Miju language

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, "Geman language" redirects here, not to be confused with the German language.

Contents

Kaman
Geman, Kman
Miju, Kùmán
Pronunciation [kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥]
Region Arunachal Pradesh, India
Ethnicity Miju Mishmi
Native speakers
18,000 (2006) [1]
possibly Sino-Tibetan (Midzuish), or a language isolate
  • Kaman
Language codes
ISO 639-3 mxj
Glottolog miju1243
ELP Miju-Mishmi
Lang Status 80-VU.svg
Miju is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Kaman (Geman, Geman Deng, Kùmán, Kman), or Miju (Miju Mishmi, Midzu), is a small language of India and China. Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may be a language isolate. [2]

Locations

In China, the Miju are known as the Deng 僜人. The Deng number over 1,000 in Zayü County, Tibet, China, with 1,000 of the Deng having the autonym tɑ31ruɑŋ53 (大让), and 130 having the autonym kɯ31mɑn35 (格曼) (Geman). They are also neighbors with the Idu or i53du31 (义都) people.[ citation needed ]

In India, Miju is spoken in Hawai Circle and the Parsuram Kund area of Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh (Boro 1978, [3] Dasgupta 1977 [4] ). Ethnologue reports that Miju is spoken in 25 villages located in high altitude areas to the east of upper Lohit and Dau valleys, which are located east of the Haguliang, Billong, and Tilai valleys.[ citation needed ]

Phonology

These are the sounds in the Miju/Kaman language. [5]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive plain p t k ʔ
aspirated
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate plain ts
aspirated tʃʰ
voiced dz
Fricative plain f s ʃ h
voiced v z ɦ
Approximant ʋ j w
Lateral l ɭ
Flap ɾ ɽ

Vowels

Monophthong phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ( ɨ ) ɯ u
Close-mid o
Open-mid ɛ ə ʌ ɔ
Open a

/ɯ/ may also be heard as [ɨ].

Tones

There are three main tones in the Miju language, rising (á), falling (à), and level (ā). [6]

Registers

Kman has various registers that are used in different situations. These include: [7]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lohit district</span> District of Arunachal Pradesh in India

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Miju, Kaman–Meyor, Midžuish, Southern Mishmi, or Geman languages are a small proposed family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by the Kaman people of southeastern Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. The languages are Kaman (Midzu/Miju) and Zakhring (Meyor). Although Zakhring appears to be Sino-Tibetan, Kaman may be more divergent. Blench and Post (2011) believe that Zakhring is an East Bodish language that has been influenced by Midzu or other divergent languages of the region, whereas Kaman may be a language isolate.

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Bugun, also known as Khowa, is a small possible language isolate spoken in Arunachal Pradesh state of India by the Bugun. They numbered about 1,700 in 2011.

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Hruso, also known as Aka (Angka), is a language of Arunachal Pradesh India. Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may actually be a language isolate. It is spoken by 3,000 people in 21 villages in Thrizino Circle, West Kameng District. The Hruso people inhabit areas of South East Kameng and are concentrated in the Bichom River Valley, and speak English, Hindi, and Miji in addition to Hruso.

Miji, also given the dialect names Sajolang and Dhammai, is a dialect cluster traditionally counted as one of the Sino-Tibetan languages that is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. The varieties are not particularly close, with only half of the vocabulary in common between the languages of East Kameng District and West Kameng District. Long assumed to be Sino-Tibetan languages, Miji and the recently discovered Bangru language may instead form a small independent language family.

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Bangru, also known as Ləvai (Ləwjɛ) and occasionally as Northern Miji is a language spoken in Sarli Circle, northern Kurung Kumey District by 1,500 people. Long unclassified due to poor documentation, it turns out to be related to the Miji languages.

Arunachal languages are various languages in Arunachal Pradesh, India traditionally classified as Sino-Tibetan languages, but that may be language isolates and independent language families according to some scholars. Blench (2011) proposed four language isolates and three independent families. However, this is disputed by Anderson (2014) and others, who consider them to be primary branches of Sino-Tibetan rather than as isolates or independent language phyla.

References

  1. Kaman at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2013
  3. Boro, A. 1978. Miju dictionary. Shillong: Research Department, Arunachal Pradesh Administration.
  4. Dasgupta, K. 1977. A phrase book in Miju. Shillong: Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh.
  5. Blench, Roger (2015), Kman ethno-ophresiology; characterising taste, smell and texture in a language of Arunachal Pradesh
  6. Blench, Roger; Kri, Sokhep; Ngadong, Kruleso; Masong, Barum (2015), Kman Reading and writing Kman
  7. Blench, Roger. 2022. Why would a language with 5000 speakers have seven registers? Register-flipping in the isolates of Northeast India compromises the unitary concept of language . Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.

Further reading