List of office-holders in India

The List of office-holders in India is a list of heads of government of states which exercised control over India, including colonial governments, from the time of the Sultanate of Delhi through to today.

List of rulers of Sultans of Delhi

Main article: List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate

Sultan of Delhi
State
Coin of last Sultan
Details
Style	Sultan, Sultan of Sultans, Shah
First monarch	Qutb ud-Din Aibak
Last monarch	Ibrahim Lodi
Formation	1206
Abolition	1526
Residence	Lahore (1206–1210) Badayun (1210–1214) Delhi (1214–1327) Daulatabad (1327–1334) Delhi (1334–1506) Agra (1506–1526)
Appointer	Hereditary

Sultans of Delhi were the rulers of the Muslim empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the subcontinent during the period of Medieval India, for 320 years (1206–1526). ^{[1] [2]} Following the conquest of South Asia by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), ^[3] the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. ^[4]

This list contains the rulers of Delhi Sultanate in chronological order. ^[5]

Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)

Further information: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

S/N	Name of ruler	Birth Date	Death Date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
1	Qutbuddin Aibak	1150	14 November 1210	25 June 1206	14 November 1210
2	Aram Shah	unknown	June 1211	December 1210	June 1211	Son of Aibak
3	Iltutmish	unknown	30 April 1236	June 1211	30 April 1236	Son-in-law of Aibak
4	Ruknuddin Firuz (Firuz I)	unknown	19 November 1236	April/May 1236	November 1236	Son of Iltutmish
5	Razia Sultan	unknown	15 October 1240	November 1236	20 April 1240	Daughter of Iltutmish
6	Muiz ud din Bahram	9 July 1212	15 May 1242	May 1240	15 May 1242	Son of Iltutmish
7	Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah	unknown	10 June 1246	May 1242	10 June 1246	Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
8	Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (Mahmud I)	1229 or 1230	18 February 1266	10 June 1246	18 February 1266	Grandson of Iltutmish
9	Ghiyas ud din Balban	1216	1287	February 1266	1287	Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
10	Muiz ud din Qaiqabad	1269	1 February 1290	1287	1 February 1290	Grandson of Balban
11	Shamsuddin Kayumars	1285/1287	13 June 1290	1 February 1290	13 June 1290	Son of Qaiqabad

Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)

Further information: Khalji dynasty

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
12	Jalal-ud-din Khalji (Firuz II)	1220	19 July 1296	13 June 1290	19 July 1296
–	Ruknuddin Ibrahim	unknown	after 1296	July 1296	November 1296	Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
13	Alauddin Khalji	c. 1266	4 January 1316	November 1296	4 January 1316	Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
14	Shihabuddin Omar	1310 or 1311	April 1316	5 January 1316	April 1316	Son of Alauddin Khalji
15	Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah	1299	9 July 1320	14 April 1316	1 May 1320	Son of Alauddin Khalji

Outside of the dynasties (1320)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
16	Khusrau Khan	unknown	1320	10 July 1320	5 September 1320	He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.

Tughluq dynasty (1320–1414)

Further information: Tughluq dynasty

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
17	Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (Tughluq I)	unknown	1 February 1325	8 September 1320	1 February 1325
18	Muhammad bin Tughluq (Muhammad II)	c. 1290	20 March 1351	1 February 1325	20 March 1351	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
19	Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Firuz III)	1309	20 September 1388	23 March 1351	20 September 1388	Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
20	Tughluq Khan (Tughluq II)	unknown	14 March 1389	20 September 1388	14 March 1389	Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
21	Abu Bakr Shah	unknown	after 1390	15 March 1389	August 1390	Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
22	Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (Muhammad III)	unknown	20 January 1394	31 August 1390	20 January 1394	Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
23	Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah	unknown	8 March 1394	22 January 1394	8 March 1394	Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
24	Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq	unknown	February 1413	March 1394	February 1413	Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
–	Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq	unknown	1398 or 1399	January 1395	1398 or 1399	Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)

Further information: Sayyid dynasty

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
25	Khizr Khan	unknown	20 May 1421	28 May 1414	20 May 1421
26	Mubarak Shah	unknown	19 February 1434	21 May 1421	19 February 1434	Son of Khizr Khan
27	Muhammad Shah (Muhammad IV)	unknown	January 1445	February 1434	January 1445	Grandson of Khizr Khan
28	Alam Shah	unknown	July 1478	January 1445	19 April 1451	Son of Muhammad Shah

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)

Further information: Lodi dynasty

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
29	Bahlul Lodi	1420	12 July 1489	19 April 1451	12 July 1489
30	Sikandar Lodi (Sikandar II)	17 July 1458	21 November 1517	17 July 1489	21 November 1517	Son of Bahlul Lodi
31	Ibrahim Lodi	1480	21 April 1526	November 1517	21 April 1526	Son of Sikandar Lodi

Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290)

Mamluk dynasty

Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1) r. 1206-1210 Aram Shah (2) r. 1210-1211 Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (3) r. 1211-1236 Rukn ud-Din Firuz (4) r. 1236 Razia Sultana (5) r. 1236-1240 Muiz ud-Din Bahram (6) r. 1240-1242 Nasir ud-Din Mahmud (8) r. 1246-1266 Ala ud-Din Masud (7) r. 1242-1246 Ghiyath ud-Din Balban (9) r. 1266-1286 Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad (10) r. 1287-1290 Shams ud-Din Kayumars (11) r. 1290

Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)

Khalji dynasty
Yughrush Jalal ud-Din Khalji (12) r. 1290-1296 Shihab ud-Din Mas'ud Ala ud-Din Khalji (13) r. 1296-1316 Shihab ud-Din Omar (14) r. 1316 Qutb ud-Din Mubarak (15) r. 1316-1320 Khusrau Khan (16) r. 1320

Tughluq dynasty (1320-1413)

Tughluq dynasty
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq I (17) r. 1320-1325 Malik Rajab Muhammad bin Tughluq (18) r. 1325-1351 Firuz Shah Tughlaq (19) r. 1351-1388 Fateh Khan Zafar Khan Nasir ud-Din Muhammad (22) r. 1390-1394 Ghiyath ud-Din Tughluq II (20) r. 1388-1389 Abu Bakr Shah (21) r. 1389-1390 Ala ud-Din Sikandar (23) r. 1394 Nasir ud-Din Mahmud (24) r. 1394-1413

Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451)

Sayyid dynasty
Khizr Khan (25) r. 1414-1421 Mubarak Shah (26) r. 1421-1434 Farid Khan Muhammad Shah (27) r. 1434-1445 Ala ud-Din Alam Shah (28) r. 1445-1451

Lodi dynasty (1451-1526)

Lodi dynasty
Bahlul Khan Lodi (29) r. 1451-1489 Sikandar Khan Lodi (30) r. 1489-1517 Ibrahim Khan Lodi (31) r. 1517-1526

List of Mughal Emperors

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.

1. Shahryar Mirza (1627 - 1628)
2. Dawar Baksh (1627 - 1628)
3. Jahangir II (1719 - 1720)

Portrait	Titular Name	Birth Name	Birth	Reign	Death
1	Babur بابر	Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi ظہیر الدین محمد	14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan	20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530	26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2	Humayun ہمایوں	Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان	6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan	26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556	27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3	Akbar اکبر	Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد	15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan	11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605	27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
4	Jahangir جہانگیر	Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم	31 August 1569 Agra, India	3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627	28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India
5	Shah Jahan شاہ جہان	Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram شہاب الدین محمد خرم	5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658	22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6	Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir عالمگیر	Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد	3 November 1618 Gujarat, India	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707	3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
7	Azam Shah اعظم شاہ	Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد	28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India	14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707	20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8	Bahadur Shah بہادر شاہ Shah Alam شاہ عالم	Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم	14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712	27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9	Jahandar Shah جہاندار شاہ	Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر	9 May 1661 Deccan, India	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713	12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10	Farrukhsiyar فرخ سیر	Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719	19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11	Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات	Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	1 December 1699	28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719	6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12	Shah Jahan II شاہ جہان دوم	Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	5 January 1696	6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719	18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13	Muhammad Shah محمد شاہ	Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748	26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14	Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بہادر	Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی	23 December 1725 Delhi, India	29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754	1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15	Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم	Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد	6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India	3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759	29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16	Shah Jahan III شاہ جہان سوم	Muhi Ul-Millat محی اُلملت	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760	1772 (aged 60–61)
17	Shah Alam II شاہ عالم دوم	Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18	Shah Jahan IV جہان شاه چہارم	Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah  بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ	1749 Delhi, India	31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788	1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
19	Shah Alam II شاہ عالم دوم	Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم Puppet King under the Maratha Empire	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
20	Akbar Shah II اکبر شاہ دوم	Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi سلطان ابن سلطان صاحب المفاضی ولی نعمت حقی خداوند مجازی ابو ناصر معین الدین محمد اکبر شاہ پاد شاہ غازی Puppet King under the East India Company	22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837	28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
21	Bahadur Shah II Zafar بہادر شاہ ظفر	Abu Zafar Siraj Ud-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد	24 October 1775 Delhi, India	28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857	7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar

List of title-holders Emperor of India

Portrait	Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Consort	Imperial Durbar	Royal House
	Victoria	24 May 1819	1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901	22 January 1901	None [Note 1]	1 January 1877 (represented by Lord Lytton )	Hanover
	Edward VII	9 November 1841	22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910	6 May 1910	Alexandra of Denmark	1 January 1903 (represented by Lord Curzon )	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
	George V	3 June 1865	6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936	20 January 1936	Mary of Teck	12 December 1911	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1910–1917) Windsor (1917–1936)
	Edward VIII	23 June 1894	20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936	28 May 1972	None	None [Note 2]	Windsor
	George VI	14 December 1895	11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947	6 February 1952	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	None [Note 3]	Windsor

List of governors-general

Before 1773 the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) was named as Governor of Bengal, which was in existence from 1757 to 1772. For the list of Governors of Bengal see List of governors of Bengal.

Fort William (Bengal) and India, 1600–1857

Governor-General (Lifespan)	Term of office		Notable events	Appointed by
Governors-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833
Warren Hastings (1732–1818)	20 October 1773 [Note 4]	8 February 1785	Regulating Act 1773 First Rohilla War (1773–1774) Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William (1774) was established Formation of Supreme Council of Bengal (1774) First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) Formed Amini Commission (1776) [7] Founded Calcutta Madrasa (Aliah University) (1780) James Augustus Hicky's Bengal Gazette (first Indian newspaper published (1780) Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–1784) Asiatic Society of Bengal was established by Sir William Jones (1784) Pitt's India Act (1784) Creation of collector post The first Governor General to be prosecuted for impeachment. As a consequence of his involvement in First Rohilla War [8] Experimentation on land settlements Ended providing pension to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II Abolished the Dual System in Bengal (which was introduced by Robert Clive) [9] Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta Abolished Dastak system (which was introduced by Robert Clive) English translation of the Bhagwat Gita by Charles Wilkins [10]	George III
Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet (acting) (1745–1821)	8 February 1785	12 September 1786
The Earl Cornwallis [Note 5] (1738–1805)	12 September 1786	28 October 1793	Established lower courts and appellate courts Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790–1792) Sanskrit Vidyalaya at Benaras (now Varanasi) established by Johnathan Duncan (then Governor of Bombay) (1791) Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal (1793) Introduction of Cornwallis Code (1793) Introduction of Civil Services in India
John Shore (1751–1834)	28 October 1793	18 March 1798	Policy of Non-intervention Charter Act 1793 Second Rohilla War 1794 Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)
Lt. Gen Alured Clarke (acting) (1744–1832)	18 March 1798	18 May 1798
Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley [Note 6] (1760–1842)	18 May 1798	30 July 1805	Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance (1798) Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799 Censorship Act, 1799 Took over the administration of Tanjore (1799), Surat (1800) and Carnatica (1801) Fort William College at Calcutta (1800) The Subsidiary Treaty of Bassein (1802) [11] and Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) [12] Raj Bhavan at Calcutta was established (1803)
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738–1805)	30 July 1805	5 October 1805
George Barlow, 1st Baronet (acting) (1762–1847)	10 October 1805	31 July 1807	Sepoy mutiny at Vellore (1806) (prelude to the Indian Rebellion of 1857) Bank of Calcutta (1806) established (later Imperial Bank of India, now State Bank of India)
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Lord Minto (1751–1814)	31 July 1807	4 October 1813	Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1809) with Talpur Rulers of Sindh Charter Act 1813
Francis Rawdon-Hastings [Note 7] (1754–1826)	4 October 1813	9 January 1823	Ended the policy of Non-intervention Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) ended with the signing of Treaty of Sugauli (1816) [13] Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816–1818) and the abolition of Peshwaship Hindu College (now Presidency University) at Calcutta (1817) The Pindari War (1817–1818) (the complete destruction of the Pindaris) Subversion of Peshwa Baji Rao II and annexation of his territories to the Bombay Presidency (1818) Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras Presidency (1820) by the governor Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet Establishment of Mahalwari System in Northern India by Holt Mackenzie (1822) Bengal Tenancy Act was passed (1822) General Committee of Public Instruction was formed (1823)
John Adam (acting) (1779–1825)	9 January 1823	1 August 1823	Licensing Regulations	George IV
William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst [Note 8] (1773–1857)	1 August 1823	13 March 1828	Barrackpore mutiny of 1824 Establishment of Sanskrit College at Calcutta (1824) First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) (East India Company defeats Burmese King Bagyidaw and annexes Assam, Manipur, Arakan and Tenasserim) Treaty of Yandabo, 1826 (East India Company humiliates and extracts 1 million Pounds from the Burmese King Bagyidaw)
William Butterworth Bayley (acting) (1782–1860)	13 March 1828	4 July 1828
Governors-General of India, 1833–1858
Lord William Bentinck (1774–1839)	4 July 1828	20 March 1835	First Governor General of India Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 Suppression of Thuggee (1829–1835) Kol Rebellion (1831) Barasat Uprising (1831), led by Titumir Annexation of Mysore (1831), Coorg (1834), and central Cachar (1834) Charter Act 1833 (administrative reforms as well as formalising the non-discrimination in employment of Indians by religion) English Education Act 1835 and introduction of English as a medium of instruction. English was also introduced by the Bengal government in the Calcutta Madrasa in 1829 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata (1835) Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit set by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit Mahalwari System in Central India, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh Brahmo samaj established by Ram Mohan Roy	William IV
Charles Metcalfe, Baronet (acting) (1785–1846)	20 March 1835	4 March 1836	Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations Known as Liberator of India Press Establishment of Calcutta Public Library (1836) (currently known as National Library of India)
George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland [Note 9] (1784–1849)	4 March 1836	28 February 1842	Tripartite Treaty (1838) between British, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh against Dost Muhammad Khan First Bengali daily newspaper Sambad Prabhakar was published (1839) Tattwabodhini Sabha was formed by Debendranath Tagore (1839) First Anglo Afghan War (1840–1842) (Retreating British Army massacred by Afghan militias during the 1842 retreat from Kabul) [14] Bank of Bombay (1840) established (later Imperial Bank of India, now State Bank of India)
Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (1790–1871)	28 February 1842	June 1844	Gwalior War (1843) (British defeat Marathas) Bank of Madras (1843) established (later Imperial Bank of India, now State Bank of India) Conquest and annexation of Sind Province (1843) [15] Indian Slavery Act, 1843	Victoria
William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (1784–1857)	June 1844	23 July 1844
Henry Hardinge [Note 10] (1785–1856)	23 July 1844	12 January 1848	The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) (British Empire defeats the Sikh Empire and confiscate major portion of its territory) Treaty of Lahore (1846) (British confiscated Kashmir from the Sikhs and sold it to Raja of Jammu for 75 lakh rupees) Treaty of Bhairowal (1846) Establishment of Roorkee Engineering College (1847) [16]
James Broun-Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie [Note 11] (1812–1860)	12 January 1848	28 February 1856	Doctrine of Lapse (1848) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) (The British totally defeated the Sikh Empire and annexed Punjab) Bethune Collegiate School (1849) (was also known as Calcutta Female School) was established by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune Religious Disabilities Act, 1850 First telegraph line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta (1851) Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) (The sole aim of Dalhousie was to humiliate and annex more of Burmese Territories. Burma was attacked unprovoked) Charter Act, 1853 First Passenger train between Bombay and Thane (1853) Charles Wood Despatch (1854) Post Office Act, 1854 Established Public Works Department (1854) Santhal Rebellion (1855) (15,000 Santhals were killed by the British Army during the rebellion. Elephants were used to destroy Santhal Dwellings) Annexation of Oudh on the grounds of alleged internal misrule (1856) Establishment of summer capital at Shimla Banned female infanticide completely and human sacrifice in Odisha and Maharashtra
Charles Canning, Viscount Canning [Note 12] (1812–1862)	28 February 1856	31 October 1858	Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 (drafted by James Broun-Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie) Indian Rebellion of 1857 University of Calcutta, University of Bombay, and University of Madras were set up (1857)

Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947

Governor-General or Viceroy (Lifespan)	Term of office		Notable events	Secretary of State for India	Prime Minister
Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947
Charles Canning, Viscount Canning [Note 12] (1812–1862)	1 November 1858	21 March 1862	Queen Victoria's Proclamation (1 November 1858) and The Government of India Act, 1858 [17] Formation of Imperial Civil Services (1858) Indigo Revolt in Bengal (1859–1860) White mutiny by the European troops (1859) Enactment of Indian Penal Code (1860) Indian High Courts Act 1861 Indian Councils Act, 1861 Indian Civil Service Act, 1861 Police Act, 1861 [18] Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India (1861) System of Budget was introduced Introduced Portfolio System which gave foundation for Cabinet System	Lord Stanley Charles Wood	Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby Viscount Palmerston
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (1811–1863)	21 March 1862	20 November 1863	Establishment of Calcutta High Court (2 July), Bombay High Court (14 August) and Madras High Court (15 August) (1862) Opened up Qing China and Japan to Western trade Compelled the Qing to sign the Convention of Peking, annexing the Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong	Charles Wood	Viscount Palmerston
Robert Napier (acting) (1810–1890)	21 November 1863	2 December 1863
William Denison (acting) (1804–1871)	2 December 1863	12 January 1864
John Lawrence, Baronet (1811–1879)	12 January 1864	12 January 1869	Bhutan War (1864–1865) (The British defeated an undefended Bhutan and annexed Assam and Bengal Duars) Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital (1864) Establishment of Allahabad High Court (1866) Famine Commission was constituted (1867) under Henry Campbell due to Orissa famine of 1866 Tenancy Act was passed in Punjab and Oudh (1868)	Charles Wood George Robinson, Earl de Grey Viscount Cranborne Stafford Northcote George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll	Viscount Palmerston John Russell, 1st Earl Russell Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone
Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (1822–1872)	12 January 1869	8 February 1872	Keshub Chandra Sen establishes Indian Reform Association (1870) Started Financial decentralization (1870) [19] Enacted IPC amendment-Sedition Act 1870 to tackle Wahabi Movement Assassinated by Sher Ali Afridi (1872) [20] Started the Census in India (1872) Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (1872) [19] Established Statistical Survey of India (1872) [19] Opening of Rajkumar college in Rajkot and Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian Princes	George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll	William Ewart Gladstone
John Strachey (acting) (1823–1907)	9 February 1872	23 February 1872
Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier (acting) (1819–1898)	24 February 1872	3 May 1872
Thomas Baring, Lord Northbrook (1826–1904)	3 May 1872	12 April 1876	He suppressed Kuka rebellion in Punjab led by Ram Singh (1872) Jyotiba Phule launches the Satyashodhak Samaj in Maharashtra (1873) against the caste system and the Untouchability practice Trial of Gaekwad of Baroda (1874) Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1875) Prince of Wales Edward VII visited India (1875) Dramatic Performances Act, 1876 He resigned (1876), being asked by the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli to make a treaty with the Emir of Afghanistan Sher Ali Khan	George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury	William Ewart Gladstone Benjamin Disraeli
Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (1831–1891)	12 April 1876	8 June 1880	Royal Titles Act, 1876 by which Queen Victoria assumed the title of 'Empress of India' Great Famine of 1876–1878 , a 'Famine Commission' was constituted under Richard Strachey (1878) First Delhi Durbar (of three) (1877) Vernacular Press Act, 1878 Arms Act, 1878 [21] Second Anglo-Afghan War, (1878–1880) Treaty of Gandamak signed (1879) Decreased the maximum age of appearing in civil services from 21 to 19	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook Marquess of Hartington	Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone
George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (1827–1909)	8 June 1880	13 December 1884	First Factory Act (1881) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 First complete Census in India (1881) Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882) Establishment of Panjab University (1882) Government resolution on local self-government (1882) [22] Appointment of Education Commission under Sir William Wilson Hunter (1882) [23] Ilbert Bill (1883) Passed Famine codes (1883) Increased the maximum age of appearing in civil services from 18 to 21	Marquess of Hartington John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley	William Ewart Gladstone
Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin (1826–1902)	13 December 1884	10 December 1888	Formation of Indian National Congress (1885) Bengal Tenancy Act (1885) Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) Burma was made a province of India, with Rangoon as its capital (1886) [24]	John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley Lord Randolph Churchill John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross	William Ewart Gladstone Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927)	10 December 1888	21 January 1894	Age of Consent Act, 1891 was passed to prohibit the marriages of girl child under the age of 12 Second Factory Act 1891 Indian Councils Act 1892 Setting up the Durand Commission (1893) (India-Afghanistan)	R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley Henry Fowler	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin (1849–1917)	21 January 1894 [25]	6 January 1899	Spread of Bubonic plague in Bombay (1896) Indian famine of 1896–1897 Establishment of the Ramakrishna Mission by Swami Vivekananda at Belur Math (1897) Assassination of two British officials (Walter Charles Rand and Ayerst) by the Chapekar brothers (1897)	Henry Fowler Lord George Hamilton	Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston [Note 13] (1859–1925)	6 January 1899	18 November 1905	Indian famine of 1899–1900 Munda (Ulgulan) rebellion led by Birsa Munda (1899–1900) Department of Agriculture was constituted (1901) Creation of North-West Frontier Province (1901) Appointment of Police Commission under Andrew Frazer (1902) Appointment of Raleigh University Commission (1902) (Indian Universities Act, 1904 was passed as per the recommendation of this commission) Second Delhi Durbar (of three) (1903) Younghusband expedition to Tibet under Francis Younghusband (1903–1904) Benaras Hindu Girls School was established by Annie Besant (1904) Archaeological Department was established under Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904 Official Secrets Act 1904 to curb free press Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in Bihar was established (1905) Partition of Bengal (1905) Swadeshi Movement (1905–1911) against Partition of Bengal by Lal Bal Pal-Aurbindo Ghosh	Lord George Hamilton William St John Brodrick	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour
Appointed by Edward VII (1901–1910)
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1845–1914)	18 November 1905	23 November 1910	Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan III and Khwaja Salimullah (Nawab of Dhaka) (1906) Foundation of Jugantar revolutionary group in Bengal (1906) Foundation stone of 'Victoria Memorial' laid (1906) Split in Congress (1907) (in Surat session) Satyendra Prasanna Sinha became first Indian member to be appointed in Viceroy's Executive Council Seditious meetings (prohibition) Act 1907 to curb the extremist movement Jamsetji Tata established TISCO (1907) Newspapers Act 1908 Morley–Minto reforms (1909) Indian Press Act, 1910	William St John Brodrick John Morley Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe	Arthur Balfour Henry Campbell-Bannerman H. H. Asquith
Appointed by George V (1910–1936)
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1858–1944)	23 November 1910	4 April 1916	Third Delhi Durbar (1911) Annulment of Partition of Bengal by King George V (1911) Transfer of capital from Calcutta to New Delhi (1911) Partition of Bengal to form Bihar and Orissa province (1912) World War I (1914–1918) Komagata Maru incident (1914) McMahon border line was created between India and China (1914) Ghadar Mutiny (1915) Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa (1915) Foundation of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915) Foundation of Banaras Hindu University (1916)	Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe Austen Chamberlain	H. H. Asquith
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford (1868–1933)	4 April 1916	2 April 1921	Formation of Indian Home Rule movement by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant (1916) First Women's University (SNDT Women's University) at Pune was founded by Dhondo Keshav Karve (1916) Lucknow Pact (1916) (between Indian National Congress and Muslim League) Champaran Satyagraha (1917), the first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in British India August Declaration, 1917 Saddler University Commission or Calcutta Commission (1917) Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms (1919) Government of India Act 1919 Rowlatt Act (1919) Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) Khilafat Movement (1919–1920) (later merged with Non-cooperation movement in 1920) Foundation of Aligarh Muslim University (1920) Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922) Imperial Bank of India (now State Bank of India established in 1921)	Austen Chamberlain Edwin Montagu	H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading (1860–1935)	2 April 1921	3 April 1926	Annulment of Press Act of 1910 and Rowlatt Act of 1919 Malabar rebellion (also known as Moplah Rebellion), first Ethnic Rebellion (1921) Rabindranath Tagore founded Visva-Bharati University (1921) Chauri Chaura incident (1922) and withdrawal of Non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi Formation of Swaraj Party (1923) Appointment of Lee Commission (1923) on public services reforms [26] Railway budget was separated from general budget since 1924 (this tradition continued till 2016) Kakori train robbery (1925) Foundation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh by K. B. Hedgewar (1925) Foundation of the Communist Party of India in Kanpur (1925)	Edwin Montagu William Peel, Viscount Peel Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead	David Lloyd George Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin
E. F. L. Wood, Lord Irwin (1881–1959)	3 April 1926	18 April 1931	Simon Commission (1928) Nehru Report (1928) Death of Lala Lajpat Rai (1928) Fourteen Points of Jinnah (1929) Purna Swaraj declaration (1929) Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929) Bombing in Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt (8 April 1929) "Deepavali Declaration" (31 October 1929, to grant India dominion status in due course) Appointment of "Hartog Committee" (1929) to survey the growth of education in British India [27] Launching of Civil disobedience movement with Salt March (1930) Dharasana Satyagraha (1930) First Round Table Conferences (1930) Allahabad Address by Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1930) Chittagong armoury raid (1930) Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931) Execution of Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar (1931)	F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead William Peel, Viscount Peel	Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald
George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen (acting) (1866–1952)	29 June 1929	11 November 1929		William Peel, Viscount Peel, William Wedgwood Benn
Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of Willingdon (1866–1941)	18 April 1931	18 April 1936	Second Round Table Conference (1931) Announcement of Communal Award by Ramsay MacDonald (1932) Poona Pact between Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar (1932) Third Round Table Conference (1932) Pakistan Declaration (1933) Foundation of Congress Socialist Party (1934) Reserve Bank of India established by passing The Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 Government of India Act 1935 Formation of All India Kisan Sabha (1936)	William Wedgwood Benn Samuel Hoare Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland	Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin
Appointed by Edward VIII (1936)
Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow (1887–1952)	18 April 1936	1 October 1943	Indian provincial elections (1937) Indian entry into World War II (1939) Day of Deliverance (1939) Formation of All India Forward Bloc (1939) Lahore Resolution (1940) August Offer (1940) Cripps Mission (1942) Formation of Indian Legion (1942) Quit India Movement (1942) Formation of Indian National Army (1942) Bengal famine (1943)	Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland Leo Amery	Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill
Appointed by George VI (1936–1947) (as Emperor of India)
Archibald Wavell, Viscount Wavell (1883–1950)	1 October 1943	21 February 1947	C. R. formula (1944) Simla Conference (1945) World War II ended (1945) Indian National Army (INA) trials (1945–1946) Cabinet Mission (1946) Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) Interim Government was formed (1946) Royal Indian Navy mutiny (1946)	Leo Amery Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence	Winston Churchill Clement Attlee
Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979)	21 February 1947	15 August 1947	Indian Independence Act 1947 (18 July 1947) Radcliffe Commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Cyril Radcliffe to demarcate the border line of Bengal Presidency and Punjab Province	Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel	Clement Attlee

Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950

Governor-General (Lifespan)	Term of office		Notable events	Prime Minister
Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950
Appointed by George VI (1947–1950) (as King of India)
Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma [Note 14] (1900–1979)	15 August 1947	21 June 1948	First Governor-General of the Union of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878–1972)	21 June 1948	26 January 1950	Last Governor-General of India, before the office was permanently abolished (1950) First and only Indian-born Governor-General of India

List of Presidents of India

#	Name	Portrait	Term of office		Elected	Political party
1	Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963)		26 January 1950	13 May 1962	1950 1952 1955 1957	Indian National Congress
2	Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)		13 May 1962	13 May 1967	1962 1965	Independent
3	Zakir Husain (1897–1969)		13 May 1967	3 May 1969 (died in office.)	1967	Independent
4	V. V. Giri (1894–1980)		3 May 1969	20 July 1969	1969	Independent
5	Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)		20 July 1969	24 August 1969	1969	Independent
(4)	V. V. Giri (1894–1980)		24 August 1969	24 August 1973	1969	Independent
–	Gopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)		24 August 1973	24 August 1973	–	Independent
(4)	V. V. Giri (1894–1980)		24 August 1973	24 August 1974	–	Independent
6	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977)		24 August 1974	11 February 1977 (died in office.)	1974	Indian National Congress
7	B. D. Jatti (1912–2002)		11 February 1977	25 July 1977	—	Indian National Congress
8	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996)		25 July 1977	25 July 1982	1977	Janata Party
9	Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994)		25 July 1982	25 July 1983	1982	Indian National Congress
(5)	Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)		25 July 1983	25 July 1983	—	Indian National Congress
(9)	Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994)		25 July 1983	25 July 1984	—	Indian National Congress
(5)	Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)		25 July 1984	25 July 1984	—	Indian National Congress
(9)	Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994)		25 July 1984	25 July 1987	1984	Indian National Congress
10	R. Venkataraman (1910–2009)		25 July 1987	25 July 1992	1987	Indian National Congress
11	Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)		25 July 1992	25 July 1997	1992	Indian National Congress
12	K. R. Narayanan (1920–2005)		25 July 1997	25 July 2000	1997	Indian National Congress
–	Krishan Kant (1927–2002)		25 July 2000	25 July 2000	–	Indian National Congress
(12)	K. R. Narayanan (1920–2005)		25 July 2000	25 July 2002	–	Indian National Congress
13	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015)		25 July 2002	25 July 2003	2002	Independent
–	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)		25 July 2003	25 July 2003	–	Independent
(13)	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015)		25 July 2003	25 July 2007	–	Independent
14	Pratibha Patil (1934–)		25 July 2007	25 July 2010	2007	Indian National Congress
–	Mohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)		25 July 2010	25 July 2010	–	Indian National Congress
(14)	Pratibha Patil (1934–)		25 July 2010	25 July 2012	–	Indian National Congress
15	Pranab Mukherjee (1935–2020)		25 July 2012	25 July 2016	2012	Indian National Congress
–	Mohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)		25 July 2016	25 July 2016	–	Indian National Congress
(15)	Pranab Mukherjee (1935–2020)		25 July 2016	25 July 2017	–	Indian National Congress
16	Ram Nath Kovind (1945–)		25 July 2017	25 July 2018	2017	Bharatiya Janata Party
_	M. Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)		25 July 2018	25 July 2018	–	Bharatiya Janata Party
(16)	Ram Nath Kovind (1945–)		25 July 2018	25 July 2022	–	Bharatiya Janata Party
17	Droupadi Murmu (1958-)		25 July 2022	11 August 2022	2022	Bharatiya Janata Party
–	Jagdeep Dhankhar (1951–)		11 August 2022	11 August 2022	–	Bharatiya Janata Party
17	Droupadi Murmu (1958-)		11 August 2022	12 September 2025	–	Bharatiya Janata Party
—	C. P. Radhakrishnan(1957-)		12 September 2025	12 September 2025		Bharatiya Janata Party
17	Droupadi Murmu (1958–)		12 September 2025	Incumbent		Bharatiya Janata Party

List of vice presidents of India

   Independent candidate

   Indian National Congress

   Bharatiya Janata Party

   Janata Dal

Key

^†-Died in office
^⸸-Resigned

#	Portrait	Name	Term of office [28]			Election	President	Party
1		Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	13 May 1952	12 May 1957	9 years, 364 days	1952	Rajendra Prasad	Independent
			13 May 1957	12 May 1962		1957
2		Zakir Husain	13 May 1962	12 May 1967	4 years, 364 days	1962	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3		V. V. Giri ⸸	13 May 1967	3 May 1969	1 year, 355 days	1967	Zakir Hussain
4		Gopal Swarup Pathak	31 August 1969	30 August 1974	4 years, 364 days	1969	V. V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
5		B. D. Jatti	31 August 1974	30 August 1979	4 years, 364 days	1974	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	Indian National Congress
6		Mohammad Hidayatullah	31 August 1979	30 August 1984	4 years, 365 days	1979	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh	Independent
7		Ramaswamy Venkataraman ⸸	31 August 1984	24 July 1987	2 years, 327 days	1984	Zail Singh	Indian National Congress
8		Shankar Dayal Sharma ⸸	3 September 1987	24 July 1992	4 years, 325 days	1987	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
9		K. R. Narayanan ⸸	21 August 1992	24 July 1997	4 years, 337 days	1992	Shankar Dayal Sharma
10		Krishan Kant †	21 August 1997	27 July 2002	4 years, 340 days	1997	K. R. Narayanan A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	Janata Dal
11		Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ⸸	19 August 2002	21 July 2007	4 years, 336 days	2002	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	Bharatiya Janata Party
12		Mohammad Hamid Ansari	11 August 2007	10 August 2012	9 years, 364 days	2007	Pratibha Patil	Indian National Congress
			11 August 2012	10 August 2017		2012	Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind
13		Venkaiah Naidu	11 August 2017	11 August 2022	5 years, 0 days	2017	Ram Nath Kovind Droupadi Murmu	Bharatiya Janata Party
14		Jagdeep Dhankhar	11 August 2022	21 July 2025	2 years, 344 days	2022	Droupadi Murmu	Bharatiya Janata Party
15		C. P. Radhakrishnan	12 September 2025	Incumbent	22 days	2025	Droupadi Murmu	Bharatiya Janata Party

List of presidents of the Board of Control

President of the Board of Control ^{[29] [30]}

Whig         Tory         Conservative
Portrait		Name Honorifics and constituency	Term of office		Party	Ministry
		Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney before 1789 Viscount Sydney after 1789	4 September 1784	6 March 1790	Whig	Pitt I
		William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville	6 March 1790	22 June 1793	Tory (Pittite)
		Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville MP for Edinburgh	22 June 1793	25 April 1801	Tory
		George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth	25 April 1801	2 July 1802	Tory	Addington
‍		Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh MP for Down before 1805 MP for Boroughbridge after 1806	2 July 1802	11 February 1806	Tory
						Pitt II
		Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto	11 February 1806	15 July 1806	Whig	All the Talents ( Whig–Tory )
		Thomas Grenville MP for Buckingham	15 July 1806	30 September 1806	Whig
		George Tierney MP for Athlone	30 September 1806	6 April 1807	Whig
		Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville MP for Midlothian	6 April 1807	11 July 1809	Tory	Portland II
		Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby	11 July 1809	November 1809	Tory
						Perceval
		Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville MP for Midlothian before 1811 Viscount Melville after 1811	November 1809	4 April 1812	Tory
		Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire	4 April 1812	4 June 1816	Tory
						Liverpool
		George Canning MP for Liverpool	4 June 1816	June 1821	Tory
		Charles Bathurst MP for Harwich	June 1821	4 February 1822
		Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850) MP for Montgomeryshire	4 February 1822	4 February 1828	Tory
						Canning ( Canningite – Whig )
						Goderich ( Canningite – Whig )
						Wellington–Peel
		Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville	4 February 1828	17 September 1828	Tory
		Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough	17 September 1828	1 December 1830	Tory
		Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg MP for Inverness-shire	1 December 1830	18 September 1834	Whig	Grey
						Melbourne I
		Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough	18 September 1834	23 April 1835	Conservative	Peel I
		John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton MP for Nottingham	23 April 1835	30 August 1841	Whig	Melbourne II
		Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough	4 September 1841	23 October 1841	Conservative	Peel II
		William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey	23 October 1841	17 May 1843	Conservative
		F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich	17 May 1843	30 June 1846	Conservative
		John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton MP for Nottingham before 1847 MP for Harwich after 1848	8 July 1846	5 February 1852	Whig	Russell
		Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie MP for Perth	5 February 1852	21 February 1852	Whig
		John Charles Herries MP for Stamford	28 February 1852	17 December 1852	Conservative	Who? Who?
		Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax MP for Halifax	30 December 1852	3 March 1855	Whig	Aberdeen ( Peelite – Whig )
		Robert Vernon MP for Northampton	3 March 1855	21 February 1858	Whig	Palmerston I
		Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough	6 March 1858	5 June 1858	Conservative	Derby–Disraeli II
		Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby MP for King's Lynn	5 June 1858	2 August 1858	Conservative

Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby took up the new post of Secretary of State for India on 2 August 1858, upon the establishment of the British Raj.

Secretaries of state for India, 1858–1948

Before the establishment of the British Empire on 2 August 1858, Lord Stanley had served as President of the Board of Control.

Portrait		Name	Term of office		Political party	Prime Minister
		Lord Stanley MP for King's Lynn	2 August 1858	11 June 1859	Conservative		Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
		Sir Charles Wood MP for Halifax until 1865 MP for Ripon after 1865	18 June 1859	16 February 1866 [31]	Liberal		Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
							John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
		George Robinson, 3rd Earl de Grey	16 February 1866	26 June 1866	Liberal
		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne MP for Stamford	6 July 1866	8 March 1867	Conservative		Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
		Sir Stafford Northcote MP for North Devonshire	8 March 1867	1 December 1868	Conservative
							Benjamin Disraeli
		George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll	9 December 1868	17 February 1874	Liberal		William Ewart Gladstone
		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury	21 February 1874	2 April 1878	Conservative		Benjamin Disraeli
		Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Viscount Cranbrook	2 April 1878	21 April 1880	Conservative
		Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington MP for North East Lancashire	28 April 1880	16 December 1882	Liberal		William Ewart Gladstone
		John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley	16 December 1882	9 June 1885	Liberal
		Lord Randolph Churchill MP for Paddington South	24 June 1885	28 January 1886	Conservative		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
		John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley	6 February 1886	20 July 1886	Liberal		William Ewart Gladstone
		R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross	3 August 1886	11 August 1892	Conservative		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
		John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley	18 August 1892	10 March 1894	Liberal		William Ewart Gladstone
		Henry Fowler MP for Wolverhampton East	10 March 1894	21 June 1895	Liberal		Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
		Lord George Hamilton MP for Ealing	4 July 1895	9 October 1903 [32]	Conservative		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (Unionist Coalition)
							Arthur Balfour (Unionist Coalition)
		William St John Brodrick MP for Guildford	9 October 1903	4 December 1905	Irish Unionist
		John Morley MP for Montrose Burghs until 1908 Viscount Morley of Blackburn after 1908	10 December 1905	3 November 1910	Liberal		Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
							H. H. Asquith
		Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Earl of Crewe	3 November 1910	7 March 1911	Liberal
		John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn	7 March 1911	25 May 1911	Liberal
		Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe	25 May 1911	25 May 1915	Liberal
		Austen Chamberlain MP for Birmingham West	25 May 1915	17 July 1917 [32]	Conservative		H. H. Asquith (Coalition) David Lloyd George (Coalition)
		Edwin Montagu MP for Chesterton until 1918 MP for Cambridgeshire after 1918	17 July 1917	19 March 1922	Liberal
		William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel	19 March 1922	22 January 1924	Conservative		Bonar Law
							Stanley Baldwin
		Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier	22 January 1924	3 November 1924	Labour		Ramsay MacDonald
		F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead	6 November 1924	18 October 1928	Conservative		Stanley Baldwin
		William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel	18 October 1928	4 June 1929	Conservative
		William Wedgwood Benn MP for Aberdeen North	7 June 1929	24 August 1931	Labour		Ramsay MacDonald
		Sir Samuel Hoare MP for Chelsea	25 August 1931	7 June 1935	Conservative		Ramsay MacDonald (1st & 2nd National Min.)
		Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland	7 June 1935	28 May 1937	Conservative		Stanley Baldwin (3rd National Min.)

Secretaries of state for India and Burma, 1937–1947

Portrait		Name	Term of office		Political party	Prime Minister
		Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland	28 May 1937	13 May 1940	Conservative		Neville Chamberlain (4th National Min.; War Coalition)
		Leo Amery MP for Birmingham Sparkbrook	13 May 1940	26 July 1945	Conservative		Winston Churchill (War Coalition; Caretaker Min.)
		Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence	3 August 1945	17 April 1947	Labour		Clement Attlee
		The Right Honourable William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel	17 April 1947	14 August 1947	Labour

Secretaries of state for Burma, 1947–1948

Portrait		Name	Term of office		Political party	Prime Minister
		The Right Honourable William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel	14 August 1947	4 January 1948	Labour		Clement Attlee

Vakil-i-Mutlaq

Vakil of the Mughal Empire
Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan
Style	His Excellency
Residence	House of Rule
Appointer	The Emperor
Formation	21 April 1526
First holder	Mir Khalifa
Final holder	Daulat Rao Sindhia
Abolished	9 April 1818

The Vakil-i-Mutlaq (Persian : وکیلِ مطلق), variously translated as the Lieutenant Plenipotentiary, ^[33] the Regent Plenipotentiary, ^[34] the Vicegerent ^[35] or the Imperial Regent, was an important office in the Government of the Mughal Empire, first in ministerial hierarchy and only next to Mughal Emperor. Vekil is an Arabic word which means "representative". ^[36] The Vakil was considered as the Emperor's lieutenant in all matters connected with the realm and household. From the reign of Emperor Babur to Emperor Shah Jahan, the title of grand vizier was also given to the Vakil. But afterwards it remained only as dignitary post. ^[37]

The degree of powers of the Vakil's office varied from era to era. However the Vakil required Emperor's approval in each and every decision. During the era of Babur and Humayun, he had the powers of prime minister while early in the reign of Akbar, Vakil Bairam Khan acted as regent and ruled on the behalf of Emperor. Bairam Khan had his own Vakil-i-Mutlaq, who in this case was a general manager. This position was held by Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani and when he was temporarily dismissed, given to Haji Muhammad Sistani. ^[38] In 1564, Akbar revived the office of Vakil and didn't give him the responsibilities of finance department. ^[39] In the reign of Jahangir, the office of Imperial Diwan gained prominence and ultimately during Shah Jahan's regime, the title of grand vizier was transferred from Vakil's office to Imperial Diwan. ^[39]

List of prime ministers of India

N	Portrait	Name	Term of office		Notable events	Emperor
1		Amir Nizamuddin Khalifa	1526	1540	1st Battle of panipat Battle of Khanwa	Babur (1526 –1530) & Humayun (1530 –1540)
2		Qaracha Khan	1540	1550	He was a governor of qandhar and humayun appoint him as Grand-Vizier of the Mughal State.	Humayun (1530 –1556)
3		Bairam Khan [40]	1550	1560		Akbar-i-Azam اکبر اعظم (1556–1605)
4		Munim Khan	1560	1565
5		Muzaffar Khan Turbati [41]	1575	1579	No Vakil was appointed after his appointment to governorship in Bengal from 1579 until 1589
6		Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak [42]	1579	1602
7		Khanzada Abdur Rahim [40]	1589	1595
8		Mirza Aziz Koka [40]	1595	1605
9		Sharif Khan [40]	1605	1611		Jahangir جہانگیر (1605–1627)
10		Mirza Ghias Beg [40]	1611	1622
11		Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan [40]	1622	1630
12		Afzal Khan Shirazi [40]	1630	1639		Shah Jahan شاہ جہان (1628–1658)
13		Islam Khan Mashadi [40]	1639	1640
14		Shaikh Ilam-ud-Din Ansari [43]	1640	1642
15		Sadullah Khan [44]	1642	1656	Taj Mahal completed
16		Mir Jumla [45]	1656	1657		Alamgir I عالمگیر (1658–1707)
17		Jafar Khan [46]	1657	1658
18		Fazil Khan [46]	1658	1663
(17)		Jafar Khan [45]	1663	1670 [47]
19		Asad Khan [48]	1675	1707	Mughal–Maratha Wars Anglo-Mughal War
20		Mun'im Khan [49]	1707	1711		Bahadur Shah I بہادر شاہ (1707–1712)
21		Hidayatullah Khan [50]	1711	1713		Jahandar Shah جہاندار شاہ (1712–1713)
22		Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung [51]	1712	1713
23		Mir Rustam Ali Khan [40]	1710	1737		Farrukhsiyar فرخ سیر (1713–1719)
24		Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha [52]	1713	1720	Mughal throne occupied by a series of puppet rulers under the Syed brothers. [53]
25		Muhammad Amin Khan Turani [52]	1720	1721		Muhammad Shah محمد شاہ (1719–1748)
26		Mir Qamar-ud-Din Khan Asaf Jah I [54]	1721	1724
27		Mir Fazil Qamar-ud-Din Khan	1724	1731	Battle of Delhi (1737) Battle of Bhopal Nader Shah's invasion of Mughal Empire Battle of Karnal First invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani Battle of Manupur (1748)
28		Saadat Ali Khan I	1731	19 March 1739
(27)		Mir Fazil Qamar-ud-Din Khan	19 March 1739	1748
29		Safdar Jang [54]	1748	1753	Second invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani Third invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani Battle of Lahore (1752)	Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بہادر (1748–1754)
30		Intizam-ud-Daulah [55]	1753	1754
31		Muhammad Muqim	1 October 1754	5 October 1754
32		Imad-ul-Mulk Feroze Jung [55]	1754	1760	Black Hole of Calcutta Battle of Plassey	Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم (1754–1759)
33		Jalal-ud-din Haider Abul-Mansur Khan	1760	1775	Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Treaty of Allahabad	Shah Alam II شاہ عالم دوم (1760–1806)
34		Mirza Jawan Bakht	1760	1775
35		Asaf-ud-Daula	1775	1784
(34)		Mirza Jawan Bakht	1784	1784
(35)		Asaf-ud-Daula	1784	1797
36		Wazir Ali Khan	21 September 1797	21 January 1798

List of Prime Minister

N	Portrait	Personal Name	Reign	Birth	Death
(36)		Wazir Ali Khan وزیر علی خان	21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798	1780	1817
37		Saadat Ali Khan II سعادت علی خان	21 January 1798 – 11 July 1814	1752	1814
38		Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah غازی الدیں حیدر شاہ	11 July 1814 – 19 October 1827	1769	1827
39		Nasir-ud-Din Haidar Shah ناصر الدیں حیدر شاہ	19 October 1827 – 7 July 1837	1827	1837
40		Muhammad Ali Shah محمّد علی شاہ	7 July 1837 – 7 May 1842	1777	1842
42		Amjad Ali Shah امجد علی شاہ	7 May 1842 – 13 February 1847	1801	1847
43		Wajid Ali Shah واجد علی شاہ	13 February 1847 – 11 February 1856	1822	1 September 1887
44		Begum hazrat Mahal بیگم حضرت محل	11 February 1856 – 5 July1857 Wife of Wajid Ali Shah and mother of Birjis Qadra (in rebellion)	1820	7 April 1879
45		Birjis Qadr بر جیس قدر	5 July 1857 – 3 March 1858 (in rebellion)	1845	14 August 1893

List of Prime Minister

N	Portrait	Birth Name	Reign	Birth	Death	Notes
46		Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad	3 March 1858 – 7 November 1862 (19 years, 360 days)	24 October 1775 Delhi, India	7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar	Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and was exiled to Burma after the rebellion of 1857.

List of prime ministers of India

No.	Portrait	Name (birth and death)	Term of office		Party
			Took office	Left office
47		Charles Wood	1862	1862	Independent
48		Jung Bahadur Rana	1862	1862
49		Dost Mohammad Khan	1862	1862
50		Jyotirao Phule	1862	1863
51		James Bruce	1863	1863
52		Dayananda Saraswati	1863	1863
53		Ramakrishna	1863	1863
54		Sher Ali Khan	1863	1863
55		Takht Singh	1863	1863
56		John Lawrence	1863	1863
57		Debendranath Tagore	1863	1870
58		Syed Ahmad Khan	1870	1875
59		Mohsin-ul-Mulk	1875	1880
60		Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I	1880	1883
61		Ranodip Singh Kunwar	1883	1883
62		Mir Laiq Ali Khan, Salar Jung II	1883	1883
63		Keshub Chandra Sen	1883	1883
64		Herbert Spencer	1884	1885
65		Bhikaiji Cama	1885	1885
66		Abhayananda	1885	1885
67		Jaswant Singh II	1885	1885
68		John Wodehouse	1885	1885
69		Frederick Hamilton	1885	1885

List of prime ministers of India

Legend

No.	Portrait	Name	Term of office	Appointed by	Party
70		Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee	1885	Bombay	Indian National Congress
71		Dadabhai Naoroji	1886	Calcutta
72		Badruddin Tyabji	1887	Madras
73		George Yule	1888	Allahabad
74		William Wedderburn	1889	Bombay
75		Pherozeshah Mehta	1890	Calcutta
76		Panapakkam Anandacharlu	1891	Nagpur
(70) )		Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee	1892	Allahabad
(71)		Dadabhai Naoroji	1893	Lahore
77		Alfred Webb	1894	Madras
78		Surendranath Banerjee	1895	Poona
79		Rahimtulla M. Sayani	1896	Calcutta
80		C. Sankaran Nair	1897	Amaravati
81		Anandamohan Bose	1898	Madras
82		Romesh Chunder Dutt	1899	Lucknow
83		N. G. Chandavarkar	1900	Lahore
84		Dinshaw Edulji Wacha	1901	Calcutta	Indian National Congress
85		Swami Vivekananda	1902
86		Surendranath Banerjee	1902	Ahmedabad
87		Lalmohan Ghosh	1903	Madras
88		Henry John Stedman Cotton	1904	Bombay
89		Gopal Krishna Gokhale	1905	Banaras
90		Dadabhai Naoroji	1906	Calcutta
91		Rashbihari Ghosh	1907	Surat
			1908	Madras
92		Madan Mohan Malaviya	1909	Lahore
93		William Wedderburn	1910	Allahabad
94		Bishan Narayan Dar	1911	Calcutta
95		Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar	1912	Bankipore
96		Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur	1913	Karachi
97		Bhupendra Nath Bose	1914	Madras
98		Satyendra Prasanno Sinha	1915	Bombay
99		Ambica Charan Mazumdar	1915	Lucknow

List of prime ministers of India

No.	Portrait	Name (birth and death)	Term of office		Party
			Took office	Left office
100		Raja Mahendra Pratap (1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979)	1915	1919	Independent
101		Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah (7 July 1854 – 20 September 1927)	1919	1919	Independent
102		Hari Singh Gour (26 November 1870 – 25 December 1949)	1919	1923	Independent
103		Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931)	1923	1930	Independent
104		Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 –1964)	1930	1932	Independent
–		Hari Singh Gour (26 November 1870 – 25 December 1949)	1932	1934	Independent
105		Bhulabhai Desai (13 October 1877 – 6 May 1946)	1934	1936	Independent
106		Abul Kalam Azad ( 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958)	1936	1943	Independent
107		Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)	1 July 1943	6 July 1943	Independent
108		Vallabhbhai Patel ( 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950)	6 July 1943	6 July 1943	Independent
119		Muhammad Ali Jinnah (25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948)	6 July 1943	6 July 1943	Independent
110		Liaquat Ali Khan (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951)	6 July 1943	6 July 1943	Independent
111		Subhash Chandra Bose (1897- 1945)	6 July 1943	18 August 1945	Indian National Army
112		Jawaharlal Nehru (1889- 1964)	18 August 1945	15 August 1947	Indian National Congress
-		After Independence (below)
1		Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)	15 August 1947	15 April 1952	Indian National Congress
			15 April 1952	17 April 1957
			17 April 1957	2 April 1962
			2 April 1962	27 May 1964†
Acting		Gulzarilal Nanda (1898–1998)	27 May 1964	9 June 1964
2		Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904–1966)	9 June 1964	11 January 1966†
–		Gulzarilal Nanda (1898–1998)	11 January 1966	24 January 1966
3		Indira Gandhi (1917–1984)	24 January 1966	4 March 1967
			4 March 1967	15 March 1971
			15 March 1971	24 March 1977
4		Morarji Desai (1896–1995)	24 March 1977	28 July 1979	Janata Party
Acting		Jagjivan Ram (1908–1986)	28 July 1979	28 July 1979
5		Charan Singh (1902–1987)	28 July 1979	8 January 1980 [RES]	Janata Party (Secular)
Acting		Yashwantrao Chavan (1913–1984)	8 January 1980	10 January 1980
6		Charan Singh (1902–1987)	10 January 1980	14 January 1980
7		Indira Gandhi (1917–1984)	14 January 1980 [§]	31 October 1984†	Indian National Congress (I)
8		Rajiv Gandhi (1944–1991)	31 October 1984	31 December 1984
			31 December 1984	2 December 1989
9		Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1931–2008)	2 December 1989	10 November 1990 [NC]	Janata Dal ( National Front )
Acting		Devi Lal (1915–2001)	10 November 1990	10 November 1990	Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
10		Chandra Shekhar (1927–2007)	10 November 1990	21 June 1991 [RES]
11		P. V. Narasimha Rao (1921–2004)	21 June 1991	16 May 1996	Indian National Congress (I)
12		Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924–2018)	16 May 1996	1 June 1996 [RES]	Bharatiya Janata Party
13		H. D. Deve Gowda (born 1933)	1 June 1996	21 April 1997 [RES]	Janata Dal ( United Front )
14		Inder Kumar Gujral (1919–2012)	21 April 1997	19 March 1998 [RES]
15		Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924–2018)	19 March 1998 [§]	13 October 1999 [NC]	Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA )
			13 October 1999	22 May 2002
Acting		Lal Krishna Advani (1927–)	22 May 2002	22 May 2002
16		Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924–2018)	22 May 2002	22 May 2004
Acting		Sonia Gandhi(1946 –)	22 May 2004	22 May 2004	Indian National Congress ( UPA )
17		Manmohan Singh (1932- 2024)	22 May 2004	22 May 2009
			22 May 2009	26 May 2014
18		Narendra Modi (born 1950)	26 May 2014	30 May 2019	Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA )
			30 May 2019 9 Jun 2024	9 Jun 2024 Incumbent

List of governors of Portuguese India

The following is a list of rulers during the history of Portuguese India as a viceroyalty or governorship. ^[56]

Title	Name	Took office	Left office	Notes
Viceroy (nom.)	D. Tristão da Cunha	–	–	First to be nominated viceroy, but was unable to assume office
Viceroy	D. Francisco de Almeida	12 September 1505	November 1509	First governor and first viceroy of Portuguese India, appointed by King Manuel I of Portugal (r.1495–1521), conquered Kilwa, erected forts in Anjediva, Cochin, Cannanore, refused to cede office until after Battle of Diu, died at Table Bay, on return voyage, March 1510
Governor and Captain-General(*)	Afonso de Albuquerque	4 November 1509	September 1515	Appointment disputed and delayed by predecessor, conquered Goa, Malacca, Muscat and Hormuz, died off Goa, December 1515
Governor	Lopo Soares de Albergaria	8 September 1515	September 1518	Erected forts in Colombo (Ceylon) and Kollam, returned to Portugal
Governor	Diogo Lopes de Sequeira	8 September 1518	January 1522	Old explorer and former designated captain of Malacca (1509, aborted), erected forts in Chaul, Maldives and Pacem, sent embassies to Ethiopia, Pegu and China, returned to Portugal
Governor	D. Duarte de Menezes	22 January 1522	September 1524	Former captain of Tangier, grandson (via Tarouca line) of the famous Duarte de Menezes (Count of Viana), dismissed and returned to Portugal
Viceroy	D. Vasco da Gama	5 September 1524	December 1524	old discoverer of Indies route, now Count of Vidigueira, second Viceroy, first appointee of new King John III of Portugal (r.1521–1557), died at Cochin, December 1524
Governor	D. Henrique de Menezes (o Roxo)	17 January 1525	February 1526	succeeded in India by death of predecessor, died at Cannanore, February 1526
Governor	Lopo Vaz de Sampaio	February 1526	November 1529	succeeded in India by death of predecessor (third in line), refused to yield government to designated successor Pedro Mascarenhas, captain of Malacca), arrested, returned to Portugal as prisoner
Governor	Nuno da Cunha	18 November 1529	September 1538	son of Tristão da Cunha, arrival delayed by shipwreck in Madagascar, conquered northern province (Bassein, Bombay, Diu, Daman) died at sea on return to Portugal, March 1539
Viceroy	D. Garcia de Noronha	14 September 1538	April 1540	Third Viceroy, nephew of Afonso de Albuquerque, died in Cochin, April 1540
Governor	D. Estêvão da Gama	3 April 1540	May 1542	son of Vasco da Gama, captain of Portuguese Malacca (f.1538), succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
Governor	Martim Afonso de Sousa	8 May 1542	1545	donatary-captain of São Vicente (Brazil, f. 1534), returned to Portugal
Governor	D. João de Castro	10 September 1545	1548	Nephew of D. Garcia de Noronha, promoted to Viceroy in early 1548
Viceroy	D. João de Castro	1548	June 1548	Fourth viceroy. Died at Goa, June 1548
Governor	Garcia de Sá	6 June 1548	June 1549	succeeded in India by death of predecessor, first governor married in India, acquired Bardez and Salcette, died at Goa, June 1549
Governor	Jorge Cabral	13 June 1549	November 1550	succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
Viceroy	D. Afonso de Noronha	November 1550	September 1554	Fifth Viceroy (henceforth all Governors appointed in Lisbon will have rank of 'Viceroy'), former governor of Ceuta, 1540–49, son of Fernando de Menezes (Marquis of Vila Real), returned to Portugal
Viceroy	D. Pedro Mascarenhas	23 September 1554	June 1555	old discoverer of Indian Ocean islands, former captain of Malacca (1525–26), died at Goa, June 1555
Governor	Francisco Barreto	16 June 1555	September 1558	succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal. Later (1570) returned as governor of East Africa(**), led expedition to Monomatapa and died in Tete.
Viceroy	D. Constantino de Braganza	8 September 1558	September 1561	Son of James (Duke of Braganza), first appointee of Catherine of Austria, (regent of new King Sebastian of Portugal), returned to Portugal
Viceroy	D. Francisco Coutinho (Count of Redondo)	7 September 1561	19 February 1564	Died at Goa, February 1564
Governor	João de Mendonça	19 February 1564	September 1564	former captain of Malacca, succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
Viceroy	D. António de Noronha (Antão)	3 September 1564	September 1568	former captain of Ceuta (1549), and Hormuz (c. 1560) nephew of earlier India governor D. Afonso de Noronha, died at sea on return to Portugal
Viceroy	D. Luís de Ataíde	10 September 1568	September 1571	future Count of Atouguia (f.1577), first appointee of King Sebastian of Portugal in his own right returned to Portugal
Viceroy(**)	D. António de Noronha (o Catarraz)	6 September 1571	December 1573	Not to be confused with earlier namesake, governor in Goa of a reduced India (**), co-equal with António Moniz Barreto (in Malacca) and Francisco Barreto (in Sofala), dismissed and returned to Portugal
Governor	António Moniz Barreto	9 December 1573	September 1576	Governor of Malacca, succeeded in India after dismissal of predecessor, returned to Portugal
Governor	D. Diogo de Menezes	September 1576	August 1578	Son of Tangier captain João de Menezes ("o Craveiro") Succeeded in India after appointed viceroy, Rui Lourenço de Távora, died en route (off Mozambique), returned to Portugal.
Viceroy	D. Luís de Ataíde (second time)	31 August 1578	March 1581	Second appointment, now Count of Atouguia, already in India when news of the king's death at Alcazarquivir arrived, managed India through the early stages of 1580 succession crisis, died in Goa, March 1581
Governor	Fernão Teles de Menezes	March 1581	September 1581	Succeeded in India by death of predecessor (as per prior instructions of the late Cardinal-King Henry), considered the last governor of the House of Avis, received news of ascension of Habsburg king Philip I of Portugal, administered oaths of loyalty of Portuguese India colonies to new monarchy, returned to Portugal.
Viceroy	Francisco de Mascarenhas	1581	1584	Donatary-captain in the Azores First appointee of Philip I of Portugal (r.1581–1598), returned to Portugal.
Viceroy	D. Duarte de Menezes	1584	4 May 1588	Former governor of Tangier (1474–78), Algarve (1580), grandson of earlier India governor Duarte de Menezes, Died in Goa, May 1588.
Governor	D. Manuel de Sousa Coutinho	May 1588	1591	Former governor of Ceylon, current governor of Malacca Succeeded in India by death of predecessor, Died in shipwreck while returning to Portugal.
Viceroy	Matias de Albuquerque	1591	1597
Viceroy	D. Francisco da Gama, conde da Vidigueira	1597	1600
Viceroy	Aires de Saldanha	1600	1605
Viceroy	Martim Afonso de Castro	1605	June 1607	Died at Malacca in June 1607
Governor	Fr. Aleixo de Meneses, Archbishop of Goa	June 1607	1609
Governor	André Furtado de Mendonça	1609
Viceroy	Rui Lourenço de Távora	1609	1612
Viceroy	D. Jerónimo de Azevedo	1612	1617
Viceroy	D. João Coutinho	1617	1619
Governor	Fernão de Albuquerque	1619	1622
Viceroy	D. Francisco da Gama (second time)	1622	1628
Viceroy	Fr. Luís de Brito e Meneses, Bishop of Meliapore	1628	July 1629	Died at Cochim in July 1629
Governing Council	1. Nuno Álvares Botelho 2. D. Lourenço da Cunha 3. Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca	1629
Viceroy	Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares	1629	1635
Viceroy	Pedro da Silva	1635	June 1639	Died at Goa in June 1639
Governor	António Teles de Meneses	1639	1640
Viceroy	João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras	1640	1644	Returned to Portugal
Viceroy	Filipe Mascarenhas	1644	1651
Viceroy	João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras (second time)	1651		Died at Mozambique, en route to India
Governing Council	1. Fr. Francisco dos Mártires (Archbp of Goa) 2. Francisco de Melo e Castro 3. António de Sousa Coutinho	1651	1652
Viceroy	Vasco Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Óbedos	1652	1655	Expelled in internal coup
Usurper	Brás de Castro	1655		Arrested by successor
Governor	Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, Count of Sarzedas	23 Aug 1655	14 January 1656	Died at Goa in January 1656
Governor	Manuel Mascarenhas Homem	14 January 1656	22 May 1656
Governing Council	1. Manuel Mascarenhas Homem 2. Francisco de Melo e Castro 3. António de Sousa Coutinho	January 1656	1661
Governing Council	1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque 2. Manuel Mascarenhas Homem 3. D. Pedro de Lencastre	1661
Governing Council	1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, 2. António de Melo e Castro 3. D. Pedro de Lencastre	1661	1662
Viceroy	António de Melo e Castro	16 December 1662	1666
Viceroy	João Nunes da Cunha, Count of São Vicente	1666	November 1668	Died at Goa in November 1668
Governing Council	1. António de Melo e Castro, 2. Manuel Corte-Real de Sampaio 3. Luís de Miranda Henriques	November 1668	1671
Viceroy	Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque	1671	1676	Died off Lisbon on return voyage
Viceroy	D. Pedro de Almeida, Conde de Assumar	1676	1678	Died at Goa in 1678
Interim Governor	António Brandão, Archbishop of Goa (sometime with António Pais de Sande)	1678	1681
Viceroy	Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor	1681	1686
Governor	D. Rodrigo da Costa	1686	1690
Governor	D. Miguel de Almeida	1690	January 1691	Died at Goa in January 1691
Governing Council	1. Fernando Martins Mascarenhas Lencastre 2. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archbp of Goa)	January 1691	1692
Viceroy	Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque	1692	1697	Returned to Portugal
Viceroy	António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho	1697	1701
Governing Council	1. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archp of Goa) 2. D. Vasco Lima Coutinho	1701	1702
Viceroy	Caetano de Melo e Castro	1702	1707
Viceroy	D. Rodrigo da Costa (second time, as Viceroy now)	1707	1712
Viceroy	Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses, Count of Sabugosa	1712	1717	Returned to Portugal
Governor	Fr. Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha, Archbishop of Goa	January 1717	October 1717
Viceroy	Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 5th Count of Ericeira	October 1717	1720
Viceroy	Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro	1720	July 1723	Died at Goa in July 1723
Interim Governor	Cristóvão de Melo	July 1723
Governing Council	1. Cristóvão de Melo 2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa) 3. Cristóvão Luís de Andrade	1723	1725
Viceroy	João de Saldanha da Gama	1725	1732	Returned to Portugal
Governing Council	1. Cristóvão de Melo 2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa) 3. Tomé Gomes Moreira	1732
Viceroy	Pedro Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Sandomil	1732	1740	Returned to Portugal
Viceroy	Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal (second time)	1740	1742	Died at Goa in 1742
Governing Council	1. Francisco de Vasconcelos 2. Lourenço de Noronha 3. Luís Caetano de Almeida	1742	1744
Viceroy	Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos, Count of Assumar, marquis of Alorna	1744	1750
Viceroy	Francisco de Assis de Távora, marquis of Távora	September 1750	1754	Returned to Portugal, executed in 1759
Viceroy	Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva	1754	June 1756	Killed in action by the Maratha Army at Goa in June 1756
Governing Council	1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (Archbp of Goa) 2. João de Mesquista Matos Teixeira 3. Filipe de Valadares	1756	1757
Viceroy	Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque, Count of Ega	1758	1765	Returned to Portugal
Council	1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (Archbp of Goa) 2. João Baptista Vaz Pereira 3. D. João José de Melo	1765	1768
Governor	João José de Melo	1768	1771	Promoted to Captain-General in 1771 (***)
Governor and Captain-General	João José de Melo	1771	January 1774	Died at Goa in January 1774
Interim Governor	Filipe de Valadares Sotomaior	1774
Governor and Captain-General of India	D. José Pedro da Câmara	1774	1779
Governor and Captain-General of India	D. Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein	1779	1786
Governor and Captain-General of India	Francisco da Cunha e Meneses	1786	1794
Governor and Captain-General of India	Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara, Viscount of Mirandela	1794	1806
Viceroy and Captain-General of India	D. Bernardo José Maria da Silveira e Lorena, Count of Sarzedas	1806	1816
Viceroy and Captain-General of India	D. Diogo de Sousa, Count of Rio Pardo	1816	1821
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India	Manuel José Gomes Loureiro, Manuel Godinho Mira, Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama, Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto Manuel Duarte Leitão	1821
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India	D. Manuel da Câmara, D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino, António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles, João Carlos Leal António José de Lima Leitão	1821	1822
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India	D. Manuel da Câmara, D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino, António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles, João Carlos Leal, Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha	1822	1823
Viceroy and Captain-General of India	D. Manuel da Câmara	1823	1825	Dissolved Junta and assumed de facto title of Governor of Portuguese India
Government Council of the State of India	D. Frei Manuel de São Galdino, Cândido José Mourão Garcez Palha, António Ribeiro de Carvalho	1825	1826
Governor and Captain-General of India	D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro	1826	1830
Viceroy and Captain-General of India	D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro	1826	1835
Governor	Bernardo Peres da Silva	1835
Governor	D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro	1835
Governor	Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama	1835
Government Council of the State of India	João Casimiro Pereira da Rocha de Vasconcelos, Manuel José Ribeiro, Frei Constantino de Santa Rita, João Cabral de Estefique, António Maria de Melo, Joaquim António de Morais Carneiro, António Mariano de Azevedo, José António de Lemos	1835	1837	After 1836 confined to Goa
Governor	Bernardo Peres da Silva	1836	1837	Governor of Daman and Diu, provisional governor of Goa
Governor	Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares, Baron of Sabroso	1837	1839	(restored unity to Portuguese India)
Governor	José António Vieira da Fonseca	1839
Governor	Manuel José Mendes, Baron of Candal	1839	1840
Government Council of the State of India	José António Vieira da Fonseca, José Câncio Freire de Lima, António João de Ataíde, Domingos José Mariano Luís, José da Costa Campos, Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos	1840
Interim Governor	José Joaquim Lopes Lima	1840	1842
Government Council of the State of India	António Ramalho de Sá, António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles, António João de Ataíde, José da Costa Campos Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos	1842
Governor	Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, Count of Antas	1842	1843
Governor	Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha	1843	1844
Governor	José Ferreira Pestana	1844	1851
Governor	José Joaquim Januário Lapa, Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém	1851	1855
Government Council of the State of India	D. Frei Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho, Arcebispo de Goa e Primaz das Índias, Luís da Costa Campos, Francisco Xavier Peres, Bernardo Heitor da Silva e Lorena, Vítor Anastácio Mourão Garcez Palha	1855
Governor	António César de Vasconcelos Correia, Count of Torres Novas	1855	1864
Governor	José Ferreira Pestana	1864	1870	2nd term
Governor	Januário Correia de Almeida, Count of São Januário	1870	1871
Governor	Joaquim José Macedo e Couto	1871	1875
Governor	João Tavares de Almeida	1875	1877
Government Council of the State of India	D. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies, João Caetano da Silva Campos, Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga Eduardo Augusto de Sá Nogueira Pinto Balsemão	1877
Governor	António Sérgio de Sousa	1877	1878
Government Council of the State of India	D. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies, João Caetano da Silva Campos, Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga António Sérgio de Sousa Júnior	1878
Governor	Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque	1878	1882
Governor	Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, Viscount of Paço d'Arcos	1882	1886
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, José de Sá Coutinho, José Inácio de Brito José Maria Teixeira Guimarães	1886
Governor	Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral	1886
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, José de Sá Coutinho, José Inácio de Brito José Maria Teixeira Guimarães	1886
Governor	Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho	1886	1889
Interim Governor	Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque	1889
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Joaquim Borges de Azevedo Enes, José Inácio de Brito, Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque	1889
Governor	Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses	1889	1891
Governor	Francisco Maria da Cunha	1891
Interim Governor	João Manuel Correia Taborda	1891	1892	1st term
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Luís Fisher Berquó Falcão, Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes, João Manuel Correia Taborda	1892
Governor	Francisco Teixeira da Silva	1892	1893
Government Council of the State of India	Luís Poças Falcão, Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes, João Manuel Correia Taborda	1893
Governor	Rafael Jácome de Andrade	1893	1894	1st term
Interim Governor	João Manuel Correia Taborda	1894		2nd term
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Francisco António Ochoa, Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro, João Manuel Correia Taborda	1894
Governor	Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa, Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém	1894	1895
Governor	Rafael Jácome de Andrade	1895	1896	2nd term
Viceroy	Prince D. Afonso Henriques de Bragança, Duke of Porto	1896
Interim Governor	João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira	1896	1897
Interim Governor	João Manuel Correia Taborda	1897		3rd term
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Francisco António Ochoa, João de Melo Sampaio, João Manuel Correia Taborda	1897
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Abel Augusto Correia do Pinto, João de Melo Sampaio, João Manuel Correia Taborda	1897
Governor	Joaquim José Machado	1897	1900
Governor	Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo	1900	1905
Government Council of the State of India	D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies, Alfredo Mendonça David, José Emílio Santana da Cunha Castel-Branco, Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira	1905
Governor	Arnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo	1905	1907
Government Council of the State of India	Bernardo Nunes Garcia, César Augusto Rancon, Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira	1907
Governor	José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa	1907	1910
Governor-General	Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa	1910	1917
Interim Governor-General	Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira	1917		1st term
Government Council of the State of India	Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e Silva, Francisco Wolfgango da Silva, Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira	1917
Governor-General	José de Freitas Ribeiro	1917	1919
Interim Governor-General	Augusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota	1919	1920
Governador-General	Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais	1920	1925
Interim Governor-General	Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira	1925		2nd term
Governor-General	Mariano Martins	1925	1926
Interim Governor-General	Tito Augusto de Morais	1926
Interim Governor-General	Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis	1926	1927
Governor-General	Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim	1927	1929
Interim Governor-General	Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis	1929
Governor-General	Alfredo Pedro de Almeida	1929	1930
Governor-General	João Carlos Craveiro Lopes	1930	1936
Interim Governor-General	Francisco Craveiro Lopes	1936	1938
Governor-General	José Ricardo Pereira Cabral	1938	1945
Interim Governor-General	Paulo Bénard Guedes	1945	1946
Governor-General	José Ferreira Bossa	1946	1947
Interim Governor-General	José Alves Ferreira	1947	1948
Governor-General	Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias	1948	1952
Governor-General	Paulo Bénard Guedes	1952	1958
Governor-General	Manuel António Vassalo e Silva	1958	1961

(*) – In 1508, King Manuel I of Portugal devised a plan to partition the Portuguese empire in Asia into three separate governments or "high captaincies" – (1) Captain-Major of the seas of Ethiopia, Arabia and Persia, centered at Socotra, was to cover the East African and Arabian-Persian coasts, from Sofala to Diu; (2) Captain-Major of the seas of India, centered at Cochin, was to cover the Indian coast from Diu down to Cape Comorin. Afonso de Albuquerque was Captain-General of the latter. Jorge de Aguiar was made Captain-General of the former. A third high captaincy, covering Asia east of Cape Comorin (yet to be explored) was assigned to Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, who was assigned that year to discover Malacca. The triarchy experiment failed – Aguiar drowned en route, while Sequeira quit the region in 1509, after his debacle at Malacca, leaving Albuquerque sole governor of the whole unpartitioned complex.

(**) – Around 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal tried to partition the Portuguese State of India into three separate governments (much like Manuel's plan of 1508) – a western state based around Sofala (covering the East African coast from Cape Correntes to Cape Guardafui), a central state ruled from Goa (covering the area between the Red Sea and Ceylon, encompassing India, reserved for the "Viceroy") and an eastern state ruled from Malacca (covering Southeast Asia, from Pegu to China). D. António de Noronha was appointed to Goa, António Moniz Barreto to Malacca, and Francisco Barreto (the former India governor) to Sofala.

(***) – Title of Viceroy of Indies extinguished by royal letter in 1771, replaced by Capitão-Geral (Captain-General) of the Indies.

List of chief governing officers

Commissioners

• François Caron, 1668–1672
• François Baron, 1672–1681
• François Martin, 1681 – November 1693
• Dutch occupation, September 1693 – September 1699 — Treaty of Ryswick (1697)

Governors

In the days of the French East India Company, the title of the top official was most of the time Governor of Pondicherry and General Commander of the French settlements in the East Indies (French : Gouverneur de Pondichéry et commandant général des établissements français aux Indes orientales). After 1816, it was Governor of French establishments in India (French : Gouverneur des établissements français de l'Inde').

Quai Dupleix at Strand Road Chandernagor

Chandernagore Government House and Convent

• François Martin, September 1699 – 31 December 1706
• Pierre Dulivier (Acting), January 1707 – July 1708
• Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1708–1712
• Pierre Dulivier, 1713–1715
• Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1715–1718
• Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière, August 1718 – 11 October 1721
• Pierre Christoph Le Noir (Acting), 1721–1723
• Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant, 1723–1726
• Pierre Christoph Le Noir, 1727–1734
• Pierre Benoît Dumas, 1735–1741
• Joseph François Dupleix, 14 January 1742 – 15 October 1754
• Charles Godeheu, Le commissaire (Acting), 15 October 1754 – 1754
• Georges Duval de Leyrit, 1756–1758
• Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, 1758 – January 1761
• First British occupation, January 15, 1761 – June 25, 1765 — Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Jean Law de Lauriston, 1765–1766
• Antoine Boyellau (Acting), 1766–1767
• Jean Law de Lauriston, 1767 – January 1777

  

  Chandernagor Government House

• Second British occupation, 1778 – 1783 – Treaty of Paris (1783)
• Guillaume de Bellecombe, January 1777 – 1778
• Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, 1783–1785
• François de Souillac, 1785
• David Charpentier de Cossigny, October 1785 – 1787
• Thomas Conway, October 1787 – 1789
• Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne, 1789–1792
• Dominique Prosper de Chermont, November 1792 – 1793
• L. Leroux de Touffreville, 1793
• Third British occupation, 23 August 1793 – 18 June 1802 — Treaty of Amiens (1802)
• Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen, 18 June 1802 – August 1803
• Louis Binot, 1803
• Fourth British occupation, August 1803 – 26 September 1816 — Treaty of Paris (1814)
• Comte Dupuy, 26 September 1816 – October 1825
• Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), October 1825 – 19 June 1826
• Eugène Desbassayns de Richemont, 1826 – 2 August 1828
• Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), 2 August 1828 – 11 April 1829
• Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay, 11 April 1829 – 3 May 1835
• Hubert Jean Victor, Marquis de Saint-Simon, 3 May 1835 – April 1840
• Paul de Nourquer du Camper, April 1840 – 1844
• Louis Pujol, 1844–1849
• Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de Calan, 1849–1850
• Philippe Achille Bédier, 1851–1852
• Raymond de Saint-Maur, August 1852 – April 1857
• Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye, April 1857 – January 1863
• Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps, January 1863 – June 1871
• Antoine-Léonce Michaux, June 1871 – November 1871
• Pierre Aristide Faron, November 1871 – 1875
• Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard, 1875–1878
• Léonce Laugier, February 1879 – April 1881
• Théodore Drouhet, 1881 – October 1884
• Étienne Richaud, October 1884 – 1886
• Édouard Manès, 1886–1888
• Georges Jules Piquet, 1888–1889
• Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet, 1889–1891
• Léon Émile Clément-Thomas, 1891–1896
• Louis Jean Girod, 1896 – February 1898
• François Pierre Rodier, February 1898 – 11 January 1902
• Louis Pelletan (Acting), 11 January 1902
• Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac, 1902–1904
• Philema Lemaire, August 1904 – April 1905
• Joseph Pascal François, April 1905 – October 1906
• Gabriel Louis Angoulvant, October 1906 – 3 December 1907
• Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure, 1908–1909
• Ernest Fernand Lévecque, 1909 – 9 July 1910
• Alfred Albert Martineau, 9 July 1910 – July 1911
• Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat, July 1911 – November 1913
• Alfred Albert Martineau, November 1913 – 29 June 1918
• Pierre Étienne Clayssen (Acting), 29 June 1918 – 21 February 1919
• Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis, 21 February 1919 – 11 February 1926
• Henri Léo Eugène Lagroua (Acting), 11 February 1926 – 5 August 1926
• Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, 1926–1928
• Robert Paul Marie de Guise, 1928–1931
• Adrien Juvanon, 1931–1934
• Léon Solomiac, August 1934 – 1936
• Horace Valentin Crocicchia, 1936–1938
• Louis Bonvin, 26 September 1938 – 1945
• Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin, 1945–1946
• Charles François Marie Baron, 20 March 1946 – 20 August 1947

French India became an Overseas territory (French : territoire d'outre-mer) of France in 1946.

Commissioners

• Charles François Marie Baron, 20 August 1947 – May 1949
• Charles Chambon, May 1949 – 31 July 1950
• André Ménard, 31 July 1950 – October 1954
• Georges Escargueil, October 1954 – 1 November 1954

French India de facto transferred to the Republic of India in 1954.

High Commissioners

See also: List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry

Further information: List of consuls general of India in the French India

The first High Commissioner, Kewal Singh was appointed immediately after the Kizhoor referendum on 21 October 1954 as per Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947. ^{[57] : 964} The Chief Commissioner had the powers of the former French commissioner, but was under the direct control of the Union Government. ^{[58] : 198}

The list of Chief Commissioners is given below ^{[57] : 977}

No.	Name	Took office	Left office
1	Kewal Singh	21 October 1954	16 November 1956
2	M.K. Kripalani [59] : 103	17 November 1956	27 August 1958
3	Lal Ram Saran Singh [60] : 197	30 August 1958	8 February 1961
4	Sisir Kumar Dutta [61]	2 May 1961	1 August 1963
5	K.J. Somasundaram	2 August 1963	13 October 1963

East India Company

East India Company is a general term, referring to a number of European trading companies established in the early modern era to establish trade relations with and subsequently political control over the Indian subcontinent, the Indonesian archipelago and the neighbouring lands in Southeast Asia. They would include:

• British East India Company (1600–1874)
• Dutch East India Company (1602–1799)
• Danish East India Company (1616–1650), re-established 1670–1729
• Portuguese East India Company (1628–1633)
• Genoese East India Company (1649–1650)
• French East India Company (1664–1769), re-established 1785–1794
• Swedish East India Company (1731–1813)
• Austrian East India Company (1776–1781)

British East India Company

• British East India Company (1600–1874)

Early governors

• 1600–1601: Sir Thomas Smythe (first governor)
• 1601–1602: Sir John Watts
• 1602–1603: Sir John Hart ^[62]
• 1603–1606: Sir Thomas Smythe (re-elected)
• 1606–1607: Sir William Romney
• 1607–1621: Sir Thomas Smythe (re-elected)
• 1621–1624: Sir William Halliday
• 1624–1638: Sir Maurice (Morris) Abbot
• 1638–1641: Sir Christopher Clitherow ^[63]

Evolution of flags

Indian polities

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
	1320–1413	Flag of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate according to the Catalan Atlas, but there is no evidence this was actually used by the Delhi Sultanate.	A gray flag with a black strip left of center.
	1490–1636	Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate [ citation needed ]	A dark green triangular swallowtailed field.
	1518–1687	Flag of the Golconda Sultanate [ citation needed ]	A turquoise field.
	1526–1858	Flag of the Mughal Empire (Alam)	A flag that was primarily moss green. [64]
	1674–1818	Flag of the Maratha Empire ( Bhagwa Dhwaj )[ citation needed ]	A saffron colored swallowtail flag.
	1716–1799	Flag of The Sikh Confederacy [ citation needed ]	Flag of the Nihang Khalsa Fauj showing weapons like Katar (dagger), Dhal Shield and Kirpan. The standard goes from 'bottom to top' signifying that the armies of the tenth guru are always victorious.
	1799–1849	Flag of the Sikh Empire (Nishan Sahib)[ citation needed ]	A triangular flag that was saffron with a green border.

Colonial India

See also: Colonial India

British rule in India

See also: British Raj and Company rule in India

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
	1880–1947	Civil Ensign of India used to represent India internationally.	A Red Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, defaced with the Star of India emblem displayed in the fly.
	1885–1947	Flag of the Viceroy and Governor-General of India	The Union Jack defaced with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India beneath the Tudor Crown.
	1858–1947	The official state flag of the British Empire used in India	The Flag of the United Kingdom.
	1801–1858	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with the Union Jack in the canton.
	1707–1801	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with the Union Jack of Great Britain in the canton.
	1600–1707	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with Saint George's Cross in the canton.

Princely states

Main article: Flags of Indian princely states

French India

See also: French India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1667–1791	Flag of the Kingdom of France	Flag of the Kingdom of France.
	1791–1794	1791–1792: Flag of the Kingdom of France 1792–1794: Flag of the French First Republic	The flag of France.
	1814–1815 1815–1830	Flag of the Kingdom of France under the Bourbon Restoration	Flag of the Kingdom of France.
	1794–1804, 1830–1940, 1944–1954	1794–1804: Flag of the French First Republic 1804–1814, 1815: Flag of the First French Empire 1830–1848; Flag of the Kingdom of France 1848–1852: Flag of the French Second Republic 1852–1870: Flag of the Second French Empire 1870–1940: Flag of the French Third Republic and French Empire 1944–1946: Flag of the Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic 1946–1954: Flag of the French Fourth Republic and French Union	The flag of France.
	1940–1944	Flag of French India under Free France	Flag of Free France with the Cross of Lorraine

Portuguese India

See also: Portuguese India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1497–1521	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1578–1616	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1616–1640	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1640–1667	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	17th and 18th centuries	Portuguese Indian Naval Ensign.
	1667–1706	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	18th century	Portuguese Indian Merchant Ensign
	1706–1750	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1816–1826	Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
	1826–1830	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1830–1910	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.	Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.
	1910–1961 (de facto) 1910–1974 (de jure)	Flag of the Portuguese Republic. The final state flag of Portuguese India.	Used from the implantation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the Annexation of Portuguese India.
	1967 (proposed)	Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967.	Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.
	1935–1961	Distinctive Flag of a Portuguese Overseas Governor-General (used by the Governor-General of Portuguese India)

Dutch India

See also: Dutch India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1605–1795	The Prince's Flag
	1652–1795	States Flag
	1795–1806	Flag of the Batavian Republic
	1813–1825	Flag of Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands

Danish India

See also: Danish India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1620–1869	The flag of Denmark (Denmark-Norway until 1814)

Swedish India

See also: Swedish East India Company

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1731–1813	The flag of Sweden

Austrian India

See also: Austrian colonization of the Nicobar Islands

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1778–1785	The flag of Archduchy of Austria

Indian independence movement

See also: Indian independence movement

Flags used in the Indian independence movement

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1906	Calcutta flag	Three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. वन्दे मातरम् ( Vande Mātaram ) was inscribed in the centre in Devanagari. The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist International Meeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists. [65]
	1907	Early Indian nationalist flags [Note 15]
	1917	Flag of the Home Rule Movement [Note 16]	Five red and four green horizontal stripes On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the Dominion status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the Saptarishi constellation (the constellation Ursa Major), which is sacred to Hindus.
	1931–1947	The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931. In the years 1943–1945 it was the official flag of the Azad Hind Imperial Japanese puppet government for India and the Indian National Army
	1942–1945	Flag of the Indian Legion of the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany	Three horizontal strips of saffron, white, and green, with a springing tiger in the centre.

Proposed flags

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1902	Design reported in the Daily Express to have been proposed as part of a series of Empire flags that would replace the Union Jack in representing individual territories of the British Empire [68]	The Cross of Saint George and the crown in the canton would have been present on all Empire flags to represent the English. In the top right would have been the emblem of the territory flying the flag, and in this case, the Star of India. A large sun in the centre symbolizes "the empire on which the sun never sets."
	Proposed in 1904, used in April 1910	Flag proposed in an issue of an Anglo-Indian weekly. [69]	Dark blue, green and light blue triband with a purple band at the hoist depicting the Orion constellation. A thin red border surrounds the whole flag.
	1921	Mahatma Gandhi's Original Proposal
	1921	Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1921
	1932	Proposed flag for Portuguese India, designed by Afonso de Ornelas.
	1947	Louis Mountbatten's proposed flag for India. [69]	The Swaraj flag with a small Union Flag in the canton.
	1965	Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1965. The proposal came after the annexation of the territories in 1961 and was part of a series of similar flags for the other colonies.	Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.

Dominion of India

See also: Dominion of India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1947–1950	Flag of the Dominion of India	A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.
	1947–1950	Flag of the governor-general of India	Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest (a Tudor Crown surmounted by the lion of England, itself wearing the crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.
	1947–present	National flag of India	A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.

List of European colonies in Asia

Dutch, British, Spanish, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia: British colonies in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia:

British Empire

• 
• British Burma (1824–1948, merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937)
• British Ceylon (1815–1948, now Sri Lanka)
• Colonial India (includes the territory of present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)

British India

• (British protectorate)

British India (1613–1947)

British East India Company (1757–1858)

British Raj (1858–1947)

• Bhutan (1865–1947) (British protectorate)
• Nepal (1816–1923) (British protectorate)

Danish India

Danish India (1696–1869)

Sweden

Swedish Parangipettai (1733)

French colonies in South and Southeast Asia

• French India (1769–1954)

Dutch India

• Dutch India (1605–1825)
• Dutch Bengal
• Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796)

Portuguese

• 
• Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658)
• Portuguese India (1510–1961)

Russian Empire

• Outer Manchuria – ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun (1858) and Treaty of Peking (1860)

Spanish Empire

Spanish Philippines (1565–1898, 3rd longest European occupation in Asia, 333 years),

India's protectorates

• Bhutan (1947–1971).
• Kingdom of Sikkim (1950–1975), later acceded to India as State of Sikkim. ^[70]

Indian provisional government

This article is about the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore. For the Provisional Government formed by Raja Mahendra Pratap during World War I, see Provisional Government of India. For the military unit raised during World War II in Nazi Germany, see Indian Legion. For the body created in 1946, see Interim Government of India.

Provisional Government to Indian independence

No.	Name (birth–death)	Photograph	Elected	Took office	Left office	Vice President	Party
Provisional Government of India
1	Mahendra Pratap		—	1915	1919	Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah
2	Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah		—	1919	1919	Mahendra Pratap

Subhas Chandra Bose Provisional Government to Indian independence

No.	Name (birth–death)	Photograph	Elected	Took office	Left office	Vice President	Party
Provisional Government of India
1	Subhas Chandra Bose		—	1941	1945	Mohan Singh and Iwaichi Fujiwara founders of the First Indian National Army

President of the Executive Council

Interim Government of India

No.	Portrait	Name	Term of office		Political party
1		Jawaharlal Nehru Vice-President of the Executive Council External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations	1945	15 August 1947	Indian National Congress

List of Party Congresses Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Congress	Date	Location	Elected Secretary	Ref.
24th	2 – 6 April 2025	Madurai, Tamil Nadu	M. A. Baby	[71]
23rd	6 – 10 April 2022	Kannur, Kerala	Sitaram Yechury	[39] [72]
22rd	18 – 22 April 2018	Hyderabad, Telangana	Sitaram Yechury	[73]
21st	April 2015	Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh	Sitaram Yechury	[74]
20th	April 2012	Calicut, Kerala	Prakash Karat	[ citation needed ]
19th	29 March – 3 April 2008	Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	Prakash Karat	[75]
18th	6 – 11 April 2005	New Delhi, Delhi	Prakash Karat	[75] [76]
17th	19 – 24 March 2002	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	Harkishan Singh Surjeet	[75]
16th	5 – 11 October 1998	Calcutta, West Bengal	Harkishan Singh Surjeet	[75]
15th	3 – 8 April 1995	Chandigarh, Punjab	Harkishan Singh Surjeet	[75]
14th	3 – 9 January 1992	Madras, Tamil Nadu	Harkishan Singh Surjeet	[75]
13th	27 December 1988 - 1 January 1989	Trivandrum, Kerala	E. M. S. Namboodiripad	[75]
12th	25 – 29 December 1985	Calcutta, West Bengal	E. M. S. Namboodiripad	[75]
11th	26 – 31 January 1982	Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh	E. M. S. Namboodiripad	[75]
10th	2 – 8 April 1978	Jalandar, Punjab	E. M. S. Namboodiripad	[77] [75]
9th	27 June – 2 July 1972	Madurai, Tamil Nadu	Puchalapalli Sundarayya	[75]
8th	23 – 29 December 1968	Cochin, Kerala	Puchalapalli Sundarayya	[75]
7th	31 October – 7 November 1964	Calcutta, West Bengal	Puchalapalli Sundarayya	[75]

Communist Party of India

Leadership

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

General Secretary

• D. Raja

National Secretariat

1. D. Raja
2. Amarjeet Kaur
3. K. Narayana
4. Bhalchandra Kango
5. Pallab Sen Gupta
6. Binoy Viswam
7. Syed Azeez Pasha
8. Nagendra Nath Ojha
9. Rama Krushna Panda
10. Annie Raja ^[78]
11. Girish Chandra Sharma ^[79]

List of general secretaries and chairmen of the CPI

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary." ^[80]

General secretaries and chairmen ^{[81] [82] [83] [84] [85]}

Number	Photo	Name	Tenure
1st		Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate	1925–1933
2nd		Gangadhar Adhikari	1933–1935
3rd		Puran Chand Joshi	1936–1948
4th		B. T. Ranadive	1948–1950
5th		Chandra Rajeswara Rao	1950–1951
6th		Ajoy Ghosh	1951–1962
Chairman		Shripad Amrit Dange	1962–1981
7th		E. M. S. Namboodiripad	1962–1964
(-)		Chandra Rajeswara Rao	1964–1990
8th		Indrajit Gupta	1990–1996
9th		Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan	1996–2012
10th		Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy	2012–2019
11th		D. Raja	2019–Incumbent

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

• Communist Party of India (Maoist)

List of Sarsanghchalak

•   Acting

No.	Name	Portrait	Term	Period	Ref.
1	K. B. Hedgewar		27 September 1925 – 1930	5 Years	[86]
-	Laxman Vasudev Paranjape		1930–1931	1 Year	[87]
(1)	K. B. Hedgewar		1931–21 June 1940	9 years
2	M. S. Golwalkar		21 June 1940 – 5 June 1973	32 years, 349 days	[88]
3	Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras		5 June 1973–March 1994	21 Years	[89]
4	Rajendra Singh		March 1994–10 March 2000	6 years	[90]
5	K. S. Sudarshan		10 March 2000 – 21 March 2009	9 years, 11 days	[91]
6	Mohan Bhagwat		21 March 2009–Incumbent	16 years, 318 days	[92]

See also

• President of India
• Vice President of India
• List of presidents of India
• List of vice presidents of India

• Britons in India
• East India Company (disambiguation)
• British rule in Burma
• British North America
• Colonial India
  • Danish India
  • Dutch India
  • French India
  • Flags of British India
  • Flags of India
  • Portuguese India
• Historiography of the British Empire
• Indian princely states annexed by the British
• Maratha Empire
• Mughal Empire
• Salute state
• Sikh Empire

• Communist Ghadar Party of India
• Ghadar Movement
• Ghadar Mutiny
• Hindu–German Conspiracy

Footnotes

• ^† Assassinated or died in office
• ^§ Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
• ^RES Resigned
• ^NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion

Notes

1. Victoria's husband Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861.
2. Edward VIII abdicated after less than one year of reign.
3. A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to poverty and demands for independence. ^[6]
4. Originally joined on 28 April 1772.
5. Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis (1792).
6. Created Marquess Wellesley (1799).
7. Earl of Moira prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816.
8. Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
9. Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
10. Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
11. Created Marquess of Dalhousie 1849.
12. Created Earl Canning 1859.
13. Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904.
14. Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.
15. Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906. ^[66] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.
16. In 1916, Suraiya Tayyabji submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag. ^[67]

External links

• World Statesmen – India
• Rulers.org – India

References

1. Delhi Sultanate, Encyclopædia Britannica
2. A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980
3. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 68–102. ISBN   978-9-38060-734-4.
4. Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.
5. "سلاطین دہلی - وجود". www.wujood.com (in Urdu). Retrieved 2023-11-13.
6. Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, p. 175, ISBN   978-0-09-947662-7
7. "Amini Commission 1776 - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
8.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rohilla". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461.
9. "Administrative Reforms of Robert clive". britannica.com. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
10. Clarke, John James (1 January 1997). Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. Psychology Press. ISBN   9780415133753.
11. Reddy, Krishna (2017). Indian History (2nd ed.). Chennai: McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. pp. C.53. ISBN   9789352606627.
12. Reddy, Vinodh (28 October 2015). "Governors-General of India (1772–1857)". EduGeneral. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
13. "Treaty of Sagauli | British-Nepalese history [1816]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
14. "Lessons unlearned". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 2023-07-16.
15. "Sind-British conflict". Britanica.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
16. Information Management Group, IIT Roorkee. "Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Index". www.iitr.ac.in.
17. "India - Government of India Act of 1858". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
18. "Police Act. 1861" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
19. Reddy, Krishna (2017). Indian History (2nd ed.). Chennai: McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. pp. C.55. ISBN   9789352606627.
20. "How Viceroy Lord Mayo's Assassination Led To Creation Of India's First Intelligence Bureau". Outlook India. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
21. "Arms Act, 1878" (PDF). myanmar-law-library.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
22. "Lord Ripon: Father of Local Self Government in India". thenationaltv.com. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
23. "Hunter Commission - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
24. "A Short History of Burma". New Internationalist. 18 April 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
25. Malhotra, Piarea Lal (1966). "The internal administration of lord Elgin in India, 1894 - 1898" (PDF). doi:10.25501/SOAS.00033561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-11.
26. "Lee Commission". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
27. "Hartog Committee Report, 1929". Your Article Library. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
28. "Former Vice Presidents | Vice President of India | Government of India". vicepresidentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
29. Venning, Timothy (2005). Compendium of British Office Holders. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 316–319. ISBN   1-4039-2045-1.
30. "President of the Board of Control". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Retrieved 7 August 2017.
31. Resigned after being injured in a hunting accident.
32. Resigned.
33. Ward, Adolphus William; Gooch, George Peabody (22 December 2011). The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-108-04013-6. All three areas were controlled by the East India Company as virtual Vakil-i-mutlaq (Lieutenant- Plenipotentiary) of the Mughal Emperor
34. Congress, Indian History (1966). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress: Parts 1–2. The Emperor also honoured Mahadji Sindhia with the title of Vakil-i-Mutlaq or Regent Plenipotentiary, the highest post in the imperial government
35. Hussain, Syed (2006). Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi. Aakar Books. p. 83. ISBN   978-81-87879-91-6. The following year when Afrasiyab Khan was also killed, Shah Alam appointed Madhaji Sindia as Amiru-l Umara and gave him two patents. -one contained a firman appointing the Peshwa as Vakil-i mutlaq, i.e., vicegerent of the Mughul Empire, and another vested in Madhaji Sindia command of the army as Deputy of the Peshwa-as a guarantee for the pay of the troops; the provinces of Dehli and Agra were assigned to him but they were made subject to a primary charge of Rs. 65,000 as a monthly payment for the household and personal expenses of the Emperor.
36. Malik, Dr Malti (1943). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. ISBN   978-81-7335-498-4.
37. "Mughal Administration: Key Features & Structure". Jagranjosh.com. 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
38. Elliot, Henry; Downson, John (1867). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians p. 257–259. London: Trübner & Co. – via Wayback Machine.
39. Mehta, Jl. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN   978-81-207-1015-3.
40. Sharma, Gauri (2006). Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707. Kanishka, New Delhi. ISBN   8173918236.
41. Satish Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 136. ISBN   978-81-241-1066-9.
42. Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield (1998). The Human Record: To 1700. Houghton Mifflin. p. 476. ISBN   978-0-395-87087-7. Abul Fazl(1551-1602), the emperor's chief advisor and confidant from 1579 until Abul Fazl's assassination at the instigation of Prince Salim, the future Emperor Jahangir(r. 1605-1627)
43. Abraham Richard Fuller (1990). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. University of Michigan. p. 602. ISBN   978-0-19-562489-2.
44. Adolf Simon Waley (1927). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian : the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777). Constable.
45. Indian Institute of Public Administration (1976). The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22. The Institute.
46. Indian History Congress - Proceedings: Volume 42. Indian History Congress. 1981.
47. Indian History Congress Proceedings: Volume 42. Indian History Congress. 1981.
48. Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. University of Michigan. ISBN   0195798376.
49. Kaicker, Abhishek (3 Feb 2020). The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0190070687.
50. William Irvine (1971). Later Mughals. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 128.
51. John F. Richards, The New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 262
52. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2009). Britannica Guide to India. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN   978-1593398477.
53. C. K. Srinivasan (1962). Baji Rao I, the Great Peshwa. Asia Publishing House. p. 22.
54. Disha Experts (17 Dec 2018). The History Compendium for IAS Prelims General Studies Paper 1 & State PSC Exams 3rd Edition. Disha Publications. ISBN   978-9388373036.
55. Khwaja, Sehar. "Fosterage and Motherhood in the Mughal Harem: Intimate Relations and the Political System in Eighteenth-Century India." Social Scientist 46, no. 5-6 (2018): 39-60. Accessed August 7, 2020. doi:10.2307/26530803.
56. List based on: Danvers, Frederick Charles (1988) The Portuguese in India: being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire. Asian Educational Services; p. 487 (Appendix B); and Henry Morse Stephens (1892) Albuquerque, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Vol. 4, p. 13
57. Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 2004. ISBN   9788120004009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
58. The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1963. ISBN   9780230270893.{{cite book}}: ; |work= ignored (help)
59. "Civil Affairs". Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India. 1958.
60. The Statesman's Year-Book 1960: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1960. ISBN   9780230270893.{{cite book}}: ; |work= ignored (help)
61. The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1963. pp. 474–475. ISBN   9780230270923.{{cite book}}: ; |work= ignored (help)
62. "HART, Sir John (d.1604), of St. Swithin's, London and Scampton, Lincs". History of parliament.
63. The Emergence of International Business, 1200–1800: The English East India Company. p. Appendix.
64. "A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id. f. 59v-A". British Library . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
65. Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999). "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923". Past & Present (164): 175–176. doi:10.1093/past/164.1.169. JSTOR   651278.
66. Roy, Srirupa (August 2006). "A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906–". Journal of Asian Studies. 65 (3): 498–499. ISSN   0021-9118. OCLC   37893507.
67. Virmani 1999, pp. 176–177
68. "A British Empire Flag" . The New York Times. The London Express. 9 February 1902. p. 3. Retrieved 20 August 2023– via The New York Times Archives.
69. Dipesh Navsaria (July 27, 1996). "Indian Flag Proposals". Flags of the World. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
70. Hoffmann, Protectorates (1987), pp. 336–339. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHoffmann,_Protectorates1987 (help)
71. Rajasekaran, Ilangovan (7 April 2025). "CPI(M) elects M.A. Baby as its new general secretary at the 24th Party Congress". Frontline . Archived from the original on 7 April 2025.
72. "Yechury elected general secretary for 3rd term; 1st Dalit in CPM's politburo". The Times of India . 11 April 2022.
73. "Full list: CPI(M) newly elected central committee and politburo members". The Indian Express . 22 April 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018.
74. "Sitaram Yechury elected as new CPM chief". Business Standard . 20 April 2015.
75. "Members of PB – 7th to 19th Congress". Communist Party of India (Marxist) .
76. "Prakash Karat takes over CPI(M) reins". The Times of India. 11 April 2005.
77. Nossiter, Thomas Johnson (1982). Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. C. Hurst for the Royal Institute of International Affairs. ISBN   9780905838403.
78. "Annie Raja elected to CPI national secretariat". 14 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
79. "National executive meeting begins; Annie Raja in CPI national secretariat".
80. "Communist Party of India". 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
81. "20th Party Congress, Hyderabad". newageweekly.in. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
82. "Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary". thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
83. "Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again". thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
84. "Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary". business-standard.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
85. "D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary". The Hindu. 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
86. Puniyani, Ram (2005-07-21). Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times. p. 125. ISBN   0761933387.
87. Mohta, Tanmay (8 February 2011). "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)". Blog. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
88. Jaffrelot, Christophe. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 39.
89. Banerjee, Sumanta. Shrinking space: minority rights in South Asia. South Asia Forum for Human Rights, 1999. p. 171.
90. Islam, Shamsul (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Anamika Pub & Distributors. p. 36. ISBN   9788174952363 . Retrieved 18 August 2018.
91. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 205. ISBN   9789380607047.
92. "RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat urges youth to follow path shown by leaders". Times Now. 13 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.