List of wars involving Georgia (country)

https://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2008/08/26/n_1262987.shtml

This is a list of military conflicts involving Georgia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Georgian victory

  Georgian defeat

  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante bellum , result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

  Ongoing conflict

Colchis and Iberia

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1112-845 BC	Assyrian Invasion of Diauehi [1]	Diauehi, Colchis	Assyrian Empire	Defeat • Battle of Tao 1112BC [1] • Capture of Artvin 845BC [1]
720s BC	Scytho-Cimmerian invasion of Colchis	Colchis	Scythians Cimmerians	Defeat
65 BC	Pompey's campaign of Georgia	Kingdom of Iberia Colchis	Roman Republic	Defeat Vassalization of Iberia Annexation of Colchis
35-54	Iberian–Armenian War	Kingdom of Iberia Roman Empire (35-50, 52-54)	Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire Roman Empire (50-51)	Inconclusive Iberia subjugates Armenia, but subsequently retreats under pressure from the Parthians.
58-63	Roman–Parthian War of 58–63	Roman Empire Sophene Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Iberia Commagene Kingdom of Pontus	Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire	Defeat Treaty of Rhandeia Arsacids established on Armenian throne

Early Medieval fragmentation

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
482-522	Vakhtang Gorgasali's Rebellion against the Sasanian Iran  [ ka ]	Kingdom of Iberia	Sassanid Empire Armenians	Defeat
526-532	Iberian War	Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Iberia Ghassanids Huns Heruli Kingdom of Aksum Kingdom of Kinda	Sasanian Empire Lakhmid kingdom Sabirs	Inconclusive Perpetual Peace (532)
541-562	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica (548-562)	Sasanian Empire Lazica (541-548)	Inconclusive [2] Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
602-628	Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 Perso-Turkic war of 627–629	Sasanian Empire Avars (and Slavic allies) Sasanian Iberia Jewish and Samaritan rebels (c. 614) Lakhmids Lombards Visigoths	Byzantine Empire Western Turkic Khaganate Ghassanids	Defeat End of Sasanian Iberia
627-764	Khazar–Georgian wars  [ ka ]	Principality of Iberia	Khazar Khaganate	Inconclusive
643-655	Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri's invasions of Georgia  [ ka ]	Principality of Iberia	Rashidun Caliphate	Defeat Beginning of the Arab rule in Georgia
729-730	Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah's invasion of Georgia  [ ka ]	Principality of Iberia Khazar Khaganate	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory
735-737	Invasion of Marwan the Deaf	Principality of Iberia Kingdom of Abkhazia	Umayyad Caliphate	Defeat
840-842	Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani's invasion of Georgia  [ ka ]	Emirate of Tbilisi Principality of Kakheti	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Principality of Tao	Victory
853	Bugha al-Kabir's invasion of Georgia  [ ka ]	Emirate of Tbilisi Kingdom of Abkhazia Tsanars	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Principality of Tao Principality of Kakheti	Victory • Bugha the Turk withdraws from the Caucasus
881-891	Dynastic strife in Iberia	Adarnase IV of Iberia Bagratid Armenia Bagrat I of Klarjeti	Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti Kingdom of Abkhazia Alania Gurgen I of Tao	Establishment of the Kingdom of the Iberians under Adarnase IV of Iberia
993-998	David III's campaigns against the Muslims	Kingdom of the Iberians Bagratid Armenia	Marwanids Rawadid dynasty	Victory
998	Mamlan I's campaign against David III [3]	Kingdom of the Iberians Principality of Tao Bagratid Armenia	Rawadid dynasty	Victory

Kingdom of Georgia

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1012–1199	Georgian–Shaddadid wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Shaddadid dynasty	Victory Fall of the Shaddadid dynasty
1014-1022	Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022) [4]	Kingdom of Georgia Bagratid Armenia Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Byzantine Empire	Defeat Byzantine–Georgian treaty of 1022
1028	Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)	Kingdom of Georgia	Byzantine Empire	Victory •Battle of Kldekari (1028) [5] • Byzantine–Georgian treaty of 1031
1033-1058	Georgian civil war of 1033-1058	Kingdom of Georgia Varangians	Demetrius of Anacopia (1033-1042) Liparit IV of Kldekari (1039-1060) Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget	Bagrat IV was recognized as king
1046-1303	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Kipchaks Alania Shirvanshahs	Seljuk Empire Eldiguzids Emirate of Tbilisi Shaddadids Shah-Armens Artuqids Saltukids Sultanate of Rum	Victory
1064-1068	Alp Arslan's invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Emirate of Tbilisi Shaddadids	Defeat
1117-1124	Georgian conquest of Shirvan	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire Shirvanshahs	Victory Conquest of Shirvan
1177-1178	Orbelian Rebellion  [ ka ] [6]	George III of Georgia	Demna of Georgia House of Orbeliani Armenians	Victory of George III
1190-1193	Revolt of Yury Bogolyubsky	Kingdom of Georgia	Yury Bogolyubsky	Victory • Yury Bogolyubsky disappeared from history after. His town has not been found
1204	Georgian expedition to Chaldia  [ ka ]	Kingdom of Georgia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond
1204-1210	Ayyubid–Georgian wars  [ ka ] [7]	Kingdom of Georgia	Ayyubid Empire Emirs of Homs Emirs of Hama Emirs of Baalbek	Inconclusive Thirty Years' Truce
1209-1211	Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarids	Eldiguzids	Victory The Eldiguzids became vassals of Georgia
1225-1228	Khwarazmian invasions of Georgia  [ ka ] [8]	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarids Vainakhs Alans	Khwarazmian Empire Kipchaks Persians Armenians	Defeat
1220-1236	Mongol invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire (1220-1221)	Defeat
1241-1335	Mongol invasions of Anatolia	Mongol Empire Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Ilkhanate	Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Anatolian beyliks	Victory
1260-1264	David Ulugh's rebellion  [ ka ]	Kingdom of Georgia Principality of Samtskhe	Ilkhanate Georgian nobles	Defeat
1260-1323	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Antioch-Tripoli Golden Horde (before 1264) Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnants Nizari Ismailis of Syria Golden Horde (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat
1302-1303	Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia	Principality of Samtskhe	Sultanate of Rum	Victory
14th century	Vameq's invasion of Jiketi [9] [ citation needed ][ failed verification ]	Duchy of Mingrelia	Kingdom of Zichia	Victory
1315-1345	George V Brilliant’s Campaign against the Mongols [10]	Kingdom of Georgia Duchy of Racha	Ilkhanate Duchy of Aragvi Chobanids Alans	Victory Mongolians Expelled from Georgia
1386-1403	Timurid invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Defeat Truce of Shamkor
1386-1387	Bagrat Liberation Expedition [11] [12]	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Victory
1395-1397	Timurid invasions of Simsim	Simsim Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Defeat Decline of Simsim Partial extermination of the inhabitants of Simsim
1405	George's campaign against the Timurids [13]	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Victory George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent. [13]
1407-1502	Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia Shirvanshah Safavid Empire (1502)	Qara Qoyunlu (1407-1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1468-1502)	Victory End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
1463-1493	Georgian civil war of 1463–1491  [ Fr ]	Kingdom of Georgia Duchy of Mingrelia	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Samtskhe Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Svaneti Principality of Abkhazia Kingdom of Kakheti	Fall of Kingdom of Georgia

Kingdoms and principalities

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1508	Georgian campaign (1508)	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1533	Mamia's invasion of Jiketi [14] [ citation needed ][ failed verification ]	Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria	Kingdom of Zichia	Defeat The allies won the first battle, but the Circassians defeated the allies in the second battle
1547	Ottoman invasion of Guria	Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Defeat • Georgians lost because of betrayal
1549-1551	Georgia Expedition  [ tr ]	Principality of Samtskhe	Ottoman Empire	Defeat • Georgians lost because of betrayal
1541-1566	Tahmasp I's campaigns in Kartili and Kakheti	Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Iran	Defeat
1578-1590	Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign	Safavid Iran Kingdom of Kartli (1578-1588) Kingdom of Kakheti (1578) Principality of Samtskhe (1578, 1582–1587) Principality of Guria (1583-1587)	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria (1578-1583, after 1587) Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Samtskhe (1578-1582) Shaybanids Circassia	Ottoman victory Treaty of Istanbul (1590)
1596–1597	Daryal war	Kabardia (East Circassia)	Vainakh tribes Kingdom of Kartli	Defeat
1603-1612	Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1612)	Safavid Iran Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
1614-1617	Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns	Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Iran	Defeat
1625-1627	Kartli-Kakheti Rebellion (1625-1627)	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Safavid Iran Armenians	Victory
1623-1658	War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658)  [ fr ]	Kingdom of Imereti Salipartiano (from 1657)	Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Abkhazia Kingdom of Kartli Childir Eyalet	Imeretian victory Imereti restores hegemony over western Georgia
1703	Ottoman invasion of western Georgia	Ottoman Empire	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia	Victory
1722-1723	Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)	Russian Empire Ukrainian Cossacks Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Iran	Victory Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
1730-1735	Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735) Caucasus Campaign (1735)	Safavid Iran Kingdom of Kakheti (from 1732) Kingdom of Kartli (from 1735) Quba Khanate (from 1734) Shamkhalate of Tarki (from 1734)	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1736) Treaty of Ganja
1738-40	Nader Shah's invasion of India [15] [16]	Afsharid Empire Kingdom of Kakheti	Mughal Empire Hyderabad State Oudh	Victory
1768-1774	Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)	Russian Empire Zaporozhian Host Greek insurgents Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1794-1796	Qajar Invasion of Kartli-Kakheti	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti • Khevsurs	Qajar Iran • Ganja Khanate • Erivan Khanate • Armenians	Inconclusive • Georgia won most of the battles while Persians lost almost all of them • During Kartli-Kakheti Invasion, In total Persians lost 22.000 soldiers [17]
1796	Persian expedition of 1796	Russian Empire Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Qajar Iran	Russian withdrawal Tactical Russian victory Strategic Persian victory
1804	1804 Mtiuleti rebellion	Georgian and Ossetian rebels	Russian Empire	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1804-1813	Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)	Russian Empire Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia	Qajar Iran	Victory Treaty of Gulistan
1806-1812	Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)	Russian Empire Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Abkhazia (1810-1812) Wallachia	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Principality of Abkhazia (1808-1810)	Victory Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
1812	Kakheti rebellion	Georgian rebels	Russian Empire	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1819-1820	Imereti rebellion	Georgian rebels	Russian Empire	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1828-1829	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate Tiflis Governorate Armenian Oblast Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Svaneti Principality of Abkhazia Supported by: France United Kingdom	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
1841	Rebellion in Guria (1841)	Georgian rebels	Russian Empire	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1853-1856	The Caucasus front of the Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate Tiflis Governorate Erivan Governorate Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia (1853-1855)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Principality of Abkhazia (1855-1856)	The victory at the front, but the defeat of Russia in the war[ citation needed ]
1856-1857	Mingrelia Uprising	Georgian rebels	Russian Empire, Mingrels	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1722-1864	Russo-Circassian War	Russian Empire Kalmyk Khanate Principality of Mingrelia (1803–1864) Principality of Guria (1810–1829) Principality of Svaneti (1810-1859)	Circassian Confederation Kabardia (East Circassia) (until 1822) Principality of Abkhazia	Victory Annexation of Circassia by the Russian Empire
1875-1876	Svaneti uprising of 1875-1876	Georgian rebels	Russian Empire	Defeat Decisive Russian army victory
1817-1864	Caucasian War	Russian Empire Kuban Cossacks Shamkhalate of Tarki Principality of Guria (until 1829) Principality of Svaneti (until 1859) Principality of Mingrelia	Circassian Confederation Caucasian Imamate<bir> Principality of Abkhazia	Victory Russian annexation of the North Caucasus
1877-1878	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate Tiflis Governorate Erivan Governorate Dagestan Oblast Terek Oblast Baku Governorate Kuban Oblast Elisabethpol Governorate	Ottoman Empire Trebizond Vilayet Erzurum Vilayet Bitlis Vilayet Van Vilayet Sivas Vilayet	Victory Treaty of San Stefano
1914-1918	World War I	Allied Powers Russian Empire Georgians within the Russian Empire   France   United Kingdom   Serbia   Belgium   Japan   Montenegro   Luxembourg   Italy (from 1915)   Romania (from 1916)   Portugal (from 1916)   United States (from 1917)   Greece (from 1917)   China (from 1917)	Central Powers German Empire Georgian Legion Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Sultanate of Darfur (until 1916)   Bulgaria (from 1915)   Jabal Shammar (from 1915)	Allied victory Russia prematurely withdraws from war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Georgian Democratic Republic

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1914-1918	Caucasus Campaign	Russian Empire (1914–17) Kutaisi Governorate Tiflis Governorate   United Kingdom (1918) Armenia (1918) Central Caspian Dictatorship (1918) Russian SFSR (1918) Baku Commune (1918)	Ottoman Empire Trebizond Vilayet Erzurum Vilayet Bitlis Vilayet Van Vilayet Sivas Vilayet Azerbaijan (1918) Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1918) German Empire (1914–17) German Empire (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918)	Compromise
1918	Abkhazia conflict (1918)	Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Democratic Republic of Georgia Supported by: German Empire	Abkhaz Bolsheviks Supported by: Russian SFSR Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic Ottoman Empire Abkhaz Muhajirs	Victory
1918-1919	Sochi conflict	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Russian SFSR White movement	Inconclusive Gagra is transferred to Georgia The rest of Sochinsky okrug is transferred to Russia
1918	Armeno-Georgian War	Democratic Republic of Georgia	First Republic of Armenia	Inconclusive With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.
1918-1920	Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) First Ossetian uprising [18] Second Ossetian uprising Third Ossetian uprising [19]	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Ossetian Bolsheviks Supported by: Russian SFSR	Victory All Ossetian uprisings were suppressed by Georgians
1921	Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Russian SFSR Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Ankara Government	Defeat Establishment of the Georgian SSR
1924	August Uprising	Committee for the Independence of Georgia	Soviet Union, Red Army Cheka Georgian SSR	Defeat Consolidation of Soviet rule in the Georgian SSR

Georgian SSR

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1941-1945	World War II	Allies Soviet Union Georgian SSR Georgian Divisions  [ ka ] United States United Kingdom   China Free France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand   India   Transjordan   South Africa   Yugoslavia   Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg   Brazil Mexico   Ethiopia	Axis   Germany Georgian Legion   Japan Italy   Hungary   Romania   Bulgaria   Vichy France   Croatia Slovakia   Thailand   Manchukuo   Iraq   Finland   Azad Hind   Iran	Allied victory
1979-1989	Soviet–Afghan War	Soviet Union Georgian SSR Afghanistan	Afghan Mujahideen	Defeat

Republic of Georgia

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1991-1993	Georgian Civil War 1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état	Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces Parts of National Guard Zviadists Supported by: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	Pro-Shevardnadze forces Military Council State Council Parts of National Guard Mkhedrioni Russia (since October 1993)	Shevardnadze's victory Gamsakhurdia government expunged
1991-1992	South Ossetian war	Georgia	South Ossetia Russia	Defeat
1992-1993	War in Abkhazia	Georgia Georgian Armed Forces Mkhedrioni Zviadists UNA-UNSO "Argo"	Abkhazia Abkhazian Armed Forces Bagramyan Battalion Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Russia Kuban Cossacks Don Cossacks	Defeat
1998	War in Abkhazia (1998)	White Legion Forest Brotherhood	Abkhazia	Defeat
1998	1998 Georgian attempted mutiny	Georgia • Georgian Army • Georgian Police	Mutineers from the Senaki Military Brigade • Zviadists	Victory
2001	2001 Kodori crisis	Chechen division under Gelayev Georgian guerrillas	Abkhazia Abkhaz military	Defeat
2000-2002	Pankisi Gorge crisis	Georgia Supported by: United States Russia	Chechen separatists Mujahideen in Chechnya Other jihadists	Victory
2003	Rose Revolution	United National Movement Burjanadze-Democrats Union of National Forces Unity Supported by: Kmara Liberty Institute	Government of Georgia Police of Georgia Union of Citizens of Georgia Democratic Union for Revival	Victory
2004	2004 Adjara crisis	Georgia Internal Troops of Georgia Georgian National Guard Anti-Abashidze Protesters	Adjara administration Security of Adjara Pro-Abashidze forces and protesters Supported by: Russia	Victory • Aslan Abashidze flees to Russia
2006	2006 Kodori crisis	Georgia Interior Ministry of Georgia Police of Georgia	Monadire Supported by: Abkhazia Russia (Probably)	Victory
2008	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia UNA-UNSO Supported by: United States United Kingdom France Spain Sweden Estonia Latvia Lithuania Turkey (Until 7 August)	Russia South Ossetia Abkhazia Supported by: Armenia Belarus Palestine Turkey (After 7 August)	Defeat
2001–2021	War in Afghanistan	Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghan National Security Forces Advisers, Non-combat support, & Counter-terrorism operations: Resolute Support Australia Czech Republic Georgia (IPAP) Germany Italy Romania Turkey Spain United Kingdom United States	Taliban al-Qaeda Haqqani network Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin United Tajik Opposition	Defeat
2003-2011	Iraq War	United States Iraq United Kingdom South Korea Italy Poland Australia Georgia Ukraine Estonia Netherlands Spain Denmark MNF–I INC New Iraqi Army KDP PUK Turkey (Political Support)	Ba'athist Iraq Ba'ath Loyalists SCJL Naqshbandi Army Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda Mahdi Army Special Groups Badr Brigades	Victory

See also

• List of wars involving Russia
• List of wars involving Armenia
• List of wars involving Azerbaijan
• List of Georgian battles

Notes

1. Rayfield 2012, p. 20-21.
2. Leppin, Hartmut (2021). "The Eastern Roman Empire and Its Neighbours in the "Age of Justinian" – An Overview". In Meier, Mischa; Montinaro, Federico (eds.). A Companion to Procopius of Caesarea. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 13. ISBN   978-90-04-49877-8. After 545 truces brought peace to most of the border regions, but the war lingered in the Caucasus until 561, when Khosrow and Justinian finally agreed to a fifty-year peace. There was no definite victor, but the Sasanian Empire was in a slightly better position as Rome was obliged to pay a fixed sum to Persia each year.
3. Frye 1975, pp. 237, 732. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrye1975 (help)
4. Suny 1994, p. 33.
5. Narimanishvili & Shanshashvili 2018, p. 309. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNarimanishviliShanshashvili2018 (help)
6. Fähnrich 2010, p. 207. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFähnrich2010 (help)
7. Humphreys 1977, pp. 130–131.
8. Mikaberidze 2015, pp. 19.
9. Beradze, Tamaz (1983). "Vameq I Dadiani". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Georgian). Vol. 4. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 287.
10. Rayfield 2012, p. 200-210.
11. Baumer 2023, p. 75. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBaumer2023 (help)
13. Rayfield 2012, p. 152.
14. Beradze, Tamaz (1983). "Mamia III Dadiani". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Georgian). Vol. 6. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 396.
15. David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan) p. 142.
16. Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 ISBN   978-9994086160 pp. 158, 278.
17. Rayfield 2012, p. 255.
18. Cornell 2002, p. 141.
19. Cornell 2002, p. 188.

References

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