List of proposed state mergers

Last updated

This is a list of proposed state mergers, including both current and historical proposals originating from sovereign states or organizations. The entities listed below differ from separatist movements in that they would form as a merger or union of two or more existing states, territories, colonies or other regions, becoming either a federation, confederation or other type of unified sovereign state.

Contents

Historical

Early modern period

Proposed stateComponentsTime periodSuccessful?Notes
Flag of Hungary (11th-12th century).svg Croatia–Hungary Union Flag of Hungary (11th-12th century).svg  Kingdom of Hungary

Flag of Croatia (Early 16th century-1526).svg Kingdom of Croatia

1102–1526

1527–1918

YesAfter a brief separation during Ottoman-Hungarian war, the union was restored on the Lands of the Hungarian Crown inner the Habsburg monarchy.
Early Swiss cross.svg Swiss Confederation Flag of Canton of Uri.svg  Uri
Flag of Canton of Schwyz.svg  Schwyz
Old flag of Unterwalden.svg  Unterwalden
1307YesThree cantons formed the initial Confederation in the 1307 Rütlischwur, followed by the 1315 Pact of Brunnen; ten more cantons joined over the life of the Confederacy.
Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg Kalmar Union Flag of Denmark.svg Danish Realm
Royal Standard of Norway.svg Kingdom of Norway
Royal Banner of Sweden (14th Century).svg Kingdom of Sweden
1397–1523YesThe Kalmar Union was a personal union between the Kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Established in 1397 under the rule of Queen Margaret I, the union aimed to create a single monarch ruling over these three kingdoms.
Royal standard of England (1406-1603).svg Dual monarchy of England and France Flag of England.svg  Kingdom of England Royal Standard of the King of France.svg  Kingdom of France 1422–1453Partial Treaty of Troyes consolidate the English claims to the French throne, but then Treaty of Arras (1435) reject it during Hundred Years' War.
Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Spanish–HRE Union Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg  Spanish Empire

Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg  Kingdom of Sicily Bandera de Napoles - Trastamara.svg  Kingdom of Naples Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg  Holy Roman Empire Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Kingdom of Hungary

1519–1556PartialPolitical union of Habsburg domains under Charles v, but failed attempt to perpetually unite Christendom and restore the Roman Empire. Then division of the institutional union into Habsburg Spain and Habsburg Austria instead of Centralisation.
Royal Standard of Denmark (1731-1819).svg  Denmark–Norway Flag of Denmark.svg Danish Realm
Royal Standard of Norway.svg Kingdom of Norway
1524–1814Yes
Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg Kingdom of Poland
Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1569Yes Union of Lublin
Flag.svg Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Flag of Russia.svg Tsardom of Russia
1574–1658No
Estandarte Real de Felipe II.svg Iberian Union Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (16th Century-1715).svg Crown of Castile
Escudo de Aragon-Sicilia.svg Crown of Aragon
Coat of arms of Portugal (1640).svg Crown of Portugal
1580–1640YesPortugal became part of the realms of the Spanish Habsburg (Casa de Austria) following the death of Henry I of Portugal but resumed its independence 60 years later.
Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Swedish union Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg  Swedish Empire
1592–1660PartialAfter a briefly union during Sigismund III Vasa, the Swedes rebels against Sigismund and reject the pretensions of restoring it at the Treaty of Oliva.
Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth Choragiew krolewska krola Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg Cossack Hetmanate
1658–1659No Treaty of Hadiach
Swedish–Lithuanian Union Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg  Swedish Empire

Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania

No Union of Kėdainiai
Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg Kingdom of Great Britain Flag of England.svg  Kingdom of England
Flag of Scotland.svg  Kingdom of Scotland
1707YesThough having been ruled since 1603 in personal union when James VI, already king of Scotland, succeeded to the English crown, both countries remained separate sovereign nation states until 1707 when the Treaty of Union unified them into a single entity.
Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg United States Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
1775–1788Yes Constitution of the United States is ratified by the Thirteen Colonies, replacing the Articles of Confederation and thereby forming a Federal government.
Statenvlag.svg  Dutch Republic Statenvlag.svg  Dutch Republic
Flag of the Brabantine Revolution.svg United Belgian States
1789–1790NoDuring the Brabant Revolution, Hendrik van der Noot, Prime Minister of the young Belgian state proposed incorporating the confederation into the Dutch Republic. Later Willem I admitted that his idea to unite the Low Countries under the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was influenced by van der Noot's proposal. [1] [2]

19th century

Proposed stateComponentsTime periodSuccessful?Notes
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg  Kingdom of Great Britain
Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg  Kingdom of Ireland
1800Yes Acts of Union 1800. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.
Northern Confederacy Connecticut
Massachusetts
New York
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
Also invited:
Lower Canada
New Brunswick
Newfoundland Colony
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Upper Canada
1804NoThe Northern Confederacy was a conspiracy headed by Senator Timothy Pickering to separate the Northeastern United States and The British Colonies in North America into one Confederation. [3] [4]
Flag of the United Kingdom of the River Plate, Peru and Chile.svg United Kingdom of Peru, Chile and Rio de la Plata Flag of Argentina (1818).svg  United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Viceroyalty of Peru

Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Upper Peru

Flag of Chile (1812-1814).svg Old Fatherland (Chile)

1810-1816No Manuel Belgrano propossed to the Junta of Buenos Aires the project to stablish the Monarchy form of government to mantain the territorial integrity of the ex-Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia), and also expanding that monarchy to modern Chile and Peru (which at the time were in control of Royalist and were considered incapable to independence of Spain by themselves). [5] [6] [7] However, the plan was rejected due to chauvinist motives, as Argentinians didn't want to have an Inca, not a Spanish Bourboun, as the propossed King, and also have fear of being dominated by the Peruvian Elites and it's Reactionary tendencies.
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  United Kingdom of the Netherlands Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
No flag.svg Provisional Government of Belgium (1814)
1815Yes
Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg  Union between Sweden and Norway Flag of Sweden.svg  Kingdom of Sweden
Royal Standard of Norway.svg Kingdom of Norway
1814–1905Yes
Habsburg Italian ConfederationFlag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia

Flag of the Kingdom of Illyria.svg Kingdom of Illyria Flag of the Papal States (1808-1870).svg  Papal States Flag of the Duchy of Parma (1851-1859).svg Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
Flag of the Duchy of Modena.svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany State Flag and War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848).svg Kingdom of Sardinia

Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Third Flag of the Duchy of Lucca.svg Duchy of Lucca

Flag of Massa and Carrara.png Duchy of Massa and Carrara

Lozenge flag of Monaco.svg Principality of Monaco

Flag of San Marino (pre-2011, civil).svg Republic of San Marino

Flag of Cospaia.svg Republic of Cospaia

1815No Klemens von Metternich's propossal for an Italian Confederation at the Congress of Vienna were rejected by Italian nobility and Austrian nobility. [8]
German Confederation Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria

Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg  Prussia Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg Bavaria

Flag of Hanover 1837-1866.svg  Hanover Flagge Konigreich Sachsen (1815-1918).svg  Saxony Flagge Konigreich Wurttemberg.svg  Württemberg Other German States

1816–1866Yes
Royal Standard of the Tsar of Poland (1815-1830).svg Russo-Polish UnionFlag of Russia.svg  Russian Empire

Royal Standard of the Tsar of Poland (1815-1830).svg Kingdom of Poland

1815–1830

1914–1918

Partially Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland as a Kingdom in Personal Union with the Tsar of Russia, until Russian complete anexation in a Real Union after the November Uprising.

Again propossed by Tsar Nicholas ii at World War I to gain Polish Support for Russian side at the Eastern Front, and mantained by some White Monarchist to gain Polish and Entente support against Russian Revolution. [9]

Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Gran Colombia Flag of New Granada (1814-1816).svg United Provinces of New Granada
Bandera de Angostura (20 de noviembre de 1817).svg Second Republic of Venezuela
Flag of Patriotic Army of Ecuador 1809.svg Real Audiencia of Quito
1819–1830Yes
Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg First Mexican Empire Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg First Mexican Empire
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Captaincy General of Guatemala
1822–1823Yes Central America was annexed into the First Mexican Empire. After the dissolution of the Empire only Chiapas choose to remain part of Mexico, the rest became the Federal Republic of Central America. Costa Rica in particular was split between inner factions in favor and against the annexation, ending in a Civil War. The pro-Mexican provinces declared membership but were not recognized by the pro-independence provinces.
Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Gran Colombia-Dominican unificationFlag of the Gran Colombia.svg Gran Colombia

Flag of Spanish Haiti.svg Republic of Spanish Haiti

1822NoPropossal of José Núñez de Cáceres and Antonio María Pineda Ayala couldn't get to meet Simón Bolívar before the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo, and by so, Gran Colombia rejected the offer to avoid a war with Haiti. [10]
Haitian-Santo Domingo unionFlag of Haiti.svg  Haiti

Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Captaincy General of Santo Domingo

1822YesHaiti annex Spanish part of Hispaniola island.
Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg Federal Republic of Central America Civil Flag of El Salvador.png El Salvador
Flag of Honduras (1839-1866).svg Honduras
Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg Nicaragua
Flag of Guatemala (1825-1838).svg Guatemala
Flag of Los Altos.svg Los Altos
Flag of Costa Rica (1824-1840).svg Costa Rica
1823–1841Yes
Flag of Costa Rica (1824-1840).svg Costa Rica Flag of Costa Rica (1824).svg Costa Rica
Bandera de la Provincia de Guanacaste.svg Nicoya
1824Yes Annexation of Nicoya
Hispano-American ConfederationFormally invited:

Non invited, but considered:

Invited, but not considered seriously:

1825-1826NoPropossed at the Congress of Panama by Simón Bolívar, but rejected by fears of Bolivarian authoritarism and centralism from non-Colombian diputies that suspected of a "Colombian Empire" in this project (or just due to have enmity and distrust against Simon Bolivar from regional Caudillos and leaders). Also due to differences between supporters of how to do that union (conflicts between federalists, monarchists, liberals, conservatives, etc). [11]
Flag of the Andean Community of Nations.svg Federation of the Andes Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Gran Colombia
Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg Peru
State flag of Bolivia (1825-1826).svg Bolivia
1826NoProposed merger of the countries liberated by Simón Bolivar into a single state.
Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg Peru–Bolivian Confederation Flag of Peru (1825 - 1950).svg Peru
Flag of Bolivia (1826-1851).svg Bolivia
1829–1836Yes
Flag of Italy.svg Italian United Provinces State Flag of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (1815-1847).svg Duchy of Parma
Flag of the Duchy of Modena.svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Flag of Romagna.svg Romagna (part of State of the Church)
1831Yes
Flag of Uruguay.svg Rio Uruguay Flag of Republica Juliana (1839).svg Juliana
Flag of Piratini Republic.svg Riograndense
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
1836No Riograndense forces were financially and (indirectly) militarily supported by the Uruguayan government led by José Fructuoso Rivera. [12] The Uruguayans had the intention of creating a political union with the Riograndense Republic to create a new stronger state. [12] Juliana Republic was founded in 1839 and formed a confederation with Riograndense, but Juliana itself collapsed less than four months after its founding.
Flag of the United States (1837-1845).svg United States Flag of the United States (1837-1845).svg United States
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Upper Canada
1837–1838No Rebellions of 1837–1838. Republicans in Upper Canada pursued annexation by the United States. [13]
Flag of the Papal States (1808-1870).svg Papal-Italian ConfederationFlag of the Papal States (1808-1870).svg  Papal States

Flag of Savoie.svg Kingdom of Sardinia State Flag of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (1815-1847).svg Duchy of Parma
Flag of the Duchy of Modena.svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia

1840sNoAfter an initial interest from Pope Pius IX to lead the Italian nobility in a supranational confederation, the propossal from Vincenzo Gioberti was rejected for being Liberal and Nationalit (ideologies condemned by the Catholic social teaching) and specially due to italian unification movement having a political leadership from Anti-clerical and Freemasonry groups. [14] [15]
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia Flag of Ecuador (1845-1860).svg Ecuador
Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg Peru
Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg Bolivia
1846NoPlan by Juan José Flores to re-conquer the former Bourbon Crown territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru. [16]
Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg Confederated States of Plata Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg Argentine Confederation
Flag of Uruguay (1828-1830).svg Estado Oriental del Uruguay
Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay
1850NoThe Confederated States of the Río de la Plata were a State proposal devised by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in the book Argirópolis or the capital of the confederated states of the Río de la Plata, with its capital on Martín García Island, would be founded. This idea did not prosper due to the historical changes produced by the battle of Caseros in 1852. [17]
Flag.svg Danubian Confederation [18] Flag of Hungary (1848-1849, 1867-1869).svg Hungary
Flag of Wallachian Revolution of 1848, vertical stripes.svg Romania
Flag of Serbian Vojvodina.svg Vojvodina
Flag of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.svg Croatia
Slovak Flag (1848).svg Slovakia
1850NoThe Hungarian Statesman Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) attempted at different stages of his exile following the Hungarian War of Independence in 1849 to organize a Danubian Confederation. He intended to accommodate the forces of nationalism within the Danubian basin while preserving Hungary's territorial integrity and replacing Austria's position in the European balance of power [18]
Flag of the United Provinces of Central America.svg Federation of Central America Civil Flag of El Salvador.png El Salvador
Flag of Honduras (1839-1866).svg Honduras
Flag of Nicaragua (1839-1858).svg Nicaragua
1852YesSecond attempt at unification that lasted for less than a month.
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Flag of Liberia.svg Republic of Liberia
Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg Republic of Maryland
1854–1857YesRepublic of Maryland was officially named Maryland in Liberia during its independence referendum on 29 May 1854.
Flag of the United Principalities of Romania (1862 - 1866).svg United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia Civil Ensign of the Principality of Moldavia (1834-1861).svg Principality of Moldavia
Civil ensign of Wallachia, 1834-1861.svg Principality of Wallachia
1859Yes Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia; becomes Kingdom of Romania in 1881.
Flag of Italy.svg United Provinces of Central Italy Flag of the Duchy of Parma (1851-1859).svg Duchy of Parma
Flag of the Duchy of Modena.svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Romagna flag.png Romagna
1859Yes
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Kingdom of Sardinia Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Kingdom of Sardinia
Flag of Italy.svg United Provinces of Central Italy
1860Yes
Flag of the Netherlands and Belgium.svg Belgium–Netherlands ConfederationFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
1860NoBelgian Prime Minister Charles Rogier proposed a personal union of Belgium and the Netherlands due to fear of French invasion. [19]
Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg Confederate States of America Fort Moultrie flag.svg State of South Carolina
Flag of Mississippi (1861-1894).svg State of Mississippi
Florida Provisional 1861.svg State of Florida
Flag of Alabama (1861, obverse).svg State of Alabama
Flag of Georgia non official.svg State of Georgia
Louisiana Feb 11 1861.svg State of Louisiana
Flag of Texas.svg State of Texas
Flag of Virginia (1861).svg Commonwealth of Virginia
Proposed Arkansas flag (1910).svg State of Arkansas
Flag of North Carolina (1861).svg State of North Carolina
Tennessee 1861 proposed.svg State of Tennessee
1861–1865Yes American Civil War
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish Empire
Flag of the Dominican Republic (up to 1844).svg First Dominican Republic
1861YesIn 1861 general Pedro Santana asked Queen Isabella II of Spain to retake control of the Dominican Republic after a period of only 17 years of independence. Spain accepted his proposal and made the country a colony again. [20] [21]
Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Kingdom of Greece Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg Kingdom of Greece
Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands.svg United States of the Ionian Islands
1864Yes Treaty of London (1864)
Flag of the German Empire.svg North German Confederation Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg  Kingdom of Prussia
Flag of Saxony.svg Kingdom of Saxony
Flagge Grossherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg  Grand Duchy of Hesse
Flagge Grossherzogtumer Mecklenburg.svg Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Flagge Grossherzogtumer Mecklenburg.svg Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
Flagge Grossherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1813-1897).svg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Flagge Herzogtum Anhalt.svg Duchy of Anhalt
Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg Duchy of Brunswick
Flag of Saxe-Altenburg (1893-1918).svg Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Flag of Saxe-Meiningen (1826).svg Saxe-Meiningen
Various other small principalities and free cities
1866YesFollowing the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the annexation by Prussia of Austria's northern German ally states Otto von Bismarck proposed to unify Prussia and its own German ally states into a single Federation. Consequently the North German Constitution was adopted, with the provision that the southern German minor states could enter into the union when politically feasible.
Flag.svg South German Confederation Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg Bavaria
Flagge Konigreich Wurttemberg.svg Württemberg
Flag of Baden-Wurttemberg.svg Baden
Flag of Hesse-Darmstadt Regiment during the Seven Years War (1756-1763).svg Hesse-Darmstadt
1866NoProposed union of the southern German states that was discussed in the mid-19th century. The idea of a confederation emerged in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the emergence of the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia. The southern German states, including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt, were concerned about the growing power of Prussia and the dominance of northern German states in the new confederation. They sought to form their own union, which would allow them to retain their autonomy while also providing for mutual defense and economic cooperation.
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austro-Hungarian Empire Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Hungary
1867YesUnification of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Russian America
1867NoAccording to Prince Hans-Adam II, the Russian Empire proposed the purchase of Alaska to Liechtenstein. [22]
Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Province of Canada
Flag of New Brunswick.svg  Province of New Brunswick
Flag of Nova Scotia.svg  Province of Nova Scotia
1867Yes Canadian Confederation
Flag of the United States.svg  United States Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland
1867–2019NoThe idea for the United States to buy Greenland was first proposed during the administration of President Andrew Johnson, when, in 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward unsuccessfully proposed buying Greenland and Iceland from the Danish Kingdom. A post-World War II bid was also declined by Denmark. [23] In 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump spoke to aides about acquiring the island; Greenlandic and Danish officials firmly rebuffed the suggestion that the island could be sold. [24] [25]
Flag of Lares (1868).svg Antillean Confederation Naval Jack of Cuba.svg Captaincy General of Cuba
Flag of Lares (1868).svg Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Second Dominican Republic
1869–1870NoProposed by Ramón Emeterio Betances.
Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada
Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg North-Western Territory
Hudson's Bay Company Flag.svg Rupert's Land
1870YesFollowing the British Crown acquiring the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company it was transferred to the Dominion of Canada.
Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire Lesser Germany:
Flag of the German Empire.svg North German Confederation
Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg Kingdom of Bavaria
Flagge Konigreich Wurttemberg.svg Kingdom of Württemberg
Flagge Grossherzogtum Baden (1891-1918).svg Grand Duchy of Baden
Flagge Grossherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg Grand Duchy of Hesse
Dienstflagge Elsass-Lothringen Kaiserreich.svg Alsace-Lorraine
Greater Germany also included:
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austrian Empire
1871YesThe German question regarding the competing ideas of "Greater Germany" and "Lesser Germany" (whether or not a united Germany should include the Austrian Empire) was settled with the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, in which Prussia assumed leadership of the various minor German nation states. The Unification of Germany (excluding Austria) was completed after German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War.
Austro-Hungarian-Bohemian EmpireFlag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austro-Hungarian Empire

Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Kingdoms of Bohemia

1871–1918No Franz Joseph I of Austria reject propossals of Austro-Czech Compromise. But Karl I of Austria acept those pretensions of reform on October 1918, but were never implement due to Dissolution of Austria-Hungary. [26]
Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of the Colony of British Columbia.svg United Colony of British Columbia
1871YesFollowing a merger of the Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866) and the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1866 the new colony was incorporated into Canadian Confederation in 1871 as the Province of British Columbia.
Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Colony of Prince Edward Island
1873YesPrince Edward Island joined Canadian Confederation partially to gain financial support from the union to avoid bankruptcy.
Flag.svg Bulgaria–Romania Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
Flag of Romania.svg Romania
1878–1879NoProposed personal union, German prince Alexander of Battenberg is elected instead. [27]
Austro-Hungarian-Croatian Empire Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Austro-Hungarian Empire

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Croatia (Triune Kingdom)

1880–1918Partially Trialism in Austria-Hungary isn't aproved by the Diet of Hungary many times to mantain the Hungarian Crown intact, except on 1918 due to Karl I of Austria pression, but wasn't implemented due to Dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I. [26]
Bandera de los EUPB.svg United States of Peru–Bolivia Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg Peru
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia
1880NoProposed state by Nicolás de Piérola and Narciso Campero, also called the Federal Republic of the Incas. [28]
Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1868-1921.svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Arctic Territories
1880YesThe British Arctic Territories, made of the Arctic Archipelago were transferred to the Dominion of Canada via the Adjacent Territories Order.
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Captaincy General of the Philippines
1880–1898NoBy the Propaganda Movement led by Filipinos educated in Europe which advocated the Philippine islands be converted from a colony to a province of Spain. [29]
Flag.svg Estonian–Finnish federation Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
1881–1941NoThe matter was discussed on December 8, 1917, at the Estonian Council of Elders, where Jaan Raamot spoke about the positive attitude of Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Speaker of the Senate of Finland. In his speech to the Council of Elders, Estonian Politician Konstantin Päts supported the Union and welcomed the idea.
Flag.svg Polynesian Confederation Flag of Fiji (1877-1883).svg Kingdom of Fiji
Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg Kingdom of Hawaii
Flag of Tuiaana line 1873-1887 1889-1900.svg Kingdom of Samoa
Flag of the Tahiti Protectorate 1843-1880.svg Kingdom of Tahiti
Flag of Tonga.svg Kingdom of Tonga
1882NoDuring the period of European colonization, king Kalākaua of Hawaii proposed a Polynesian Confederation. [30] [31] [32]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Principality of Bulgaria Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
Flag of Eastern Rumelia.svg Autonomous Province of East Rumelia
1885–1886YesAfter Bulgaria defeated Serbia in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, Bulgaria nearly doubled in size when East Rumelia was incorporated within its borders. Bulgaria officially annexed it from the Ottoman Empire in 1885.
Flag.svg Bulgaria–Romania Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
Flag of Romania.svg Romania
1886–1887NoProposed personal union, rejected by Carol I of Romania due to Russian pressure. [27]
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg Dominion of Canada Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of Jamaica (1875-1906).svg Jamaica
1890NoIn the late 19th century, there was some discussion of some form of political union between Canada and Jamaica. [33]
Zentralamerikanische Grossrepublik 1898.svg Greater Republic of Central America Flag of El Salvador (1875-1877).svg El Salvador
Flag of Honduras (1866-1898).svg Honduras
Flag of Nicaragua (1896-1908).svg Nicaragua
Considered joining:
Flag of Costa Rica (1848-1906).svg Costa Rica
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala
1895–1898Yes
Flag.svg Anglo-American union Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  United States
1860–1914NoNumerous prominent transatlantic thinkers proposed a union of the United States and the United Kingdom. [34]

20th century

Proposed stateComponentsTime periodSuccessful?Notes
Flag of Australia (1901-1903).svg  Commonwealth of Australia Flag of New South Wales.svg  New South Wales
Flag of Queensland.svg  Queensland
South Australia Colonial Flag 1876-1904 alternate.svg South Australia
Flag of Tasmania.svg  Tasmania
Flag of Victoria (Australia).svg  Victoria
Flag of Western Australia (1870-1953).svg  Western Australia
Also invited:
Flag of Fiji (1883-1903).svg Colony of Fiji
Flag of New Zealand.svg Colony of New Zealand
1901Yes Federation of Australia. New Zealand had many disagreements with the Australian government and decided to not join. Fiji also did not join.
Flag.svg Franco-British Union Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1904–1956NoA Franco-British Union is a concept for a union between the two independent sovereign states of the United Kingdom and France. Such a union was proposed during certain crises of the 20th century; it has some historical precedents. In April 1904 France and the United Kingdom signed a series of agreements, known as the Entente Cordiale , which marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict between the two powers, and the start of a period of peaceful co-existence. Nationalist political leaders from both sides were uncomfortable with the idea of such a merging.
South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg  Union of South Africa Flag of the Cape Colony (1876-1910).svg  Cape Colony
Flag of the Natal Colony (1875-1910).svg  Colony of Natal
Flag of Orange River Colony.svg  Orange River Colony
Flag of the Transvaal Colony (1904-1910).svg  Transvaal Colony
1909Yes Union of South Africa
Flag.svg Balkan Federation Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1943).svg  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Flag of Albania 1920.svg  Principality of Albania
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Kingdom of Bulgaria
1910–1916No
Flag of the British Empire (1910-1921).svg Imperial Federation Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Royal Standard of Ireland (1542-1801).svg  Ireland
Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Dominion of Canada
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Commonwealth of Australia
Flag of the Dominion of Newfoundland.svg  Dominion of Newfoundland
Flag of New Zealand.svg  Dominion of New Zealand
South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg  Union of South Africa
British Raj Red Ensign.svg  India
1911–1937NoThe British Empire was composed of many states with vastly different constitutions and goals to pursue. Groups like the Imperial Federation League advocated for a political union between the territories of the Empire that could establish a "permanent binding force" between them. [35] Each dominion would be guaranteed representation on equal footing with the United Kingdom in an Imperial Parliament. [36] Ireland would also have been presented representation as an alternative to home rule, and it was deemed possible that an autonomous India could one day join as well. First discussed by heads of government at the 1911 Imperial Conference, and for a second time at the 1937 Imperial Conference where it was eventually dismissed.
Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg Dominion of Canada Flag of Canada (1868-1921).svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of the Bahamas (1904-1923).svg The Bahamas
1911NoIn 1911, at the request of the Bahamian House of Assembly, the Canadian and the Bahamian governments began serious negotiations for Bahamian accession to the Canadian confederation. [37] However, a racial panic ignited by the migration of over one thousand African-Americans fleeing violence in Oklahoma derailed the discussions. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier turned against the idea, citing incompatible "ethnical origin". After Laurier lost the September 1911 federal election, Bahamian Governor William Grey-Wilson travelled to Canada to reopen accession talks with newly elected PM Robert Borden. [38] In a meeting between Grey and Borden on 18 October 1911, Borden rejected the possibility of taking the Bahamas into the Canadian confederation. His reasoning was that the events of the past year had proved that Canadian public opinion would not countenance the admission of a majority-black province. The British Colonial Office concurred: "No doubt for the moment the Dominion government would safeguard their interests, but there are signs of the rise of a colour question in Canada and in any case it cannot be long before U.S. opinion gives the tone to Canada in regard the Negro." [39]
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Kingdom of Greece Flag of Cretan State.svg  Cretan State
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Kingdom of Greece
1913Yes Crete rebelled against Ottoman rule during the Cretan Revolt of 1866–69 and used the motto "Crete, Enosis, Freedom or Death". The Cretan State was established after the intervention of the Great Powers, and Cretan union with Greece occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913 by the Treaty of Bucharest.
Austro-Polish UnionProjected: 1914–1918NoPropossals from Trialists to incorporate Russian Poland in the Habsburg empire, unifying them with Austrian Poland and turn them in a Third Crown like Austria and Hungary. [40] Aproved by Karl I of Austria on October 1918. [26] Never implemented due to German empire plans over the Kingdom of Poland, and also Central Powers defeat at World War I. Also rejected by Polish nationalist due to some propossals of create an Eastern Galicia Kingdom governed by pro-Habsburg Ukrainian nobility. [41]
Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg Habsburg Danubian ConfederationPropossed states:

Projected states to incorporate:

1917-1918Partially Karl I of Austria proposed reforms to Confederate the Habsburg monarchy (based in traditional kingdoms than nation-states) and also the possible incorporation of some Balkan States and Poland (or give Kingdom of Galicia to German puppet- Poland). [42] Most of the Diets aproved the propossals of Kaiser Karl I between October-November 1918 to avoid punishment from the Allies of World War I. [26] Never implemented due to Dissolution of Austria-Hungary and also by Josephinists (Austrian Centralists), Pan-Slavist, Serbian irredentist, Czech nationalist, Polish nationalist, Hungarian nobility and Pan-Germanist oposition.
Flag of Denmark.svg Danish–Icelandic Act of Union Flag of Denmark (state).svg  Kingdom of Denmark

Flag of Iceland (1918-1944).svg  Kingdom of Iceland

1918–1944Yes
Flag.svg Hungary–Romania Flag of Romania.svg  Kingdom of Romania
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Republic and Kingdom of Hungary
1917–1920NoFederation or personal union between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom/Republic of Hungary under one monarch. Proposals were the most active in 1919 and 1920, but they continued to exist up to the Second World War. [43] [44] [45] [46]
Flag of Poland.svg United States of Poland Flag of Poland.svg Kingdom of Poland
Flag of Lithuania.svg Kingdom of Lithuania
Flag of Galicia-Lodomeria 1890-1918.svg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg Belarusian Democratic Republic
1917Partial
Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Kingdom of Yugoslavia State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg Kingdom of Serbia
Flag of the Kingdom of Montenegro.svg Kingdom of Montenegro
Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
1918Yes Creation of Yugoslavia
Flag of Romania.svg Kingdom of Romania Flag of Romania.svg  Kingdom of Romania
Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg Moldavian Democratic Republic
Flag of Bukowina.svg Bukovina
Flag of Transylvania before 1918.svg Transylvania
1918Yes Great Union, Union of Bessarabia with Romania, Union of Bukovina with Romania, Union of Transylvania with Romania
Flag.svg Intermarium Flag of the Belarusian People's Republic.svg  Belarusian People's Republic
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovak Republic
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of Hungary (1918-1919; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg Hungarian People's Republic
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Polish Republic
Flag of Romania.svg  Kingdom of Romania
Flag of the Ukrainian State.svg  Ukrainian People's Republic
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1943).svg  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Kingdom of Bulgaria
November or December 1918NoAlso called "Międzymorze" in Polish. Suggested shortly after World War I to combat the influences of Germany and Russia.
Flag.svg Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Flag of Georgia (1918-1921, 4-5).svg  Democratic Republic of Georgia
Flag of Armenia (3-2).svg  Democratic Republic of Armenia
Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg  Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1918YesA short-lived South Caucasian state that extended across what are now the modern-day countries of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan plus parts of Eastern Turkey as well as Russian border areas. The state only lasted for a month before Georgia declared independence, followed shortly by Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic
Flag of Austria.svg Republic of German-Austria
1918–1919NoFollowing the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in the final days of World War I the German-speaking territories of the former Austria-Hungary attempted to begin a process of integration into Weimar Germany. The Allies did not favor the idea, and forced the Austrian rump state to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which prohibited Austria from uniting with Germany.
Flag of Ukraine (1917-1921).svg Ukrainian People's Republic Flag of Ukraine (1917-1921).svg Ukrainian People's Republic
Flag of Ukraine (1917-1921).svg West Ukrainian People's Republic
1919Yes Act Zluky
Flag of the Hispanic peoples.svg Patria Grande State flag of Argentina (1913-1941).svg Argentina
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia
State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg Costa Rica
Flag of Cuba (sky blue).svg Cuba
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador
Flag of Ecuador (1900-2009).svg Ecuador
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala
Flag of Honduras (1866-1898).svg Honduras
Flag of Mexico (1916-1934).svg Mexico
Flag of Nicaragua (1908-1971).svg Nicaragua
Flag of Panama.svg Panama
Flag of Paraguay (1842-1954).svg Paraguay
Flag of Peru (1884-1950).svg Peru
Flag of Puerto Rico (1895-1952, light blue).svg Puerto Rico
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
State flag of Venezuela (1905-1930).svg Venezuela
1922NoThe concept of a shared homeland or community encompassing all of Spanish America, and sometimes all of Latin America and the Caribbean. The term is associated with political ideas of Ibero-American integration, rejecting the balkanization of the Spanish Empire in the Americas that followed the Spanish American wars of independence. The term may be also used to talk specifically about projects of Hispanic American unity held by Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919-1927).svg Byelorussian SSR
Flag RSFSR 1918.svg Russian SFSR
Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasian SFSR
Flag of the Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukrainian SSR
1922Yes Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg  Union of South Africa South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg  Union of South Africa
Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924-1964).svg  Colony of Southern Rhodesia
1922NoThe 1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum was held in the colony on 27 October 1922. Voters, almost all of them White, were given the options of establishing responsible government or joining the Union of South Africa. [47] After 59% voted in favour of responsible government, it was officially granted on 1 October 1923.
Flag.svg Baltoscandia Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia
1928–1960NoThe term Baltoscandia was first used by Sten de Geer in an article in "Geografiska Annaler" in 1928 and further developed by Kazys Pakštas. [48] He envisioned Baltoscandia as an economic, political and military unit. [49] Kazys Pakštas proposed that one of the ways for the small nations to withstand the influence coming from the large ones is to unite and to cooperate more closely among each other. As he mentions, unification is possible only among nations that are similar by their size, geographical environment, religion and culture.
Flag of Indonesia.svg Greater Indonesia Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Dutch East Indies
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Malaya
Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg  Kingdom of Sarawak
Flag of North Borneo (1902-1946).svg  British North Borneo
Flag of Brunei 1906-1959.svg  Protectorate of Brunei
Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1904-1925).svg  British Singapore
Flag of Portugal.svg Portuguese Timor
1928NoA political concept that sought to bring the so-called Malay race together by uniting the territories of Dutch East Indies (and Portuguese Timor) with the British Malaya and British Borneo. It was espoused by students and graduates of Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers in the late 1920s, and individuals from Sumatra and Java including Mohammad Yamin and Sukarno in the 1950s. Indonesia Raya was later adapted as the name of the Indonesian national anthem in 1924.
Flag of German Reich (1935-1945).svg German Reich Flag of German Reich (1935-1945).svg German Reich
State flag of Austria (1934-1938).svg Federal State of Austria
1938Yes Anschluss
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Hatay flag.svg  Hatay State
1939YesOn 2 September 1938 the Sanjak of Alexandretta declared itself separate from the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon, becoming the Hatay State. On 29 June 1939, the legislature voted to merge with Turkey.
Flag.svg Polish–Czechoslovak confederation Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Polish Republic
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovak Republic
1939–1948NoProposed by Władysław Sikorski.
Flag.svg Greek–Yugoslav confederation Strictest definition:
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg  Kingdom of Greece
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1943).svg  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Loosest definition also includes:
Flag Kingdom Of Albania.svg  Albanian Kingdom
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Kingdom of Bulgaria
Flag of Romania.svg  Kingdom of Romania
1942–1944NoThe Greek-Yugoslav confederation was a political concept during World War II, sponsored by the United Kingdom and involving the Greek government-in-exile and the Yugoslav government-in-exile. The two governments signed an agreement pushing the proposal ahead, but it never got beyond the planning stage because of opposition from within the Greek and the Yugoslav governments, real world events, and the opposition of the Soviet Union. The proposal envisioned the creation of a confederation of Greece and Yugoslavia.
Flag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg Soviet Union Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg  Soviet Union
Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg  Tuvan People's Republic
1943–1944YesTuvan underwent intense Russification of social and economic practices, and virtually all remaining opposition to Stalinist policy was eradicated. The Soviets desired the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues in the region. This process culminated in the absorption of Tuva in 1944, under the rule of General Secretary Salchak Toka and his wife, Head of State Khertek Anchimaa-Toka. [50]
Flag of the Emirate of Transjordan.svg United Arab Kingdom Flag of the Emirate of Transjordan.svg Transjordan
Ensign of the Palestine Mandate (1927-1948).svg Palestine
1945–1972No King Hussein's federation plan: In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there were discussions of a potential merger between Palestine and Jordan, which was then known as Transjordan. The idea was initially proposed by King Abdullah I of Jordan, who sought to create a larger Arab state in the region that would include both Jordan and Palestine. The proposal was also supported by some Israeli politicians who believed that a union with Jordan would help to resolve the ongoing conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region.
Flag of the Ewe people.svg Ewe Land [51] Flag of France.svg French Togoland
Flag of the Gold Coast (1877-1957).svg British Togoland
1945–1956NoIn 1945 various members of Ewe and wider Togolese leadership began the construction of political organizations which sought to decolonize French Togoland. These developed as the Comité de l'Unité Togolaise, led by Sylvanus Olympio, and the Mouvement la Jeunesse Togolaise. Both possessed political platforms that included the reunification of the French Togoland and British Togoland. [51]
Maghreb Federation Flag of France (1794-1815).svg Algeria
Flag of Libya (1951-1969).svg Libya
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg Mauritania
Merchant flag of French Morocco.svg Morocco
Flag of Spanish Morocco.svg Spanish Morocco
Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg Spanish Sahara
Flag of Tunisia with French canton.svg Tunisia
1945–1958NoThe first charter to create a Maghreb Federation was signed in Tunisia and Morocco in May 1945, but only became effective in 1958. [52]
Flag.svg Balkan Federation Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Flag of Albania 1946.svg People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Flag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg People's Republic of Bulgaria
1946–1948No Josip Broz Tito came extremely close to persuading Albania to accept integration into Yugoslavia, but relations cooled in 1948 over fears that Yugoslavia only intended to use Albania for raw materials, subsequently resulting in the expulsion of Yugoslav diplomats. Yugoslav/Bulgarian negotiations fell through when Moscow attempted to force both countries into accepting Soviet control over the merge, which caused Yugoslavia to withdraw from negotiations and precipitated the Tito–Stalin split.
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg Junagadh State
Other states
1947–1948Yes Political integration of India, Annexation of Junagadh
Flag of Indonesia.svg United States of Indonesia Flag of Bangka-Belitung.svg Bangka
Banjar Sultanate Flag.svg Banjar
No flag.svg Biliton
Flag of Central Java.svg Central Java
No flag.svg East Borneo
Flag of the State of East Indonesia.svg East Indonesia
Flag of Various Autonomous Indonesian States.svg East Java
Flag of East Sumatra.svg East Sumatra
Flag of Dayak Besar.svg Great Dayak
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia

Flag of Various Autonomous Indonesian States.svg Madura
Flag of Pasundan.svg Pasundan
Flag of South Sumatra.svg South Sumatra
No flag.svg Southeast Borneo
No flag.svg Riouw
No flag.svg West Borneo

1946–1949YesFollowing discussions between Dutch authorities and Indonesian nationalist leaders, the Linggadjati Agreement was signed on 15 November 1946, in which the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia including the territory controlled by the Republic and other territory in the region which the Dutch controlled at that point. The Dutch then organised the December 1946 Denpasar Conference, which led to the establishment of the State of East Indonesia, followed by a state in West Borneo. Further states were set up in former territory of the Republic after they were conquered by the Dutch in 1947. Further Dutch military action faced increasing resistance from governments of the states they had established, and this combined with international pressure caused the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference to take place in The Hague from August to November 1949. This Conference resulted in the Dutch agreeing to hand over sovereignty to a federal union of these states, which officially became the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. This federation lasted only a year, as its member states agreed to dissolve themselves into a unitary state, the last stage of which took place on 17 August 1950.
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
British Raj Red Ensign.svg Princely states
1947–1950Yes Instrument of Accession
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
British Raj Red Ensign.svg Princely states
1947–1950Yes Instrument of Accession
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg Hyderabad
1948Yes Annexation of Hyderabad
Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of the Dominion of Newfoundland.svg Dominion of Newfoundland
1948–1949YesIn two rounds of referendums in 1948, the Dominion of Newfoundland had the choice of becoming an independent state, merging with the Dominion of Canada, or remaining as a British dominion. The Newfoundland Act of 1949, an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, confirmed and gave effect to the Terms of Union agreed to between the then-separate Dominions of Canada and Newfoundland on 23 March 1949.
Flag of the Netherlands.svgFlag of Indonesia.svg Netherlands–Indonesia Union Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Indonesia.svg United States of Indonesia
1949–1956PartialAfter the Netherlands had signed a truce with the United States of Indonesia, a transfer of sovereignty took place on 27 December 1949. As part of the Linggadjati Agreement, the Netherlands–Indonesia Union was founded. The Union was abolished when Indonesia left in 1956. [53]
Flag.svg State of the Fertile CrescentFlag of Jordan.svg  Jordan
Flag of Iraq (1924-1959).svg Iraq
Flag of Syria (1930-1958, 1961-1963).svg Syria
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon
Ensign of the Palestine Mandate (1927-1948).svg Palestine
1949–1958No Fertile Crescent Plan
Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg Dominion of Canada Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg Dominion of Canada
Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda
1949NoIn 1949 Henry Vassey, then Chairman of the Bermuda Trade Development Board, urged the House of Assembly of Bermuda to pursue a political union with Canada. Four Methodist church congregations in Bermuda are part of the United Church of Canada, forming Bermuda Presbytery of the United Church's Maritime Conference headquartered in Sackville, New Brunswick. The same Salvation Army Church territory serves both Canada and Bermuda with many of their pastors travelling between countries. [54] In January 2009, Nova Scotia's Premier, Rodney MacDonald, and the Premier of Bermuda, Ewart Brown, signed a five-year agreement that would strengthen Nova Scotia's ties with Bermuda and enhance service export opportunities, tourism, transportation and health links in both jurisdictions. Bermuda's ties to Canada include the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bermuda being overseen by Canada's Chartered Professional Accounting profession.
Flag.svg Franco-German Federation Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg France
1950NoThe idea of a Franco-German federation was a proposed merger between France and Germany after the end of World War II. The idea was promoted by French politician Robert Schuman in his declaration on May 9, 1950, which is now celebrated as Europe Day. The aim of the proposal was to create a lasting peace between the two countries and to promote economic cooperation.

The Franco-German federation proposal envisioned a common government, currency, and military. It also sought to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which would integrate the coal and steel industries of France and Germany. The ECSC was created in 1952 and was the first step toward the creation of the European Union. [55] [56]

State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Greece State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Greece
Flag of Cyprus (1922-1960).svg Cyprus
1950NoAn unofficial referendum on enosis (reunification) with Greece was held in Cyprus between 15 and 22 January 1950, and the proposal was approved by 95.71% of those taking part.
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Morning Star flag.svg Netherlands New Guinea
1950–1969YesFollowing Dutch recognition of Indonesian Independence, Indonesia continued to claim the remaining Dutch territory in the region, Netherlands New Guinea, as its rightful territory. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962. Following a short period of UN administration, the territory was transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963.
Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953-1963).svg Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Flag of Nyasaland (1925-1953, 1963-1964).svg  Protectorate of Nyasaland
Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939-1964).svg  Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia
Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924-1964).svg  Colony of Southern Rhodesia
1953Yes
Flag.svg Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation [57] Flag of Afghanistan (1931-1973).svg Kingdom of Afghanistan
Flag of Pakistan.svg Dominion of Pakistan
1953–1954NoAfghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan referred to a plan proposed between the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan between 1953 and 1954 to merge both countries under a single confederation. These plans were started by Ayub Khan, the president of Pakistan and the monarchy of Afghanistan under King Zahir Shah.

President Zia-ul-Haq too was for such confederation. "Charles Wilson recalled a map that Zia had also shown to him in which overlay indicated the goal of a confederation embracing first Pakistan and Afghanistan and eventually Central Asia and Kashmir. Zia further explained about the Pakistan-Afghanistan confederation in which Pakistanis and Afghans could travel freely back and forth without passports." [58] General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, considered Zia's right-hand man and more importantly the DG-ISI (1979–1987), himself a Pashtun, "also shared Zia’s vision of a post-Soviet "Islamic Confederation" composed of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir and even the states of Soviet Central Asia." [59]

Flag.svg Argentina-Chile UnificationFlag of Argentina.svg  Argentina

Flag of Chile.svg  Chile

1953NoDictator of Argentina, Juan Domingo Peron, propossed to Chilean presidente, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, to unify both countries and be the first step for a Hispanoamerican Unification. [60] It was rejected due to Chilean fears of Argentinian absortion, and the fall of Peronist regime in 1955.
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar Protectorate
1955–1957Yes 1955 Saar Statute referendum. Saarland became a state of Germany and exited France's economic union.
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of Malta (1943-1964).svg Crown Colony of Malta
1956No 1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendum
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Flag of the Gold Coast (1877-1957).svg Gold Coast
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Togoland
1956YesIn the 1956 British Togoland status plebiscite 58% of voters supported a union with Ghana, whereas 42% voted in favor of remaining a United Nations Trust Territory under British control until neighbouring French Togoland had decided its future. [61]
Flag of the North Borneo Federation.svg North Borneo Federation Flag of North Borneo (1948-1963).svg Crown Colony of North Borneo
Flag of Sarawak (1947-1963).svg Crown Colony of Sarawak
Flag of Brunei 1906-1959.svg  Protectorate of Brunei
1956–1960NoSarawak and North Borneo merged with the independent Federation of Malaya several years later, forming Malaysia, while Brunei later became an independent state on its own.
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg United States of Latin Africa Flag of Portugal.svg Angola
Flag of the Congo Free State.svg Belgian Congo
Flag of Belgium.svg Ruanda-Urundi
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg French Congo
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg Ubangi-Shari
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg French Chad
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg French Cameroon
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1974, 2020-present).svg French Gabon
Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg Spanish Guinea
Flag of Portugal.svg São Tomé and Príncipe
1957–1959NoProposed union of Romance-language-speaking Central African countries envisioned by Barthélemy Boganda. Boganda first called for it in May 1957. [62] The idea's implementation was cut short by Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959. [63] Boganda viewed this entity to be a counterweight to the powerful British-influenced southern bloc of South Africa and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. [62]
Melanesian Federation Flag of the Netherlands.svg Dutch New Guinea
Flag of the Solomon Islands (1956-1966).svg  Solomon Islands Protectorate
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Territory of Papua and New Guinea
1957NoAustralian Governor General John Kerr was a vocal proponent of the idea of a Melanesian Federation as a solution to the West Papua dispute. [64] [65] [66]
Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svg Cameroon Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svg Cameroon
Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg Spanish Guinea
1958–1963NoThe Equatoguinean independence leader Enrique Nvo and the first formal Equatoguinean political party, IPGE, advocated for independence from Spain and a political union between Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. [67] The idea of a union was deemed unfeasible after the 1963 Spanish Guinean autonomy referendum. [67]
Flag of the Union of African States (1961-1962).svg Union of African States Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea
Flag of Mali (1959-1961).svg  Mali (joined in 1961)
1958–1963YesThe union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members; however, none of these proposals were implemented by the countries. The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the British and the French. Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa, no other states joined.
Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958-1962).svg  West Indies Federation Flag of Barbados (1870-1966).svg British Barbados
Flag of Jamaica (1957-1962).svg British Jamaica
Flag of Leeward Islands (1952-1958).svg British Leeward Islands (except the Virgin Islands)
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889-1958).svg British Trinidad and Tobago
Flag of the British Windward Islands (1903-1953).svg British Windward Islands
Also invited:
Flag of the Bahamas (1923-1953).svg Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands
Flag of British Guiana (1919-1955).svg British Guiana
Flag of British Honduras (1919-1981).svg British Honduras
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg British Virgin Islands
1958YesThe expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state. However, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.
Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg  United Arab Republic Flag of Egypt (1952-1958).svg Republic of Egypt
Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic
1958YesA short-lived Pan-Arab state.
Flag.svg United Arab States Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg  United Arab Republic
Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.svg  Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
1958YesLoose confederation between the United Arab Republic and North Yemen.
Flag of the Arab Federation.svg Arab Federation Flag of Iraq (1924-1959).svg  Kingdom of Iraq
Flag of Jordan.svg  Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1958YesAn attempt to unify the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. While successful, the short-lived union was disestablished after a military coup deposed Faisal II of Iraq.
Flag.svg Sahel-Benin Union Flag of Upper Volta.svg Republic of Upper Volta
Flag of Niger.svg Niger
Flag of Benin.svg Republic of Dahomey
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire (WFB 2009).gif Ivory Coast
1958 or 1959 ?–1959Yes
Flag of Mali (1959-1961).svg Mali Federation Flag of Senegal (1958-1959).svg Senegal
Flag of Mali (1959-1961).svg Mali
1959–1960YesSenghor became very wary of unification efforts after the failed experiment and despite attempts to create other federations in West Africa and with Senegal's neighbours, Senghor often restrained these efforts and they only progressed after his rule. [68] In addition, as the first failed unification experiment in Africa, the Mali Federation served as a lesson in future attempts at unification throughout the continent. [69] Keïta became more assertive with pushing his ideology after the collapse of the federation and refused diplomatic relations with Senegal for many years. [70] Nonetheless, Mali under Keïta still pursued the goal of West African unity but did so in a variety of different international connections. [71]
Flag of Somalia.svg Somali Republic Flag of Italy.svg Trust Territory of Somalia
Flag of Somalia.svg State of Somaliland
1960YesOn 26 June 1960 the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later. [72] [73] The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960. [74] Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Flag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg  People's Republic of Bulgaria
1960NoThe leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, suggested in the early 1960s that the country should become a union republic, but the offer was rejected. [75] [76] [77]
Flag.svg East African Federation Flag of Kenya (1921-1963).svg Kenya Colony
Flag of Tanganyika (1923-1961).svg  Tanganyika Territory
Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg Uganda Protectorate
Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg Sultanate of Zanzibar
1960–1964NoProposed political union between the four territories (one colony, two protectorates and one League of Nations mandated territory) under British rule in East Africa in the 1960s. Tanganyika proposed to delay its imminent independence in 1960 so that the four territories might achieve independence together as one federation. In 1963 the leaders of all of the territories (some now independent) pledged to work towards a federation by 1964, but ultimately disputes over the nature of the federation and concerns about sharing power led to the collapse of effort to federate. Only Tanganyika and Zanzibar eventually united in 1964.
Flag of Cameroon (1957-1961).svg Cameroon Flag of Cameroon (1957-1961).svg Cameroon
Flag of British Cameroon.svg British Cameroon
1961Partially (Southern Cameroons)In the 1961 British Cameroons referendum, the Christian majority in the south of British Cameroon voted to integrate with Cameroon, whereas the Muslim-majority Northern areas voted to integrate with Nigeria.
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Flag of British Cameroon.svg British Cameroon
Partially (Northern Cameroons)
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portuguese State of India
1961Yes Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Annexation of Goa
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of France.svg  French Settlements in India
1962Yes Coup d'état of Yanaon
Flag.svg Confederation of Himalayan States Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Nagaland
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal
No flag.svg North-East Frontier Agency
Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg  Sikkim
1962NoIn 1962, the Chinese Government proposed a Confederation of Himalayan States. [78] [79] [80]
Flag of the Federation of South Arabia.svg Federation of the Emirates of the South Flag of the Sultanate of Fadhli.svg  Fadhli
No flag.svg Audhali
Flag of Beihan.svg  Beihan
Flag of Dhala.svg  Dhala
Flag of Lower Yafa.svg  Lower Yafa
No flag.svg Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
`lm mshykh@ l`lwy.png Alawi
`lm mshykh@ l`qrby.png Aqrabi
`lm jmhwry@ dthyn@.png Dathina
slTn@ lHwshb.png Haushabi
Flag of the Sultanate of Lahej.svg  Lahej
No flag.svg Lower Aulaqi
No flag.svg Maflahi
No flag.svg Shaib
Flag of Wahidi Balhaf.svg  Wahidi
1962YesThe Federation of the Emirates of the South (Arabic: اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي‎ Ittiḥād ʾImārāt al-Janūb al-ʿArabiyy) was an organization of states within the British Aden Protectorate in what would become South Yemen. The Federation of six states was inaugurated in the British Colony of Aden on 11 February 1959, and the Federation and Britain signed a “Treaty of Friendship and Protection,” which detailed plans for British financial and military assistance. It subsequently added nine states and, on 4 April 1962, became known as the Federation of South Arabia. This was joined by the Aden Colony on 18 January 1963.
Flag.svg Maphilindo Flag of Malaya.svg  Malaya
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg  Philippines
1963NoProposals to create a union of the people of the Malay race and deal with the continued decolonisation of Southeast Asia led to leaders of the three countries signing the Manila Accord on 5 August 1963. However, cooperation quickly broke down following the formation of Malaysia by Malaya and other former British colonies in the region, which was opposed by Indonesia and the Philippines. [81]
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Flag of Malaya.svg  Federation of Malaya
Flag of North Borneo (1948-1963).svg Crown Colony of North Borneo
Flag of Sarawak (1947-1963).svg Crown Colony of Sarawak
Flag of Singapore (1952-1959).svg  Colony of Singapore
Also invited:
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei
1963YesSingapore was expelled from the federation on 9 August 1965, later forming the Republic of Singapore. Brunei Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III accepted the idea but rejected after the Brunei revolt.
Flag of Tanzania.svg  United Republic of Tanzania Flag of Tanganyika (1961-1964).svg  Republic of Tanganyika
Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg People's Republic of Zanzibar
1964Yes
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Nauru
1964–1965NoIn 1963 the Australian Government proposed that the citizens of Nauru, a United Nations trust territory under Australian administration, would move to Curtis Island and become Australian citizens. [82] [83] By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain and New Zealand damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be £ 10 million, which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral, agricultural, and fishing industries. [84] However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to. [85] Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru. [86] Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, it became independent in 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt. [87]
Flag.svg Territory of the Marianas Flag of Guam.svg  Territory of Guam
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
1969No 1958 Saipan integration referendum, 1961 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum, 1963 Northern Mariana Islands integration referendum, 1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum, 1969 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg  Abu Dhabi
Flag of Dubai.svg Dubai
Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg  Sharjah
Flag of Ajman.svg  Ajman
Flag of Umm al-Qaiwain.svg Umm Al Quwain
Flag of Fujairah (1952-1972).svg Fujairah
Flag of Ras al-Khaimah.svg  Ras Al Khaimah
Also invited:
Flag of Bahrain (1932 to 1972).svg Bahrain
Flag of Qatar (1949).svg Qatar
1971–1972YesSix independent emirates formed the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971. Ras Al Khaimah later joined the federation.
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Federation of Arab Republics Flag of Libya (1969-1972).svg  Libya
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg Egypt
Flag of Syria (1972-1980).svg Syria
Also invited:
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg  Iraq
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan
1972–1977YesAn attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to build a Pan-Arab state.
Drapeau de la Republique Arabe Islamique (Union tuniso-libyenne).svg Arab Islamic Republic Flag of Libya (1969-1972).svg  Libya
Flag of Tunisia (1959-1999).svg  Tunisia
1974NoProposed by Muammar Gaddafi.
Flag.svg Indochinese Federation [88] Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg  North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg South Vietnam
Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Democratic Kampuchea
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos
1975NoDespite Kampuchea's cooperation with the Vietnamese, the Khmer Rouge leadership feared that the Vietnamese communists were planning to form an Indochinese federation, which would be dominated by Vietnam. In order to pre-empt any attempt by the Vietnamese to dominate them, the Khmer Rouge leadership began, as the Lon Nol government capitulated in 1975, to purge Vietnamese-trained personnel within their own ranks. Then, in May 1975, the newly formed Democratic Kampuchea began attacking Vietnam, beginning with an attack on the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc. [89] [90] [91]
Flag of India.svg  India Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg Sikkim
1975YesAfter independence in 1947, joining the new Indian Union was rejected by popular vote. Sikkim grew closer to India over time, becoming a protectorate and later a suzerainty [ citation needed ] of India. With Indian pressure and support, Sikkim voted to join India in 1975. [92] [93]
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Republic of Guinea-Cape Verde [94] [95] Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg  Cape Verde
1975NoThe African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) advocated for the independence of the colonies of Portuguese Guinea and Portuguese Cape Verde, and governed both countries immediately after independence (1974 for Guinea-Bissau, and 1975 for Cape Verde) with the goal of unifying the two. However, following a 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau, the Cape Verde branch of the party separated to form the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), ending plans for a union. [96]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of East Timor (3-2).svg East Timor
1975–1976Yes Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg  North Vietnam
FNL Flag.svg South Vietnam
1976Yes Fall of Saigon, Reunification Day
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands
Flag of Bougainville.svg Republic of the North Solomons
1976NoThe Interim Provincial Government announced that they would declare independence on 1 September, ahead of Papua New Guinea's own planned independence day of 16 September. On 1 September, they issued the 'Unilateral Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons'. They sought international recognition through the United Nations, but were unsuccessful. They also failed in an attempt to unite with the Solomon Islands.
Flag.svg Socialist Union of the Horn of Africa [97] Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen
1977NoIn early 1977, Castro brought together the leaders of Somalia, Ethiopia and South Yemen to create a socialist federal state in the region. General Mohamed Nur Galal was the former deputy defense minister of Somalia and the vocal point of Somalia's military contacts with Cuba at that time. He was present at the meeting in Aden in March 1977. [98] [99]
Libyan-Syrian Union Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg Libya
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria
1980No
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  KaNgwane
Also invited:
Flag of KwaZulu (1985-1994).svg  KwaZulu
1982–1989NoAn attempt to transfer the bantustan, along with parts of the Zulu homeland KwaZulu, to the neighbouring country of Swaziland in 1982 was never realized. [100] [101] This would have given land-locked Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred. [102] The homeland's territory had been claimed by King Sobhuza of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from Mozambique. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal self-rule in 1984. [103] [104]
Flag of Senegal.svgFlag of The Gambia.svg Senegambia Confederation Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal
Flag of The Gambia.svg  The Gambia
1982–1989YesA loose confederation was formed, but ended due to the Gambia's lack of interest in integration.
Flag.svg

Burkina Faso-Ghana Union

Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
1983–1987NoWith the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Jerry Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of a unified continental government. [105]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen Flag of North Yemen.svg  North Yemen
Flag of South Yemen.svg  South Yemen
1990Yes Yemeni unification
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
1990Yes German reunification
Flag.svg Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics Flag of Russia (1991-1993).svg Russian SFSR
Flag of Belarus (1991-1995).svg  Byelorussian SSR
Flag of Ukraine (1991-1992).svg Ukrainian SSR
Flag of Azerbaijan (1991-2013).svg  Azerbaijan SSR
Flag of the Kazakh SSR.svg  Kazakh SSR
Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg  Kirghiz SSR
Flag of Tajik SSR.svg  Tajik SSR
Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.svg  Turkmen SSR
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbek SSR
1990–1991No 1991 Soviet Union referendum
Flag.svg Windward UnionFlag of Dominica.svg  Dominica
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1991NoOn January 14, 1991, the four Caribbean island nations of Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines began an initiative to create a political union encompassing themselves. [106]
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg  FR Yugoslavia Flag of SR Serbia.svg  SR Serbia
Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946-1992).svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina
1991No Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg  FR Yugoslavia Flag of SR Serbia.svg  SR Serbia
Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro
1992Yes
Flag.svg Balkania Flag of SR Serbia.svg  SR Serbia
Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro
Flag of Kosova (1991-1999).svg  Kosova
1993–2006NoSuggested by the Kosovo Albanian politician Adem Demaçi
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa
Flag of Bophuthatswana (1972-1994).svg  Bophuthatswana
Flag of Ciskei.svg  Ciskei
Flag of Transkei.svg  Transkei
Flag of Venda (1973-1994).svg  Venda
1994YesDuring apartheid the South African Government granted nominal independence to four autonomous bantustans within it. While no external country recognized these states, South Africa strongly promoted their independence and the four mutually recognized each other. As South Africa moved to end apartheid, the African National Congress (ANC) party advocated reintegration of all bantustans, including the nominally independent ones, into a unitary South African state. Resistance to integration by leaders of some bantustans led to violence, such as in the Bisho massacre and the Bophuthatswana crisis. Nonetheless, inhabitants of all four independent bantustans participated in the 1994 South African general election, during which a new constitution came into effect which reintegrated all bantustans into South Africa.

21st century

Proposed stateComponentsTime periodSuccessful?Notes
Flag.svg Asymmetric Federal Moldavian State Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg  Transnistria
2003–2005NoThe Kozak memorandum, officially Russian Draft Memorandum on the Basic Principles of the State Structure of a United State in Moldova, was a 2003 proposal aimed at a final settlement of relations between Moldova and Transnistria and a solving of the Transnistria conflict. It was seen as an extension of the 1997 Moscow memorandum but was ultimately rejected by Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin.

The plan, presented in mid-November 2003 by Russia, was a detailed proposal for a united asymmetric federal Moldavian state. First published in Russian on the website of Transnistria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the text was promoted by a Russian politician Dmitry Kozak, a close ally of President Vladimir Putin and one of the key figures in his presidential team. For Transnistria, the memorandum presented an end to the previous Moscow policy, which assumed that the region would have equal status in federation with the rest of the country. According to the memorandum, Russian troops (no more than 2000 strong, without heavy armaments) would remain in Transnistria for the transitional period but not later than 2020.

Proposed flag of the United Cyprus Republic.svg United Republic of Cyprus Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg Cyprus
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg  Northern Cyprus
2004NoA referendum was held in Cyprus on 24 April 2004. [107] The two communities were asked whether they approved of the fifth revision of the United Nations proposal for reuniting the island, which had been divided since 1974. While it was approved by 65% of Turkish Cypriots, it was rejected by 76% of Greek Cypriots.
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg  Transnistria
2006No Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Gran Colombia Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Ecuador (1900-2009).svg Ecuador
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela
2008No Reunification of Gran Colombia, In 2008, Hugo Chávez, president of Venezuela, announced the proposal of the political restoration of the Gran Colombia, under the Bolivarian revolution. [108]
Flag.svg Lucayan Federation Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Turks and Caicos Islands
2010NoThe Lucayan Archipelago (named for the original native Lucayan people), also known as the Bahama Archipelago, is an island group comprising the Commonwealth of The Bahamas and the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The archipelago is in the western North Atlantic Ocean, north of Cuba along with the other Antilles, and east and southeast of Florida. In 2010 the leaders of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands discussed the possibility of forming a federation. [109]
Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg Peru–Bolivian Confederation Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
2011NoPresident Ollanta Humala of Peru proposed Bolivian president Evo Morales to reunite the countries in a confederation. [110] [111] The Cabinets of the two countries have held joint meetings. [112]
Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg Gulf Union Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates
2011–2012NoIn 2011, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia proposed a Gulf Union. [113]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation
Flag of Crimea.svg Crimea
2014YesCrimea seceded from Ukraine and later conducted a referendum to join the Russian Federation and was later annexed by Russia. The referendum was extremely controversial and most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.
War flag of Novorussia.svg  Novorossiya Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg  Donetsk People's Republic
Flag of Lugansk People's Republic.svg  Luhansk People's Republic
2014NoNovorossiya (Full name: Federal State of Novorossiya) was a proposed confederation between the two self-declared nations of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. The Confederation was declared on 22 May 2014. On 20 May 2015 the constituent members announced the freezing of the Novorossiya project.
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation
Flag of South Ossetia.svg  South Ossetia
2022NoOn 30 March 2022, President Anatoly Bibilov suggested a referendum on joining Russia, [114] which was to be held on 17 July 2022; the referendum was cancelled on 30 May 2022. [115]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation
Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg  Donetsk People's Republic
Flag of Lugansk People's Republic.svg  Luhansk People's Republic
Flag of the Russian administered Kherson Oblast.svg Kherson Oblast
Flag of the Russian administered Zaporizhzhia Oblast.svg Zaporizhzhia Oblast
2022PartialIn late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in some parts of Ukraine [116] organized referendum on annexation of occupied territories of Ukraine. [117] [118] [119] On 27 September, Russian officials of the Central Election Commission in Zaporizhzhia claimed that the referendum passed, with 93.11% of voters in favour of joining the Russian Federation. [120] According to the data provided by the commission, the support for the annexation was 90.01% in the Melitopol Raion, while in its administrative center, Melitopol, it was 96.78%. [121] On 29 September, Russia announced that it would formally annex the four regions Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson the next day, on 30 September. [122] The referendums were illegal under international law [123] and most countries continue to recognize as part of Ukraine. [124]
Flag.svg Alliance of Sahel States Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger
Also invited:
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea
2023–2024YesIn early 2023, Burkina Faso's prime minister after his visit in Mali suggested that the two countries should form a federation to boost their economic clout and fight against the jihadists in the region. [125] [126] Later in December of the same year, the foreign ministers of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger recommended the establishment of a confederation that includes every member of the Alliance of Sahel States. [127] The confederation was established on 6 July 2024. [67]

Current proposals

Proposed stateComponent statesContinentFirst proposedNotes
Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Flag of American Samoa.svg  American Samoa
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa
Oceania 1894Proposed unification of the two Samoas
Flag of Canada.svg Canada Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Turks and Caicos Islands
North America 1917The proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands has been an ongoing political discussion between the two nations since Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden first supported the idea in 1917. [128]
Flag.svg China Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  People's Republic of China
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China
Asia 1949Unification of the territories of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China is the nominal goal of both governments, which both operate under the One-China policy. [129] [130] [131] However, within the free area of the Republic of China, there is a sizeable movement to formally declare a Taiwanese state, led by the Democratic Progressive Party, [132] which is currently in government.
Unification flag of Korea.svg Korea Flag of North Korea.svg Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Flag of South Korea.svg Republic of Korea
Asia 1953 Korean reunification has been a goal for both Koreas since the 1953 armistice agreement. However, proposed strategies vary between the two Koreas, with both proposing unification under one sociopolitical system while abandoning the other, similar to German reunification. [133] In January 2024, the leader of the DPRK called for amending the constitution to remove references to cooperation and unification, as well as defining the territorial boundaries of the DPRK and adding an article designating the Republic of Korea as the most hostile state. [134]
Flag.svg Isratin Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine (West Bank & Gaza Strip)
Asia 1967Also known as the one-state solution, it is a proposed approach to create a bi-national state to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Flag.svg United India Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
Asia 1972The concept of an Indo-Pakistani Confederation advocates for a political confederation consisting of the sovereign states of India and Pakistan as a means of ending bilateral conflicts and promoting common interests in defence, foreign affairs, and cultural and economic development. While this idea does not propose to end the sovereign existence of either nation through reunification, it is aimed to resolve the conflicts afflicting the subcontinent since the partition of India in 1947.
Unity Flag St Martin.svg Saint Martin Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg Saint Martin
Flag of Sint Maarten.svg  Sint Maarten
North America 1990Proposed unification of the island. [135]
Flag of Romania.svg Romania Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Europe 1991Due to the Russian Revolution, the Bessarabia Governorate declared secession in 1917 as the Moldavian Democratic Republic and united unconditionally with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918, before the Soviet occupation in 1940. After Moldova gained independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, unification of Moldova and Romania has been proposed which is supported by the Moldovan minorities according to polls and the Romanian Government.
Flag.svg Union State of Russia and Belarus Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Europe and Asia 1999Russia and Belarus signed an agreement to form the Union State in 1999 aiming to continue deeper integration, possibly until unification. [136] [137]
Flag of the East African Community.svg  East African Federation Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda
Africa 2004Proposed political union between the eight member states of the East African Community. [138] Federation was proposed in 2004, but in 2016 it was decided that confederation would be the short-term goal. South Sudan, the DR Congo and Somalia are not as integrated as the other five members, as South Sudan only gained independence from Sudan in 2011, the DR Congo joined the Community in 2022, and Somalia joined the Community in 2023. [139]
Flag of Albania.svg Albania Flag of Albania.svg  Albania
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo
Europe 2008Since Kosovo's Independence from Serbia, talks have been made for Albania and Kosovo to unite into a Greater Albania due to Kosovo's majority ethnic Albanian population. [140] [141] [142]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho
Africa 2010Proposed integration of Lesotho with South Africa. [143] [144] [145]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union of African States</span> Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (1961–1963)

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Far-left politics, also known as extreme left politics or left-wing extremism, are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left. The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to be the left of communist parties, while others broaden it to include the left of social democracy. In certain instances—especially in the news media—far left has been associated with some forms of authoritarianism, anarchism, communism, and Marxism, or are characterized as groups that advocate for revolutionary socialism and related communist ideologies, or anti-capitalism and anti-globalization. Far-left terrorism consists of extremist, militant, or insurgent groups that attempt to realize their ideals through political violence rather than using democratic processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Bolshevism</span> Political ideology

National Bolshevism, whose supporters are known as National Bolsheviks and colloquially as Nazbols, is a syncretic political movement committed to combining ultranationalism and Bolshevik communism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Settler colonialism</span> Form of colonialism seeking population replacement with settlers

Settler colonialism occurs when colonizers and settlers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with the society of the colonizers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</span> Political idea

The unification of Albania and Kosovo is a political idea, revived before and after Kosovo declared independence in 2008. This idea has been connected to the irredentist concept of Greater Albania. As of the 2021 estimate, approximately 97% of Kosovars are ethnic Albanians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian imperialism</span>

Russian imperialism is the political, economic and cultural influence, as well as military power, exerted by Russia and its predecessor states, over other countries and territories. It includes the conquests of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, the imperialism of the Soviet Union, and the neo-imperialism of the Russian Federation. Some postcolonial scholars have noted the lack of attention given to Russian and Soviet imperialism in the discipline.

World federalism or global federalism is a political ideology advocating a democratic, federal world government. A world federation would have authority on issues of global reach, while the members of such a federation would retain authority over local and national issues. The overall sovereignty over the world population would largely reside in the federal government.

Isabel Wünsche is a German art historian and Professor of Art and Art History at Constructor University Bremen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guinean nationality law</span>

Guinean nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Guinea, as amended; the Guinean Nationality Code, and its revisions; the Civil Code of Guinea; the Family Code of Guinea; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Guinea. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Guinean nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Guinea, or jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Guinea or abroad to parents with Guinean nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malian nationality law</span>

Malian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Mali, as amended; the Personal and Family Code, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Mali. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Malian nationality is typically obtained under the jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Mali or abroad to parents with Malian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.

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