The lands administrative divisions of South Australia are the cadastral (i.e., comprehensively surveyed and mapped) units of counties and hundreds in South Australia. They are located only in the south-eastern part of the state, and do not cover the whole state. 49 counties have been proclaimed across the southern and southeastern areas of the state historically considered to be arable and thus in need of a cadastre. Within that area, a total of 540 hundreds have been proclaimed, although five were annulled in 1870, and, in some cases, the names reused elsewhere.
All South Australian hundreds have unique names, making it unnecessary, when referring to a hundred, to also name its county (as is done in some land administration systems such as that of New South Wales).
With the exception of the historic Hundred of Murray (1853–1870), which occupied parts of five counties, all hundreds have been defined as a subset of a single county.
The hundreds of South Australia formed the basis for the establishment boundaries of most of the earliest local government bodies (that is, district councils). By the 1930s most of the settled hundreds in the state had their own district councils. [1] In the case of heavily settled lands, like the hundreds of Adelaide and Yatala, multiple town and city councils shared the governance of a single hundred. In the case of sparsely populated rural lands, adjacent hundreds were represented by a single district council. In every case, the hundred boundaries largely shaped the initial boundaries of such district councils, as seen with the large-scale expansion of South Australian local government in the District Councils Act 1887.
In the early days of European settlement in South Australia, land was released in the colony for farming in an orderly manner by the government. Initial land sales were made as a prerequisite to the founding of the colony, with "preliminary land orders" being made to a total value of £35,000 prior to the 1837 settlement. A preliminary land order entitled the buyer to a 1-acre (4,000 m2) town block and an 80-acre (32 ha) section of rural land which was to be chosen by the individual following the earliest land survey after settlement. The initial town survey of Adelaide was completed in March 1837. [2] By February 1839 the surrounding country from coast to foothills, as far south as O'Halloran Hill and north to present-day Grand Junction Road, had been surveyed into country sections, with between a quarter and a half having already been claimed by the early investors or purchased by early settlers. [3]
The country sections delineated in the early land surveys generally formed the hundred sections when the first hundreds were proclaimed in 1846 (in the counties of Adelaide and Hindmarsh). [4] From this time, the government surveyor systematically established new areas to be released by creating the boundaries of a county, and then dividing that into hundreds of approximately the same size. Outside the initial survey area centred on Adelaide, hundreds were surveyed into sections of varying sizes with the intention that the section would support a single viable farm. [2] These sections were available for purchase soon after a hundred was surveyed and proclaimed. Most hundreds had a town near the middle, and smaller sections closer to the township. Contemporary definitions of rural real estate in South Australia still typically includes the section number(s) and hundred name.
A total of 540 hundreds were proclaimed in the state from 1846 to 1971, but only 535 exist today, following the discontinuation of the hundreds of Murray, Cooper, Randell, Giles and Morphett alongside the Murray River in 1870. A total of 561 names of hundreds are listed in the South Australian official gazetteer Placenames Online, [5] with the 21 extra names unused today due to either renaming or failure to adopt proposed names.
In 1916, during the First World War, ten hundreds with names of German origin (Basedow, Homburg, Krichauff, North Rhine, Paech, Pflaum, Scherk, Schomburgk, South Rhine, Von Doussa) were proposed for renaming with Aboriginal names, but this only occurred for the hundreds of Paech and Pflaum which became the hundreds of Cannawigara and Geegeela, respectively. The remaining eight hundreds were renamed in 1918 with names derived from Allied commanders or battles. The hundreds of Basedow, Homburg, Krichauff, North Rhine, Scherk, Schomburgk, South Rhine and Von Doussa became, respectively, the hundreds of French, Haig, Beatty, Jellicoe, Sturdee, Maude, Jutland and Allenby.
Cadastral divisions in Victoria are called counties, which are further subdivided into parishes and townships, for cadastral or land administration purposes. Cadastral divisions of county, parish and township form the basis for formal identification of the location of any piece of land in the state. There are 37 counties and 2004 parishes and 909 townships. Parishes were subdivided into sections of various sizes for sale as farming allotments, or designated as a town and then divided into sections and these subdivided into crown allotments. However, many parishes do not follow county borders, some being located in more than one county.
Lands administrative divisions of Australia are the cadastral divisions of Australia for the purposes of identification of land to ensure security of land ownership. Most states term these divisions as counties, parishes, hundreds, and other terms. The eastern states of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania were divided into counties and parishes in the 19th century, although the Tasmanian counties were renamed land districts in the 20th century. Parts of South Australia (south-east) and Western Australia (south-west) were similarly divided into counties, and there were also five counties in a small part of the Northern Territory. However South Australia has subdivisions of hundreds instead of parishes, along with the Northern Territory, which was part of South Australia when the hundreds were proclaimed. There were also formerly hundreds in Tasmania. There have been at least 600 counties, 544 hundreds and at least 15,692 parishes in Australia, but there are none of these units for most of the sparsely inhabited central and western parts of the country.
The District Council of Yatala was a local government area of South Australia established in 1853 and abolished in 1868.
Aldinga Scrub Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the suburb of Aldinga Beach about 46 kilometres south by west of the state capital of Adelaide.
The District Council of Wirrega was a short-lived local government area in South Australia in existence from 1884 to 1888.
Mount Mary is a small town on the Thiele Highway between Eudunda and Morgan in South Australia. It was also served by the Morgan railway line from 1878 until 1969 and is named for the Mount Mary railway station on that line.
County of Young is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia covers land located in the state’s east on the north side of the Murray River. It was proclaimed in 1860 by Governor MacDonnell and named after his predecessor, Governor Young. It has been partially divided in the following sub-units of hundreds – Markaranka, Parcoola, Pooginook and Stuart.
County of Burra is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia which covers land located in the state’s east associated with the town of Burra. It was proclaimed in 1851 by Governor Young and named after the town of Burra.
The District Council of Morgan was a local government area in South Australia from 1888 to 1997, centring on the town of Morgan.
The City of Kensington and Norwood, originally the Corporate Town of Kensington and Norwood, was a local government area in South Australia from 1853 to 1997, centred on the inner eastern Adelaide suburbs of Kensington and Norwood. In November 1997 it amalgamated with the City of Payneham and the Town of St Peters to form the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters.
The District Council of Hindmarsh was a local government area in South Australia from 1853 to 1875, seated at the inner north west Adelaide suburb of Hindmarsh.
The District Council of Portland Estate was a local government area of South Australia established in 1859 and abolished in 1884. It was seated at the Portland Estate subdivision, immediately south of the modern township of Port Adelaide.
The Hundred of Beatty, formerly the Hundred of Krichauff is a cadastral unit of hundred located in the Murraylands of South Australia spanning the localities of Beatty and Mount Mary.
Fisher is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 96 kilometres (60 mi) north-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 47 kilometres (29 mi) north-east of the municipal seat in Mannum.
The Hundred of Alma is a cadastral unit of hundred located on the northern Adelaide Plains of South Australia spanning the township of Alma and the Alma Plains. The hundred was proclaimed in 1856 in the County of Gawler and named by Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell for the River Alma on the Crimean Peninsula, the location of the Battle of the Alma, the first Allied victory in the Crimean War. The hundred is bounded on the north by the Wakefield River and on the south by the Light River
Mercunda is a town and a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east about 134 kilometres (83 mi) east of the state capital of Adelaide, and about 52 kilometres (32 mi) north-east and about 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-west respectively of the municipal seats of Karoonda and Loxton.
Jessie was a town in the Australian state of South Australia whose site is located about 311 kilometres (193 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the former municipal seat of Naracoorte at the border with the state of Victoria.
Monarto Conservation Park is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the suburb of Monarto South about 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south-west of the town of Murray Bridge.
The District Council of Belvidere was a local government area in South Australia. It was created to provide local government in the Hundred of Belvidere on 13 December 1866 and combined into the District Council of Kapunda on 12 May 1932.
From the 1850s until the 1930s, as a general rule, every settled Hundred gained and retained its own District Council.
The principles on which the new colony was to be founded all turned on the question of land administration. All the land was considered the property of the Crown. It was not to be given away, but surveyed and sold systematically at a minimum price intended to discourage speculation and encourage people with some capital to make South Australia their new home. [...] it was stipulated that land to the value of £35 000 must be sold before settlement could begin. The Commissioners sold "preliminary land orders" each entitling the buyer to one town acre and one section of country land. The holders of these preliminary orders could take first choice of the land when it had been surveyed and present their orders to the Resident Commissioner in the Land Office, to receive their title deeds or "land grants" [...] By 1856 South Australia [...] had been some experimenting with cadastral units and patterns of survey. The first units of land ownership were town acres and country sections, the standard size of the latter being 80 acres (one eighth of a square mile or 32.4 hectares).