914	Unknown	Ura e Dajlanit, Durrës	Thomson made plenty of enemies during his short time of service in the country. The real motive of his murder has yet to be uncovered.
4	Nexhat Libohova		Minister of Finance	26 May 1915	Osman Bali	Shkallnur, Durrës	Political dispute with Esad Toptani.
5	Çerçiz Topulli		Commander of the Gjirokastër military band	17 July 1915	Montenegrin soldiers	Shtoji field, Golem, Shkodër	Revenge over the killing of the Greek bishop Photios in 1906.
6	Ded Gjo Luli		Leader of the Albanian revolt of 1911	24 September 1915	Unknown	Sheshëz, Orosh	Killed for nationalist motives.
7	Isa Boletini		Leader of the uprising to liberate Albanian lands	23 January 1916	Pero Burič	Ribnica bridge, Podgorica, Montenegro	Killed to suppress the Albanian resistance.
8	Stath Melani		Orthodox priest	24 December 1917	Josif Soropulli, Josif Stërmbeci, Vangjel Radimishti	Balta e kuqe, Lipivan, Përmet	Melani was killed by a group of Greek nationalists for insisting on the use of the Albanian language in the local Orthodox liturgy.
10	Prenk Bib Doda		Deputy Prime Minister	22 March 1919	Prenk Gjeto Çoku	Zejmen, Lezhë	Bib Doda was killed in an ambush, while traveling from Durrës to Shëngjin in the company of British diplomat Eden, who was wounded. The motive was revenge for Bib Doda's ordering the assassination of Prenk Gjeto Çoku's father, Gjeto Çoku, the Prefect of Lezhë.
11	Xhelal Koprëncka		Signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence	21 October 1919	Syrja Guri	Dëllinjë, Qafa e Martës, Skrapar	Murdered for personal revenge.
12	Sali Nivica		Journalist, Director of newspaper "Populli"	11 January 1920	Kolë Ashiku	A street near the Post Office, Shkodër	Killed for personal reasons.
13	Abdyl Ypi		Prefect of Durrës	15 January 1920	Sulejman Haxhi	Durrës	Killed on the orders of Mustafa Kruja as one of the initiators of the Congress of Lushnjë.
14	Esad Toptani		Prime Minister	13 June 1920	Avni Rustemi	Paris, France	The murder was likely ordered by political rivals even though the widely accepted theory was treason.
15	Meleq Frashëri		General Commander of the Gendarmerie	8 March 1922	Unknown	Kodër-Kamëz, Tiranë	Killed during clashes with the rebels against the government.
16	Enrico Tellini		Head of the International Commission to survey the disputed border between Greece and Albania	27 August 1923	Organized Greek band	Delvinaq, Zhepë, Greece	To prevent the defining of the new boundary in favor of Albania.
17	George B. De Long Robert L. Coleman		Real estate businessman Financier	6 April 1924	Local bandits	Ura e Përroit, Mamurras	The only conclusive motive for the murders was random burglary.
18	Avni Rustemi		Member of the Parliament	20 April 1924	Jusuf Reçi	Hoxha Tahsin St., Tiranë	The motive of the assassination remains a mystery.
19	Azem Galica		Commander of a military band	25 July 1924	Yugoslavian forces	Galicë, Kosovo	Galica was killed by Yugoslav forces to suppress the movement against incorporating Kosovo into the newly formed state of Yugoslavia.
20	Elez Isufi		Commander of the Dibër Band	30 December 1924	Unknown assailants	Kazermat, Peshkopi	The murder of Isufi was widely seen as a treasonous act.
21	Luigj Gurakuqi		Served as Minister of Education two months prior.	2 March 1925	Balto Stamolla	Bari, Italy	Stamolla was a close relative of the Albanian Counsel in Bari, Çatin Saraçi.
22	Zija Dibra		Served as Minister of Public Works in the Evangjeli I Cabinet	6 January 1925	Unknown	Harizaj, Kavajë	Dibra was a fierce political opponent of prime minister Ahmet Zogu who came to power just two days after the assassination took place.
23	Bajram Curri		Served as Minister of War in 1921	29 March 1925	Unidentified	By a cave in Dragobi, Tropojë	Killed by assailants who were sent on the orders of Hysen Kryeziu, at the time serving as the Prefect of Kosovo.
24	Osman Bali		Commander of the Presidential Guard	5 September 1926	Myslim Peza, Islam Leka	Near Ura e Tabakëve, Tiranë	The killing was due to political revenge.
25	Isuf Dibra		Served as Minister of War in the Toptani Cabinet	19 March 1927	Unknown	Tiranë	Murdered by his assistant under unknown circumstances.
26	Ceno Kryeziu		Minister of Albania in Prague	14 October 1927	Alqiviadh Bebi	Prague, Czechoslovakia	Killed for having collaborated with the Yugoslavs. The assassin was a close relative to Andon Beça, an ally of Shefqet Vërlaci.
27	Llesh Topallaj		Officer of the Republican Guard	21 February 1931	Ndok Gjeloshi, Azis Çami	Operngasse St., Vienna, Austria	The official motive that circulated in the media at the time was that the assailants were trying to assassinate Ahmet Zogu.
28	Mark Kapidani		Member of the Parliament	19 December 1932	Geg Marka Gega	Inside the Officers' Hall, near the Royal Palace, Tiranë	The assassin was a former officer in the Army Reserve, once sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for his attempts to overthrow the government.
29	Bajazid Doda		Photographer, Personal Secretary of Baron Nopcsa	25 April 1933	Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás	Singerstrasse St., Vienna, Austria	Killed for personal reasons.
30	Hasan Prishtina		Former Prime Minister	13 August 1933	Ibrahim Çelo	Thessaloniki, Greece	The assassin was apparently a former acquaintance but motives of the assassination remain unclear.
31	Leon De Ghilardi		Officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army	16 August 1933	Xhevahir Arapi	Mulliri i Kashtës, Fier	Killed during the anti-government revolt.
32	Qazim Bodinaku		Served as Prefect of Vlorë and later Berat	6 April 1939	Unknown	Unknown	A Zog loyalist, he was murdered as he was trying to leave the country by 2 persons whom he had had a previous dispute with.
33	Daut Hoxha  [ sq ]		Commander of the Chameria Band	14 June 1940	Sotir Demiri, Vangjel Pando, Dhimo Koçi, Kolo Sulioti, Sotir Vangjeli	Sheshi i Rrahut, Konispol	The victim had been sentenced to death by the Greek State because of his anti-Greek resurgence in the region.
34	Xhafer Ypi		Former Prime Minister	17 December 1940	Unknown	Unknown	Killed during aerial bombardments.
35	Sali Nijazi Dede		Dedebaba, Founder of the Bektashi Order	28 November 1941	Italian agents	Bektashi Headquarters, Tiranë	Did not accept to sign the act of invasion by Fascist Italy.
36	Musa Puka		Prefect of Elbasan	2 October 1942	Unknown	Elbasan	Killed on a roadside by communist rebels.
37	Skënder Çami  [ sq ]		Police Superintendent for Korçë	4 March 1942	Unknown	Unknown	The motives of the killing remain unknown.
38	Qemal Stafa		Leader of the Communist Youth	5 May 1942	A local policeman	Tiranë	Stafa was killed in a house on the outskirts of Tirana by a local Carabinieri. Rumors say that he may have been betrayed by one or more of his comrades, possibly Enver Hoxha (the first secretary of the Albanian communist party & leader of Albania), because he gained much from his death.
39	Saverino Ricottini		Member of the Fascist Upper Council	25 March 1943	Unknown	Pejë, Kosovo	The motives of the murder are unknown.
40	Qazim Koculi		Served as Acting Prime Minister	2 January 1943	Halil Alia	Vlorë	Murdered by the fascist mercenary battalion of Halil Alia for personal reasons.
41	Iljas Agushi  [ sq ]		Deputy Prime Minister in the Merlika Cabinet	27 October 1943	Bujar Hoxha, Shahin Gjashta	Tiranë	The motives of the assassination were due to Agushi's collaboration with the invading Nazi forces.
42	Hysen Myshketa  [ sq ]		Member of the National Council	8 October 1943	Unknown	Durrës	Myshketa and his brother were murdered by three assassins as they were walking along the "Mussolini Boardwalk".
43	Idhomen Kosturi		Chairman of the National Council	5 November 1943	Kolë Laku	Tiranë	Murdered under the orders of the Communist Guerrilla unit.
44	Aziz Çami		Military commander in the Vlora War	15 December 1943	Communist forces	Tiranë	Murdered for being a member of the Balli Kombëtar.
45	Veli Vasjari		Chief of State Police	12 May 1944	Unknown	Korçë	Killed by communist partisans near the region of Gabravicë.
46	Mustafa Gjinishi		Board member of the National Liberation Council	26 August 1944	Unknown	Sllatinë, Dibër	His death occurred during mysterious circumstances as he traveled to northern Albania.
47	Lefter Kosova  [ sq ]		Minister of Public Works under the Biçakçiu Cabinet	6 September 1944	Xhelal Staravecka	Tiranë	Murdered because of a previous political dispute.
48	Mark Kodheli  [ sq ]		Consul of Albania in Bari, Italy	1944	Unknown
49	Shaban Polluzha		Member of the Yugoslavian Parliament	21 February 1945	Yugoslavian soldiers	Tërstenik, Drenicë, Kosovo	He was killed for being an irredentist.
50	Miladin Popović		Head of the Communist Yugoslav Mission in Albania	13 March 1945	Haki Taha	Pristina, Kosovo	Popović mediated plans of keeping the territory of Kosovo under Serbian supervision.
51	Ndrecë Ndue Gjoka		Deputy chairman of the executive committee of Mirditë	17 February 1946	Members of the Mountains Committee	Qafë-Vorrëz, Kaçinar, Mirditë	Killed for spreading educational leaflets.
52	Mark Gjon Marku  [ sq ]		Minister of Interior in the Bushati Cabinet	14 June 1946	Members of Armed Forces	Perlat Forest, Prosek, Mirditë	Killed for personal reasons.
53	Baba Faja Martaneshi		Deputy Leader of the National Liberation Front	18 March 1947	Dede Baba Abazi	Bektashi Headquarters, Tiranë	Murdered due to political and religious differences.
54	Kostaq Kotta		Prime Minister	1 September 1947	Two prison guards	Burrel Prison	Murdered because he was considered a political enemy.
55	Nako Spiru		High ranking communist official in charge of the State Planning Commission	20 November 1947	Unknown	Tiranë	The murder was officially ruled a suicide but he was most likely killed under the orders of Koçi Xoxe.
56	Josif Papamihali		Mission head of the Unity Church of Albania	26 October 1948	Labor camp guards	Maliq	He was considered an enemy of the state along with thirty-seven other priests.
57	Bardhok Biba		Member of the People's Assembly	9 August 1949	Unknown	Kaçinar, Lezhë	Killed by the anti-communist resistance guerrilla unit "Komiteti i Maleve".
58	Pal Mëlyshi  [ sq ]		Agent of the Sigurimi	12 April 1950	Unknown	Ujë-Lurth, Mirditë	His suspicious death was considered accidental.
59	Alush Lleshanaku  [ pl ]		Legislative Member of the Corporative Fascist Upper Council	24 December 1950	Ilo Stojko	Elbasan	A staunch anti-communist resistance leader, Lleshanaku was assassinated by an agent of the Sigurimi.
60	Sali Ormeni		Director of the Albanian State Police	2 March 1951	Unknown	Rrogozhinë	Killed mysteriously a week after the bombing of the Soviet Embassy.
61	Omer Nishani		Former Head of State	26 May 1954	Unknown	Tiranë	His murder was officially ruled a suicide.
62	Teme Sejko		Commander of the Naval Fleet	31 May 1961	Qemal Birçe, Islam Gjondede	Maminas, Durrës	The perpetrators tied a rope around his neck and killed him for personal reasons.
63	Haxhi Hajdari  [ sq ]		Member of the People's Assembly	8 April 1963	Unknown	Unknown	Denounced as the "People's Enemy" by the regime, he was killed by artillery gunfire.
64	Myslym Keta  [ sq ]		Commander of the Tanks Regiment	26 February 1966	Unknown	Fushë-Arrëz	Keta was suspected to be an opponent of dictator Enver Hoxha.
65	Mehmet Shehu		Prime Minister	17 December 1981	Unknown	Tiranë	The official death was ruled a suicide but Shehu was more than likely killed by the Sigurimi under Hoxha's orders.
66	Jusuf Gërvalla		Member of the Movement for Liberation of Kosovo	17 January 1982	Agents of the UDB	Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany	To suppress the Albanian nationalist movement in Kosovo.
67	Mustafa Band		Exiles	27 September 1982	Security Forces	Zhamë, Rrogozhinë	Prevented plot to assassinate dictator Enver Hoxha.
68	Jean Marie Massellin		French Employee Club Med Corfu	18 Jun 1984	Albanian Border Guards	Vrine, Butrinti	Killed by Albanian border guards for accidentally straying in Albanian territorial waters.
69	Aleksandër Kondo  [ sq ]		National Weightlifting Champion	1 May 1987	Unknown	Gas station, New York	Likely assassination by Sigurimi agents to make it appear as an accident.
70	Josif Budo		Local worker	10 July 1990	Luan Allajbeu	Main street, Kavajë	Killed for being an opponent of the regime.
71	Artan Lenja		Wrestler	24 February 1991	Military patrol	Rruga "Ndre Mjeda", Tiranë	Killed by a military patrol unit in charge of enforcing public order.
72	Arben Broci		Engineer at a cigarette factory	2 April 1991	Unknown	Shkodër	Killed by a sniper to suppress public disorder.
73	Gazmend Muça		Criminal	7 April 1992	Naim Zyberi, Franc Konomi	Xhamlliku, Tiranë	Killed for personal reasons.
74	Remzi Hoxha		Businessman	21 October 1995	Responsible: Arben Sefgjini, Ilir Kumbaro, Avni Koldashi, Budion Meçe	Kunë-Vain, Lezhë	The speculative rumor was that Hoxha was a UDB agent. He died from the injuries sustained during his torture inside the SHIK facility.
75	Bujar Kaloshi		General Director of Prisons	26 July 1996	Unknown	Former aviation field, Tiranë	Kaloshi's murder was likely influenced by his position as head of the prison system.
76	Ahmet Krasniqi  [ sq ]		Kosovo's Minister of Defence	21 September 1998	Unknown	"Haxhi Dalliu" street, Tiranë	The motives for his killing are not yet known.
77	Azem Hajdari		Member of the Assembly	22 September 1998	Fatmir Haklaj, Jaho Mulosmani, Naim Cangu	Tiranë	The suspected motive for Hajdari's assassination was political revenge.
78	Kleanthi Koçi		Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	21 February 1999	Unknown	Near Tirana International Hotel	Motives for his killing have yet to be uncovered.
79	Arben Zylyftari  [ sq ]		Police chief in Shkodër	2 August 2000	Bahri Tafili	Lagja "Udhakryq", Shkodër	Killed due to his position as chief of police.
80	Salih Tivari		General Secretary of the Muslim Community of Albania	13 January 2002	Unknown	Headquarters of the Muslim Community of Albania	Tivari had raised doubts about financial contributions coming from anonymous Muslim organizations.
81	Gani Malushi  [ sq ]		Chief of Police in Fushë-Krujë	6 August 2003	Agim Pepa	Durrës	The actual target in the killing was Malushi's personal chauffeur.
82	Gramoz Palushi		Football fan	4 September 2004	Panajotis Kladhis	Island of Zakinthos, Greece	Killed because he celebrated the football victory of Albania over Greece.
83	Vajdin Lame		Businessman	28 February 2005	Unknown	Tiranë	Lame was part owner of national television station Top Channel. He was killed from a bomb planted inside an elevator alongside his friend Artan Arsi.
84	Edmond Malollari		President of Tomori Berat football club	14 December 2005	Unknown	Tiranë	The motive for the killing in broad daylight was likely because of unpaid debt.
85	Fatmir Xhindi  [ sq ]		Member of the Assembly	2 May 2009	Unknown	Roskovec, Fier	Motives of his murder remain a mystery.
86	Fatos Xhani, Altin Dizdari, Sajmir Duçkallari, Kastriot Feskaj		State Police officers	7 August 2009	Dritan Dajti	Iliria beach, Durrës	The officers on duty were killed as Dajti was resisting arrest.
87	Remzi Veseli  [ sq ]		Mayor of Tërthore Commune	25 October 2010	Unknown	Kukës	Motives for the killing remain unsolved.
88	Hekuran Deda, Faik Myrtaj, Ziver Veizi, Aleks Nika		Participants in an anti-government protest	21 January 2011	Ndrea Prendi, Agim Llupo	"Dëshmorët e Kombit" Boulevard, Tiranë	Randomly killed to warn protesters from entering the Prime Minister's Office building.
89	Skerdilajd Konomi		Judge of the 1st Circuit Court in Vlorë	9 September 2011	Unknown	"Vlorë-Skelë" street, Vlorë	Motives for the killing have yet to be uncovered.
90	Arjan Selimi		Drug trafficker	26 September 2011	Unknown	Tiranë	Selimi was the fiancé of television personality Inis Gjoni. His killing was a result of his past as a convicted drug trafficker.
91	Adem Tahiraj  [ sq ]		Chief of Police in Shijak	12 September 2012	Ilir Xhakja	Katund-Sukth, Durrës	Shot and killed during an operation for the arrest of the suspect.
92	Dritan Lamaj		Chief of Commissariat Nr.6 in Tiranë	25 February 2013	Arben Frroku	Tiranë	Frroku, a local businessman, had been physically assaulted by Lamaj a few months prior.
93	Artan Santo  [ sq ]		Founder of Credins Bank	26 June 2014	Unknown	"Ibrahim Rugova" street, Tiranë	Motives for his murder remain a mystery.
94	Ibrahim Basha		Officer of RENEA	24 June 2015	Unknown	Lazarat, Gjirokastër	Killed by sniper fire during a drug sting operation.
95	Artan Cuku		Police chief of Vlorë	8 April 2017	Mikel Shallari	Rruga e Kosovarëve, Tiranë	Killed for work related revenge.

Austria

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1913	Franz Schuhmeier, socialist member of the Reichsrat	Paul Kunschak
1916	Count Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria	Friedrich Adler	Assassinated by Social Democratic politician in protest of World War I
1925	Hugo Bettauer, journalist and writer, critic of antisemitism	Otto Rothstock, Austrian Nazi Party member
1934	Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria [1]	Paul Hudl, Otto Planetta and other Austrian Nazis	Part of a failed coup d'état, the July Putsch.
1936	Moritz Schlick, German philosopher	Johann Nelböck, student	Shot at the University of Vienna
1975	Daniş Tunalıgil, Turkish ambassador	Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1987	Hamid Reza Chitgar, exiled Iranian politician	Agents of the Ministry of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1989	Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, dissident Kurdish Iranian political leader	Intelligence operatives of the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence led by Mohammad Jafar Sahraroudi	Killed in Vienna during negotiations
2009	Umar Israilov, Former bodyguard of Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov	Chechen criminal group, ordered by Ramzan Kadyrov

Belarus

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1943	Wilhelm Kube, German Nazi Generalkommissar for Weissruthenien (Belarus)	Yelena Mazanik, a Soviet partisan	Killed in Minsk during the Second World War
1948	Solomon Mikhoels, Chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee [2]	Police officers, led by Sergei Ogoltsov	Ordered by Joseph Stalin

Belgium

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1127	Charles I, Count of Flanders		Hacked to death by knights with broadswoards in St. Donatian's Cathedral
1950	Julien Lahaut, chairman of the Communist Party of Belgium	Belgian royalists	Shot in his home town of Seraing.
1971	Maximiliano Gómez, Dominican communist leader		Poisoned by his lover in Brussels.
1990	Gerald Bull, Canadian developer of the Martlet cannon		Shot outside his apartment in Brussels. Believed to have been assassinated by the Mossad for his work on the Project Babylon "supergun" in Ba'athist Iraq
1991	André Cools, former President of the Walloon Council, former Chairman of the Socialist Party and Minister of State		Killed in Liège.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1415	Pavle Radinović, nobleman	Sandalj Hranić, Vukmir Zlatonosović and his men
1914	Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie	Gavrilo Princip	Assassinated by the Serbian nationalist organization the Black Hand in Sarajevo. This assassination played a role in starting World War I [1]
1993	Hakija Turajlić, deputy prime minister	Army of Republika Srpska	Killed at a roadblock while under UNPROFOR escort during the Bosnian War

Bulgaria

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1196	Ivan Asen I, Tsar of Bulgaria	Ivanko
1895	Stefan Stambolov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Died in Sofia after being stabbed.
1907	Dimitar Petkov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Killed in Sofia by an anarchist.
1923	Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Killed in his home town of Slavovitsa during the 9 June coup d'état
1925	Stefan Nerezov, former Chief of the General Staff		Was among 150 killed in the Saint Nedelya Church bombing
1943	Hristo Lukov, military officer, former Minister of War and leader of the far-right Union of Bulgarian National Legions	Violeta Yakova	Killed by the Bulgarian Resistance in Sofia.
1995	Vasil Iliev, insurance boss and owner of "VIS-2", former wrestler		Shot while being driven in Sofia.
1996	Andrey Lukanov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria [3]		Shot outside his apartment in Sofia.
2003	Iliya Pavlov, president of Multigroup corporation and the wealthiest man in Bulgaria, former wrestler		Shot outside his office in Sofia.
2005	Georgi Iliev, football club owner, brother of the assassinated Vasil Iliev		Shot in a restaurant in Sunny Beach.
2005	Emil Kyulev, banker, ex-professional swimmer, voted Mr. Economics in Bulgaria for 2002		Shot while driving along Bulgaria Boulevard, Sofia.
2006	Ivan "Doktora" Todorov, businessman accused of smuggling
2008	Borislav Georgiev, CEO of "Atomenergoremont" nuclear plant repair company

Croatia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
480	Julius Nepos, Roman emperor		Assassinated near Salona (modern Solin).
1931	Milan Šufflay, nationalist writer
1933	Josip Predavec, politician and vice-president of the Croatian Peasant Party
1991	Ante Paradžik, politician and founder of the Croatian Party of Rights
2008	Ivo Pukanić, journalist		See Assassination of Ivo Pukanić

Cyprus

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1970	Polykarpos Giorkatzis, government minister		Shot in Mia Milia
1974	Rodger Paul Davies, United States Ambassador to Cyprus		Killed by EOKA B sniper fire during an anti-American demonstration in Nicosia denouncing the Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Czech Republic

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
921	Saint Ludmila, wife of Duke Bořivoj, grandmother of Duke Václav I	Tunna and Gomon	Strangled by Viking warriors hired by Ludmila's daughter-in-law Drahomíra I.
935	Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (Saint Wenceslaus)		Stabbed to death in Stará Boleslav by noblemen affiliated with Boleslaus I
1306	Wenceslaus III, King of Bohemia		Killed in Olomouc.
1634	Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian Generalissimo during the Thirty Years' War	Walter Devereux	Stabbed to death in Cheb.
1923	Alois Rašín, Finance Minister of Czechoslovakia	Josef Šoupal	Shot in Prague.
1923	Rayko Daskalov, Bulgarian politician and former cabinet minister	Yordan Tsitsonkov	Shot by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization in Prague
1927	Ceno Kryeziu, Albanian ambassador to Czechoslovakia	Alqiviadh Bebi	Shot in Prague.
1942	Reinhard Heydrich, General in the Nazi German Schutzstaffel , major organizer of the Holocaust and governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík	Died after being wounded by a bomb thrown at him as he was being driven through Libeň near Prague, as part of Operation Anthropoid organized by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and the British Special Operations Executive. The Lidice Massacre followed as retribution by the Nazis. A legend has it that he deliberately put the Crown of Bohemia on his head beforehand, meaning an untimely death.
2006	František Mrázek, controversial entrepreneur		Shot in the heart by a sniper

Denmark

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1086	Canute IV, King of Denmark		Killed in a peasant revolt
1286	Erik V Klipping, King of Denmark		Killed in a conspiracy by members of the nobility

Estonia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1924	Jaak Nanilson, member of the Riigikogu	Unknown (suspects were acquitted due to lack of evidence)	The assassination was endorsed by local pro-communist MPs and in the Soviet media
1924	Karl Kark, Minister of Transportation		Shot by communist insurgents during the 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt.
1930	Johan Unt, military major-general	Unknown

Finland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1904	Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland	Eugen Schauman	Killed by a Finnish nationalist for implementing Russification in Finland. Happens on day described in James Joyce's novel Ulysses , is briefly mentioned in the book.
1905	Eliel Soisalon-Soininen, Chancellor of Justice	Lennart Hohenthal	Shot in his apartment in Helsinki.
1911	Valde Hirvikanta, President of the Turku Court of Appeal	Bruno Forsström
1922	Heikki Ritavuori, Minister of the Interior	Ernst Tandefelt	Shot at his home in Helsinki.

France

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1354	Charles d'Espagne, constable of France	Jean de Soult
1358	Étienne Marcel, Parisian merchant
1407	Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans
1419	John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy	Tanneguy du Chastel and Jean Louvet	Killed during a parley with the Dauphin (the future Charles VII of France)
1572	Gaspard de Coligny	Besme	Killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1589	Henri III, King of France	Jacques Clément	Killed due to religious-political antagonism.
1610	Henri IV, King of France	François Ravaillac	Killed due to religious-political antagonism.
1617	Concino Concini, chief minister to King Louis XIII
1789	Jacques de Flesselles, Provost of Paris
1793	Jean-Paul Marat, revolutionary	Charlotte Corday	Stabbed in his bathtub. Later seen as a patriotic act.[ by whom? ]
1820	Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of the future King Charles X	Louis Pierre Louvel
1894	Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France	Sante Geronimo Caserio, anarchist	Stabbed to death after a speech in Lyon.
1902	Emile Zola, novelist and journalist		Possibly killed in relation to the Dreyfus Affair and his publishing of his letter J'Accuse…!
1914	Jean Jaurès, Socialist politician and pacifist [4]	Raoul Villain	Killed in Paris. The assassin was tried and acquitted in 1919.
1920	Essad Toptani, former Prime Minister of Albania	Avni Rustemi
1926	Symon Petlyura, exiled President of Ukraine	Sholom Schwartzbard	Killed in Paris. The jury acquitted the murderer. [5]
1930	Noe Ramishvili, former Prime Minister of Georgia	Cheka agents	Killed in Paris
1932	Paul Doumer, President of France	Paul Gorguloff	Shot by a Russian emigre at a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild in Paris. [1]
1934	Alexander I of Yugoslavia, king of Yugoslavia	Vlado Chernozemski, member of the IMRO	Killed in Marseille during a state visit. [6]
1938	Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat	Herschel Grynszpan	Killed in Paris. His murder was used as an excuse by the Nazis to commit the Kristallnacht in Germany
1941	Marx Dormoy, socialist and former Interior Minister of France		Killed by a bomb believed to have been placed by the far-right organization La Cagoule
1944	Constant Chevillon, head of FUDOFSI		Killed by the Gestapo in Lyon
1944	Philippe Henriot, State secretary for Information and Propaganda of Vichy France		Killed by French resistants in Paris
1944	Georges Mandel, former radical-socialist Interior Minister and French resistant		Killed by miliciens in the forest of Fontainebleau
1944	Eugène Deloncle, milicien and former leader of clandestine far-right organisation La Cagoule		Killed by the Gestapo
1961	Camille Blanc, Mayor of Évian-les-Bains	Organisation armée secrète	Killed for hosting negotiations between the French government and the FLN
1965	Mehdi Ben Barka, Moroccan socialist leader and Third-World Tricontinental leader		Disappeared in Paris
1972	Mahmoud Hamshari, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representative in Paris	Mossad, Israeli Secret Service	Killed in his apartment by a bomb planted in his telephone as he answered a call in retribution for Munich Massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, the second of a number of attacks pursuant to Operation Wrath of God.
1973	Outel Bono, Chadian medical doctor and critic of Chadian President François Tombalbaye		Shot while climbing into his car in Paris.
1973	Basil al-Kubaissi, professor and member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine	Mossad	Shot dead
1973	Mohammad Boudia, Algerian-born director of operations for Black September in France	Mossad	Killed in Paris by a pressure-activated bomb packed with heavy nuts and bolts placed under his car seat as part of Operation Wrath of God.
1975	İsmail Erez, Turkish ambassador to France	Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1976	Jean de Broglie, former minister and one of the French negotiators of the Évian Accords
1978	François Duprat, neofascist writer	Jewish Remembrance commando
1978	Henri Curiel, Egyptian-born anticolonialist activist		Shot in Paris
1978	Bruno Bušić, dissident Croatian/Yugoslav writer	Yugoslav secret police
1978	José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana "Argala", Basque leader		Killed by a bomb in Anglet, allegedly planted by the Batallón Vasco Español.
1978	Ezzedin Kalak, chief of the PLO's Paris bureau		Killed in his Paris office alongside his deputy Hamad Adnan in the Arab League building
1979	Pierre Goldman, left-wing activist		Shot in Paris
1979	Robert Boulin, Minister of Labor		Officially suicide, but a lot of anomalies revealed since.
1979	Zuhair Muhsin, leader of the As-Sa'iqa faction within the PLO
1979	Shahriar Shafiq, Imperial Iranian Navy Captain		Shot on the Rue Pergolese in Paris
1980	Joseph Fontanet, former Education Minister		Killed in Paris.
1980	Salah al-Din Bitar, exiled former Prime Minister of Syria		Killed in Paris.
1980	Yehia El-Mashad, Egyptian atomic scientist		Shot at the Le Méridien hotel in Paris.
1982	Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude, right-wing activist and criminal		Shot at Argent-sur-Sauldre soon after being released from prison.
1982	Fadl Dani, deputy director of the PLO office in Paris	Mossad	Killed in Paris by a car bomb as part of Operation Wrath of God.
1982	Yaakov Barsimantov, Israeli diplomat, Mossad agent	Jacqueline Esber a.k.a. Rima, member of the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions	Shot in the lobby of his home in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
1985	René Audran, senior official of the Ministry of Defence	Action directe	Shot in Paris
1986	Georges Besse, Renault executive		Shot while emerging from his car in Paris by far-left activists of Action directe
1988	Dulcie September, African National Congress representative		Killed in Paris
1990	Joseph Doucé, activist for sexual minorities		Corpse found in Rambouillet forest; murder remains unsolved
1991	Shapour Bakhtiar, exiled former Prime Minister of Iran		Stabbed to death at his residence in Suresnes along with his secretary.
1992	Atef Bseiso, Palestine Liberation Organization head of intelligence	Mossad	Killed in Paris
1995	Abdelbaki Sahraoui, co-founder of the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front		Killed in Paris.
1998	Claude Érignac, prefect of Corsica	Yvan Colonna	Shot in Ajaccio by a Corsican nationalist.
2013	Sakine Cansız, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez, Kurdish nationalists		Shot at Rue La Fayette in Paris.
2015	Cabu, Elsa Cayat, Charb, Philippe Honoré, Bernard Maris, Mustapha Ourrad, Tignous and Georges Wolinski, cartoonists working for Charlie Hebdo	Chérif and Saïd Kouachi	See Charlie Hebdo shooting
2016	Jacques Hamel, Roman Catholic priest of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray	Adel Kermiche and Abdel Malik Petitjean	Stabbed to death during mass. See 2016 Normandy church attack.

Georgia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
555	Gubazes II of Lazica, King of Lazica		Stabbed by two Byzantine generals
19 June 1920	Fatali Khan Khoyski, former Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan	Aram Yerganian	Killed by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation as part of Operation Nemesis due to his role in the Armenian genocide
21 July 1922	Djemal Pasha, former Ottoman Navy Minister		Killed by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation as part of Operation Nemesis
3 December 1994	Giorgi Chanturia, opposition politician		Shot along with his wife by four gunmen in their car
20 May 2007	Guram Sharadze, historian and nationalist politician		Assassinated in Tbilisi

Germany

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
235	Alexander Severus, Roman emperor		Killed near Moguntiacum (present-day Mainz) by his troops.
268	Postumus, Gallic emperor		Killed in Mainz
268	Laelianus, Gallic emperor		Killed in Mainz
997	Adalbert of Prague, Czech Bishop	Prussian heathen	Tortured to death near the Baltic Sea near present-day Elbląg, Poland
1208	Philipp von Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor		Killed in Bamberg
1225	Engelbert I. von Köln, Archbishop of Cologne
1233	Konrad von Marburg, inquisitor
1819	August von Kotzebue, dramatist	Karl Ludwig Sand
German Reich (1871–1945)
1919	Rosa Luxemburg, socialist writer	Hermann Souchon (ordered by Waldemar Pabst)	Shot in Berlin in the wake of the Spartacist uprising
1919	Karl Liebknecht, socialist lawyer and politician	Horst von Pflugk-Harttung, Heinrich Stiege, Ulrich von Ritgen and Rudolf Liepmann (ordered by Waldemar Pabst)	Shot in Berlin in the wake of the Spartacist uprising
1919	Kurt Eisner, socialist Minister-President of Bavaria	Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley	Killed in Munich.
1919	Leo Jogiches, Marxist revolutionary	Ernst Tamschick, Detective Sergeant of the Prison Moabit	Shot in Berlin Prison Moabit
1919	Hugo Haase, socialist politician and leader of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany	Johann Voß	Died of sepsis from gunshot wounds
1921	Talaat Pasha, former Ottoman Minister of Interior Affairs	Soghomon Tehlirian	Killed in Berlin in retaliation for his role in the Armenian Genocide
1921	Matthias Erzberger, former Vice-Chancellor of Germany and Minister of Finance	Members of Organisation Consul	Shot at Bad Griesbach.
1922	Bahattin Şakir, Ottoman suspect in the Armenian Genocide	Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1922	Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of Germany [4]	Ernst Werner Techow, Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer	Shot as he was being driven through Berlin by assassins in another car.
1930	Horst Wessel, Sturmführer of the SS in Berlin	Albrecht Höhler	Shot at point blank range in Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin.
1934	Kurt von Schleicher, former Chancellor of Germany	SS officers (ordered by Adolf Hitler)	Murdered at Babelsberg by the SS during the Night of the Long Knives along with his wife, Elisabeth
1934	Gregor Strasser, politician and former Nazi Party member	SS officers	Killed in a prison cell in Berlin during the Night of the Long Knives
1934	Erich Klausener, Catholic politician	Kurt Gildisch, SS officer	Shot at his office in Berlin during the Night of the Long Knives
1934	Ernst Röhm, leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA)	Michael Lippert, SS officer	Shot in Stadelheim Prison by SS officers during the Night of the Long Knives.
Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)
1954	Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli, Soviet Army defector and chief of the Azerbaijani desk for Radio Liberty
1957	Lev Rebet, exiled Ukrainian nationalist leader	Bohdan Stashynsky, a KGB agent	Poisoned by cyanide gas in Munich.
1959	Stepan Bandera, exiled Ukrainian nationalist leader		Poisoned by cyanide gas in Munich.
1961	Salah Ben Youssef, Tunisian politician		Shot in a hotel in Frankfurt.
1970	Krim Belkacem, exiled former Vice President of Algeria		Shot in a hotel in Frankfurt.
1977	Siegfried Buback, Public Prosecutor General of West Germany	Red Army Faction members	Shot while driving his car near Karlsruhe.
1977	Jürgen Ponto, CEO of Dresdner Bank		Killed in Frankfurt.
1977	Hanns-Martin Schleyer, president of the German employers' organization		Kidnapped and later killed.
1986	Karl Heinz Beckurts, physicist and research manager.		Killed by a bomb near Strasslach in Munich
1989	Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank CEO		Killed by a bicycle bomb as his car passed by in Bad Homburg.
1991	Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, director of Treuhandanstalt for the former East Germany		Killed in Düsseldorf.
1992	Sadeq Sharafkandi, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan, Nouri Dehkordi, dissident Kurdish Iranian political leaders	Agents of the Ministry of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran	Killed in Berlin (see Mykonos restaurant assassinations).
1992	Fereydoun Farrokhzad, exiled Iranian cultural figure	Agents of the Ministry of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran	Believed to have been killed as part of the Chain murders of Iran
2019	Walter Lübcke, CDU politician and president of the Regierungsbezirk of Kassel	Stephan Ernst	Shot outside his home in Istha by a neo-Nazi terrorist
2019	Zelimkhan Khangoshvili, exiled Chechen military commander	Vadim Krasikov	Shot by an agent of the GRU

Greece

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
514 BC	Hipparchus (son of Peisistratos), Tyrant of Athens	Harmodius and Aristogeiton
461 BC	Ephialtes, leader of the radical democracy movement in Athens
404 BC	Alcibiades, Athenian general and politician
October, 336 BC	Philip II of Macedon, king of Macedon	Pausanias of Orestis	Assassinated in the theatre of ancient Aegae (present-day Vergina).
314 BC	Alexander, regent of Macedonia	Alexion, a Siyconian	Killed in Sicyon.
281 BC	Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid dynasty		Killed near Lysimachia.
251 BC	Abantidas, tyrant of Sicyon
192 BC	Nabis, Tyrant of Sparta	Aetolian League
1831	Ioannis Kapodistrias, first President of Greece	Konstantinos Mavromichalis and Georgios Mavromichalis	Killed outside Nafplio church in revenge for the imprisonment of the assassins' patriarch Petrobey Mavromichalis. Konstantinos was thrown over a cliff by the citizens of Nafplio while Georgios was executed by firing squad.
1905	Theodoros Deligiannis, Prime Minister of Greece	Antonios Gherakaris	Stabbed outside the Hellenic Parliament.
1907	Marinos Antypas, socialist politician		Killed at Pyrgetos in Thessaly.
1912	Andreas Kopasis, governor of Samos
1913	George I of Greece, King of Greece [3]	Alexandros Schinas	Shot while walking in Thessaloniki as part of a possible conspiracy.
1948	George Polk, American journalist critical of US aid to rightist Greek government
1963	Grigoris Lambrakis, leader of the anti-fascist movement in Greece	Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyro Gotzamanis	Killed with a club in Thessaloniki.
1975	Richard Welch, CIA Station Chief		Shot as he was being driven through Athens.
1983	George Tsantes; U.S. military attaché in Athens & deputy chief of the Joint United States Military Aid Group to Greece	Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Killed in Athens.
1988	Hagop Hagopian, leader of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia		Killed in Athens.
1988	William Nordeen, U.S. military attaché in Athens	Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Killed in Athens.
1989	Pavlos Bakoyannis, New Democracy parliamentarian	Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Shot outside his office in Athens.
2000	Stephen Saunders, Brigadier and British military attaché in Athens	Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Killed by a motorcycle gunman as he was driving in Athens.
2013	Pavlos "Killah P" Fyssas, musician	Giorgos Roupakias	Killed by Neo-Nazi organization Golden Dawn
2021	Giorgos Karaivaz, investigative journalist		Possibly killed by an organised crime group. [7]

Hungary

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
904	Kurszán, Chieftain of Hungary	Forces of Louis the Child
1044	Suspected conspirators against King Samuel Aba [8]	Forces loyal to Samuel Aba	50 suspected lords arrested and executed
1044	Samuel Aba, [9] King of Hungary		Fled after losing the Battle of Ménfő but was captured and assassinated
1209	Csépán Győr, Palatine of Hungary	Tiba Tomaj
1213	Gertrude of Merania, queen consort	Group of Hungarian nobles led by Peter, son of Töre	Stabbed for her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers
1272	Béla, Duke of Macsó	Henry Kőszegi
1290	Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary	Three Cumans – Árbóc, Törtel and Kemence
1311	Amadeus Aba, Oligarch	Residents of Košice
1386	Charles III, King of Naples [10] [11]	Balazs Forgach, Elisabeth of Bosnia, Nador Garai	Charles (II of Hungary, III of Naples) deadly wounded and died some days later. [12]
1386	Elisabeth of Bosnia, Queen of Hungary [13]	John Horvat
1397	Stephen II Lackfi, lord [14]	Hermann I of Celje	Assassinated on the orders of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
1456	Ulrich II, Count of Celje [15] [16]	Forces of Ladislaus Hunyadi
1534	Imre Czibak, [17] Bishop of Varad	Lodovico Gritti
1551	George Martinuzzi, Governor of Transylvania	Marco Aurelio Ferrari
1613	Gabriel Báthory, Prince of Transylvania	Hajduks	Killed after he was accused of planning to hand over Várad (now Oradea) to the Ottomans
1661	Ákos Barcsay, Prince of Transylvania	Janos Kemeny
1918	István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary [4]		Assassinated by soldiers

Iceland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1241	Snorri Sturluson, historian and politician	Gissur Þorvaldsson

Ireland

See also: List of Irish Republican separatists organizations assassinations

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1186	Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath	Gilla-Gan-Mathiar O'Maidhaigh	Durrow, County Offaly
1189	Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht	Manus mac Flann Ua Finaghty, Aodh mac Brian, Muircheartach mac Cathal mac Dermot mac Tadhg, Giolla na Naomh Ua Mulvihill	Assassination instigated by Conchobar ua nDiarmata, a rival for the title of King of Connacht. The victim's son Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair later killed Conchobar ua nDiarmata in revenge.
1882	Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland	Irish National Invincibles
1920	Tomás Mac Curtain, Lord Mayor of Cork	Auxiliaries and RIC men	Shot in his home by a group of masked men, likely members of the Royal Irish Constabulary.
1920	Cairo Gang	Irish Republican Army	12 British intelligence agents, assassinated on the morning of 21 November 1920 in coordinated attacks.
1922	Seán Hales, Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin Teachta Dála	Anti-Treaty IRA	Killed as he left Dáil Éireann; fellow TD Pádraic Ó Máille was injured in the same attack, which was in reprisal against executions of anti-Treaty prisoners
1922	Michael Collins, Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State	Anti-Treaty IRA	Ambushed outside Cork
1927	Kevin O'Higgins, Minister of Home Affairs and Justice of the Irish Free State [4]	Timothy Coughlin, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle	Killed while on his way to Mass by three anti-Treaty members of the IRA.
1932	Patrick Reynolds, Cumann na nGaedheal TD	Joseph Leddy	Shot dead during the 1932 election campaign by an ex-RIC policeman who had a personal grudge against him. [18] [19]
1936	Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville, Vice Admiral in the Royal Navy	Anti-Treaty IRA	Assassinated for providing assistance to Royal Navy recruits.
1976	Christopher Ewart-Biggs, British ambassador to Ireland	IRA	Killed by a land mine
1979	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, last Viceroy of India [3]	IRA	Killed by a bomb on board his boat along with three other people, including his grandson.
1991	Eddie Fullerton, Sinn Féin county councillor	Ulster Defence Association	Shot at his home in Buncrana
1994	Dominic McGlinchey, Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) leader		Shot 14 times while making a call in a phone box.
1996	Veronica Guerin, journalist		Shot in a contract killing for her reporting on organized crime

Italy

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
748 BC	Titus Tatius, Sabine King		Killed in Rome.
579 BC	Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Etruscan king of Rome		Killed in Rome by the sons of Ancus Marcius.
554 BC	Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigento	Killed in an uprising led by Telemachus (Acragas)	Killed in Sicily. Said to be burned in his own brazen bull.
534 BC	Servius Tullius, Etruscan king of Rome	Tarquin II	Killed in Rome.
439 BC	Spurius Maelius, wealthy Roman plebeian	Gaius Servilius Ahala
354 BC	Dion of Syracuse, tyrant of Syracuse	Calippus of Syracuse	Killed in Sicily
352 BC	Calippus of Syracuse, tyrant of Syracuse	revolting mercenaries led by Leptines II and Polyperchon	reputedly was stabbed to death with the same sword he assassinated Dion less than two years earlier.
133 BC	Tiberius Gracchus, Roman tribune		Killed in Rome by Roman senators.
91 BC	Marcus Livius Drusus, Roman tribune		Resulted in the Social War.
44 BC	Julius Caesar, Roman general and dictator	Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and other members of the Roman Senate	Resulted in a series of civil wars and indirectly in the end of the Roman Republic.
43 BC	Cicero, Roman orator		Killed near Formiae under orders from Mark Antony and with the approval of the Second Triumvirate.
41	Caligula, Roman Emperor	Cassius Chaerea, Marcus Vinicius, Lucius Annius Vinicianus, members of the Praetorian Guard, and others
54	Claudius, Roman Emperor	Uncertain, reputed to be Agrippina the Younger on behalf of Nero	Rumored to be killed by poison mushrooms supplied by Locusta.
62	Claudia Octavia, Roman Empress	Nero	Executed on the orders of Nero on the island of Pandateria off the coast of Italy in an attempt to quell the public outcry of their divorce.
69	Vitellius, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Flavian army.
69	Galba, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho.
96	Domitian, Roman Emperor	Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia	Killed in Rome
192	Commodus, Roman Emperor	Narcissus, wrestler	Killed in Rome
193	Pertinax, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard.
193	Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard.
212	Publius Septimius Geta, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by centurions under orders of Caracalla.
217	Caracalla, Roman Emperor	Martialis	Killed between Edessa and Carrhae (modern-day Sanli Urfa and Harran), possibly under orders of Macrinus.
222	Elagabalus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea.
238	Maximinus Thrax, Roman Emperor		Killed outside Aquileia by his troops.
238	Pupienus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard. See Year of the Six Emperors.
238	Balbinus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard. See Year of the Six Emperors.
253	Volusianus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Interamna by his troops
253	Trebonianus Gallus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Interamna by his troops
275	Aurelian, Roman Emperor	Mucapor and members of the Praetorian Guard	Killed near Caenophrurium (modern-day Corlu)
276	Florianus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Tarsus
882	Pope John VIII
1052	Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany
1345	Andrew, Duke of Calabria
1412	Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan [20]
1478	Giuliano de' Medici, co-ruler of Florence	Francesco de' Pazzi and Bernardo Bandini	Stabbed 19 times in the Pazzi conspiracy. Lorenzo de' Medici was also attacked, but escaped with his life.
1497	Giovanni Borgia, Duke of Gandia, son of Pope Alexander VI
1537	Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence	Lorenzino de' Medici
1848	Pellegrino Rossi, Papal States Minister of Justice
1900	Umberto I, King of Italy [21]	Gaetano Bresci	Shot four times with a revolver due to the royal decoration of general Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, who ordered a bloody repression in Milan in 1898. Influenced Leon Czolgosz to kill United States President William McKinley in 1901.
1921	Said Halim Pasha, former Ottoman Prime Minister	Arshavir Shirakian	Killed in Rome due to his role in the Armenian genocide.
1924	Giacomo Matteotti, socialist politician [4]		Kidnapped and killed by Fascists after denouncing them for electoral fraud in the 1924 Italian general election
1925	Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian independence leader	Baltjon Stambolla	Killed in Bari
1945	Benito Mussolini, fascist and former Prime Minister of Italy [22]	Band of Communist partisans led by Walter Audisio	Shot in the village of Giulino di Mezzegra in Lombardy. His lover Clara Petacci was also killed. See Death of Benito Mussolini
1962	Enrico Mattei, head of the oil company Eni and supporter of Algerian independence		Died in a plane crash allegedly caused by a bomb near Bascapè in Lombardy
1972	Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, publisher and partisan of leftist guerrilla movements		Died in a bomb attack, probably with the involvement of the Italian secret service
1975	Pier Paolo Pasolini, writer, poet and film director	Giuseppe Pelosi	Died in Ostia after being run over by his own car which Pelosi had stolen.
1977	Taha Carım, Turkish Ambassador to the Holy See	Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1978	Aldo Moro, former Prime Minister of Italy	Red Brigades	Kidnapped and later killed. See Kidnapping of Aldo Moro.
1978	Giuseppe Impastato, anti-mafia activist	Sicilian Mafia	Killed by a charge of TNT placed under his own body.
1979	Cesare Terranova, magistrate	on orders of Sicilian Mafia Commission	Shot along with his driver as he was being driven through Palermo
1980	Piersanti Mattarella, President of Sicily	Sicilian Mafia
1982	Pio La Torre, Communist politician	Sicilian Mafia
1982	Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, General of the Carabinieri Corps	Giuseppe Greco, Giuseppe Lucchese and members of the Mafia	Shot along with his wife and driver while being driven through Palermo while investigating the Mafia
1983	Rocco Chinnici, magistrate	Giuseppe Greco, Michele Greco and members of the Mafia	Killed by a car bomb in Palermo.
1992	Giovanni Falcone, anti-mafia judge	Giovanni Brusca, a member of the Sicilian Mafia	Killed in a motorway bombing near Palermo.
1992	Paolo Borsellino, anti-mafia judge	Salvatore Riina and members of the Mafia	Killed along with five police officers by a car bomb in Palermo. See Massacre of Via D'Amelio.
1992	Salvo Lima, Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Islands	Sicilian Mafia	Shot as he exited his car in Palermo.
1995	Maurizio Gucci, businessman	Hitman hired by his ex-wife, Patrizia Reggiani	Reggiani was convicted of ordering his murder in 1998
2002	Marco Biagi, Labor Ministry advisor	New Red Brigades	Killed in Bologna.

Kosovo

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1389	Murad I, Third Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	Miloš Obilić	Assassinated by a Serbian knight during the Battle of Kosovo.
1888	Ali Pasha of Gusinje, one of the leaders of the League of Prizren		Assassinated in Rugova Canyon near Peć.
1903	Grigoriy Schterbina, Russian consul	Albanian Ottoman officer	Assassinated in Mitrovica
2003	Tahir Zemaj, general in the Kosovo Liberation Army		Assassinated in Peć.
2014	Elvis Pista, parliamentary candidate		Assassinated in Rahovec. [23]
2018	Oliver Ivanović, former State Secretary for the Serbian Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija		Assassinated in North Mitrovica.

Latvia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
2018	Mārtiņš Bunkus, bankruptcy administrator	Unknown, under investigation	Assassinated near Brothers' Cemetery in Riga. Was shot dead from a moving truck, while driving.

Lithuania

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1263	Mindaugas, King of Lithuania	Daumantas of Pskov and Treniota	Assassinated after taking his deceased wife Morta's sister as his new bride. She was however, already married to Daumantas. Treniota was Mindaugas' nephew.
1264	Treniota, Grand Duke of Lithuania	Courtiers loyal to Vaišvilkas, son of Mindaugas
1267	Vaišvilkas, Grand Duke of Lithuania	Leo I of Galicia
1440	Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania	Supporters of his cousin, Švitrigaila

Malta

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1995	Fathi Shaqaqi, Secretary-General of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine	Mossad	Shot outside a hotel in Sliema.
2017	Daphne Caruana Galizia, journalist and blogger	Unknown (investigation underway)	Killed by a car bomb near her home in Bidnija.

Moldova

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
2023	Oleg Khorzhan, leader of the Transnistrian Communist Party.		Stabbed to death at his office in Sucleia, Transnistria (recognized internationally as part of Moldova).

Montenegro

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1860	Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro		Killed in Kotor (then Austria-Hungary) by a member of Bjelopavlici tribe.
1945	Sekula Drljević, Montenegrin nationalist and President of the Governing Committee of Italian governorate of Montenegro during World War II		Killed by Chetniks at a Displaced Persons camp in Austria

Netherlands

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
754	Saint Boniface, Christian missionary		Killed by Frisian bandits
1099	Conrad, Bishop of Utrecht
1296	Floris V, Count of Holland	Gerard van Velsen
1425	Duke John of Straubing-Holland
1584	William I of Orange, leader of the Dutch war of independence from Spanish rule (Eighty Years' War)	Balthasar Gérard	Shot by a supporter of the Spanish cause
1649	Isaac Dorislaus, diplomat
1672	Johan de Witt, republican politician		Murdered by an Orangist lynch mob in The Hague.
1672	Cornelis de Witt, republican politician		Murdered by an Orangist lynch mob in The Hague.
1938	Yevhen Konovalets, Ukrainian nationalist	Pavel Sudoplatov, agent of the NKVD	Explosive placed in a box of chocolates.
1943	Folkert Posthuma, Nazi collaborator	Resistance group CS-6	Shot in front of his home in Vorden. [24]
1945	Hannie Schaft, underground Resistance fighter	Dutch Nazi officials	Executed in the dunes of Bloemendaal.
1979	Richard Sykes, British Ambassador to the Netherlands	Provisional Irish Republican Army	Shot in The Hague.
1987	Gerrit Jan Heijn, top manager of Ahold	Ferdi Elsas	Kidnapped and later killed.
2002	Pim Fortuyn, critic of Islam, immigration and multicultural policy and leader of the Pim Fortuyn List	Volkert van der Graaf	Shot in Hilversum by a left-wing critic and animal rights advocate. See Assassination of Pim Fortuyn
2004	Theo van Gogh, film director, writer and critic of Islam	Mohammed Bouyeri	Shot and stabbed in Amsterdam by an Islamic extremist
2005	Louis Sévèke, leftwing journalist	Marcel Theunissen	Shot with a rifle in Nijmegen.
2014	Els Borst, former Deputy Prime Minister		Stabbed at her home in Bilthoven.
2019	Derk Wiersum, lawyer	Unknown, under investigation	Shot to death in Amsterdam.
2021	Peter R. de Vries, investigative journalist and crime reporter		Shot in Amsterdam

Norway

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1136	King Harald IV Gille of Norway	Sigurd Slembe	Killed by a pretender to the throne

Poland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
997	Adalbert of Prague, Bishop of Prague, missionary, saint	pagan Prussians led by Sicco	Assassinated in his efforts to convert the Baltic Prussians to Christianity
1079	Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Bishop of Kraków (now a saint)	Bolesław II the Bold
1227	Leszek the White, High Duke of Poland		Assassinated at the Gąsawa massacre
1296	Przemysł II, king of Poland
1922	Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland [4]	Eligiusz Niewiadomski	Killed five days after his inauguration while attending the opening of an art exhibit at the Zachęta Gallery in Warsaw.
1927	Pyotr Voykov, Soviet Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Poland	Boris Kowerda	Killed by a White émigré
1934	Bronisław Pieracki, Minister of Interior of Poland	Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1931	Tadeusz Hołówko, Prometheist politician and diplomat	Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1941	Igo Sym, actor and Nazi collaborator	Bohdan Rogoliński, Roman Rozmiłowski, and Wiktor Klimaszewski of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)
1942	Marceli Nowotko, Communist activist and first secretary of the Polish Workers' Party
1943	Wilhelm Krüger, German chief of Gestapo operations in Nazi-occupied Poland	three fighters of the Polish resistance	Killed in Kraków.
1943	Franz Bürkl, German Sicherheitspolizei officer	Jerzy Zborowski and members of the Szare Szeregi	See Operation Heads.
1943	Helmut Kapp, German Gestapo member	Armia Krajowa	See Operation Heads.
1944	Karl Freudenthal, German officer of the SS, Kreishauptmann of powiat Garwolin	Armia Krajowa	See Operation Heads.
1944	Franz Kutschera, German SS general and chief of police	Armia Krajowa	See Operation Kutschera.
1947	Karol Świerczewski, Army general	Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1984	Jerzy Popiełuszko, Roman Catholic priest		Killed by the communist political police.
1992	Piotr Jaroszewicz, former Prime Minister of Poland
1998	Marek Papała, Chief of the Police		Believed to have been killed by the Polish mafia.
1999	Andrzej Kolikowski, leader of the Pruszków mafia	Ryszard Bogucki	Shot in Zakopane
2005	Zdzisław Beksiński, painter, photographer, sculptor	Robert Kupiec	Stabbed 17 times
2011	Jolanta Brzeska, social activist	Unknown	Burned alive
2019	Paweł Adamowicz, Mayor of Gdańsk [25]	Stefan Wilmont	Stabbed to death at a charity event.

Portugal

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
139 BC	Viriathus, leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion over the regions of Western Iberia	Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus
1355	Inês de Castro, posthumously declared Queen of Portugal	Pêro Coelho, Álvaro Gonçalves, and Diogo Lopes Pacheco
1908	Carlos I of Portugal, King, and Luiz Filipe of Portugal, Crown Prince [4]	Manuel Buíça and Alfredo Luís da Costa	Shot by assassins sympathetic to Republican interests and aided by anti-monarchic society Portuguese Carbonária. See Lisbon Regicide
1910	Miguel Bombarda, member of the Chamber of Deputies of Portugal	Aparício Rebelo dos Santos	Shot by a mental patient just before the 5 October 1910 revolution, of which he was a proponent
1918	Sidónio Pais, President of Portugal	José Júlio da Costa	Shot at Rossio railway station in Lisbon. See Assassination of Sidónio Pais.
1921	António Joaquim Granjo, Prime Minister of Portugal		See Bloody Night (Lisbon, 1921)
	António Machado Santos, Naval officer and leader of the National Republican Federation
	José Carlos da Maia
	Freitas da Silva
	Botelho de Vasconcelos
1965	Humberto Delgado, general, presidential candidate and critic of the Estado Novo		Lured by Portuguese intelligence into an ambush near the Spanish border
1983	Issam Sartawi, senior member of the Palestine Liberation Organization		Shot in a hotel.

Romania

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1601	Mihai Viteazul, Ruler of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania	Militants on order of General Giorgio Basta	Assassinated near Câmpia Turzii after the victory at the Battle of Guruslău.
1862	Barbu Catargiu, Prime Minister of Romania		Killed in Bucharest after a parliamentary meeting.
1933	Ion Duca, Prime Minister of Romania	Nicolae Constantinescu Ion Caranica Doru Belimace	Shot at Sinaia railway station by members of the Iron Guard.
1938	Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, far right politician and leader of the Iron Guard	Members of the Romanian Gendarmerie	Killed in Tâncăbeşti.
1939	Armand Călinescu, Prime Minister of Romania [22]	Iron Guard	Shot while being driven through Bucharest.
1940	Nicolae Iorga, former Prime Minister of Romania, historian	Iron Guard	Kidnapped and later killed.
1940	Gheorghe Argeșanu, former Prime Minister	Iron Guard	Murdered in Jilava prison with 63 other political prisoners. See Jilava massacre
1940	Virgil Madgearu, politician and theorist of the National Peasants' Party	Iron Guard	Kidnapped and later killed
1945	Constantin Tănase, actor		Possibly killed by the invading Red Army after satirizing them.
1989	Danny Huwé, Belgian journalist		Shot by a sniper during the Romanian Revolution.

Russia

See also: List of Soviet assassinations and List of Russian assassinations

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
Russian Empire
1682	Artamon Matveyev, statesman, diplomat and reformer	Streltsy	Killed during the Moscow uprising of 1682
1682	Grigory Romodanovsky, boyar, general and diplomat	Streltsy	Killed during the Moscow uprising of 1682
1762	Peter III of Russia, Emperor of Russia	Unknown	Possibly organized by Catherine the Great
1762	Ivan VI of Russia, deposed Emperor of Russia	Unknown	Executed on prior instructions from Catherine the Great during an attempt to rescue him from imprisonment in Shlisselburg Fortress by Vasily Mirovich
1801	Paul I of Russia, Emperor of Russia	Band of dismissed officers led by Levin August, Count von Bennigsen, Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil, Nikolay Zubov and others	Organized by Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin and José de Ribas
1825	Mikhail Miloradovich, military Governor of Saint Petersburg	Pyotr Kakhovsky	Killed during the Decembrist revolt
1878	Nikolay Mezentsov, executive director of the Third Section	Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky	Killed by a revolutionary belonging to the group Zemlya i volya
1881	Alexander II of Russia, Tsar of All the Russias [1]	Ignacy Hryniewiecki	Killed in bombing organized by the revolutionary group Narodnaya Volya
1893	Nikolay Alekseyev, Mayor of Moscow	Andrianov	Killed by a deranged visitor in Moscow City Hall
1902	Dmitry Sipyagin, Russian Interior Minister [4]	Stepan Balmashov	Killed by a member of the SR Combat Organization
1904	Vyacheslav von Plehve, Russian Interior Minister	Yegor Sazonov	Killed by a bomb thrown by a member of the SR Combat Organization
1905	Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov, former Governor-General of Moscow	Ivan Kalyayev	Organized by the SR Combat Organization
1911	Pyotr Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia	Dmitry Bogrov	Killed in a theater in Kiev by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party [4]
1916	Grigori Rasputin, influential mystic, adviser to the Russian Imperial Family [21]	Group of nobles led by Felix Yusupov, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Vladimir Purishkevich and Vasily Maklakov	Killed for his undue influence on the Russian Imperial Family
Provisional Government
1917	Ivan Logginovich Goremykin, former Prime Minister	Konstantin X Kotev
Bolshevik Russia
1918	Andrei Shingarev, Kadet politician
1918	Fyodor Kokoshkin, Kadet politician
1918	Tsar Nicholas II and his family: Tsarina Alexandra, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, physician Eugene Botkin, maid Anna Demidova, footman Alexei Trupp and cook Ivan Kharitonov	Cheka officers led by Yakov Yurovsky	Order given by Yakov Sverdlov on behalf of Vladimir Lenin
1918	Elizabeth of Hesse, Grand Duchess of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Princes John Constantinovich, Constantine Constantinovich and Igor Constantinovich, poet and prince Vladimir Paley and nun Varvara Yakovleva	Cheka officers
1918	V. Volodarsky, revolutionary	Grigory Ivanovich Semyonov	Killed by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
1918	Wilhelm von Mirbach, German Ambassador in Moscow	Yakov Blumkin	Assassinated by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries at the start of the Left SR uprising in an attempt to damage German-Soviet relations
Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union
1934	Sergey Kirov, Bolshevik party leader in Leningrad [4]	Leonid Nikolaev
1939	Zinaida Reich, theatre actress	NKVD
1990	Alexander Men, dissident Russian Orthodox priest	Unknown
1991	Igor Talkov, singer-songwriter, anti-Soviet activist	Allegedly Valeriy Schlyafman
Russian Federation
1994	Andrey Aizderdzis, Member of the State Duma	Unknown
1994	Nikolay Suleimanov, Chechen mafia boss
1995	Vladislav Listyev, journalist and head of the ORT TV Channel	Unknown
1996	Dzhokhar Dudayev, first Chechen separatist President and anti-Russian guerrilla leader	Russian military
1996	Choe Deok-geun, South Korean diplomat stationed in Vladivostok		North Korean agents suspected
1998	Valeriy Hubulov, former Prime Minister of South Ossetia	Unknown
1998	Galina Starovoytova, Member of the State Duma	Yuri Kolchin and Vitali Akishin
1998	Larisa Yudina, Kalmyk journalist
2002	Valentin Tsvetkov, Governor of Magadan Oblast	Alexander Zakharov, Martin Babakekhyan and others	Killed in Moscow
2003	Sergei Yushenkov, Member of the State Duma and founder of the Liberal Russia party	Mikhail Kodanev and others	Killed in Moscow [26]
2003	Yuri Shchekochikhin, journalist	Unknown	Killed in Moscow [27]
2004	Paul Klebnikov, editor of the Russian edition of Forbes magazine
2004	Akhmad Kadyrov, Kremlin-backed President of the Chechen Republic	Presumed to be Chechen Islamists	Killed along with about 30 others in a football stadium during a Victory Day parade by a bomb that had been built into the concrete of one of the stadium's supporting columns.
2005	Aslan Maskhadov, President of separatist Chechnya
2005	Anatoly Trofimov, former deputy director of the FSB
2005	Magomed Omarov, deputy Interior Minister of Dagestan
2006	Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev, President of separatist Chechnya		Killed by pro-Russian forces
2006	Anna Politkovskaya, journalist and human rights campaigner	Unknown; many theories	Shot in the elevator block of her apartment in Moscow. See Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya.
2008	Vitaly Karayev, mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
2008	Kazbek Pagiyev, former mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
2008	Nina Varlamova, mayor of Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
2009	Anastasia Baburova, journalist
2009	Stanislav Markelov, human rights lawyer
2009	Adilgerei Magomedtagirov, interior minister of Dagestan
2009	Aza Gazgireyeva, deputy chair of the Ingushetia Supreme Court
2009	Bashir Aushev, former deputy prime minister of Ingushetia
2009	Natalia Estemirova, human rights activist
2011	Yuri Budanov, army officer and convicted war criminal
2011	Gadzhimurat Kamalov, journalist
2015	Boris Nemtsov, former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia		Shot while walking on a bridge near the Moscow Kremlin. See Assassination of Boris Nemtsov
2020	Vladimir "Sausage King" Marugov, oligarch		Shot on 2 November with a crossbow in the sauna of his countryside estate outside Moscow. [28]
2022	Darya Dugina, ultranationalist journalist and writer	National Republican Army	Killed in car bomb explosion. [29]
2023	Vladlen Tatarsky, blogger		Killed with a bomb disguised as an award statue. [30]

Serbia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
Roman Empire
268	Gallienus, Roman emperor		Killed near Naissus.
282	Probus, Roman emperor		Assassinated at Sirmium.
285	Carinus, Roman emperor		Assassinated at Margus.
Medieval Serbia
1352	Branko Rastislalić, Lord of Podunavlje and Domestikos under King Stefan Dušan		Assassinated at Upper Drina on the orders of Vuk Kosača.
1359	Vuk Kosača, magnate and nobleman		Killed or ordered so by a member of the Rastislalić family.
Ottoman period
1804	72 notable Serbs	Dahije	Slaughter of the Knezes
1815	Kara-Marko Vasić, revolutionary		Ordered by Miloš Obrenović.
1816	Melentije Nikšić, revolutionary		Ordered by Miloš Obrenović.
1817	Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian Uprising	Nikola Novaković	Killed along with his secretary, Naum Krnar in the village of Radovanje by a henchman of Vujica Vulićević and Miloš Obrenović.
Serbian monarchy
1868	Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia	Pavle Radovanović and Kosta Radovanović	Shot in Košutnjak park in Belgrade as part of a conspiracy.
1885	Čakr-paša, hajduk	Toma Stanković
1903	Aleksandar Obrenović, King of Serbia, and Draga Mašin, Queen Consort	Army officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević	Killed in the royal palace as part of the May Overthrow.
1903	Lazar Petrović, Adjutant to King Aleksandar Obrenović		Killed as part of the May Overthrow.
1903	Dimitrije Cincar-Marković, Prime Minister of Serbia
Yugoslavia
1921	Milorad Drašković, Yugoslav interior minister	Alija Alijagić	Killed by a Bosnian communist
1928	Velimir Prelić, legal adviser in Skoplje	Mara Buneva	Shot on "Ratomir Putnik" Street in Skoplje
1928	Đuro Basariček, Member of Parliament for the Croatian Peasant Party	Puniša Račić	Shot by a Serbian radical deputy in the Yugoslav Parliament in Belgrade.
1928	Stjepan Radić, Member of Parliament for the Croatian Peasant Party	Serbian radical politician Puniša Račić.	Shot a Serbian radical deputy in the Yugoslav Parliament in Belgrade.
1983	Galip Balkar, Turkish Ambassador to Yugoslavia	Harutyun Krikor Levonian and Alexander Elbekyan.	Shot by Armenian nationalists. See Assassination of Galip Balkar
FR Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro
1994	Dada Vujasinović, journalist
1994	Goran Vuković, criminal
1999	Slavko Ćuruvija, journalist
2000	Željko Ražnatović "Arkan", mobster and warlord	Dobrosav Gavrić
2000	Pavle Bulatović, defense minister
2000	Žika Petrović, Jat Airways executive
2000	Boško Perošević, Chairman of the Executive Council of Vojvodina	Milivoje Gutović	Assassinated at Novi Sad Fair.
2000	Ivan Stambolić, former President of Serbia	Special Operations Unit	Ordered by Slobodan Milošević.
2001	Milan Pantić, journalist	Unknown
2003	Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia	Zvezdan Jovanović	Killed with a sniper rifle by a paramilitary linked to the Zemun Clan. See Assassination of Zoran Đinđić.
2004	Branko Bulatović, Football Association general secretary	Unknown
Republic of Serbia
2006	Radoljub Kanjevac, criminal	Unknown
2014	Rade Rakonjac, Arkan's bodyguard	Unknown

Slovakia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1999	Ján Ducký, former Minister of Industry
2018	Ján Kuciak, journalist	Miroslav Marček and Tomáš Szabó	Shot dead along with his fiancée while investigating the activities of various individuals connected to Slovak government led by Robert Fico.

Slovenia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1992	Ivan Kramberger, inventor and politician	Peter Rotar (presumed)	Shot dead during his campaign to become an MP.

Spain

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1369	Peter the Cruel, King of Castile	Henry II of Castile
1485	Pedro de Arbués, a prominent member of the Spanish Inquisition		Assassinated while praying in La Seo Cathedral of Zaragosa. His death allowed Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada to massively expand the Spanish Inquisition.
1870	Juan Prim, Prime Minister of Spain and Governor of Puerto Rico		Shot in Madrid by unknown hand.
1897	Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain	Michele Angiolillo	Shot in a spa in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa by an anarchist.
1912	José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain	Manuel Pardiñas	Shot in Madrid by an anarchist.
1920	Francesc Layret, Catalan left-wing politician		Shot in Barcelona
1921	Eduardo Dato Iradier, Prime Minister of Spain	Lluís Nicolau, Pere Mateu, and Ramon Casanelles	Shot in Madrid by Catalan anarchists.
1923	Juan Cardinal Soldevilla y Romero, Roman Catholic archbishop of Zaragoza	Los Solidarios
1936	José Castillo, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party lieutenant in the Assault Guards	Falangist gunmen	Killed in Madrid
1936	José Calvo Sotelo, right-wing politician and former Finance Minister		Killed in a police vehicle in Madrid. His murder helped trigger the Spanish Civil War.
1936	Federico García Lorca, poet and dramatist	Nationalists	Shot at Alfacar by fascists
1936	Raoul Villain, assassin of Jean Jaurès		Shot on the island of Ibiza
1937	Camillo Berneri, Italian anarchist
1937	Andrés Nin, Communist revolutionary		Taken to a camp by the Spanish Government and probably killed there (this is disputed)
1940	Lluis Companys, President of Catalonia	Gestapo officers on the orders of Francisco Franco.	Shot in Barcelona
1967	Mohamed Khider, exiled Algerian politician and former Secretary-General of the FLN		Killed in Madrid
1968	Melitón Manzanas, secret police officer and state torturer	ETA	Killed at Irún, Guipúzcoa
1969	Vjekoslav Luburić, exiled Croatian Ustaše official and fugitive war criminal		Believed to have been killed either by Yugoslav agents or rivals in the Croatian émigré community
1973	Luis Carrero Blanco, Prime Minister of Spain [31]	ETA	Killed by a bomb which threw his car over a building. His murder was, according to ETA, then to intensify existing divisions within Francoist Spain between the "openness" and "purists". See Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
1976	Juan María de Araluce Villar, President of the Provincial Deputation of Gipuzkoa	ETA	Killed at San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa
1977	Augusto Unceta Barrenechea, President of the Provincial Deputation of Biscay	ETA	Killed at Guernica, Biscay
1984	Santiago Brouard, Basque nationalist	Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
1996	Francisco Tomás y Valiente, former President of the Constitutional Court	ETA	Shot in his office at the Autonomous University of Madrid
1997	Miguel Ángel Blanco, Basque municipal councillor	ETA	Kidnapped and later killed
2000	Fernando Buesa, former Vice Lehendakari of the Basque Country	ETA	Car bombing in Vitoria.
2000	Ernest Lluch, former Minister of Health	ETA	Shot in Barcelona
2014	Isabel Carrasco, Governor of León and provincial leader of the People's Party		Shot in León by a disgruntled government employee

Sweden

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1156	King Sverker I of Sweden		Killed by a servant
1160	King Eric IX of Sweden		Killed during a rebellion
1167	King Charles VII of Sweden		Killed by supporters of Knut Eriksson
1436	Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Regent of Sweden	Magnus Bengtsson
1577	King Eric XIV of Sweden		Killed on orders of his half-brother King John III of Sweden
1792	King Gustav III of Sweden	Jacob Johan Anckarström	Shot at a masquerade ball and died two weeks later.
1810	Count Axel von Fersen, Marshal of the Realm	Four members of the lynching mob were charged for the killing, among them the Finnish nobleman Otto Johan Tandefelt	Killed by a mob in Stockholm after being blamed for the death of Crown Prince Carl August. Army soldiers were present at the scene, but were ordered not to interfere.
1971	Vladimir Rolović, Yugoslav Ambassador to Sweden	Croatian National Resistance
1986	Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden [3]	Unknown	Shot on his way home from a cinema in Stockholm accompanied only by his wife
2003	Anna Lindh, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden	Mijailo Mijailović	Stabbed while visiting the NK department store in Stockholm and died a day later. She was prominently featured in the "Yes" campaign during the Euro referendum, which took place later in the same weekend. She did not have any protective detail assigned to her, because the Swedish Security Police had not received, or perceived there to be no specific threats made against her.

Switzerland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1308	Albert I of Habsburg, German King and Duke of Austria	John Parricida	Killed by his nephew, whom he had deprived of his inheritance, at Windisch on the Reuss.
1621	Pompeius Planta, politician	Jörg Jenatsch
1639	Jörg Jenatsch, politician		Killed in Chur by an assailant dressed as a bear.
1898	Empress Elisabeth of Austria	Luigi Lucheni	Stabbed in the heart with a sharp needle file by an anarchist on the street in Geneva. Due to her extremely tight corset, she had no idea she has been wounded and collapsed suddenly after walking 100 yards (91 m). She died two hours later due to slow internal hemorrhaging.
1923	Vatslav Vorovsky, Soviet diplomat	Maurice Conradi	Killed by a White emigre
1936	Wilhelm Gustloff, leader of the Swiss Nazi Party	David Frankfurter	Killed by a Yugoslav Jewish student
1960	Félix-Roland Moumié, Cameroonian anti-colonialist activist and leader of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon		Assassinated by the SDECE (French secret services).
1990	Kazem Rajavi, exiled Iranian opposition leader		Believed to have been killed by agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran as part of the Chain Murders
2001	3 members of the Cantonal Government and 11 cantonal councilors of Zug	Friedrich Leibacher	See Zug massacre

Turkey

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1579	Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire
1622	Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
1651	Kösem Sultan, Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	Chief Black Eunuch Lala Süleyman, Hoca Reyhan Agha, Hajji Ibrahim Agha and Ali Agha	Assassinated at Topkapı Palace during a palace coup
1913	Mahmud Şevket Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire [4]
2016	Andrei Karlov, Russian Ambassador to Turkey. [4]	Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş.	Assassination of Andrei Karlov
2018	Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist		killed by agents of the Saudi government at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul

United Kingdom

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
293	Carausius, usurper of the Western Roman Empire	Allectius who Carausius appointed treasurer	coup d'état
946	Edmund I, King of England	Leofa	Stabbed at a banquet
978	Edward the Martyr, King of England	Ælfthryth
995	Kenneth II, King of Scotland
1100	William Rufus, King of England	Walter Tirel	Shot in the heart with an arrow by a nobleman, supposedly by accident, but the circumstances remain unclear.
1170	Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury	Four knights	Stabbed to death in Canterbury Cathedral on the orders of Henry II of England
1306	John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch	Robert the Bruce, Roger de Kirkpatrick
1346	Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí	William III, Earl of Ross	Killed at Elcho Priory while attending a royal muster on the eve of a Scottish invasion of England.
1381	Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer		Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1381	Simon of Sudbury, Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London		Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1381	John Cavendish, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge		Beheaded in Bury St Edmunds by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1437	King James I of Scotland	Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl (coup leader), Sir Robert Graham (dealt lethal blow)	Killed at Perth in a failed coup by his kinsman and former ally Walter Stewart.
1452	William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas	James II of Scotland
1471	Henry VI of England, King of England		Killed in the Tower of London likely on the orders of Edward IV of England.
1488	King James III of Scotland		Killed by rebels.
1566	David Rizzio, private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots	Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots	Stabbed 57 times in front of the Queen by a mob led by her husband out of jealousy over their friendship
1567	Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots		Killed in an explosion at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh
1570	James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, Regent of Scotland	James Hamilton	The first assassination carried out with a firearm.
1628	George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Admiral/royal favourite	John Felton	Stabbed in Portsmouth as he planned a second expedition to La Rochelle.
1679	James Sharp, Archbishop of St Andrews		Killed in Fife.
1812	Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom	John Bellingham	Killed by a disgruntled merchant. The only British prime minister to be assassinated. See Assassination of Spencer Perceval. [32]
1812	Louis-Alexandre de Launay, French diplomat		Stabbed to death with a stiletto along with his wife by a former servant at his home in Barnes.
1922	Henry Hughes Wilson, British field marshal, retired Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Conservative politician	Reginald Dunne and Joseph O'Sullivan	Killed outside his house in Eaton Square, London, by members of the Irish Republican Army. [4]
1940	Michael O'Dwyer, former Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab	Udham Singh, a Punjabi revolutionary	Killed during a speech at Caxton Hall, London over his involvement in the Amritsar Massacre
1973	Paddy Wilson, former General Secretary of the Social Democratic and Labour Party		Stabbed to death in Belfast, along with his friend Irene Andrews. See Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings.
1975	Ross McWhirter, co-author of the Guinness Book of Records and right-wing political activist	Harry Duggan and Hugh Doherty	Killed outside his home in Bush Hill Park, London, by members of the Balcombe Street Gang, both of whom were Irish Republican Army volunteers.
1977	Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri, former Prime Minister of North Yemen		Killed in London.
1978	Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident		Died in London after being attacked with ricin fired from a gun disguised as an umbrella on Waterloo Bridge by suspected KGB agents.
9 July 1978	Abdul Razak al-Naif, former Prime Minister of Iraq		Killed in London
1979	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, former Governor-General of India	Thomas McMahon	Killed while on a fishing trip along with three others by a bomb planted onto his boat by a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
1979	Airey Neave, Conservative Member of Parliament for Abingdon and Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland		Car bombing outside Palace of Westminster, by members of the Irish National Liberation Army [33]
1980	John Turnley, SDLP and Irish Independence Party politician	Ulster Defence Association	Killed on the way to a political meeting.
1981	Sir Norman Stronge, aristocrat and Northern Irish politician, and his son, Sir James Stronge, aristocrat and Northern Irish politician	Provisional Irish Republican Army	Killed at their ancestral home, Tynan Abbey in County Armagh, which was then set on fire.
1981	Robert Bradford, Unionist Member of Parliament for Belfast South	IRA	Murdered during a speech at Finaghy, Belfast. [33]
1982	Shlomo Argov, Israeli Ambassador to the Court of St. James's	Abu Nidal Organization	Although Argov survived this assassination attempt, the injuries he sustained in the attack resulted in his death in 2003. His shooting triggered the 1982 Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
1983	Edgar Graham, Ulster Unionist Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)		Shot by an IRA gunman outside Queen's University Belfast. [33]
1984	Anthony Berry, Conservative Member of Parliament for Enfield Southgate	IRA	Killed in the Brighton hotel bombing.
1987	George Seawright, Unionist Northern Ireland politician		Killed by the Irish People's Liberation Organisation in Shankill, Belfast.
1989	Pat Finucane, solicitor	Ken Barrett	Killed in Belfast by Ulster Loyalists.
1990	Ian Gow, Conservative Member of Parliament for Eastbourne	IRA	Killed by a car bomb near his house in East Sussex. [33]
1997	Billy Wright, Loyalist Volunteer Force leader	INLA prisoners	Killed in Maze Prison. [34]
2006	Alexander Litvinenko, former FSB officer and critic of Russian President Vladimir Putin	Russia's FSB agents Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitry Kovtun	Acute radiation syndrome via ingestion of polonium-210. See Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko. [35]
2016	Jo Cox, Labour Member of Parliament for Batley and Spen	Thomas Mair	Shooting and stabbing incident before a constituency surgery. See Murder of Jo Cox. [36]
2021	Sir David Amess, Conservative Member of Parliament for Southend West	Ali Harbi Ali	Stabbed during a constituency surgery. See Murder of David Amess.

Ukraine

See also: Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine § Assassination attempts and deaths of collaborators

Year	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
Ukrainian SSR
1921	Mykola Leontovych, composer	Soviet state security agent Afanasy Grishchenko.	Shot in his home after a robbery
1949	Yaroslav Halan, anti-fascist writer [37]	Mykhailo Stakhur and Ilariy Lukashevych	Killed with an axe at his home office in Lviv by members of the OUN (according to the Soviet official version, ordered by the Vatican)
1979	Volodymyr Ivasiuk, composer		Found hanged in a forest outside of Lviv.
Independent Ukraine
1993	Yuri Osmanov, Crimean Tatar civil rights activist		Brutally beaten by unidentified assailants and died the next day.
1995	Akhat Bragin, businessman and president of the Shakhtar Donetsk football club		Killed by a bomb at the Shakhtar Stadium in Donetsk.
1996	Yevhen Shcherban, People's Deputy of Ukraine		Shot dead along with his wife and bodyguard while departing a plane at Donetsk International Airport.
1998	Vadym Hetman, former Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine		Shot by a contract killer in Kyiv.
2000	Georgiy Gongadze, journalist	Agents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs	Disappeared, found decapitated and doused in dioxine 2 months later near Tarashcha.
2005	Stepan Senchuk, former Governor of Lviv Oblast		Shot while in his car.
2014	Oleh Babaiev, Mayor of Kremenchuk		Shot in front of his home
2015	Oles Buzina, pro-Russian writer		Shot near his home in Kyiv.
2016	Pavel Sheremet, Belarusian journalist		Died in a car explosion in Kyiv.
2017	Denis Voronenkov, former member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation	Pavel Parshov, veteran of Ukraine's volunteer battalion. [38]	Shot dead in Kyiv while on his way to meet a fellow exiled parliamentarian, Ilya Ponomarev.
2017	Maksym Shapoval, Intelligence officer and head of the special forces of the Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine		Killed in a car bombing in Kyiv
2018	Alexander Zakharchenko, pro-Russian separatist and Head of the Donetsk People's Republic, concurrent Prime Minister of the Donetsk People's Republic		Killed in a bomb explosion in a cafe in Donetsk
2021	Vitaly Shishov, exiled Belarusian dissident		Found hanging in a forest after being reported missing the previous day
2022	Volodymyr Struk, Mayor of Kreminna		Abducted and killed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022	Yuriy Prylypko, Mayor of Hostomel		Killed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022	Olga Sukhenko, Village Head of Motyzhyn		Killed during the Russian occupation of Bucha
24 August 2022	Ivan Sushko, Russian-appointed head of Mykhailivka in Zaporizhzhia Oblast		Killed in a car bombing during the Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.
28 August 2022	Oleksiy Kovalov, Member of the Verkhovna Rada		Shot during an attack on his residence in Zaliznyi Port.
19 July 2024	Iryna Farion, linguist, politician, and former People's Deputy of Ukraine		Shot by an unknown assailant in the head in Lviv, pending investigation.

See also

• List of assassinations
• List of people who survived assassination attempts

References

1. World Almanac 2004, p155
2. "stalin's secret pogrom-INTRO". Joshuarubenstein.com. August 25, 1997. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
3. "Historic Assassinations Since 1865," The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004, p156 (World Almanac 2004)
4. 20th Century Timeline, p118
5. The Assassination of Symon Petliura and the Trial of Scholem Schwarzbard 1926–1927: A Selection of Documents. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2016-04-18. ISBN   9783647310275.
6. Dietze, Carola; Verhoeven, Claudia, eds. (2022). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. p. 544. ISBN   9780199858569.
7. "Greece: Impunity continues two years after murder of journalist Giorgos Karaivaz". 9 April 2023.
8. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 75), p. 109.
9. Herman of Reichenau: Chronicle (year 1044), pp. 75–76.
10. "CARLO III d'Angiò Durazzo, re di Napoli, detto della Pace, o il Piccolo in "Dizionario Biografico"".
11. Monaci Lőrinc krónikája Kis Károlyról. - Carmen seu historia de Carolo II. cognomento Parvo, rege Hungariae, Fordította: Márki Sándor, Budapest, Athenaeum, 1910.
12. Michaud, Claude (2000-04-27). "The Kingdoms of Central Europe in the Fourteenth Century". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 735–763. doi:10.1017/chol9780521362900.032. ISBN   0-521-36291-1. OCLC   29184676.
13. This faithful story of the capture of the queens was written down by Queen Mária herself in Debrecen, in a letter dated September 7, 1387Fejér, CD. X/III., 313.), mely eddig történetiróink figyelmét elkerülte. V. ö. Hazai Okmt. VII. 434. – Gr. Károlyi cs. oklt. I. 546. – Fejér, CD. X/I., 333., 339., 343., 367., 426 In: Szilagyi: A magyar nemzet története. https://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/
14. "The main supporters of Zsigmond's party gathered together in Körösudvarhely. In addition to the already named lords and companions of Zsigmond's journey abroad: Archbishop János Kanizsai, Miklós Garai, Count Hermann Cillei, there were also Miklós Treutel, Simon Szécsényi, László the son of Pál Garai, István Debrői, the counts of Corbavia and most of the nobility from Slavonia and Duna. The Laczkfis and their companions also showed up, confident in the power of the royal letter of immunity, and with the hope that they would manage to clear themselves [from blames] and continue with duplicitous policies. But the king prepared for bloody revenge against them, and since he could not initiate the legal process due to the letter of immunity, his followers undertook to carry out the work of vengeance. During the deliberations, on February 27, on auspicious occasion, when the converted partisans appeared before the king without armed escort, the Hungarian lords loyal to Sigismund, including the Palatine himself, Miklós Garai and Cillei, grabbed swords and attacked them. The two István Laczkfi bled to death under the blows of the lords' swords; András Laczkfi was taken prisoner with several of his companions. Those who were able to escape - we don't know[all of] their names - sought refuge in Bosnia. István Ördög also ran here, who had been kicked out of Szentgyörgy castle a few days before by the Archbishop of Esztergom, Miklós Szécsi and István Kanizsai.8" Szilágyi : A magyar nemzet története. https://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/
15. "Cillei gróf meggyilkolása". 8 November 2007.
16. "Ulrich II von Cilli | Austrian prince | Britannica".
17. "Czibak – Magyar Katolikus Lexikon".
18. "New book features shooting story from Ballinamore". www.leitrimobserver.ie. Archived from the original on 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
19. "Sligo Today News for Sligo County - Killing of local TD in election recalled in new book". Archived from the original on 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
20. Adams, John (1794). A defence of the constitutions of government of the United States of America, against the attack of M. Turgot in his letter to Dr. Price, dated the twenty-second day of March, 1778. London: John Stockdale. pp.  153–155. OCLC   2678599. John Maria.
21. "Historic Assassinations Since 1865," The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1982 (World Almanac 1982), p750
22. "Assassinations and Political Murders," 20th Century Timeline (Griesewood & Dempsey, Ltd., 1985) (Crescent Books, 1985) [20th Century Timeline], p119
23. "Parliament Candidate In Kosovo Assassinated". www.rferl.org. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
24. "F.E. (Folkert) Posthuma" (in Dutch).
25. "Pawel Adamowicz, Gdansk mayor, dies after stabbing at charity event". BBC News. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
26. "Terror-99". Archived from the original on 28 May 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
27. "Terror-99". Archived from the original on 3 April 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
28. "Vladimir Marugov murder: Russian 'Sausage King' killed in sauna with a crossbow". BBC News. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
29. Harding, Luke (21 August 2022). "Daughter of Putin ally Alexander Dugin killed by car bomb in Moscow". TheGuardian.com .
30. "Russian propagandist killed in explosion at St Petersburg cafe". 2 April 2023.
31. 20th Century Timeline, p120
32. "BBC News - The MP whose ancestor killed the prime minister". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
33. Siddique, Haroon (16 June 2016). "MPs who have been attacked Amy Robsart while in office". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
34. "Billy Wright: the loyalist assassin too violent for his comrades - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk". Belfasttelegraph. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
35. "Alexander Litvinenko: Profile of murdered Russian spy". BBC News. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
36. Danny Boyle Raziye Akkoc (2016-06-17). "Labour MP Jo Cox dies after being shot and stabbed as husband urges people to 'fight against the hate' that killed her". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
37. Marples, David R. (2013-01-23). Heroes and Villains : Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Hors collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 125–165. ISBN   9786155211355.
38. working for Russian Secret Service."Kyiv Identifies Suspected Gunman In Ex-Duma Deputy's Assassination Archived 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine ". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. March 24, 2017.