German exonyms

Below is a list of German language exonyms for formerly German places and other places in non-German-speaking areas of the world. Archaic names are in italics.

Algeria

  Algeria Algerien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Algiers	Algier	Al-Jazā'ir	Arabic

Belarus

  Belarus Weißrussland

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Grodno	Garten [1]	Hrodna	Belarusian	Archaic

Belgium

• List of German exonyms for places in Belgium

  Belgium Belgien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Antwerp	Antorff	Antwerpen	Dutch	Archaic
Bruges	Brügge	Brugge	Dutch
Brussels	Brüssel	Brussel	Dutch
		Bruxelles	French
Leuven	Löwen	Leuven	Dutch
Liège	Lüttich	Lidje	Walloon
		Liège	French
Ostend	Ostende	Oostende	Dutch

China

  China

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Beijing	Peking	Beijing	Mandarin
Guangzhou	Kanton	Guangzhou	Mandarin
Jiaozhou	Kiautschou	Jiaozhou	Mandarin
Nanjing	Nanking	Nanjing	Mandarin
Qingdao	Tsingtau	Qingdao	Mandarin

Croatia

• List of German exonyms for places in Croatia

Cyprus

  Cyprus Zypern

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Nicosia	Nikosia	Lefkosía (Λευκωσία)	Greek
		Lefkoşa	Turkish

Czech Republic

• See List of German names for places in the Czech Republic

Denmark

• List of German exonyms for places in Denmark

  Denmark Dänemark

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Copenhagen	Kopenhagen	København	Danish

Djibouti

  Djibouti Dschibuti

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Djibouti	Dschibuti	Ville de Djibouti	French

Egypt

  Egypt Ägypten

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Cairo	Kairo	al-Qāhirah	Arabic

Estonia

• List of German exonyms for places in Estonia

Faroe Islands

  Faroe Islands Färöer Inseln

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Akraberg	Äckerkliff	Akraberg	Faroese
Gásadalur	Gänsetal	Gásadalur	Faroese
Hoyvík	Heubucht	Hoyvík	Faroese
Haldórsvík	Halldórsbucht	Haldórsvík	Faroese
Kirkjubøur	Kirchdorf	Kirkjubøur	Faroese
Miðvágur	Mittelbucht	Miðvágur	Faroese
Syðradalur	Südtal	Syðradalur	Faroese
Tórshavn	Thorshaven	Tórshavn	Faroese
Vestmanna	Westmännerhafen	Vestmanna	Faroese

France

• List of German exonyms for places in France

  France Frankreich

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Colmar	Kolmar	Colmar	French
Dunkirk	Dünkirchen	Dunkerque	French
Mulhouse	Mülhausen	Mulhouse	French
Nice	Nizza	Nice	French
Strasbourg	Straßburg	Strasbourg	French

Georgia

  Georgia Georgien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tbilisi	Tiflis	Tbilisi	Georgian

Greece

  Greece Griechenland

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Athens	Athen	Athína	Greek
Corfu	Korfu	Kérkyra	Greek
Corinth	Korinth	Kórinthos	Greek
Piraeus	Piräus	Piraiás	Greek
Thebes	Theben	Thiva	Greek
Crete	Kreta	Kríti	Greek
Rhodes	Rhodos	Ródos	Greek

Hungary

• List of German exonyms for places in Hungary

India

  India Indien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Kolkata	Kalkutta	Kolkata	Bengali

Israel

  Israel

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Acre	Akkon, Akko	Ako	Hebrew
Alonei Abba	Waldheim	Aloney Abba	Hebrew	Archaic
Ashkelon	Ascalon	Ashkelon	Hebrew
Bnei Atarot	Wilhelma	Bney Atarot	Hebrew	Archaic
Daburiyya	Tabor	Daburiyya	Hebrew
Kafr Kanna	Kana	Kafr Kanna	Hebrew
Kfar Tavor	Kfar Tabor	Kfar Tavor	Hebrew
Lod	Lydda	Lod	Hebrew
Netzer Sereni	Bir Salem	Netzer Sereni	Hebrew	Used for times before 1948
Sea of Galilee	See Genezareth	Yamat HaKineret	Hebrew
Sharona	Sarona	Sharona	Hebrew	Used for times before 1948

Italy

  Italy

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Agrigento	Agrigent	Agrigento	Italian
Brescia	Brixen	Brescia	Italian	Archaic: Wälsch-Brixen
Florence	Florenz	Firenze	Italian
Genoa	Genua	Genova	Italian
Gorizia	Görz	Gorizia	Italian
Milan	Mailand	Milano	Italian
Naples	Neapel	Napoli	Italian
Rome	Rom	Roma	Italian
Syracuse	Syrakus	Siracusa	Italian
Taranto	Tarent	Taranto	Italian
Trento	Trient	Trento	Italian
Trieste	Triest	Trieste	Italian
Venice	Venedig	Venezia	Italian
Verona	Wälsch-Bern	Verona	Italian	Archaic

Japan

  Japan

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tokyo	Tokio	Toukyou	Japanese

Latvia

• List of German exonyms for places in Latvia

Lebanon

  Lebanon Libanon

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tripoli	Tripoli(s)	Ṭarabulus	Arabic
Tyre	Tyrus	Ṣūr	Arabic

Libya

  Libya Libyen

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tripoli	Tripolis	Ṭarabulus	Arabic

Lithuania

See also: List of German exonyms for places in Lithuania and List of cities and towns in East Prussia

  Lithuania Litauen

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Alytus	Alitten	Alytus	Lithuanian
Kretinga	Crottingen	Kretinga	Lithuanian
Gargždai	Garsden	Gargždai	Lithuanian
Kaunas	Kauen	Kaunas	Lithuanian
Klaipėda	Memel	Klaipėda	Lithuanian
Nida	Nidden	Nida	Lithuanian
Pagėgiai	Pogegen	Pagėgiai	Lithuanian
Palanga	Polangen	Palanga	Lithuanian
Panevėžys	Ponewiesch	Panevėžys	Lithuanian
Rusnė	Ruß	Rusnė	Lithuanian
Saugos	Saugen	Saugos	Lithuanian
Šiauliai	Schaulen	Šiauliai	Lithuanian
Šilutė	Heydekrug	Šilutė	Lithuanian
Tauragė	Tauroggen	Tauragė	Lithuanian
Ukmergė	Wilkomir	Ukmergė	Lithuanian
Vilkyčiai	Wilkieten	Vilkyčiai	Lithuanian
Vilnius	Wilna	Vilnius	Lithuanian

Luxembourg

Note that this list only includes towns whose German name is significantly different from the official (mainly French) form. Towns that differ with predictable spelling/ ending changes shown below are not included.

• ae, c , é, oe, ou, u, v → ä, k, e, ö, u, ü, w
• -ange, -haff → -ingen, -hof

  Luxembourg Luxemburg

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bellain	Besslingen	Bellain
Bavigne	Böwen	Bavigne
Beaufort	Befort	Beaufort
Belair	Neumerl	Belair
Belvaux	Beles	Belvaux
Berlé	Berl	Berlé
Bicherhaff	Bicherhof	Bicherhaff
Bigonville	Bondorf	Bigonville
Blaschette	Blanscht	Blaschette
Boevange	Bögen	Boevange
Boevange-sur-Attert	Bögen an der Attert	Boevange-sur-Attert
Bollendorf-Pont	Bollendorferbrück	Bollendorf-Pont
Born-Moulin	Bornmühlen	Born-Moulin
Boulaide	Basuchleiden	Boulaide
Bourscheid-Moulin	Burscheidermühle	Bourscheid-Moulin
Brouch	Bruch	Brouch
Burschtermillen	Burschtermühlen	Burschtermillen
Carelshaff	Karlshoff	Carelshaff
Cessange	Zessingen	Cessange
Charage	Kerschen	Charage
Clemency	Küntzig	Clemency
Clervaux	Clerf	Clervaux
Colbette	Kolbet	Colbette
Cruchten	Krüchten	Cruchten
Dabourg-Pont	Dasburgerbrück	Dabourg-Pont
Doncols	Donkholz	Doncols
Eschette	Brescht	Eschette
Fensterdall	Fenstertal	Fensterdall
Folschette	Fulscht	Folschette
Fréiresmillen	Freiersmühlen	Fréiresmillen
Groëstaen	Grünstein	Groëstaen
Hachiville	Helzingen	Hachiville
Hamiville	Heinsch	Hamiville
Hongerhaff	Hungerhoff	Hongerhaff
Kappellebour	Kappellenbur	Kappellebour
Klenge Bourghaff	Kleiner Burghof	Klenge Bourghaff
Koenerhaff	Könnerhaff	Koenerhaff
Koeschettte	Köscht	Koeschettte
Kreiz	Kreuz	Kreiz
Lamadelaine	Rollingen	Lamadelaine
Larochette	Fels	Larochette
Meysembourg	Meisemburg	Meysembourg
Michelbouch	Michelbuch	Michelbouch
Michelsbierg	Michelsberg	Michelsbierg
Mierschgronn	Mierschgrund	Mierschgronn
Mondercange	Monnerich	Mondercange
Mondorf-les-Bains	Bad Mondorf	Mondorf-les-Bains
Moulin de Bigonville	Bondorfermühle	Moulin de Bigonville
Moutfort	Mutfurt	Moutfort
Neihaisgen	Neuhäuschen	Neihaisgen
Perlé	Perl	Perlé
Petit-Nobressart	Klein Elcherodt	Petit-Nobressart
Pontpierre	Steinbrücken	Pontpierre		Both names mean "stone bridge"
Quarte-Vents	Vierwinden	Quarte-Vents		Both names mean "four winds"
Roodt-lès-Ell	Rodt bei Ell	Roodt-lès-Ell
Roodt-sur-Eisch	Rodt an der Eisch	Roodt-sur-Eisch
Roodt-sur-Syre	Rodt an der Syre	Roodt-sur-Syre
Roudenhaff	Rodenhof	Roudenhaff
Sanem	Sassenheim	Sanem
Septfontaines	Simmern	Septfontaines
Soleuvre	Zolver	Soleuvre
Sonlez	Soller	Sonlez
Surré	Syr	Surré
Tarchamps	Ischpelt	Tarchamps
Troine	Trotten	Troine
Troisvierges	Ulflingen	Troisvierges
Wallendorf-Pont	Wallendorferbrück	Wallendorf-Pont
Wincrange	Wintger	Wincrange

Moldova

  Moldova Moldawien

Moldovan place	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Chișinău	Kischenau, Kischinau, Kischinew	Chișinău	Romanian
Cioburciu ( Transnistria )	Hirtenheim	Cioburciu ( Transnistria )	Romanian
Rîșcani	Ryschkanowka	Rîșcani	Romanian
Soltoaia	Scholtoi	Soltoaia	Romanian
Valea Norocului	Glückstal	Valea Norocului	Romanian

Morocco

  Morocco Marokko

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Essaouira	Mogador	aṣ-Ṣawīra	Arabic	outdated

Myanmar

  Myanmar

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Yangon	Rangun	Yangon	Burmese	Compare dated English Rangoon

Namibia

  Namibia

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Walvis Bay	Walfischbucht, Walfischbai	Walvis Bay	Afrikaans
Windhoek	Windhuk	Windhoek	Afrikaans

Netherlands

  Netherlands Die Niederlande

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Arnhem	Arnheim	Arnhem	Dutch
Boskoop	Boskop	Boskoop	Dutch
Kerkrade	Kirchrath	Kerkrade	Dutch
Nieuweschans	Neuschanz	Nieuweschans	Dutch
Nijmegen	Nimwegen	Nijmegen	Dutch
Roermond	Rurmund	Roermond	Dutch
's-Hertogenbosch	Herzogenbusch	's-Hertogenbosch	Dutch
Swalmen	Schwalmen	Swalmen	Dutch
The Hague	Den Haag	Den Haag	Dutch	No definite article
Ubach over Worms	Waubach	Ubach over Worms	Dutch
Wahlwiller	Wahlweiler	Wahlwiller	Dutch

North Korea

  North Korea Nordkorea

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Pyongyang	Pjöngjang	Pyǒngyang	Korean

Norway

  Norway Norwegen

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Trondheim	Drontheim	Trondheim	Norwegian	Obsolete; briefly used during World War II

Papua New Guinea

  Papua New Guinea Papua Neuguinea

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Kokopo	Herbertshöhe	Kokopo

Poland

• List of German exonyms for places in Poland

  Poland Polen

English name	German name	Endonym		Inhabitant and surname
		Name	Language
Bydgoszcz	Bromberg	Bydgoszcz	Polish	Bromberger
Gdańsk	Danzig	Gdańsk	Polish	Danziger
Katowice	Kattowitz	Katowice	Polish	Kattowitzer
Kraków	Krakau	Kraków	Polish	Krakauer
Poznań	Posen	Poznań	Polish	Posener
Szczecin	Stettin	Szczecin	Polish	Stettiner
Warsaw	Warschau	Warszawa	Polish	Warschauer
Wrocław	Breslau	Wrocław	Polish	Breslauer

Portugal

  Portugal

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Lisbon	Lissabon	Lisboa	Portuguese

Romania

• For German exonyms of Romania in Transylvania, see: German exonyms (Transylvania)

  Romania Rumänien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bacău	Bakau	Bacău	Romanian	Archaic
Baia Mare	Frauenbach	Baia Mare	Romanian	Archaic
Botoșan	Botoschan	Botoșan	Romanian	Archaic
Brașov	Kronstadt	Brașov	Romanian	Archaic
Bucharest	Bukarest	București	Romanian
Buzău	Busäu	Buzău	Romanian	Archaic
Câmpulung	Langena	Câmpulung	Romanian	Archaic
Cluj-Napoca	Klausenburg	Cluj-Napoca	Romanian	Archaic
Constanța	Konstanz(a)	Constanța	Romanian	Archaic
Craiova	Kragau, Krajowa	Craiova	Romanian	Archaic
Curtea de Argeș	Argisch	Curtea de Argeș	Romanian	Archaic
Focșani	Fokschan	Focșani	Romanian	Archaic
Galați	Galatz	Galați	Romanian	Archaic
Giurgiu	Sankt Georg, Zurz	Giurgiu	Romanian	Archaic
Hunedoara	Eisenmarkt	Hunedoara	Romanian	Archaic
Iași	Jassy	Iași	Romanian	Archaic
Oradea	Großwardein	Oradea	Romanian	Archaic
Piatra Neamț	Kreuzburg an der Bistritz	Piatra Neamț	Romanian	Archaic
Pitești	Pitesk	Pitești	Romanian	Archaic
Râmnicu Sărat	Rebnick, Rümnick	Râmnicu Sărat	Romanian	Archaic
Râmnicu Vâlcea	Königsberg, Wultsch	Râmnicu Vâlcea	Romanian	Archaic
Reșița	Reschitz(a)	Reșița	Romanian	Archaic
Roman	Romesmark	Roman	Romanian	Archaic
Satu Mare	Sathmar	Satu Mare	Romanian	Archaic
Sibiu	Hermannstadt	Sibiu	Romanian	Archaic
Sighișoara	Schäßburg	Sighișoara	Romanian	Archaic
Slatina	Zelatna	Slatina	Romanian	Archaic
Slobozia	Freisdtadt	Slobozia	Romanian	Archaic
Suceava	Suczawa	Suceava	Romanian	Archaic
Târgoviște	Tergowisch	Târgoviște	Romanian	Archaic
Târgu Jiu	Tergoschwyl	Târgu Jiu	Romanian	Archaic
Târgu Mureș	Neumarkt	Târgu Mureș	Romanian	Archaic
Timișoara	Temeschburg, Temeswar	Timișoara	Romanian	Archaic
Tulcea	Tultscha, Tultschs	Tulcea	Romanian	Archaic
Turnu Măgurele	Großnikopel	Turnu Măgurele	Romanian	Archaic

Russia

• For German names of towns in Kaliningrad Oblast, see : German exonyms (Kaliningrad Oblast) and List of cities and towns in East Prussia

  Russia Russland

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Gatchina	Lindemannstadt	Gatchina	Russian	Was renamed during WW2, but switch back after the war.
Kaliningrad	Königsberg	Kaliningrad	Russian	Archaic, founded with German name
Lomonosov	Oranienbaum	Lomonosov	Russian	Archaic; founded with German name
Moscow	Moskau	Moskva	Russian
Saint Petersburg	Sankt Petersburg	Sankt Peterburg	Russian	Founded with German name
Shlisselburg	Schlüsselburg	Shlisselburg	Russian	Archaic, founded with German name
Yekaterinburg	Katharinenburg	Yekaterinburg	Russian	Archaic, founded with German name

Serbia

For German place names in the Vojvodina region, please see: German exonyms (Vojvodina)

  Serbia Serbien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Belgrade	Belgrad	Beograd	Serbian

Slovakia

• List of German exonyms for places in Slovakia

Slovenia

• List of German exonyms for places in Slovenia

South Africa

  South Africa Südafrika

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Cape Town	Kapstadt	Kaapstad	Afrikaans
		Cape Town	English
		iKapa	Xhosa

Spain

  Spain Spanien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Aragón	Aragonien	Aragón	Aragonese
Balearic Islands	Balearen	Illes Balears	Catalan
Canary Islands	Kanaren	Islas Canarias	Spanish
Tenerife	Teneriffa	Tenerife	Spanish
Zaragoza	Saragossa	Zaragoza	Spanish

Sweden

  Sweden Schweden

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Gothenburg	Göteborg (Gotenburg)	Göteborg	Swedish
Scania	Schonen	Skåne	Swedish

Switzerland

• List of German exonyms for places in Switzerland

   Switzerland Schweiz

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Delémont	Delsberg	Delémont	French
Geneva	Genf	Genève	French
Neuchâtel	Neuenburg	Neuchâtel	French
Sion	Sitten	Sion	French

Syria

  Syria Syrien

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Damascus	Damaskus	Dimashq	Arabic

Taiwan

  Taiwan

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Taipei	Taipeh	Taipei		German name from Hokkien endonym

Tanzania

All of the below names are now obsolete. They were formerly used when Tanzania was part of the colony of German East Africa.

  Tanzania Tansania

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Galula	St. Moritz	Galula
Igulwa	Mariahilf	Igulwa
Ikombe	Alt-Langenburg	Ikombe
Ilembule	Emmaberg	Ilembule
Kasanga	Bismarckburg, Wißmannhafen	Kasanga		German names referred to two different cities
Kazimzumbwi	Kaiseraue	Kazimzumbwi
Kirondatal	Kirondathal	Kirondatal
Kizarawe	Hoffnungshöh	Kizarawe
Leganga	Leudorf	Leganga
Liuli	Sphinxhafen	Liuli
Lumbira	Neu-Langenburg	Lumbira
Lushoto	Wilhelmsdorf, Wilhelsmthal	Lushoto
Manda	Weidhafen	Manda
Mbulu	Neu-Trier	Mbulu
Mibirizi	Bergfrieden	Mibirizi
Mikese	Neu-Bonn	Mikese
Mlalo  [ sw ]	Hohenfriedberg	Mlalo
Mnazi	Neu-Bethel	Mnazi
Nansio	Peterswerft	Nansio
Nyakanazi	Friedberg	Nyakanazi
Rombo	Fischerstadt	Rombo
Sekenke	Sachsenwald	Sekenke
Shume	Neu-Hornow	Shume
Tukuyu	Langenburg	Tukuyu
Ushetu	Marienthal	Ushetu
Uvinza	Gottorp	Uvinza

Turkey

  Turkey Türkei

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Antakya	Antiochia	Antakya	Turkish	Archaic
Edirne	Adrianopel	Ediren	Turkish	Archaic
Ephesus	Ephesos	Efes	Turkish
Gallipoli	Gallipoli	Gelibolu	Turkish
Halicarnassus	Halikarnassos	Halikarnas	Turkish
Istanbul	Byzanz	İstanbul	Turkish	Archaic
Istanbul	Konstantinopel	İstanbul	Turkish	Archaic
İzmir	Smyrna	İzmir	Turkish	Archaic
Trabzon	Trapezunt	Trabzon	Turkish	Archaic
Troy	Troja	Truva	Turkish

Ukraine

  Ukraine

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bazaryanka	Schulzheim	Bazaryanka		Founded with German name
Belenkoye	Schabolat	Belenkoye		Founded with German name
Berehove	Bergsaß, Lampertshaus	Berehove
Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky	Akkerman	Akkerman
Buschtyno	Buschtyn an der Theiß	Buschtyno
Chernivtsi	Czernowitz/ Tschernowitz	Chernivtsi
Chernobyl	Tschernobyl	Chernobyl
Dubove	Dombau, Dombo	Dubove
Ivano-Frankivsk	Stanislau	Ivano-Frankivsk
Georgievka	Mariental	Georgievka		Founded with German name
Glinnaya	Glückstal	Glinnaya		Founded with German name
Karmanova	Neudorf	Karmanova		Founded with German name
Khust	Hußt	Khust
Kolosova	Bergdorf	Kolosova		Founded with German name
Komarivka	Kassel	Komarivka		Founded with German name
Korolevo	Königsfeld an der Theiß	Korolevo
Lviv	Lemberg	Lviv
Mukachevo	Munkatsch	Mukachevo
Rakhiv	Rauhau	Rakhiv
Rivne	Röwne	Rivne
Sergeievko	Josefstal	Sergeievko		Founded with German name
Sevastopol	Sewastopol	Sevastopol
Shabo	Schabo Kolonie	Shabo		Founded with German name
Solotvyno	Salzgruben	Solotvyno
Svaliava	Schwal(l)bach	Svaliava
Tiachiv	Großteutschenau	Tiachiv
Uzhhorod	Ungarish Burg, Ungstadt, Ungwar	Uzhhorod
Vinnytsia	Winniza	Vinnytsia

United Kingdom

  United Kingdom Vereinigtes Königreich

English name	German name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Birmingham	Bermingheim	Birmingham	English	Archaic
Canterbury	Kantelberg, Kanterberg	Canterbury	English	Archaic
Channel Islands	Kanalinseln, Normannische Inseln	Channel Islands	English
Dover Strait	Straße von Calais	Dover Strait	English
Edinburgh	Edinburg	Edinburgh	Scots
		Dùn Èideann	Scottish Gaelic
English Channel	Ärmelkanal	English Channel	English
Orkney	Orkaden	Orkney	Scots	Archaic
Scalloway	Schaldewage	Scalloway	Scots	Archaic
Scotland	Schottland	Scotland	Scots
		Alba	Scottish Gaelic
Thames	Themse	Thames	English
White Cliffs of Dover	Kreidefelsen von Dover	White Cliffs of Dover	English

See also

• Exonym and endonym
• German names for Central European towns
• German placename etymology
• List of cities and towns in East Prussia
• List of English exonyms for German toponyms
• List of European exonyms
• List of settlements in Kaliningrad Oblast
• Names of Germany

References

1. "Das Virtuelle Preußische Urkundenbuch". University of Hamburg. 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-05.