List of ethnic groups in China and Taiwan

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Multiple ethnic groups populate China, where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal names, the People's Republic of China (China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Ethnic group Socially defined category of people who identify with each other

An ethnic group or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation. Ethnicity is usually an inherited status based on the society in which one lives. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art or physical appearance.

China Country in East Asia

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.404 billion. Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third- or fourth-largest country by total area. Governed by the Communist Party of China, the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Taiwan state in East Asia

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taiwan is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations (UN).

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The Chinese people refers to the Han 漢 people which is often misunderstood as Han Chinese, are the largest ethnic group, where (as of 2010) some 91.51% [1] of the population was classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Han is the name the Chinese have used for themselves since the Han Dynasty BC 202, whereas the name "Chinese" (used in the West) is of uncertain origin, but possibly derives ultimately from Sanskrit Cina-s "the Chinese," perhaps from the Qin dynasty. Besides the Han-Chinese majority of 92%, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south, and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

Han Chinese ethnic group

The Han Chinese, Hanzu, Han people, are an East Asian ethnic group and nation native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population. The estimated 1.3 billion Han Chinese people are mostly concentrated in mainland China and in Taiwan. Han Chinese people also make up three quarters of the total population of Singapore.

The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongol (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million), and Dai (1.2 million). [2]

Zhuang people ethnic group

The Zhuang people are an ethnic group who mostly live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Some also live in the Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan provinces. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. With the Buyi, Tay–Nùng, and other northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the Rau or Rao. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, makes them the largest minority in China.

Hui people Ethnic group in China

The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of ethnically Sinitic adherents of the Muslim faith found throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2011 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some may practise other religions. The 110,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity.

The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from Manchuria derives its name. They are sometimes called "red-tasseled Manchus", a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats. The Later Jin (1616–1636), and Qing dynasty (1636–1912) were established and ruled by Manchus, who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in China.

Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China

Here are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (39 in 1954; 54 by 1964; with the addition of the Jino people in 1979). [3]

Jino people ethnic group

The Jino people are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They live in Xishuangbanna in Yunnan province, China.

English Name
Standard Romanization
CodeA
Mandarin Pinyin
Simplified Chinese
2010 National Shares 2010 PopulationB
 2000 PopulationB
 1990 PopulationB
Year of recognitionC
Han Chinese 1HanHAHàn Zú 汉族 91.6474%1,220,844,5201,139,773,0081,042,482,1871954
Zhuang ZhuangZHZhuàng Zú 壮族 1.2700%16,926,38116,187,16315,489,6301954
Hui 2HuiHUHuí Zú 回族 0.7943%10,586,0879,828,1268,602,9781954
Manchu ManMAMǎn Zú 满族 0.7794%10,387,95810,708,4649,821,1801954
Uyghur UygurUGWéiwú'ěr Zú 维吾尔族 0.7555%10,069,3468,405,4167,214,4311954
Miao (includes Hmong) 3MiaoMHMiáo Zú 苗族 0.7072%9,426,0078,945,5387,398,0351954
Yi YiYIYí Zú 彝族 0.6538%8,714,3937,765,8586,572,1731954
Tujia TujiaTJTǔjiā Zú 土家族 0.6268%8,353,9128,037,0145,704,2231964
Tibetan 4ZangZAZàng Zú 藏族 0.4713%6,282,1875,422,9544,593,3301954
Mongol MongolMGMěnggǔ Zú 蒙古族 0.4488%5,981,8405,827,8084,806,8491954
Dong 5DongDODòng Zú 侗族 0.2161%2,879,9742,962,9112,514,0141954
Bouyei BouyeiBYBùyī Zú 布依族 0.2153%2,870,0342,973,2172,545,0591954
Yao YaoYAYáo Zú 瑶族 0.2098%2,796,0032,638,8782,134,0131954
Bai BaiBABái Zú 白族 0.1451%1,933,5101,861,8951,594,8271954
Korean ChosŏnCSCháoxiǎn Zú 朝鲜族 0.1374%1,830,9291,929,6961,920,5971954
Hani 6HaniHNHāní Zú 哈尼族 0.1246%1,660,9321,440,0291,253,9521954
Li LiLILí Zú 黎族 0.1098%1,463,0641,248,0221,110,9001954
Kazakh KazakKZHāsàkè Zú 哈萨克族 0.1097%1,462,5881,251,0231,111,7181954
Dai 7DaiDADǎi Zú 傣族 0.0946%1,261,3111,159,2311,025,1281954
She SheSHShē Zú 畲族 0.0532%708,651710,039630,3781964
Lisu LisuLSLìsù Zú 傈僳族 0.0527%702,839635,101574,8561954
Dongxiang DongxiangDXDōngxiāng Zú 东乡族 0.0466%621,500513,826373,8721954
Gelao GelaoGLGēlǎo Zú 仡佬族 0.0413%550,746579,744437,9971964
Lahu LahuLHLāhù Zú 拉祜族 0.0365%485,966453,765411,4761954
Wa WaWAWǎ Zú 佤族 0.0322%429,709396,709351,9741954
Sui SuiSUShuǐ Zú 水族 0.0309%411,847407,000345,9931954
Nakhi 8NaxiNXNàxī Zú 纳西族 0.0245%326,295309,477278,0091954
Qiang QiangQIQiāng Zú 羌族 0.0232%309,576306,476198,2521954
Tu TuTUTǔ Zú 土族 0.0217%289,565241,593191,6241954
Mulao 9MulaoMLMùlǎo Zú 仫佬族 0.0162%216,257207,464159,3281964
Xibe XibeXBXībó Zú 锡伯族 0.0143%190,481189,357172,8471954
Kyrgyz KirgizKGKē'ěrkèzī Zú 柯尔克孜族 0.0140%186,708160,875141,5491954
Jingpo 10JingpoJPJǐngpō Zú 景颇族 0.0111%147,828132,158119,2091954
Daur DaurDUDáwò'ěr Zú 达斡尔族 0.0099%131,992132,747121,3571964
Salar SalarSLSālā Zú 撒拉族 0.0098%130,607104,52187,6971954
Blang BlangBLBùlǎng Zú 布朗族 0.0090%119,63991,89182,2801964
Maonan 11MaonanMNMáonán Zú 毛南族 0.0076%101,192107,18471,9681964
Tajik 12TajikTATǎjíkè Zú 塔吉克族 0.0038%51,06941,05633,5381954
Pumi PumiPMPǔmǐ Zú 普米族 0.0032%42,86133,62829,6571964
Achang AchangACĀchāng Zú 阿昌族 0.0030%39,55533,95427,7081964
Nu NuNUNù Zú 怒族 0.0028%37,52328,77027,1231964
Evenki EwenkiEWÈwēnkè Zú 鄂温克族 0.0023%30,87530,54526,3151954
Gin 13GinGIJīng Zú 京族 0.0021%28,19922,58418,9151964
Jino JinoJNJīnuò Zú 基诺族 0.0017%23,14320,89918,0211979
De'ang 14DeangDEDé'áng Zú 德昂族 0.0015%20,55617,93515,4621964
Bonan BonanBOBǎo'ān Zú 保安族 0.0015%20,07416,50512,2121954
Russian RussRSÉluósī Zú 俄罗斯族 0.0012%15,39315,63113,5041954
Yugur YugurYGYùgù Zú 裕固族 0.0011%14,37813,74712,2971954
Uzbek UzbekUZWūzībiékè Zú 乌孜别克族 0.0008%10,56912,42314,5021954
Monba MonbaMBMénbā Zú 门巴族 0.0008%10,5618,9287,4751964
Oroqen OroqenORÈlúnchūn Zú 鄂伦春族 0.0006%8,6598,2166,9651954
Derung DerungDRDúlóng Zú 独龙族 0.0005%6,9307,4315,8161964
Hezhen 15HezhenHZHèzhé Zú 赫哲族 0.0004%5,3544,6644,2451964
Gaoshan 16GaoshanGSGāoshān Zú 高山族 0.0003%4,0094,4882,9091954
Lhoba LhobaLBLuòbā Zú 珞巴族 0.0003%3,6822,9702,3121965
Tatars TatarTTTǎtǎ'ěr Zú 塔塔尔族 0.0003%3,5564,8954,8731954
Undistinguished —noneWèi Shìbié Mínzú 未识别民族 0.0480%640,101734,438749,341-
Naturalized Citizen —noneWàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí外国人加入中国籍0.0001%1,4489413,421-

A GB 3304－91 "Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes"; [4]
BThe population only includes China and the Republic of China (Taiwan);
CFor ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954 [5] and 1964; [6]
1Also included are the Chuanqing;
2Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees;
3A subset of which is also known as Hmong;
4including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity;
5Also known as Kam;
6Also included are the Sangkong;
7This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi;
8Also included are the Mosuo;
9Also included are the 木佬人 (Qago);
10Known as Kachin in Myanmar;
11Also included are the Then;
12Actually not Tajik people but Pamiri people;
13The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese;
14Known as Palaung in Myanmar;
15The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border;
16A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan.

The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China is the standards organization authorized by the State Council of China to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision and overall coordination of standardization work in China. The SAC represents China within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and other international and regional standardization organizations; the SAC is responsible for organizing the activities of the Chinese National Committee for ISO and IEC; the SAC approves and organizes the implementation of international cooperation and the exchange of projects on standardization.

Hmong people Ethnic group in East and Southeast Asia.

The Hmong people are an ethnic group in East and Southeast Asia. They are a sub-group of the Miao people, and live mainly in Southern China, Vietnam and Laos. Some Hmong have emigrated to the United States.

Amdo Place

Amdo is one of the three traditional regions of Tibet, the other two being Ü-Tsang and Kham; it is also the birthplace of the 14th Dalai Lama. Amdo encompasses a large area from the Machu to the Drichu (Yangtze). In the Han dynasty, Qinghai Lake was called the West Sea, and substantial numbers of Han Chinese lived in the Xining valley. While historically, culturally, and ethnically a Tibetan area, Amdo was administered by a series of local rulers since the mid-18th century and the Dalai Lamas have not governed the area directly since that time. From 1917 to 1928, much of Amdo was occupied intermittently by the Hui Muslim warlords of the Ma clique. In 1928, the Ma Clique joined the Kuomintang, and during the period from 1928 to 1949, much of Amdo was gradually assimilated into the Qinghai province of the Kuomintang Republic of China. By 1952, Communist Party of China forces had defeated both the Kuomintang and the local Tibetans and had assumed control of the region, solidifying their hold on the area by 1958 and formally spelling the end of the political existence of Amdo as a distinct Tibetan province.

Taiwanese aborigines

The People's Republic of China government officially refers to all Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese : 原住民族 ; pinyin :Yuánzhùmínzú), as Gaoshan (Chinese : 高山族 ; pinyin :Gāoshānzú), whereas the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines. The term Gaoshan has a different connotation in Taiwan than it does in mainland China. While several thousands of these aborigines have migrated to Fujian province in mainland China, most remain in Taiwan. [7] Due to the contested political status and legal status of Taiwan, the PRC classification of Taiwanese aborigines may be controversial.

Chinese language family of languages

Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases not mutually intelligible, language varieties, forming the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the ethnic Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China. About 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language.

Hanyu Pinyin, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

Mainland China geopolitical area under the jurisdiction of the Peoples Republic of China excluding Special Administrative Regions

Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland, is the geopolitical as well as geographical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It includes Hainan island and strictly speaking, politically, does not include the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, even though both are partially on the geographic mainland.

Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists"[ citation needed ] have in the past claimed that they have Plains Aboriginal (Chinese : 平埔族 ; pinyin :Píngpuzú), ancestry in order to promote Taiwan independence, claiming an identity different from that of mainland Chinese. However, genetic tests showed differences between them and plains aborigines, and given that they usually were recent migrants, their claims were rejected by descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines. [8]

"Undistinguished" ethnic minority groups

Part of a poster in Beijing showing the 56 ethnic groups of China Beijing-Niujie-Minzu-Tuanjie-Da-Jiating-3666.jpg
Part of a poster in Beijing showing the 56 ethnic groups of China

This is a list of ethnic groups in China that are not officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China.

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000), 734,438 persons in the Chinese mainland, 97% of them in Guizhou, were specifically recorded as belonging to "Undistinguished ethnic groups". [9] Presumably, other members of such groups may have been counted within larger "recognized" groups.

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. As a result, minority groups such as Europeans (mainly English), and South or Southeast Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.

See also

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Ethnic minorities in China 55 recognized ethnic minorities

Ethnic minorities in China are the non-Han Chinese population in the People's Republic of China (PRC). China officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2010, the combined population of officially recognized minority groups comprised 8.49% of the population of mainland China. In addition to these officially recognized ethnic minority groups, there are Chinese nationals who privately classify themselves as members of unrecognized ethnic groups.

Languages of China languages of a geographic region

The languages of China are the languages that are spoken in China. The predominant language in China, which is divided into seven major language groups, is known as Hanyu and its study is considered a distinct academic discipline in China. Hanyu, or Han language, spans eight primary varieties, that differ from each other morphologically and phonetically to such a degree that they will often be mutually unintelligible, similarly to English and German or Danish. The languages most studied and supported by the state include Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang. China has 299 living languages listed at Ethnologue. According to the 2010 edition of the Nationalencyklopedin, 955 million out of China's then-population of 1.34 billion spoke some variety of Mandarin Chinese as their first language, accounting for 71% of the country's population.

Bouyei people ethnic group

The Bouyei are an ethnic group living in southern mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Some Bouyei also live in Vietnam, where they are one of that nation's 54 officially recognized ethnic groups. Despite the Chinese considering them a separate group, they consider themselves Zhuang.

Chinese people ethnic group

Chinese people are the various individuals or ethnic groups associated with China, usually through ancestry, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship or other affiliation. Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in China, at about 92% of the population, are often referred to as "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English, however there are dozens of other related and unrelated ethnic groups in China.

Minzu University of China university

Minzu University of China is a national-level university in Haidian District, Beijing, China designated for ethnic minorities in China. Minzu University is the top university in China for ethnic minorities. It aims to be one of the best universities of its kind in the world. With the strong support of Chinese government, it has developed rapidly over the years. MUC is one of the most prestigious universities in China in ethnology, anthropology, ethnic economies, regional economics, religion studies, history, dance, and fine arts.

Autonomous administrative divisions of China

Autonomous administrative divisions of China are specific areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities that are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China (PRC). These areas are recognized in the Constitution of China and are nominally given a number of rights not accorded to other administrative divisions. For example, Tibetan minorities in Autonomous regions are granted rights and support not given to the Han Chinese, such as fiscal and medical subsidies.

Utsul

The Utsuls or Hainan Hui, are a Chamic-speaking ethnic group which lives on the island of Hainan, and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's unrecognized ethnic groups. They are found on the southernmost tip of Hainan near the city of Sanya.

The sub groups of the Han Chinese people, also known as Sinitic peoples, Chinese dialect groups or just dialect groups, are defined based on linguistic, cultural, genetic, and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is: "minxi", used in Mainland China, or "zuqun", used in Taiwan. Other than Hui people, which is a classification for Muslims of all backgrounds, no Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 55 official minority ethnic groups.

Several ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China are not officially recognized. Taken together, these groups number more than 730,000 people; if considered as a single group, they would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China. Some scholars have estimated that there are over 200 distinct ethnic groups that inhabit China. There are in addition small distinct ethnic groups that have been classified as part of larger ethnic groups that are officially recognized. Some groups like the Hui of Xinjiang with the Hui of Fujian are geographically and culturally separate except for the shared belief of Islam. Han Chinese being the world's largest ethnic group has a large diversity within it, such as in Gansu, the Han here may have genetic traits from the assimilated Tangut civilization. Although they are indigenous to Hainan island and do not speak a Chinese language, the Limgao (Ong-Be) people near the capital are counted as Han Chinese.

Taiwanese people are people from Taiwan who share a common Taiwanese culture and speak Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, or Aboriginal languages as a mother tongue. Taiwanese people may also refer to individuals who either claim or are imputed cultural identity focused on Taiwan or areas under the control of the Government of the Republic of China since 1945, including Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu islands. At least three competing paradigms are used to identify someone as a Taiwanese person: nationalist criteria, self-identification criteria, and socio-cultural criteria. These standards are fluid, and result from evolving social and political issues. The complexity resulting from competing and evolving standards is compounded by a larger dispute regarding Taiwan's identity, the political status of Taiwan, and its potential de jure Taiwan independence or Cross-Strait Unification.

The definition of 'Taiwanese' identity has been an ongoing issue for several decades arising from the political rivalry between Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China (PRC). People from Taiwan are frustrated by the political rivalry which is the cause of confusion in people's national identity, both inside and outside Taiwan. According to government figures, over 95% of Taiwan's population of 23.4 million consists of Han Chinese, while 2.3% are Austronesian Taiwanese aborigines. The category of Han Chinese consists of the three main groups: Hoklo, Hakka, and mainland Chinese. The identify of whether a person from Taiwan is 'Taiwanese', or Chinese, is more of a political question.

Bit is an Austroasiatic language spoken by around 2,000 people in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos and in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China (Ethnologue).

Funing County, Yunnan County in Yunnan, Peoples Republic of China

Funing County is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the east of Yunnan province, China. It is the easternmost county-level division of Yunnan, bordering Guangxi to the north, east and southeast, and Vietnam's Hà Giang Province to the south.

<i>Zhonghua minzu</i> key political term that is entwined with modern Chinese history of nation-building and race

Zhonghua minzu, translated as "Chinese nation" or "Chinese ethnicities", is a key political term that is entwined with modern Chinese history of nation-building and race.

Caijia is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in an area centred on Bijie, in the west of the Chinese province of Guizhou. It was discovered in the 2000s. It has been described by different authors as a relative of Bai or an early branching from Old Chinese. The autonym is.

Han Taiwanese or Taiwanese Hans are a subgroup of Han Chinese native to Taiwan, the largest ethnic group in the world. According to the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China, Han Chinese comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han Chinese immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three varieties of Chinese: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.

Secessionism in China is represented by movements in Taiwan, Inner Mongolia, the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Autonomous Region.

References

  1. ↑ "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data (2011-04-28)". Xinhua News (English). Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  2. ↑ "index". www.stats.gov.cn.
  3. ↑ 胡鸿保 张丽梅 “民族识别原则的变化与民族人口” 《西南民族大学学报》（人文社科版）2009/04 总第212期
  4. ↑ GB 3304－91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes.
  5. ↑ First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  6. ↑ Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  7. ↑ 曹晓轩. "高山族_中国概况_中国政府网". www.gov.cn.
  8. ↑ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  9. ↑ 第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口 ( Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). (in Chinese)
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