During the Gaza war, Israeli forces have carried out near-daily incursions and airstrikes in Palestinian communities in the Israeli-occupied territory of the West Bank, some of which have led to clashes with regional Palestinian militias.[45][46] Even before the war, there was escalating violence between Israelis and Palestinians in the region.[47] 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank on record,[48] and in 2023 Israeli forces killed 234 Palestinians in the region even before the war began;[49] Hamas said its 7 October attack was in part a response to rising violence against Palestinians.[50] In the first weeks after Hamas's attack, Israel arrested 63 Hamas members in Tulkarm,[51] and struck a mosque in Jenin it said was used by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).[46][52][53] Simultaneously, attacks by Israeli settlers more than doubled in the war's first month,[54] part of an overall rise in settler violence[55] that has displaced over 1,500 Palestinians during the war.[56] On 28 August 2024, Israel began an expansive military operation in the West Bank consisting of raids, airstrikes, and the blocking of entry points in Jenin and Tulkarm,[57][58][59] marking its largest offensive in the territory since the Second Intifada.[45]
Additionally, there have been clashes between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and militant groups opposed to it in the West Bank.[17] The PA has partial administrative authority in the region,[60][61] and is dominated by Fatah,[62] whose collaborations with the Israeli military for security[60][63] have been criticized by militias including Hamas and PIJ.[17] Clashes between militants and the PA escalated in July 2024,[16] and in October the PA began a crackdown on militants in Tubas in response to Iranian efforts to undermine the PA in favor of local militias.[17][64] In December, it began a second offensive in Jenin targeting the Jenin Brigades,[61][60] an umbrella group of local militias.[62]
A series of border clashes between Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began 8 October 2023,[65][66][67] when Hezbollah attacked the Shebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack on Israel the day prior, and Israel responded by attacking Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[68][69][70] Skirmishes between Israel and Hezbollah then continued in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, including in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[71][72] Hezbollah initially said that it would attack Israel until the latter ended its attacks in Gaza,[73][74] and Hezbollah's attacks caused 96,000 Israelis to be displaced from northern Israel.[75]
On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike that in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut that assassinated Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri.[76] Hezbollah responded on 6 January by launching rockets at an Israeli base near Mount Meron;[77][78] two days later, Israel assassinated the Hezbollah commander it said carried out that attack.[79] On 27 July, 12 children in the Golan Heights were killed in an attack for which Israel accused Hezbollah;[80][81][82] in response, Israel killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut on 30 July.[83]
On 1 October 2024, Israel began an invasion of southern Lebanon that it said was to eliminate the threat posed by Hezbollah and allow the 63,000 Israelis still displaced to return to their homes.[92][93][94] By 15 October, over 25 percent of Lebanon was under Israeli evacuation orders,[95] and during the invasion Israel captured and destroyed several villages and towns in southern Lebanon while it continued airstrikes across the country.[93] During the conflict, more than 3,700 people in Lebanon were killed and about 1.3 million were displaced.[96][97][98] On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a 60-day ceasefire intended to lead to a lasting end to the conflict.[99][100] Despite both Israel and Hezbollah continuing to exchange attacks and accusing the other of violating the ceasefire, the agreement has largely held.[98]
Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait
Houthi militants in Yemen have launched strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea.[101][102][103] On 19 October 2023, the United States Navy destroyer USSCarney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea towards Israel.[104] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory."[105] On 19 November, the Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[106]
On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[107][108] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".[109]
American-led airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen
On 3 January 2024 the United States and a group of countries issued an ultimatum to the Houthis to stop their activities.[110]
Since 12 January 2024 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands, have launched a series of Tomahawk cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea.[111] Houthi attacks on shipping were condemned by the United Nations Security Council the day before the initial strike.[112][113] US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation.[114][115] American officials said the strikes were intended to degrade Houthi capabilities to attack Red Sea cargo ships rather than to target leaders and Iranian trainers; the Houthis said at least five people were killed and six wounded.[116][117]
On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel Aviv.[118] On 20 July Israeli planes struck military facilities and oil depots at the port of Hodeidah in response, killing at least 6 people and wounding at least 83 people.[119] On 29 September, the Israeli Air Force struck power plants and port facilities in Al Hudaydah and Ras Issa killing at least six people and injuring 57 others.[120][121][122] The Ministry of Information claimed that the group had emptied the facilities used to store fuel prior to the attack.[123]
Israeli strikes
On 19 December, 14 Israeli warplanes dropped dozens of munitions on five locations in Yemen in two waves of airstrikes. The first wave saw four strikes hit Hudaydah Port, two hit the Ras Isa oil terminal,[124] and other strikes hit the Port of Salif. The second wave targeted two power stations north and south of Sanaa.[125][126] The IDF said that the strikes hit targets "used by Houthi forces for their military operations."[127] Houthi-affiliated media outlet Al Masirah reported that Israeli attacks killed at least nine civilians and wounded three others.[124][128] On 26 December, 25 IAF jets carried out airstrikes in Yemen against Houthi targets, hitting the Sanaa International Airport, where an air traffic control tower, the departure lounge and runway were damaged; the Hezyaz power station near Sanaa; as well as infrastructure in Al Hudaydah, As-Salif, and Ras Qantib ports, including a power plant. At least six people were killed and at least 40 others were wounded in the attacks according to the Houthis, with Director-General of the World Health OrganizationTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who was visiting Yemen to negotiate the release of UN staff members as well as employees of diplomatic missions and NGO workers arrested by the Houthis, narrowly escaping being killed, and an employee of the United Nations Humanitarian Air Service being seriously wounded.[129][130][131] On 10 January, Israeli strikes hit the Heyzaz power plant and infrastructure at the ports of Hodeidah and Ras Isa.[132] Al-Masirah reported that one person was killed and six others were wounded in Israeli strike in Ras Isa port.[133]
Iraq and Jordan
Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on U.S. military bases
In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[141] Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.[146][147]
On 3 October 2024 the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a drone strike on an IDF base in the Golan Heights, which killed two IDF soldiers and injured 24 others,[148] which the IRI denied.[149] By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[150] By December 2024, Iran-backed militias in Iraq decided to stop their attacks on Israel, as requested by the Iraqi government, in light of Assad's fall in Syria.[151][152][153]
On 15 January 2024, Iran carried out a series of aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and several strongholds of terrorist groups in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibility.[154] The city of Erbil, which is the capital of Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan Region, was the target of 11 of the 15 total missiles that were fired. The remaining four missiles were directed at Syria's Idlib Governorate, targeting areas held by the Syrian opposition.[155][156] In Erbil itself, the Iranian attack killed four civilians and injured 17 others.[157] Iran's claims of having targeted the Israeli presence in Kurdistan and terrorist groups in Syria were rejected by the Iraqi government and the autonomous Kurdish government, both of which condemned the attack.[158]
From the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but the Syrian government under President Bashar al-Assad largely stayed out of the regional conflict.[159]
On 27 November 2024, a coalition of Syrian opposition groups launched a surprise offensive against the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad in the country's northwest.[177] The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government — Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah — were weakened by other conflicts.[178][179] Led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported by Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.[180]
After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that the 1974 Israel–Syria border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to begin an invasion of the buffer zone in Syria along the Golan Heights.[191] Israel seized Syria's side of Mount Hermon,[192] occupied border villages in Syrian-controlled parts of the Golan Heights,[193] and bombed targets across Damascus and southern Syria in addition to abandoned Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) weapons stockpiles and airbases.[194][195] On 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes across Syria,[196] including a strike on the Port of Latakia.[197] Israel justified its attacks, which destroyed much of the former SAAF's naval and air assets and its air defenses,[198][199][62] as necessary to prevent extremists from capturing abandoned weapons;[200] al-Sharaa condemned Israel's actions but said Syria would not enter a new conflict.[62]
On 13 April 2024, Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.[201] The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen[202] and came after the 1 April Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.[203][204] Ballistic missiles from the attack damaged an air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.[202][205] The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan,[206] and several Arab states including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided intelligence support.[207] In response, on 19 April Israel launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.[208]
According to the Gaza Health Ministry, 46,584 Palestinians have been killed in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war,[43] with indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher.[217] More than 109,000 Palestinians have been injured in the war.[43] The GHM does not distinguish between civilians and combatants;[218] the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies says Israel has killed more than 17,000 militants,[219] while Hamas said in April 2024 that it had lost no more than 20 percent, or about 6,000, of its fighters.[220] An Associated Press analysis of GHM data up to April 2024 found that women and children comprised 54 percent of all identified dead, a statistic often used as a proxy for civilian casualties.[220] Several governments and non-governmental organizations have accused Israel of targeting civilians and committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza, which Israel rejects.[221][222]
In Israel, the 7 October Hamas-led attack resulted in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 816 civilians and 379 members of the security forces.[223][224][225] Of the 251 people from Israel taken back to Gaza as hostages, 117 have been returned to Israel alive, 37 have been returned dead, three were killed by friendly fire, and 94 remain in captivity.[226][227][228] At least 405 Israeli soldiers and one officer were killed during the Israeli invasion of Gaza.[72] Eighty Israeli soldiers and 46 civilians have been killed in the conflict with Hezbollah;[72][229] violence in the West Bank has killed 25 Israelis,[56] including six soldiers and police.[72] The United Nations Human Rights Council said there was "clear evidence" of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas during the war,[230] and human-rights organizations have accused Hamas and other militias of committing crimes against humanity in the 7 October attack.[223]
In Lebanon, Israeli attacks killed 4,047 people and wounded 16,638 others.[231] Hezbollah has confirmed the death of 521 of its members,[232] and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 67 Hezbollah members have been killed in Syria since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war.[233][234] The Israeli military estimated that that around 3,800 Hezbollah members died in the conflict,[235] while media reports claimed Hezbollah believes its number of dead could be as high as 4,000.[236] Initial clashes in southern Lebanon also killed at least 20 members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[237] According to Lebanon's ministry of public health, fourteen journalists have been killed by Israeli attacks while reporting on the conflict.[238]
In the West Bank, 607 Palestinians were killed by August 2024, primarily due to Israeli military raids.[56] Additionally, the Palestinian Authority's offensive in Jenin resulted in the death of six PA soldiers, four Palestinian militants, and three civilians.[239] During the Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have killed four sailors in the Red Sea,[238][240] while in December 2023 U.S. strikes on Houthi boats in the Red Sea killed at least 10 Houthi members,[241] and by the end of May 2024 the U.S. and U.K. airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen had killed 56 people and injured 77 others.[238][242] Five U.S. soldiers died in January 2024: two were lost at sea on a mission to seize Iranian weapons[243] and three were killed in an IRI attack in Jordan that injured 47 others.[244]
Political and legal impact
In 2023 before the conflict, Israel and Saudi Arabia were reported to be working on normalizing relations.[245] Saudi Arabia has any normalization with Israel on the establishment of the State of Palestine as part of a two-state solution.[246] In July 2024, the Israeli Knesset voted to reject Palestinian statehood.[247]
Over the course of the Israel–Hamas war, the United Nations Security Council has made numerous attempts to negotiate a ceasefire. A February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire was vetoed by the United States for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,[252] and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution that would have called for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.[253][254] On 25 March, the UNSC passed Resolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.[255][256][257] The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.[258]
↑ by China, Egypt, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. While not formally allies of Israel in the crisis, these patrols intend to defend ships against the Houthis.
The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militias and political organizations across the Middle East. Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.
Since the 1980s there has been an ongoing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. Motivated by the periphery doctrine, Imperial Iran and Israel had close relations, seeing Arab powers as a common threat. After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War. Iran trained and armed Hezbollah during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and continued to back Shia militias throughout the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas. Israel fought a war with Hezbollah in 2006.
The Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war refers to the Iranian–Israeli standoff in and around Syria during the Syrian conflict. With increasing Iranian involvement in Syria from 2011 onwards, the conflict shifted from a proxy war into a direct confrontation by early 2018.
The year 2023 in Israel was defined first by wide-scale protests against a proposed judicial reform, and then by the Hamas-led attack on Israel on October 7, which led to a war and to Israel invading the Gaza Strip.
A 14-month-long conflict between the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah and Israel began on 8 October 2023, when Hezbollah launched rockets and artillery at Israeli positions following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel. The conflict escalated into a prolonged exchange of bombardments, leading to extensive displacement in Israel and Lebanon. The conflict, part of the broader Middle Eastern crisis that began with Hamas' attack, marked the largest escalation of the Hezbollah–Israel conflict since the 2006 Lebanon War.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Wikipedia articles available about the Gaza war. It is an evolving list.
The Islamic Resistance in Iraq refers to an informal network of Iranian-backed Shia Islamist armed groups in Iraq. The name is used by members of the network when carrying out attacks against American forces or its allies in the region.
Events of the year 2024 in Israel.
The spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria is the impact and military engagements in Syria which are caused by the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war, and constitute a part of the ongoing Middle Eastern crisis. The conflict, originating in the Gaza Strip, has triggered regional tensions and violence, drawing Syria in through direct and indirect confrontations involving Israeli defense forces, Syrian state actors, and armed groups operating in Syrian territory.
↑ Murphy, Brian; Taylor, Adam; Westfall, Sammy; Pietsch, Bryan; Hendrix, Steve (7 October 2023). "What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2024. The violence erupted suddenly Saturday morning — but comes after a year of rising tensions between Israel and Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, which has been under a joint Israeli-Egyptian blockade since 2007. This year alone has seen a spate of deadly attacks in Israel and the Palestinian territories, an escalation that followed Netanyahu's move to cobble together the most far-right government in Israeli history. Hamas, which rules the Gaza Strip and carried out Saturday's attacks, said the operation was in response to the blockade, as well as recent Israeli military raids in the West Bank and violence at al-Aqsa Mosque, a disputed religious site in Jerusalem known to Jews as the Temple Mount. "Enough is enough," the leader of Hamas's military wing, Mohammed Deif, said in a recorded message Saturday, the Associated Press reported. "Today the people are regaining their revolution."
↑ Siddiqui, Usaid; Varshalomidze, Tamila; Najjar, Farah (30 September 2024). "Death toll in yesterday's Israeli attacks on Yemen rises". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 September 2024. Al Jazeera's correspondent reports, citing Yemen's Houthis, that six people were killed and 57 others wounded when Israelis bombed Hodeidah and Ras Issa yesterday.
↑ "One person killed in Israeli strike on Yemeni port: Report". Al Jazeera. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025. The Houthi-run Al Masirah TV is reporting that one person has been killed and six others injured as a result of strikes by Israeli forces on Ras Isa port in the west of Yemen.
↑ Motamedi, Maziar (31 October 2024). "Israel strikes Syrian town near Lebanon border: State media". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 October 2024. An "Israeli aggression" hit a number of residential buildings in the area of Qusayr in the southern countryside of Homs province, in central Syria, the country's news agency (SANA) reports. The attack caused "material damage" to the industrial zone of Qusayr and some of the city's residential neighbourhoods, according to the state media.
↑ Khatib, Rasha; McKee, Martin; Yusuf, Salim (2024). "Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential". The Lancet. 404 (10449). Elsevier BV: 237–238. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3. ISSN0140-6736. PMID38976995. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.
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Palestinian groups
Syrian transitional government 
