Gabion

Not to be confused with Bastion.

An inclined stacked wall of gabions supporting a multilane roadway

Gabions as X-ray protection during customs inspection

A gabion (from Italian gabbione meaning "big cage"; from Italian gabbia and Latin cavea meaning "cage") is a cage, cylinder, or cube, typically mesh, filled with solid material suitable to use in various civil engineering and military applications. Ballasts include rocks, sand, soil, used tires, and other recycled items.

Among the most common civil engineering uses are erosion control, retaining walls, and impact attenuation; in the military gabions commonly protect forward operating bases and artillery firing positions against small arms and indirect fragmentary explosives. Applications include sleeping quarters, mess halls, checkpoints, and revetments for aircraft.

Design

Mattress gabions protecting a bank

The shape, proportion, and internal and external construction, reflect the use of each form of gabion.

Types: ^[1]

• Maccafierri: a box shaped gabion made out of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or PVC coated steel wire mesh.
• Bastion: a gabion lined with an internal membrane, typically of nonwoven geotextile, to permit the use of granular soil fill instead of rock.
• Mattress: a form of gabion designed to be laid flat singly rather than a stacked. ^[2]
• Trapion: a form of gabion with a trapezoidal cross-section, designed for stacking to give a sloped rather than stepped face.

Uses

Civil engineering

Gabions stepped with the slope as a bridge abutment

Leonardo da Vinci designed a type of gabion called a Corbeille Leonard ("Leonard[o] basket") for the foundations of the San Marco Castle in Milan. ^[3]

A box-shaped wire mesh gabion for erosion control, the most common civil engineering application, was refined in the late 19th century in Italy and patented as the Maccaferri gabion.^{[ citation needed ]} it was used to stabilize shorelines, stream banks and slopes. Other uses evolved, including retaining walls, noise barriers, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, small dams, fish screening, channel lining, and stepped weirs, which enhance the rate of energy dissipation in a channel. ^[4]

The life expectancy of gabions depends on that of their wire. Galvanized steel wire is most common, but PVC-coated and stainless steel wire are also used. PVC-coated galvanized gabions have been estimated to last for 60 years. ^[5] Some gabion manufacturers guarantee a structural integrity of 50 years. ^[6]

In the United States, gabion were first used in stream erosion control projects beginning in 1957. ^[7] More than 150 grade-control structures, bank revetments and channel deflectors were constructed on two U.S. Forest Service sites. Eventually, a large portion of the in-stream structures failed due to undermining and lack of structural integrity of the baskets. In particular, corrosion and abrasion of wires by movement of the streams’ bedload compromised the structures, which then sagged and collapsed into the channels. Other gabions were toppled into channels as trees grew atop their revetments, leveraging them toward the streams.

Gabions have also been used in building construction, as in the Dominus Winery in the Napa Valley, California, constructed between 1995 and 1997. The exterior is formed by modular wire mesh gabions containing locally quarried stone, allowing air movement through the building and moderating interior temperatures. ^{[8] [9]}

Military

Gabions protecting cannon in a late 16th-century illustration

Early gabions were round open-ended cages made from wickerwork filled with earth and used as military fortifications. ^{[10] : 38} In one example, willow twigs were brought from East Lothian to make gabions to protect gun emplacements during the April 1573 siege of Edinburgh Castle. ^[11]

Such early military gabions were most often used to protect sappers and siege artillery gunners. ^{[10] : 39} The wickerwork cylinders were light and could be carried relatively conveniently in the ammunition train, particularly when made in nesting diameters. In use they would be stood on end, staked in position, and filled. During the Crimean War, local shortages of brushwood led to use of scrap hoop-iron from hay bales, inspiring purpose-built sheet-iron gabions. ^{[10] : 182}

Today, gabions are used to protect forward operating bases (FOBs) against small arms and explosive, fragmentary, indirect fire such as mortar,l or artillery rounds. Applications include sleeping quarters, mess halls, anywhere large concentrations of unprotected soldiers might gather, blast walls, and aircraft revetments. A modern form is the Hesco bastion".

• 
  A gabion breastwork (in background) protecting artillery at Fort Stedman in Virginia in the American Civil War
• 
  Modern Hesco bastions

Impact attenuation

Gabions may be used for attenuating dynamic loads, such as those resulting from impacts by vehicles or rockfall. ^[12] Depending on what they are filled with, gabions may be highly deformable, dissipating impact forces. This has led to the use of recycled materials such as used tires and ballast from railway tracks to fill some rockfall protection embankments. ^{[13] [14]}

See also

• Cellular confinement  – Confinement system used in construction and geotechnical engineering, a small-scale mattress gabion used for roads, retaining walls, and protective structures.
• Hesco bastion  – Flood control and military fortification barrier, a modernized version of the same concept
• Maccaferri gabion  – Type of rock-filled cage, wire mesh gabions introduced into modern civil engineering
• Stepped spillway  – Structure for energy dissipated release of flows from a dam or levee

References

1. ridgeway-online.com ^{[ dead link ]}
2. Gabion Wall
3. gabiondesign.be Archived January 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
4. Wüthrich, Davide; Chanson, Hubert (September 2014). "Hydraulics, Air Entrainment, and Energy Dissipation on a Gabion Stepped Weir". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 140 (9): 04014046. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000919. ISSN   0733-9429.
5. Maccaferri river erosion case study
6. "Feature Projects - Project 2". gabions.net. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
7. Toblaski, R.A., and N.K. Tripp, 1961. Gabions for stream and erosion control. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 16: 284-285.
8. "Dominus Winery in Napa Valley, California, USA". floornature.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
9. "Dominus Winery". Archiplanet. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
10. Mahan, Dennis Hart (1870). An elementary course of military engineering. New York: Wiley. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
11. John Hill Burton, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1878), pp. 210–211.
12. Amato, Giuseppina; O’Brien, Fionn; Simms, Ciaran K.; Ghosh, Bidisha (June 2013). "Multibody modelling of gabion beams for impact applications" . International Journal of Crashworthiness. 18 (3): 237–250. doi:10.1080/13588265.2013.775739. ISSN   1358-8265. S2CID   110769207.
13. Lambert, S.; Heymann, A.; Gotteland, P.; Nicot, F. (2014-05-23). "Real-scale investigation of the kinematic response of a rockfall protection embankment". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 14 (5): 1269–1281. Bibcode:2014NHESS..14.1269L. doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-1269-2014 . ISSN   1684-9981.
14. Lambert, Stéphane; Bourrier, Frank; Gotteland, Philippe; Nicot, François (August 2020). "An experimental investigation of the response of slender protective structures to rockfall impacts". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 57 (8): 1215–1231. doi:10.1139/cgj-2019-0147. ISSN   0008-3674. S2CID   210316590.

• Freeman, Gary E.; Fischenich, Craig J.(May 2000), "Gabions for Streambank Erosion Control", Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
• University of New South Wales Water Research Laboratory, Research Report No. 156, "Some factors affecting the use of Maccaferri gabions and reno mattresses for coastal revetments", October 1979, C. T. Brown, et al.